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1. 'Prediction of Sleepiness Ratings from Voice by Man and Machine': A Perceptual Experiment Replication Study

Author

P. Martin, Vincent, Ferron, Aymeric, Rouas, Jean-Luc, Philip, Pierre, Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sommeil, Addiction et Neuropsychiatrie [Bordeaux] (SANPSY), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-CHU de Bordeaux Pellegrin [Bordeaux]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux (UB), Popular interaction with 3d content (Potioc), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), CHU Bordeaux [Bordeaux], and ANR-10-LABX-0043,BRAIN,Bordeaux Region Aquitaine Initiative for Neuroscience(2010)

Subjects
Experimental study replication, Paralinguistic, Sleepiness, [INFO.INFO-SD]Computer Science [cs]/Sound [cs.SD], Voice, Perceptual study, [SCCO.LING]Cognitive science/Linguistics
Abstract

International audience; Following the release of the SLEEP corpus during the Interspeech 2019 paralinguistic continuous sleepiness estimation challenge, a paper presented at Interspeech 2020 by Huckvale et al. examined the reasons for the poor performance of the models proposed for this task. Careful analyses of the corpus led to the conclusion that its bias makes it hazardous to use for training machine learning systems, but a perceptual experiment on a subset of this corpus seemed to indicate that human hearing is however able to estimate sleepiness on this corpus.In this study, we present the results of the Endymion replication study, in which the same samples were rated by thirty French-speaking naive listeners. We then discuss the causes of the differences between the two studies and examine the effect of listener and sample characteristics on annotation performances

Published
2023
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2. I'm Transforming! Effects of Visual Transitions to Change of Avatar on the Sense of Embodiment in AR

Author

Otono, Riku, Genay, Adélaïde, Perusquía-Hernández, Monica, Isoyama, Naoya, Uchiyama, Hideaki, Hachet, Martin, Lécuyer, Anatole, Kiyokawa, Kiyoshi, Nara Institute of Science and Technology - Graduate School of Information Science (NAIST), Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Popular interaction with 3d content (Potioc), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Université de Bordeaux (UB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 3D interaction with virtual environments using body and mind (Hybrid), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-RÉALITÉ VIRTUELLE, HUMAINS VIRTUELS, INTERACTIONS ET ROBOTIQUE (IRISA-D5), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), and IEEE

Subjects
Avatars, Embodiment, Augmented Reality, User study, Visual effects, Transitions, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC]
Abstract

International audience; Virtual avatars are more and more often featured in Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) applications. When embodying a virtual avatar, one may desire to change of appearance over the course of the embodiment. However, switching suddenly from one appearance to another can break the continuity of the user experience and potentially impact the sense of embodiment (SoE), especially when the new appearance is very different. In this paper, we explore how applying smooth visual transitions at the moment of the change can help to maintain the SoE and benefit the general user experience. To address this, we implemented an AR system allowing users to embody a regular-shaped avatar that can be transformed into a muscular one through a visual effect. The avatar’s transformation can be triggered either by the user through physical action (“active” transition), or automatically launched by the system (“passive” transition). We conducted a user study to evaluate the effects of these two types of transformations on the SoE by comparing them to control conditions where there was no visual feedback of the transformation. Our results show that changing the appearance of one’s avatar with an active transition (with visual feedback), compared to a passive transition, helps to maintain the user’s sense of agency, a component of the SoE. They also partially suggest that the Proteus effects experienced during the embodiment were enhanced by these transitions. Therefore, we conclude that visual effects controlled by the user when changing their avatar’s appearance can benefit their experience by preserving the SoE and intensifying the Proteus effects.

Published
2023
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3. Studying 'Avatar Transitions' in Augmented Reality: Influence on Sense of Embodiment and Physiological Activity

Author

Otono, Riku, Genay, Adélaïde, Perusquía-Hernández, Monica, Isoyama, Naoya, Uchiyama, Hideaki, Hachet, Martin, Lécuyer, Anatole, Kiyokawa, Kiyoshi, Nara Institute of Science and Technology - Graduate School of Information Science (NAIST), Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Popular interaction with 3d content (Potioc), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Université de Bordeaux (UB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 3D interaction with virtual environments using body and mind (Hybrid), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-RÉALITÉ VIRTUELLE, HUMAINS VIRTUELS, INTERACTIONS ET ROBOTIQUE (IRISA-D5), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), and This research was supported in part by a Grant in aid for KAKENHI 22K12109 and the Start Up Fund for female researchers at NAIST.

