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Influence maximization is a recent but well-studied problem which helps identify a small set of users that are most likely to “influence” the maximum number of users in a social network. The problem has attracted a lot of attention as it provides a way to improve marketing, branding, and product adoption. However, existing studies rarely consider the physical locations of the users, but location is an important factor in targeted marketing. In this paper, we propose and investigate the problem of influence maximization in location-aware social networks, or, more generally, Geo-social Influence Spanning Maximization. Given a query $q$ composed of a region $R$ , a regional acceptance rate $\rho$ , and an integer $k$ as a seed selection budget, our aim is to find the maximum geographic spanning regions (MGSR). We refer to this as the MGSR problem. Our approach differs from previous work as we focus more on identifying the maximum spanning geographical regions within a region $R$ , rather than just the number of activated users in the given network like the traditional influence maximization problem  [14] . Our research approach can be effectively used for online marketing campaigns that depend on the physical location of social users. To address the MGSR problem, we first prove NP-Hardness. Next, we present a greedy algorithm with a $1-1/e$ approximation ratio to solve the problem, and further improve the efficiency by developing an upper bounded pruning approach. Then, we propose the OIR -Tree index, which is a hybrid index combining ordered influential node lists with an R -tree. We show that our index based approach is significantly more efficient than the greedy algorithm and the upper bounded pruning algorithm, especially when $k$ is large. Finally, we evaluate the performance for all of the proposed approaches using three real datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents analytical models that estimate the cost in terms of node and disk access of selection and join queries using R-tree-based structures. Importance of access methods and spatial query cost models for spatial query processing and estimation; Use of selection and join queries as fundamental operations in Data Base Management Systems.

In this paper we study database query languages and their use for programming nontraditional applications, such as engineering and artificial intelligence applications. In such environments, database programs are used to code applications that work over large data sets it- siding in databases. Optimizing such programs then becomes a necessity. We look at various optimization techniques and suggest transformations to be used for Improving the performance of database programs. These transformations result in new equivalent database programs with better space and lime performance. Several of these techniques apply to classical query languages, although the primary focus of this paper is on extended query languages which include an iteration operator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Event popularity prediction over social media is crucial for estimating information propagation scope, decision making, and emergency prevention. However, existing approaches only focus on predicting the occurrences of single attribute such as a message, a hashtag or an image, which are not comprehensive enough for representing complex social event propagation. In this paper, we predict the event popularity, where an event is described as a set of messages containing multiple hashtags. We propose a novel hashtag-influence-based event popularity prediction by mining the impact of an influential hashtag set on the event propagation. Specifically, we first propose a hashtag-influence-based cascade model to select the influential hashtags over an event hashtag graph built by the pairwise hashtag similarity and the topic distribution of event-related hashtags. A novel measurement is proposed to identify the hashtag influence of an event over its content and social impacts. A hashtag correlation-based algorithm is proposed to optimize the seed selection in a greedy manner. Then, we propose an event-fitting boosting model to predict the event popularity by embedding the feature importance over events into the XGBOOST model. Moreover, we propose an event-structure-based method, which incrementally updates the prediction model over social streams. We have conducted extensive experiments to prove the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influence maximization has recently received significant attention for scheduling online campaigns or advertisements on social network platforms. However, most studies only focus on user influence via cyber interactions while ignoring their physical interactions which are also essential to gauge influence propagation. Additionally, targeted campaigns or advertisements have not received sufficient attention. To address these issues, we first devise a novel holistic influence diffusion model that takes into account both cyber and physical user interactions in an effective and practical way. Based on the new diffusion model, we formulate a new problem of holistic influence maximization, denoted as HIM query, for targeted advertisements in a spatial social network. The HIM query problem aims to find a minimum set of users whose holistic influence can cover all target users in the network, which belongs to a set covering problem. Since the HIM query problem is NP-hard, we develop a greedy baseline algorithm and then improve on this algorithm to reduce the computational cost. To deal with large networks, we also design a spatial-social index to maintain the social, spatial and textual information of users, as well as developing an index-based efficient solution. