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For efficiency surveying fishery resource, the authors developed the scanner which measure the target shape at once time. The scanner based on the structured light method irradiated the laser patter coded on De Bruijn for high resolution the measurement under water. The evaluation experiment results showed that the scanner can measure the target shape less than 1.4 % error for the measurement range., 2021 IEEE/SICE International Symposium on System Integration (SII 2021), January 11-14, 2021, Iwaki, Fukushima, Japan (Virtual Conference)

The paper presents the results of the assessment and verification of an impedance-frequency method of transverse fault location in medium voltage cables with a local weakening of insulation. A device cooperating with Hameg HM8118 LCR bridge was designed for this purpose. The objective of the method is to measure the input impedances for two different frequencies at one end of the cable with an open state at its other end as well as determining the transverse fault resistance and the distance to the fault location. The proposed method was compared to reflectometry. The effectiveness of the method was confirmed, by numerical and experimental verifications.

Monitoring the state of the optical network is a key enabler for programmability of network functions, protocols and efficient use of the spectrum. A particular challenge is to provide the SDN-EON controller with a panoramic view of the complete state of the optical spectrum. This paper describes an architecture for compact on-chip spectrometry targeting high resolution across the entire C-band to reliably and accurately measure the spectral profile of WDM signals in fixed and flex-grid architectures. An industry standard software tool is used to validate the performance of the spectrometer. The fabrication of the proposed design is found to be practical.

In the application of using binocular camera to measure the horizontal alignment deviation, due to the limited field of view of the camera, it is difficult for each camera to obtain all the target points to determine the position of the parts. To this end, a binocular position measurement model, where each optical camera corresponds to one cooperative target point, is established to determine the horizontal alignment deviation between the upper and lower parts. To overcome the problem of insufficient information in calculating the horizontal alignment deviation, the measurement data of a biaxial inclinometer and laser rangefinder are added. The Monte Carlo method is used to determine the error level for any position and attitude in the measurement range based on past work experience. The high accuracy of the position measurement method (the overall error does not exceed 2 mm) for a binocular camera without a common target meets the actual application requirements. This conclusion is verified by the experimental results.

Determining the qualitative States-of-the-Internet requires an accurate knowledge of queueing delay over an end-to-end path. However, the measurement of queueing delay in a large network is still considered a complex and open problem. Existing schemes that measure queueing delay compensate for this complexity using a high infrastructural support and administrative access to the path under test even though their feasibility and accuracy on the Internet are low. In this article, we propose an active scheme, called COMPRESS: COMpound Probe compRESSion, to measure queueing delay on all routers over an end-to-end path. The proposed scheme performs per-hop measurement using UDP-based probing packets. It is both simple and self-sufficient in comparison to the existing schemes. We have implemented the proposed scheme in a simulation environment to present a controlled performance evaluation under different levels (e.g., light, moderate, and heavy) and types (e.g., symmetric and asymmetric) of queueing delays over single- and multiple-hop paths. Our simulation results show that the scheme is sensitive to the induced queueing delays and consistently produces a high measurement accuracy. Overall, the scheme has an average measurement error of around 20% or below over the simulated paths.

For ultra-long tunnels, the effective means of alignment and breakthrough accuracy optimization is to measure the gyro azimuths or transfer the coordinates of surface known points or the directions to the inside of the tunnel through vertical shafts or inclined shafts. Compared with bored tunnels, immersed tunnels have different engineering characteristics and construction environments, and have higher alignment control accuracy requirements. However, the immersed tunnel has no vertical shafts or inclined shafts that can be used for coordinate transfer to improve the measurement accuracy. In order to provide high-accuracy alignment control and breakthrough for long immersed tunnels, we put forward a new strategy after network stability analysis, and consistency analysis between the results of the element positioning system and the results of the control network. The results of the element positioning system are taken as constraints to improve the accuracy of the control network. The analysis on 100,000 simulations of a 20 km-long immersed tunnel shows that the accuracy of the last point pair of the traverse network with angle and distance observations is 60.8 mm, while the accuracy of the same point pair after adopting the new strategy in this paper is 11.8 mm. The results of a 7 km-long experimental traverse network show that the lateral breakthrough accuracy is improved by 73%. All of these indicate that the new strategy can effectively improve the measurement accuracy and the lateral errors can be kept at a small level. Following the new strategy, the high-accuracy alignment and breakthrough can be achieved for long immersed tunnels.