Subjects
Avatars, Augmented Reality, User study, Proteus effect, Sense of Embodiment, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC]
Abstract

International audience; The impact of avatar transitions, in which an avatar's appearance is changed, has been little studied. We implemented an avatar transition system that is decomposed into two parts: an active one and a passive one. In the active transition, the avatar's appearance is transformed according to the user's physical action. In the passive transition, users automatically experience the same transition without physical action. The influence of transitions on the user's physical performance and the sense of embodiment was explored. Our results show that active transitions increase the sense of agency and magnitude of surface electromyography (sEMG) compared to passive transitions, and both transitions increase the sEMG magnitude following the virtual Reality embodiment.

Published
2022
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4. TimeTables: Embodied Exploration of Immersive Spatio-Temporal Data

Author

Yidan Zhang, Barrett Ens, Kadek Ananta Satriadi, Arnaud Prouzeau, Sarah Goodwin, Zhang, Yidan, Ens, Barrett, Satriadi, Kadek Ananta, Prouzeau, Armaud, Goodwin, Sarah, 29th IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces, VR 2022 Virtual, Online 12-16 March 2022, Monash university, University of South Australia [Adelaide], Popular interaction with 3d content (Potioc), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, and Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)

Subjects
Visualization application domains, 3D displays, Data analysis, human computer interaction (HCI), Interaction techniques, Virtual reality, Energy consumption, Information visualization, Human-centered computing, [INFO]Computer Science [cs], Buildings, Interaction paradigms, Data visualisation, Visualization
Abstract

International audience; We propose TimeTables, a novel prototype system that aims to support data exploration, using embodiment with space-time cubes in virtual reality. TimeTables uses multiple space-time cubes on virtual tabletops, which users can manipulate by extracting time layers or individual buildings to create new tabletop views. The surrounding environment includes a large space for multiple linked tabletops and a storage wall. TimeTables presents information at different time scales by stretching layers to drill down in time. Users can also jump into tabletops to inspect data from an egocentric perspective. We present a use case scenario of energy consumption displayed on a university campus to demonstrate how our system could support data exploration and analysis over space and time. From our experience and analysis we believe the system has a high potential in assisting spatio-temporal data exploration and analysis.

Published
2022
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5. Speed of rapid serial visual presentation of pictures, numbers and words affects event-related potential-based detection accuracy

Author

Phillippa Payne, Fabien Lotte, Damien Coyle, Liam Maguire, Stephanie Lees, Paul McCullagh, University of Ulster, Popular interaction with 3d content (Potioc), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest

Subjects
Male, Rapid serial visual presentation, Brain- Computer Interface, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], [SCCO]Cognitive science, 0302 clinical medicine, Protocol design, EEG, [INFO.INFO-BT]Computer Science [cs]/Biotechnology, BCI, Evoked Potentials, Mathematics, General Neuroscience, 05 social sciences, Rehabilitation, Single type, brain-computer interface, Electroencephalography, Healthy Volunteers, Area Under Curve, Brain-Computer Interfaces, Calibration, Visual Perception, Female, electroencephalography, Adult, Biomedical Engineering, 050105 experimental psychology, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, [INFO.INFO-LG]Computer Science [cs]/Machine Learning [cs.LG], Rapid Serial Visual Presentation, Event-related potential, Presentation duration, Internal Medicine, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], event related potentials, Event Related Potentials, Brain–computer interface, Receiver operating characteristic, business.industry, Reproducibility of Results, Pattern recognition, Multimodal image, [INFO.INFO-ET]Computer Science [cs]/Emerging Technologies [cs.ET], Artificial intelligence, business, Photic Stimulation, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

Rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) can detect target images among a continuous stream of rapidly presented images, by classifying a viewer’s event related potentials (ERPs) associated with the target and non-targets images. Whilst the majority of RSVP-BCI studies to date have concentrated on the identification of a single type of image, namely pictures , here we study the capability of RSVP-BCI to detect three different target image types: pictures, numbers and words . The impact of presentation duration (speed) i.e., 100–200ms (5–10Hz), 200–300ms (3.3–5Hz) or 300–400ms (2.5–3.3Hz), is also investigated. 2-way repeated measure ANOVA on accuracies of detecting targets from non-target stimuli (ratio 1:9) measured via area under the receiver operator characteristics curve (AUC) for ${N}={15}$ subjects revealed a significant effect of factor Stimulus-Type ( pictures, numbers, words ) (F (2,28) = 7.243, ${p} = {0.003}$ ) and for Stimulus-Duration (F (2,28) = 5.591, p = 0.011). Furthermore, there is an interaction between stimulus type and duration: F (4,56) = 4.419, ${p} = {0.004}$ ). The results indicate that when designing RSVP-BCI paradigms, the content of the images and the rate at which images are presented impact on the accuracy of detection and hence these parameters are key experimental variables in protocol design and applications, which apply RSVP for multimodal image datasets.