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments using one synthetic and three real-world datasets to validate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed holistic influence diffusion model and our developed algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peer-to-peer (P2P) paradigm has become very popular for storing and sharing information in a totally decentralized manner. At first, research focused on P2P systems that host 1 D data. Nowadays, the need for P2P applications with multidimensional data has emerged, motivating research on P2P systems that manage such data. The majority of the proposed techniques are based either on the distribution of centralized indexes or on the reduction of multidimensional data to one dimension. Our goal is to create from scratch a technique that is inherently distributed and also maintains the multidimensionality of data. Our focus is on structured P2P systems that share spatial information. We present SPATIALP2P, a totally decentralized indexing and searching framework that is suitable for spatial data. SPATIALP2P supports P2P applications in which spatial information of various sizes can be dynamically inserted or deleted, and peers can join or leave. The proposed technique preserves well locality and directionality of space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce a family of expressive models for qualitative spatial reasoning with directions. The proposed family is based on the cognitive plausible cone-based model. We formally define the directional relations that can be expressed in each model of the family. Then, we use our formal framework to study two interesting problems: computing the inverse of a directional relation and composing two directional relations. For the composition operator, in particular, we concentrate on two commonly used definitions, namely, consistency-based and existential composition. Our formal framework allows us to prove that our solutions are correct. The presented solutions are handled in a uniform manner and apply to all of the models of the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction-Transformation-Loading (ETL) tools are pieces of software responsible for the extraction of data from several sources, their cleansing, customization, and insertion into a data warehouse. In this paper, we delve into the logical optimization of ETL processes, modeling it as a state-space search problem. We consider each ETL workflow as a state and fabricate the state space through a set of correct state transitions. Moreover, we provide an exhaustive and two heuristic algorithms toward the minimization of the execution cost of an ETL workflow. The heuristic algorithm with greedy characteristics significantly outperforms the other two algorithms for a large set of experimental cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercially available database systems do not meet the information and processing needs of design and manufacturing environments. A new generation of systems-engineering Information systems-must be built to meet these needs. In this paper, we address the architectural and computational aspects of such systems and propose solutions. We argue that a mainframe-workstation architecture is needed to provide distributed functionality while ensuring high availability and low communication overhead, that explicit control of meta-knowledge is needed to support extendibility and evolution, that large rule bases are needed to make the knowledge of the systems active, and that incremental computation models are needed to achieve the required performance of such engineering information systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pictorial databases require efficient and direct spatial search based on the analog form of spatial objects and relationships instead of search based on some cumbersome alphanumeric encodings of the pictures. This paper briefly describes PSQL, a query language which allows pictorial domains to be presented to the user in their analog form and allows him to do direct manipulation on the objects found on those domains. Direct spatial search and computation on the pictures is done using efficient data structures, R- and R+-trees (multi-dimensional B-trees), which are excellent devices for searching spatial objects and relationships found on pictures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the guest editors discuss articles in the issue on topics including passive and partially active (PPA) fault tolerance, smart drill-down for data exploration, and core graph decomposition.

The urban road networks undergo frequent traffic congestions during the peak hours and around the city center. Capturing the spatiotemporal evolution of the congestion scenario in real-time in an urban-scale can aid in developing smart traffic management systems, and guiding commuters in making informed decision about route choice. The congestion scenario is often represented by a set of distinguishable network partitions that have a homogeneous level of congestion inside them but are heterogeneous to others. Due to the dynamic nature of traffic, these partitions evolve with time in terms of their structure and location. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive framework to capture the evolution by incrementally updating the partitions in an efficient manner using a two-layer approach. The physical layer maintains a set of small-sized road network building blocks in a fine granularity, and performs low-level computations to incrementally update them, whereas the logical layer performs high-level computations in order to serve as an interface to query the physical layer about the congested partitions in a coarse granularity. We also propose an in-memory index called Bin that compactly stores the historical sets of building blocks in the main memory with no information loss, and facilitates their efficient retrieval. Our experimental results show that the proposed method is much efficient than the existing re-partitioning methods without significant sacrifice in accuracy. The proposed Bin consumes a minimum space with least redundancy at different time stamps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GPS enables mobile devices to continuously provide new opportunities to improve our daily lives. For example, the data collected in applications created by Uber or Public Transport Authorities can be used to plan transportation routes, estimate capacities, and proactively identify low coverage areas. In this paper, we study a new kind of query—Reverse k Nearest Neighbor Search over Trajectories (\mathbf{R}{k}\mathbf{NNT} ), which can be used for route planning and