In this study, a piezoelectric force sensor-based experimental recoil force analysis was performed via examining the formation and effects of recoil forces after overviewing the related experimental studies in the literature. The experimental measurement and the analysis of the recoil forces of the selected shotguns were carried out systematically after selecting the accurate piezoelectric force sensor for the dynamic performance of the recoil mechanism. The experimental setup required for the measurement was built via integrating the selected piezoelectric force sensor, signal conditioner, data acquisation card with a software developed in Visual Basic .NET software language. A developed measuring apparatus was designed to measure the dynamic recoil forces of different shotgun system. The selected piezoelectric force sensor can detect the recoil forces with 36 kHz measurement capacity. All of the data were recorded in real-time. The recorded data were examined, and analyzed comparatively. The collected measurement results are evaluated according to the recoil mechanisms, barrel lengths, weights, and other effective parameters that may affect the recoil forces in the experimental analysis. It was observed that the shotgun that spreads the recoil force over time reduces the peak point and has minimum total recoil energy among the gas cycle, inertia and hybrid shotguns with 71cm barrel length and included 12GA caliber.

In this paper, a microwave reflectometer incorporating eight-port network is presented. It is designated to measure reflection coefficient of an air pollution sensor. The reflectometer operates at the frequency of 5.8 GHz and exhibits simplified circuitry with respect to previously reported solutions. Simultaneously, it provides tunable power distribution scheme, which serves for optimizing the measurement uncertainty for a chosen sensor. As a consequence, the uncertainty can be greatly minimized comparing to other reflectometers with fixed power distribution scheme. The developed eight-port has been fabricated and used to developed measurement setup. Finally, the reflectometer has been calibrated for two exemplary settings proving experimentally its tuning capability.

In this paper, we measure the air-to-ground signals of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and model the channel with two-ray ground-reflection effect for the UAV communication system. This modeling of channel can provide a suitable path loss model to analyze the quality of service for the air-to-ground wireless communication. We compare the path loss of two-ray ground-reflection model with that of the single-ray model based on the air-to-ground measurement of signals from the UAV. The results show that the two-ray ground-reflection model is more applicable to the short-distance UAV communication than the single-ray model for evaluating air-to-ground communication systems.

This paper presents Telemetron, the first active bandwidth measurement tool that can estimate the path capacity between two remote hosts, from an off-path Measuring Machine (MM). It is possible to induce traffic flow between off-path remote hosts—sending request packets to one host, with a spoofed source IP, will cause the first host to send reply packets to the other. The challenge for MM is to measure the rate at which these packets arrive at the second machine. Our key observation is that if the second machine has a global IP-ID counter, the arrival of packets can be monitored remotely, using probes from MM. By observing the rate of increment in the global IP-ID counter, MM estimates the path capacity between remote hosts. Telemetron shows high accuracy; on average, the path capacity reported is 92.5% of the theoretical limit.

A reflective long period grating (LPG) realized by a simple brush coating method is presented. We measure the refractive index of a solution both in transmission and reflection mode operation and compare their sensitivity coefficients.

A single-fiber-based probe with a diameter of $\boldsymbol{125 \mu \mathrm{m}}$ , capable of combined imaging and sensing, was developed and applied in an in vitro fertilization setting. The probe can resolve a cumulus oocyte complex within an ovarian follicle, and measure a pH change of 0.04 units.

We describe and demonstrate an interferometric side-scattering technique for measuring the microstructure geometry of nested antiresonant hollow-core fiber (NANF). Using this technique, we are able to non-invasively measure the diameters of all the thin tubular capillaries in a NANF with sub-micron accuracy.

In today's world, most of measurement equipment in teaching physics are digital and more computer like then their analogue counterpart. The process of measurement becomes as closed black box and students lack the real feel of experimentation. Often students just connect sensors, press start button and get the results. If something is not right, they do not understand the underlying physics and cannot explain the results nor find the errors in the process. In such cases, they often blame the “faulty” equipment. After years of observation and communication with the primary school students and teachers, we conclude that students need to be involved into the experiment's equipment development. This not just enhance their physics knowledge and natural science competences but digital competences too. We used BBC Micro:bit and its sensors to develop experiment equipment. Students need to learn how to connect sensors and write the code to acquire data from the sensors. Later they use their sensors in measurements and try to explain the underlying physics phenomena they measure. We designed the blueprint for gradual building of complexity in measuring equipment. The case study was carefully prepared and conducted in a small group of primary school students.