Published
2019
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6. Accessibility of Immersive Serious Games for Persons with Cognitive Disabilities

Author

Pierre-Antoine Cinquin, Hélène Sauzéon, Pascal Guitton, Université de Bordeaux (UB), Popular interaction with 3d content (Potioc), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Laboratoire Handicap Activité Cognition et Système Nerveux (HACS), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, and Guitton, Pascal

Subjects
Research program, business.industry, Computer science, Internet privacy, [INFO.INFO-GR] Computer Science [cs]/Graphics [cs.GR], Cognition, [INFO.INFO-GR]Computer Science [cs]/Graphics [cs.GR], Mixed reality, Wonder, Cognitive disabilities, Immersion (virtual reality), Augmented reality, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], [INFO.INFO-HC] Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], User interface, business, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

E-learning systems are still not very accessible for persons with disabilities, particularly those with cognitive impairments. It's well known that the training deficit is one of the cause of lower employment rates. In the past, we have addressed this issue by working on the accessibility of MOOCs. We have developed Aiana, a MOOC player with accessibility features based on the fragmentation of information streams and enabling user interface self-configuration. We are starting a new research program focused on the accessibility of immersive Serious Games for persons with cognitive impairments by first transposing some of Aiana's design principles. We believe that immersive Serious Games can provide effective assistance to learning for PWDs and we want to demonstrate this rigorously through large field studies. More generally, we wonder about the questions raised by the accessibility of Mixed Reality tools in immersive e-learning systems.

Published
2019
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7. Neural Mechanisms of Social Emotion Perception: An EEG Hyper-Scanning Study

Author

Gaochao Cui, Andrzej Cichocki, Changle Zhou, Fabien Lotte, Li Zhu, Junhua Li, Xiamen University, RIKEN Center for Brain Science [Wako] (RIKEN CBS), RIKEN - Institute of Physical and Chemical Research [Japon] (RIKEN), Popular interaction with 3d content (Potioc), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Saitama Institute of Technology, National University of Singapore (NUS), Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology [Moscow] (Skoltech), Nicolaus Copernicus University [Toruń], Hangzhou Dianzi University (HDU), and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest

Subjects
genetic structures, medicine.diagnostic_test, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, 05 social sciences, Significant difference, [INFO.INFO-MM]Computer Science [cs]/Multimedia [cs.MM], Neurophysiology, Electroencephalography, Stimulus (physiology), 050105 experimental psychology, Phase locking, N400, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, [INFO.INFO-LG]Computer Science [cs]/Machine Learning [cs.LG], [INFO.INFO-TS]Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, Event-related potential, Emotion perception, medicine, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Psychology, psychological phenomena and processes, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Cognitive psychology
Abstract

International audience; EEG-based hyper-scanning refers to two or more subjects engaged in a task together or performing the same action together while neurophysiological signals are simultaneously recorded from them. This is one of the manners for investigating between-subject neural activities involved in social interactions. Emotion perception plays an important role in human social interactions. Interaction and emotional state influence each other. In this study, we aim to investigate how between-subject interaction modulates emotion perception based on event related potentials (ERPs), connectivity analysis and classification analysis. We found that there are distinct differences appearing between paired subjects who performed the task together, which are early ERP components (N250 and N400), late ERP components (P1500 and N1500), and the greater amplitude in N250 for the seconding responding subject compared to the first one. In the exploration of connectivity using phase locking value (PLV), we found that there are significant differences among different frequency bands for each subject under positive and negative stimuli and the significant difference of hyper-connectivity existed in the gamma frequency band between positive and negative stimulus trials. In the classification analysis, we compared the hyper-features for two individual subjects separately, the performance was improved when hyper-features of the PLV was employed compared to the features of power spectrum density.