capacity estimation. Given a set of existing routes \mathcal{D}_{\mathcal{R}} , a set of passenger transitions \mathcalD\mathcal{T} , and a query route Q , an \mathbfRk\mathbfNNT  query returns all transitions that take Q as one of its k nearest travel routes. To solve the problem, we first develop an index to handle dynamic trajectory updates, so that the most up-to-date transition data are available for answering an \mathbfRk\mathbfNNT query. Then we introduce a filter refinement framework for processing \mathbfRk\mathbfNNT queries using the proposed indexes. Next, we show how to use \mathbfRk\mathbfNNT to solve the optimal route planning problem \mathbfMaxRk\mathbfNNT ( \mathbfMinRk\mathbfNNT ), which is to search for the optimal route from a start location to an end location that could attract the maximum (or minimum) number of passengers based on a predefined travel distance threshold. Experiments on real datasets demonstrate the efficiency and scalability of our approaches. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to study the \mathbfRk\mathbfNNT problem for route planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social networks are a vital mechanism to disseminate information to friends and colleagues. In this work, we investigate an important problem—the personalized influential topic search, or PIT-Search in a social network: Given a keyword query $q$ issued by a user $u$ in a social network, a PIT-Search is to find the top-$k$ $q$-related topics that are most influential for the query user $u$. The influence of a topic to a query user depends on the social connection between the query user and the social users containing the topic in the social network. To measure the topics’ influence at the similar granularity scale, we need to extract the social summarization of the social network regarding topics. To make effective topic-aware social summarization, we propose two random-walk based approaches: random clustering and an L-length random walk. Based on the proposed approaches, we can find a small set of representative users with assigned influential scores to simulate the influence of the large number of topic users in the social network with regards to the topic. The selected representative users are denoted as the social summarization of topic-aware influence spread over the social network. And then, we verify the usefulness of the social summarization by applying it to the problem of personalized influential topic search. Finally, we evaluate the performance of our algorithms using real-world datasets, and show the approach is efficient and effective in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

XML query languages typically allow the specification of structural patterns using XPath. Usually, these structural patterns are in the form of trees (Tree-Pattern Queries—TPQs). Finding the occurrences of such patterns in an XML tree is a key operation in XML query evaluation. The multiple previous algorithms presented for this operation focus mainly on the evaluation of tree-pattern queries. Recently, requirements for flexible querying of XML data have motivated the consideration of query classes that are more expressive and flexible than TPQs for which efficient nonmain-memory evaluation algorithms are not known. In this paper, we consider a class of queries, called Partial Tree-Pattern Queries (PTPQs), which generalize and strictly contain TPQs. PTPQs represent a broad fragment of XPath which is very useful in practice. In order to process PTPQs, we introduce a set of sound and complete inference rules to characterize structural relationship derivation. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for detecting query unsatisfiability and node redundancy. We also show that PTPQs can be represented as directed acyclic graphs augmented with the “same-path” constraints. In order to leverage existing efficient evaluation algorithms for less expressive classes of queries, we design two approaches that evaluate a PTPQ by decomposing it into a set of simpler queries: algorithm IndexTPQGen, exploits a structural summary of the XML data and evaluates a PTPQ by generating an equivalent set of TPQs and unioning their answers. Algorithm PartialPathJoin decomposes the PTPQ into partial-path queries, and merge-joins their solutions. We also develop PartialTreeStack, an original polynomial time holistic algorithm for PTPQs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first algorithm to support the evaluation of such a broad structural fragment of XPath in the inverted lists evaluation model. We provide a theoretical analysis of our algorithm and identify cases where it is asymptotically optimal. An extensive experimental evaluation shows that it is more efficient, robust, and stable than the other two and it outperforms a state-of-the art XQuery engine on PTPQs. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A correction to the article "A Family of Directional Relation Models for Extended Objects" that was published in the August 2007 issue is presented.

Qualitative spatial reasoning forms an important part of the commonsense reasoning required for building intelligent Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Previous research has come up with models to capture cardinal direction relations for typical GIS data. In this paper, we target the problem of efficiently computing the cardinal direction relations between regions that are composed of sets of polygons and present two algorithms for this task. The first of the proposed algorithms is purely qualitative and computes, in linear time, the cardinal direction relations between the input regions. The second has a quantitative aspect and computes, also in linear time, the cardinal direction relations with percentages between the input regions. Our experimental evaluation indicates that the proposed algorithms outperform existing methodologies. The algorithms have been implemented and embedded in an actual system, CARDIRECT, that allows the user to 1) specify and annotate regions of interest in an image or a map, 2) compute cardinal direction relations between them, and 3) pose queries in order to retrieve combinations of interesting regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]