COVID-19 has many symptoms and one of the serious symptoms are heart problems and the increase in body temperature. Checking the heart rate and body temperature can still be useful to be included in our daily live to prevent further spread of the virus. We proposed a solution to let the user do a COVID-19 self-detection by using Magic Mirror with IoT -based technology. This Magic Mirror uses two sensors (heart rate and temperature sensor) to measure user's heart rate and body temperature. If the user is suspected of having COVID-19, an alert will be displayed on the Magic Mirror or smartphone to let the user take further necessary action.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of the Tracker video analysis application to measure the centripetal force on the circular motion in the traditional Tari Piring dance. A qualitative descriptive study was conducted. This study discovered that: 1) the Tracker application measured physical quantities related to the concept of centripetal force by analyzing the position of an object in each frame of video to a specified unit size; 2) video analysis with the Tracker application depicted physics concepts through real-world phenomena; and 3) video measurement results with the Tracker application were more precise and less uncertainty. The researchers concluded that when compared to analog measurements, the Tracker application offered several advantages. However, this application has not been widely used for educational purposes in schools. The researchers advocated for using this Tracker application in physics education, particularly when it comes to motion phenomena.

This article deals with the topic of autonomous temperature measurement. It presents the basic concepts needed to work with a temperature sensor and a microcontroller that contains a Wi-Fi module. The measured data are then distributed to a remote Thingspeak server, where they are visualized and further mathematically processed. This concept can be used to remotely measure different physical quantities, not just temperature. Therefore, this design is applicable in various fields of electrical engineering, electromechanics and power engineering.

In the present paper, Recurrence Quantification Analysis was applied to detect event-related potential P300 on single-trial EEG. We demonstrated that the emergence of P300 is associated with EEG complexity increase. Besides, the RQA measure of complexity based on recurrence times quantification is sensitive enough to detect these changes on single-trial EEG.

Complex plasma systems are of much interest as they permit micron sized dust particles to form stable and unstable structures. These structures can be used as probes to gain insight into the parameters of the plasma system [1] . The dust particle interaction with the ions flowing towards a negative lower electrode creates an ion wake field, which is difficult to measure experimentally. This wake field affects the charge on the dust grains, as well as the electric field and ion flow speed. Using a one-dimensional,seven-particle dust chain confined in a glass box placed on the lower electrode of a Gaseous Electronics Conference rf cell, the ion wake field along with the dust charge and electric field inside the plasma environment can be investigated.

The global pandemic that we are currently experiencing has brought many changes in people's lives. Among these changes, probably the most visible is the widespread use of masks. This paper presents a smart mask prototype for remote monitoring of people's temperature. The system is intended to be an efficient alternative solution to the slow and inaccurate method used to check people's temperature with infrared thermometers at the entrance to public places. The smart mask consists of three thermistors that measure the temperature inside the mask, outside the mask, and on the skin. A microcontroller processes the data and transmits them using LoRa backscattering. Commercial LoRa transceivers can be used for this application.

As it is well-known, diabetic patients might to develop crisis in the renal apparatus either in the middle or long time [1]. This crisis is imminently attained to the high concentrations of glucose. In fact, under the theoretical assumption that the ions of glucose molecules push out giant molecules of albumin then one might to expect a direct dependence among them from classical electrodynamics basis. In this paper, this dependence and the physics-based relationships are derived. The theoretical result of this paper would be of interest in all those new applications of advanced sensors that might be able to measure status of both glucose and albuminuria. Thus, one can carry out a complete diagnostic of kidney status from glucose values. The paper presents theoretical predictions of glucose and albumin interactions while both of them are located along the renal glumerulus.

project OP VVV Electrical Engineering Technologies with High-Level of Embedded Intelligence CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/18_069/0009855, SGS 2021-005: Research, development and implementation of modern electronic and information This paper presents the designing, modeling, and simulation of the spiral circular magnetic field probe for near field measurements. Two configurations of this probe have been investigated using both reference boards – conventional and microstrip. Furthermore, this probe has a compact size of (4×5) mm2 printed on an FR-4 substrate of 1.6 mm height. This probe's operation frequency covers a range from 1 MHz to 1 GHz, making it suitable to measure the electromagnetic interference in the near field region over PCB working at electromagnetic compatibility applications.