Published
2018
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8. 3D collaborative interaction for aerospace industry

Author

François Guillaume, Pascal Guitton, Damien Clergeaud, Popular interaction with 3d content (Potioc), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Airbus Group Innovations [Suresnes], Airbus [France], Accord cadre Inria - Airbus Group, Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, and Guitton, Pascal

Subjects
Computer science, [INFO.INFO-GR] Computer Science [cs]/Graphics [cs.GR], Collaborative Interaction, 02 engineering and technology, Virtual reality, computer.software_genre, 0203 mechanical engineering, Human–computer interaction, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Software system, Aerospace, 020301 aerospace & aeronautics, Measure (data warehouse), business.industry, Virtual Reality, 020207 software engineering, Subject (documents), Awareness, Work in process, [INFO.INFO-GR]Computer Science [cs]/Graphics [cs.GR], Engineering management, Remote Interaction, Virtual machine, Collaborative interaction, business, computer
Abstract

3D collaborative interaction raises issues like awareness of the Virtual Environment that have been well known for some time. They have been the subject of research activities that have led to some interesting results described in the literature. Unfortunately, most of these results have not yet been not implemented in the software systems daily used by industry and remains only theoretical concepts. That is why we recently started a project to transfer some of these results in the aerospace industry for the Airbus Group. Beyond this first transfer target, we also intend to measure the real gains (in real industrial conditions) for the users, and then for the company. This second goal is essential because in most publications, user testing is not satisfying (lack of real users, lack of real procedures, non significant number of subjects). In this paper, we describe the first step of this work in progress and more precisely, the basic interaction features we have developed. Currently, we are designing the first user tests.

Published
2016
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9. The Mind-Mirror: See your brain in action in your head using EEG and augmented reality

Author

Anatole Lécuyer, Emilie Loup-Escande, Fabien Lotte, Jonathan Mercier-Ganady, Maud Marchal, 3D interaction with virtual environments using body and mind (Hybrid), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-MEDIA ET INTERACTIONS (IRISA-D6), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Popular interaction with 3d content (Potioc), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB), ANR-11-SOIN-0007,HOMO TEXTILUS,LE VETEMENT INTERACTIF ET SES ACCESSOIRES : PROSPECTION DE L'HABILLAGE INTELLIGENT DU CORPS(2011), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
medicine.diagnostic_test, Brain activity and meditation, business.industry, Computer science, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, brain-computer interface (BCI), [INFO.INFO-CV]Computer Science [cs]/Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition [cs.CV], augmented reality (AR), Electroencephalography, Real image, [INFO.INFO-GR]Computer Science [cs]/Graphics [cs.GR], Visualization, Entertainment, Data visualization, medicine, Augmented reality, Computer vision, electroencephalography (EEG), [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], Artificial intelligence, Neurofeedback, business
Abstract

International audience; Imagine you are facing a mirror, seeing at the same time both your real body and a virtual display of your brain in activity and perfectly superimposed to your real image "inside your real skull". In this paper, we introduce a novel augmented reality paradigm called "Mind-Mirror" which enables the experience of seeing "through your own head", visualizing your brain "in action and in situ". Our approach relies on the use of a semi-transparent mirror positioned in front of a computer screen. A virtual brain is displayed on screen and automatically follows the head movements using an optical face-tracking system. The brain activity is extracted and processed in real-time with the help of an electroencephalography cap (EEG) worn by the user. A rear view is also proposed thanks to an additional webcam recording the rear of the user's head. The use of EEG classification techniques enables to test a Neurofeed- back scenario in which the user can train and progressively learn how to control different mental states, such as "concentrated" versus "relaxed". The results of a user study comparing a standard visualization used in Neurofeedback to our approach showed that the Mind-Mirror could be successfully used and that the participants have particularly appreciated its innovation and originality. We believe that, in addition to applications in Neurofeedback and Brain-Computer Interfaces, the Mind-Mirror could also be used as a novel visualization tool for education, training or entertainment applications.

