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156 results on '"Rinaldi, Stefano"'

23. Time Synchronization for Smart Grids Applications: Requirements and Uncertainty Issues.

Author

Macii, David and Rinaldi, Stefano

Abstract

Smart grid implementation requires that multiple distributed systems are synchronized within and between substations. This is needed to coordinate the Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) as well as to align in time the measurement data associated with the same event, but collected in different points of a broad geographical area. The time synchronization accuracy requirements in power systems are application-specific and are classified in the IEC Standard 61850-5:2013. Depending on such requirements, alternative solutions can be used. For instance, sub-microsecond time synchronization is essential for the implementation of Wide Area Monitoring, Protection, and Control (WAMPAC) systems. In fact, time synchronization directly and indirectly affects Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) accuracy. The PMUs can measure the magnitude, the phase, the fundamental frequency and the Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF) of ac voltage and current waveforms at times synchronized to the Universal Coordinated Time (UTC). Among such quantities, the phase data are those most strongly affected by time synchronization. If time synchronization accuracy is within ±1 µs, its impact on synchrophasor phase measurement is in the order of a fraction of mrad, i.e., low enough to have a negligible impact on the state estimation uncertainty of most of transmission and distribution systems. However, the need to interpolate the missing phasor values when data from PMUs with a different reporting rate are collected and aligned in time may unexpectedly boost synchrophasor phase estimation uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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29. Model-Based Stealth Attack to Networked Control System Based on Real-Time Ethernet.

Author

Ferrari, Paolo, Sisinni, Emiliano, Bellagente, Paolo, Rinaldi, Stefano, Pasetti, Marco, de Sa, Alan Oliveira, Machado, Raphael C. S., Carmo, Luiz F. R. da C., and Casimiro, Antonio

Subjects
ETHERNET, INDUSTRIAL controls manufacturing, INDUSTRY 4.0, INFORMATION technology
Abstract

In this article, industrial control systems include networked control systems (NCS), which use real-time Ethernet (RTE) protocols since many years, well before the time sensitive networking initiative debut. Today, ethernet-based control systems are used all across Industry 4.0, including in critical applications, allowing for straight integration with information technology layers. Even if it is known that current RTE protocols do not have strong authentication or ciphering options, it is still very challenging to perform undetected cyber-attacks to these protocols while the NSC is in operation, in particular because such attacks must comply with very strict and small temporal constraints. In this article, a model-based attack is proposed for service degradation of NCS. The attack is carried out in real-time and it can remain undetected for the entire plant life. The attack can be applied to any RTE protocols and, without loss of generality, a detailed analysis of stealth techniques is provided for a specific real use case based on PROFINET. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed attack and its high effectiveness. The article also points out some possible future investigation directions in order to mitigate the attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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37. A Method for Noninvasive Remote Monitoring of Energy Meter Error Using Power Consumption Profile.

Author

Nakutis, Zilvinas, Rinaldi, Stefano, Kuzas, Pranas, and Lukocius, Robertas

Subjects
*POWER distribution networks, *MEASUREMENT errors, *ELECTRICAL load, *ERROR analysis in mathematics, *TIME series analysis, *ELECTRIC power failures
Abstract

In this article, a noninvasive remote monitoring method of error of electricity energy meter (EM) is introduced and its achievable precision is investigated. The aim of the method is to determine remotely the smart EM active power relative measurement error using the reference EM connected at the input of a low-voltage distribution grid segment. The meter error estimation is carried out despite other customers’ electrical load changes observable by the reference meter and power fluctuations in the distribution network. The method is based on the real-time analysis of natural customer power consumption profiles without any additional load injection for error-monitoring needs. A power step in the customer power consumption profile is detected by the meter under test and then the step magnitude is delivered for the comparison with the power step magnitude estimated synchronously by the reference meter. The analysis of the method error is conducted by applying simulation of the benchmark distribution grid which includes 26 EMs and utilizing the open data power consumption profiles. It is shown that after two to three days of averaging (including approximately 170 power steps) of the meter error estimates, it becomes possible to achieve an uncertainty of meter error estimation approximately 0.63%. The feasibility of the method implementation scenarios with the state-of-the-art EM data collection protocols in advanced measurement infrastructure (AMI) by means of occupancy index modeling is performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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38. Design of a Time Dissemination System Using Chirp Modulation for Medium Voltage Smart Grid Applications.