A device is proposed for measuring color characteristics, which, using a measuring transducer, assigns to each radiation three signals proportional to color coordinates. Existing devices have many drawbacks, among them low speed, due to the use of inert elements, which makes it impossible to measure rapidly changing light fluxes. In this device, the authors tried to minimize the shortcomings. Also in this article, a mathematical model of the device is proposed. Attention is paid to the psychophysiological perception of color.

This paper briefly introduces Mathcad engineering software as a learning tool for teaching signal processing algorithms. Thanks to the visual formula-based format, Mathcad is a very illustrative environment, especially for demonstrating the processing of audio signals. A complete algorithm for determining the fundamental frequency of voice is described and its implementation in Mathcad is suggested. In the newly designed computer exercise, students can create a program worksheet and then use it with a microphone to measure the properties of their own voice. The individual subtasks in the exercise are described in detail. The first feedback from students is very positive.

One of the most challenging goals of SISSY (Self-improving System Integration) is to create methods for self-integrating systems to improve their integration. The purpose of this short position paper is to stimulate a community-wide discussion and eventual experimentation about what it means to measure the degree of integration between entities and then to improve or deepen integrations. To start this discussion, we first note the importance of having varying degrees and kinds of integration, and then define three ways in which an entity could improve integrations within itself and with other entities.

One of the methods to achieve context-aware appliance in smart energy concept is to use computer vision. To develop a low-cost context-aware streetlight system, it is imperative to develop a computer vision system that can calculate the distance of a human using a single camera. This paper presents the result of experiment on distance calculation using a single camera. The experiment uses pinhole camera model and triangle similarity concept to measure human distance from a camera. The result of this experiment shows that for shorter distance, less than 200 cm, the calculation accuracy is quite good with less than 10% error from the actual distance. However, for longer distance the calculation error rose to 20%. This error is due to the difference between the reference height and the actual height of human target used in the experiment.

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy system (THz-TDS) has been widely used in the fields of substance detection, composition analysis and other fields. In order to accurately obtain the optical properties of the sample, it is essential to accurately measure the polarization direction of the terahertz electric field in THz-TDS. In this paper, a dual-polarization THz time-domain spectroscopy system is reported, and a dual-polarization photoconductive antenna array detector is designed to simultaneously detect both the terahertz time domain waveform and the terahertz electric field direction. The experimental results show that the polarization contrast ratio of the detector is 556:1.

A terahertz chemical microscope (TCM) was proposed and developed to measure small ion concentrations in solution. By creating multiple wells on the sensing plate, it was possible to measure the ion concentration of 35 μl of whole sheep blood.

We implement diffraction tomography using a continuous-wave terahertz (CW-THz) source. An off-axis digital holographic interferometry system was built to measure the complex amplitude distributions of a sample for various rotation angles. Based on the Rytov approximation, the three-dimensional (3D) refractive index (RI) distributions of the polystyrene foam spheres was reconstructed by the filtered backpropagation algorithm.

The emergence of experimental 21-cm cosmology engenders unique challenges towards its instrumentation. The presence of bright foregrounds consisting of Galactic and extragalactic synchrotron emission several orders of magnitude higher than the expected highly- redshifted 21-cm line places high precision requirements on the antenna beam. We present an antenna calibration technique that utilizes a drone with high precision positioning and unique modulation techniques to measure the complex voltage beam of an antenna-under-test (AUT) to the required degree of precision.

Air Quality Index is the measure of pollutants in the atmosphere based on readings from a number of sensors. This paper uses a deep neural algorithm to predict AQI resulting in a reduced number of sensors. The method employed enables specific sensor data to be substituted or replaced, while still obtaining robust results.

In order to improve the detection probability of wind lidar and realize three-dimensional velocity measurement, we propose a single-beam wind lidar based on golvanometer scanner, which realize velocity azimuth display scanning and measure radical velocity 360° on the circle at fixed height.

Measuring the impedances in overhead lines and cables is absolutely essential for ensuring selectivity and accurate fault location by means of distance relays. This paper investigates a double-circuit line fault with nonselective tripping caused by the parameterization of the relay based on inaccurate/lack of knowledge of the line impedances. Analysis of the fault is based on the measured line impedances and the simulation/system-based testing using RelaySimTest. An appropriate procedure was adopted and documented to measure the line impedances of double circuit lines in a minimally invasive manner.