Published
2014
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10. Third Workshop on Affective Brain-Computer Interfaces: introduction

Author

Mühl, Christian, Chanel, Guillaume, Allison, Brendan, Nijholt, Anton, Popular interaction with 3d content (Potioc), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva [Switzerland], University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science [Twente] (EEMCS), University of Twente [Netherlands], Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Swiss Center for Affective Sciences (CISA), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), University of California (UC), and University of Twente

Subjects
brain-computer interfaces, affect, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, METIS-299968, arts, Affective Computing, MathematicsofComputing_GENERAL, emotion, IR-88486, HMI-MI: MULTIMODAL INTERACTIONS, Brain-Computer Interfacing, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, EWI-23429
Abstract

Following the first and second workshop on affective brain-computer interfaces, held in conjunction with ACII in Amsterdam (2009) and Memphis (2011), the third workshop explores the advantages and limitations of using neurophysiological signals for the automatic recognition of affective and cognitive states, and the different ways to use this information about the user in applications within the health, arts, and entertainment domains. The goal is to bring researchers, artists, and practitioners together to present state-of-the-art progress, discuss pitfalls and limitations and share and create visions, and thereby encourage the development of guidelines and frameworks for affective BCI.

Published
2013

11. Advanced Synchronization of Audio or Symbolic Musical Patterns: An Algebraic Approach

Author

Florent Berthaut, Benjamin Martin, David Janin, Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB), Image et Son, Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB), Popular interaction with 3d content (Potioc), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Linguistics and Language, Theoretical computer science, Computer Networks and Communications, control live-looping, Semantics (computer science), Computer science, Speech recognition, [INFO.INFO-DS]Computer Science [cs]/Data Structures and Algorithms [cs.DS], Realization (linguistics), audio reconstruction, Context (language use), 0102 computer and information sciences, Musical, 02 engineering and technology, ENCODE, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Artificial Intelligence, 020204 information systems, Synchronization (computer science), 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Algebraic number, Algebra over a field, Audio signal processing, models of audio patterns, [INFO.INFO-MM]Computer Science [cs]/Multimedia [cs.MM], Window (computing), [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, Computer Science Applications, synchronization structures, 010201 computation theory & mathematics, [INFO.INFO-SD]Computer Science [cs]/Sound [cs.SD], 020201 artificial intelligence & image processing, computer, Software, Musical analysis, Information Systems
Abstract

International audience; We define a generic model for finite audio or symbolic musical patterns that structurally encodes a rich and abstract synchronization mechanism. This is achieved by distinguishing for each pattern a realization window, describing what the pattern is, from a synchronization window, describing how the pattern can be used. The sequential composition of patterns is defined and studied. An algebra of musical patterns is introduced in a mathematically well-founded approach. We propose several high level operators that can be used either in audio processing or in musical analysis and composition. Practical uses and experiments conducted in both fields are described.

Published
2012
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12. Identifying factors influencing the outcome of BCI-based post stroke motor rehabilitation towards its personalization with Artificial Intelligence

Author

Trocellier, David, N’kaoua, Bernard, Lotte, Fabien, Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Popular interaction with 3d content (Potioc), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Université de Bordeaux (UB), ANR-20-THIA-0008,AI by UBx,L'intelligence artificielle, par l'université de Bordeaux(2020), European Project: 714567 ,H2020 Pilier ERC,BrainConquest(2017), TROCELLIER, David, L'intelligence artificielle, par l'université de Bordeaux - - AI by UBx2020 - ANR-20-THIA-0008 - PNIA - VALID, and Boosting Brain-Computer Communication with high Quality User Training - BrainConquest - - H2020 Pilier ERC2017-07-01 - 2022-06-30 - 714567 - VALID

Subjects
[SDV.IB] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, [INFO.INFO-AI] Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], [SDV.IB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], [INFO.INFO-HC] Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI]
Abstract

International audience

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13. Class-distinctiveness-based frequency band selection on the Riemannian manifold for oscillatory activity-based BCIs: preliminary results

Author

Yamamoto, Maria Sayu, Lotte, Fabien, Yger, Florian, Chevallier, Sylvain, Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Systèmes de Versailles (LISV), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Université Paris-Saclay, Popular interaction with 3d content (Potioc), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Laboratoire d'analyse et modélisation de systèmes pour l'aide à la décision (LAMSADE), Université Paris Dauphine-PSL, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-20-THIA-0013,UDOPIA,Programme Doctoral en Intelligence Artificielle de l'Université Paris-Saclay(2020), and European Project: 714567 ,H2020 Pilier ERC,BrainConquest(2017)

Subjects
Imagery, Psychotherapy, [INFO.INFO-LG]Computer Science [cs]/Machine Learning [cs.LG], [MATH.MATH-ST]Mathematics [math]/Statistics [math.ST], [MATH.MATH-GT]Mathematics [math]/Geometric Topology [math.GT], Humans, [INFO.INFO-HC]Computer Science [cs]/Human-Computer Interaction [cs.HC], Algorithms, Physical Therapy Modalities
Abstract