Author

Rinaldi, Stefano, Pasetti, Marco, Bonafini, Federico, Ferrari, Paolo, Flammini, Alessandra, Sisinni, Emiliano, Artale, Giovanni, Cataliotti, Antonio, Cosentino, Valentina, Cara, Dario Di, Panzavecchia, Nicola, and Tine, Giovanni

Subjects
*CHIRP modulation, *CARRIER transmission on electric lines, *GLOBAL Positioning System, *GPS receivers, *COMMUNICATION infrastructure
Abstract

The monitoring and the management of smart grid require an advanced communication infrastructure. The time synchronization is among the most important services such an infrastructure should offer. Several solutions are available to disseminate the time information in a distributed system; for instance, most of the times a global positioning system (GPS) receiver is used to recover accurate time information. However, GPS receivers need a clear view of the sky. Other solutions, like the use of a network-based synchronization mechanism, require a dedicated communication infrastructure, which is not always feasible for economical reason. Thus, the use of the power grid itself to disseminate a time signal is extremely interesting. The aim of this article is to investigate the possibility to distribute a time signal over a medium voltage (MV) grid using a chirp-based modulation. The timing data are coded using IRIG-B time code. Such an approach does not require the installation of a dedicated infrastructure, and it is noninvasive, because the signal is transmitted on a different band with the respect to power line communication (PLC). The effectiveness of the approach has been experimentally evaluated on a test MV line available in a laboratory. Although the tested chirp-based symbol has a limited frequency bandwidth (80 kHz), the jitter in the identification of the start of frame is on the order of 7.5 $\mu \text{s}$ , fulfilling the requirements of the most smart grid applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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39. LoRaWAN Range Extender for Industrial IoT.

Author

Sisinni, Emiliano, Ferrari, Paolo, Fernandes Carvalho, Dhiego, Rinaldi, Stefano, Marco, Pasetti, Flammini, Alessandra, and Depari, Alessandro

Abstract

The LoRaWAN technology, an example of low power wide area network, is considered a possible IoT-derived solution for realizing private cellular (single-hop) communications in the industrial domain. However, despite LoRaWAN promises long range and dense environments with many obstacles (as the industrial ones), it may suffer from coverage issue. Additionally, the inverse relationship between data rates and range may be unacceptable for many industrial applications. In this article, an innovative LoRaWAN range extender (based on an enhanced LoRaWAN node) is described, and its integration in the infrastructure of industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)-enabled industrial wireless networks is presented. A frame relay strategy is suggested, thus avoiding to tradeoff the highest data rates against an increased sensitivity. The feasibility of the solution is formally verified and the features of the realized proof-of-concept prototype, based on commercially available hardware, are discussed. The experimental results, obtained with a purposely designed test bench, show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. In particular, the range extender is transparent for legacy LoRaWAN networks as confirmed by correct relaying of uplink and downlink for different types of LoRaWAN message. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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40. Framework-Oriented Approach to Ease the Development of Ambient Assisted-Living Systems.

Author

Bellagente, Paolo, Crema, Claudio, Depari, Alessandro, Flammini, Alessandra, Lenzi, Giovanni, and Rinaldi, Stefano

Abstract

Ambient assisted-living (AAL) systems, including wearables and home automation, could improve the quality of life of fragile people. As analyzed in this paper, the typical architecture of AAL systems is based on wireless sensors networks and proprietary gateways and it can be complex, expensive, and hardly includes interoperable multivendor devices. Emerging Android-based gateways can help in reducing costs, but flexibility and interoperability issues will still remain. On the basis of this fact, the development of an AAL system by a framework-oriented approach is presented. Thanks to the use of the SAndroidE framework, the proposed approach leads to the reduction of the programming effort as well as improves interoperability among different vendors ensuring high customization levels. Results obtained in a typical use case indicate that the programming effort in integrating multivendor devices is reduced by a factor of ten. The presented approach paves the way to the implementation of new open multivendor AAL systems, also encouraging redundant architectures and improving robustness of these emerging solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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48. Remote and non-invasive monitoring of elderly in a smart city context

Author

Bellagente, Paolo, primary, Crema, Claudio, additional, Depari, Alessandro, additional, Ferrari, Paolo, additional, Flammini, Alessandra, additional, Lanfranchi, Giovanni, additional, Lenzi, Giovanni, additional, Maddiona, Marco, additional, Rinaldi, Stefano, additional, Sisinni, Emiliano, additional, and Ziliani, Giacomo, additional

Published
2018
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