With recognition of quantum computer's enormous computational ability, it is of paramount importance to develop fault-tolerant quantum computing systems for their practical use. Recently, it has been shown that fault-tolerant systems can be achieved using a small set of basic quantum operations. This, however, incurs technical difficulties in finding an optimal sequence of basic operations toward a specific target computation and may limit possible quantum computations. In this work, we aim to achieve arbitrary target quantum computations under the restriction of four universal quantum gates of Pauli-X, -Y, -Z and SWAP. We develop two gate-sequence search methods based on the fidelity measure and deep neural networks. We verify the performance of our proposed methods through numerical results comparing total search space and the number of searched nodes.

Understanding the nature of Dark Energy is one of the primary unanswered questions in cosmology, and was identified as one of the Department of Energy’s current five priority science missions. In order to measure the effects of Dark Energy and constrain its equation of state, it is necessary to map the expansion history of the universe over a broad range of redshifts. A number of optical instruments designed to map the Large Scale Structure (LSS) of the universe including DES, DESI, and the Vera Rubin Observatory have begun observing, and are expected to produce critical constraints in this field. Intensity Mapping (IM) is also emerging as a potentially complementary method of mapping the LSS of the universe, by using integrated line emissions as tracers of structure. In particular, 21 -cm IM would use the hyperfine "spin flip" transition of neutral hydrogen, which is present throughout cosmic time and as a significant fraction of the baryonic mass of the universe, as a tracer of LSS. Several radio interferometers are already observing, or under development, to measure 21-cm emissions from different redshift ranges, and planning is underway for second generation Stage II experiments.

Research on an underwater exploration robot is gathering attention for developing marine resources and inspecting underwater structures. Robots that imitate living things can be used for exploration without affecting aquatic organisms. So far, an underwater robot has been developed using a propulsive mechanism with artificial pectoral fins, in which they were made by mimicking actual Manta's pectoral fins. In this robot, self-positional information is acquired by a method of estimating the self-position via optical flows. Note however that the depth distance from the body to the ground is required for estimating the self-position through optical flows. In conventional research, a range-finding system using multiple lasers was proposed to measure the distance, but the value calculated by the method was greatly variated due to the pitch motion characterized by a Manta-type robot. In this research, it is aimed at reducing the influence from pitch motion by introducing a gimbal mechanism. In this paper, it first describes the outline of the underwater robot to be used, the range-finding system using laser points, and the method for obtaining the distance to an object to be measured. Then, a range-finding method with multiple lasers is proposed and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by conducting some experiments on measuring the distance and calculating the angle.

For the ultra-precision single point diamond turning, the spidle system is a core component and plays a decisive role in precise machining. The unbalancing state in spinle can degrade the quality of machining surface. Therefore, the spindle system must be exceptionally well balanced before processing. A precise the spindle unbalancing measurement method, adopting the real-time data in CNC System of SPDT and combining with disturbance observer (DOB), is proposed. According to the experiment result, the accuracy of this method is up to G0.00648. Since this method does not require addition sensors to install, it is easily popularized and applied in the field of ultra-precision machine tools.

We develop a common path interferometer to measure the refractive index in liquids. This technique can measure the refractive index from the visible to infrared. In this work, we present experimental data in four wavelengths for several organic solvents.

The Capacitive Voltage transformer is most essential for measuring voltages above 66kV. There are two types of voltage transformers are used to measure high voltages. They are Inductive Voltage Transformer and Capacitive Voltage Transformer. Inductive Voltage Transformer cost and size is increased while measuring Voltages greater than 66kV. In this paper a small prototype 3.3kV/110V Capacitive Voltage Transformer is designed. Its simulation and experimental results are compared successfully.

In this paper, a radar signal processing system, which combines pulse doppler mode and stepped frequency mode, is proposed. The pulse doppler mode is used to detect targets and measure their velocity accurately, and then the stepped frequency mode is used to image the targets. The signal processing system has been implemented on the domestic Huarui No. 2 digital signal processor.