International audience; Considering user-specific settings is known to enhance Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) performances. In particular, the optimal frequency band for oscillatory activity classification is highly user-dependent and many frequency band selection methods have been developed in the past two decades. However, it is not well studied whether those conventional methods can be efficiently applied to the Riemannian BCIs, a recent family of BCI systems that utilize the non-Euclidean nature of the data unlike conventional BCI pipelines. In this paper, we proposed a novel frequency band selection method working on the Riemannian manifold. The frequency band is selected considering the class distinctiveness as quantified based on the inter-class distance and the intra-class variance on the manifold. An advantage of this method is that the frequency bandwidth can be adjusted for each individual without intensive optimization steps. In a comparative experiment using a public dataset of motor imagery-based BCI, our method showed a substantial improvement in average accuracy over both a fixed broad frequency band and a popular conventional frequency band selection method. In particular, our method substantially improved performances for subjects with initially low accuracies. This preliminary result suggests the importance of developing new user-specific setting algorithms considering the manifold properties, rather than directly applying methods developed prior to the rise of the Riemannian BCIs.

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14. Assessing The Relevance Of Neurophysiological Patterns To Predict Motor Imagery-based BCI Users’ Performance

Author

Camille Jeunet, Camille Benaroch, Fabien Lotte, Eidan Tzdaka, Lotte, Fabien, Boosting Brain-Computer Communication with high Quality User Training - BrainConquest - - H2020 Pilier ERC2017-07-01 - 2022-06-30 - 714567 - VALID, Popular interaction with 3d content (Potioc), Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique (LaBRI), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Cognition, Langues, Langage, Ergonomie (CLLE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), This work was supported by the European Research Council with project BrainConquest (grant ERC-2016-STG-714567)., European Project: 714567 ,H2020 Pilier ERC,BrainConquest(2017), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-École Nationale Supérieure d'Électronique, Informatique et Radiocommunications de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Bordeaux - Sud-Ouest, École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Université de Toulouse (UT)

Subjects
[INFO.INFO-AI] Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], Computer science, [INFO.INFO-TS] Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, Electroencephalography, Machine learning, computer.software_genre, Eeg recording, [INFO.INFO-AI]Computer Science [cs]/Artificial Intelligence [cs.AI], 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Motor imagery, [INFO.INFO-TS]Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, medicine, Relevance (information retrieval), [INFO.INFO-BT]Computer Science [cs]/Biotechnology, Electroencephalography (EEG), 030304 developmental biology, Brain–computer interface, 0303 health sciences, Neurophysiological predictor, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, [SCCO.NEUR] Cognitive science/Neuroscience, Statistical model, Neurophysiology, Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI), [INFO.INFO-BT] Computer Science [cs]/Biotechnology, Artificial intelligence, business, computer, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

International audience; Motor Imagery-based Brain-Computer Interfaces (MI-BCI) allow users to control a computer for various applications using their brain activity alone, which is usually recorded by an electroencephalogram (EEG). Although BCI applications are numerous, their use outside laboratories is still scarce due to their poor accuracy. Some users cannot use BCIs, a phenomenon sometimes called "BCI illiteracy", which impacts around 10% to 30% of BCI users, who cannot produce discriminable EEG patterns. By performing neurophysiological analyses, and notably by identifying neurophysiological predictors of BCI performance, we may understand this phenomenon and its causes better. In turn, this may also help us to better understand and thus possibly improve , BCI user training. Therefore, this paper presents statistical models dedicated to the prediction of MI-BCI user performance, based on neurophysiological users' features extracted from a two minute EEG recording of a "relax with eyes open" condition. We consider data from 56 subjects that were recorded in a 'relax with eyes open' condition before performing a MI-BCI experiment. We used machine learning regression algorithm with leave-one-subject-out cross-validation to build our model of prediction. We also computed different correlations between those features (neurophysiological predictors) and users' MI-BCI performances. Our results suggest such models could predict user performances significantly better than chance (p ≤ 0.01) but with a relatively high mean absolute error of 12.43%. We also found significant correlations between a few of our features and the performance, including the previously explored µ µ µ-band predictor, as well as a new one proposed here: the µ µ µ-peak location variability. These results are thus encouraging to better understand and predict BCI illiteracy. However, they also require further improvements in order to obtain more reliable predictions.

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