Cross level, longitudinal level and track alignment are three prominent parameters in track inspection, especially under harsh conditions. Inertial measurement method is introduced in track geometry inspection called track surveying system. In this study, a high performance Fiber Optical Gyroscope (FOG) based IMU is used to measure these parameters. System structure, detection and filtering algorithm are demonstrated. The key point is that gyroscope with angular rate as output give the posture in 3D through integration. However, long time integration inlet drift of the angle calculation based on gyroscope. The algorithm in this paper presents the stability for the dynamic inspection. Meanwhile, with the help of error correcting and compensating methods, satisfactory results are achieved, comparing with the traditional non inertial method.

For many upcoming technical applications in the frequency range of mm waves it is important to know the permittivity of the materials used. Therefore it must be possible to measure them. However, the smaller the wavelength, the greater the cross sensitivity with respect to the mechanical dimensions. In this article the use of a simple and robust arrangement as a sensor for measuring the permittivity of materials is discussed. To be able to measure pasty and liquid materials, a rectangular waveguide is sealed at the aperture with an adhesive tape. The sensitivity to variations of the permittivity and the loss factor tan δ is investigated by simulations. An attempt is then made to use these data to calibrate a prototype sensor and to interpret different measurements with liquids.

This paper introduces a full-field, 2D, non-contact displacement and deformation measurement method under non-common field of view based on the space conversion calibration method. Through the spatial constraint relationship of adjacent cameras in the camera array, the spatial conversion relationship of the cameras in the non-common field of view is established to complete the global calibration. In order to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of the method, three cameras were used to measure the displacement under the common field of view, and then four cameras were used to build the non-common field of view. At the same time, pictures were taken before and after the deformation of the object. 2D Digital Image Correlation was used to measure the two-dimensional deformation field of the object surface and coordinate splicing was conducted according to the spatial transformation calibration. Experimental results show that this method can accurately and conveniently measure the deformation of objects in non-common field of view.

The current paper aims to identify the effect of using the Cyber Hunt Strategy on the development of academic achievement and the retention of the impact of learning in mathematics among undergraduate students in Jordan. To achieve the aims of the study, a Cyber Hunt Strategy in a form of an educational website is designed and a test to measure academic achievement. The results show the effectiveness of this strategy in developing academic achievement in mathematics of students.

The development of non-destructive subsurface imaging methods has been a major research topic in the past two decades. One of these is the use of Contact Resonance Atomic Force Microscopy (CR-AFM) to measure changes in contact stiffness to detect buried features. The depth of the buried feature has a large influence (or is a limiting factor) on the sensitivity and resolution of this method, which has been shown in theoretical, numerical and experimental research. However, the sensitivity of the method to feature depth itself has not yet been thoroughly investigated. This sensitivity is the first step towards a method capable of measuring the depth of features in addition to detecting them. In this work, the influence of depth on the probe dynamics is investigated using both a linear and nonlinear model and simulation based results of the two are compared. It is argued that a nonlinear approach is essential in estimating the potential performance of subsurface measurements using CRAFM methods.

In this paper are presented target displacement measurements using synthetic aperture radar interferometry, with the Pulson P440 radar module. The synthetic aperture is formed by automatically moving the radar with the help of a robotic arm. We show that by applying an appropriate interferometric phase correction, we can measure target displacement with the Pulson P440.

Humidity is a critical parameter for microwave remote sensing. The method of the microwave resonator to measure humidity is fast, accurate, and real-time. In this paper, a microwave humidity sensor based on the substrate integrated waveguide resonator is designed. The sensor uses a hollow FR-4 substrate structure, which reduces the loss of FR-4 substrate at high frequency and improves the sensitivity of the sensor. The design has a simple structure, low cost, and simplifies the process of the humidity sensor based on thermodynamics and optics. Simulation and experiment results show that the sensor can measure the humidity well.

Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) is measured and utilized in many clinical applications. Recently, a wide research has been led to develop a cuff-less and continuous blood pressure method basing on PWV. However, in this application a decision on choosing an appropriate fiducial point of pulse wave (PW) waveform is necessary and substantial. It would allow to measure time parameters necessary to determine PWV. An influence of sampling frequency and other preprocessing algorithms on an accuracy of fiducial points determination are discussed in the paper.

This paper presents a theoretical justification for the possibility of determining the current of a single-phase earth fault in an indirect way, as well as a method for determining the line capacitance. An experiment was carried out to measure the current of a single-phase earth fault through a capacitive shunt. Comparison of calculated data and measured results is presented.