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This paper proposes a novel control method for an asymmetrical-cascaded-multilevel-converter-based hybrid energy storage system (HESS), which includes one battery and several electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs). Traditionally, it is challenging to control the power distribution between different cascaded H-bridges by using different energy storage components as dc sources. In this paper, a feedforward space-vector-modulation (FFSVM) technique is used to distribute the active power between the battery and EDLCs. With the proposed voltage feedforward mechanism, the HESS can flexibly operate in the normal operation mode, the high-power output mode, and the reverse power absorption mode. The principle and effectiveness of the improved FFSVM technique are analyzed. Meanwhile, the state-of-charge-balancing mechanisms are introduced. The simulation results obtained in MATLAB/Simulink as well as the experimental results of a hybrid energy storage test bed based on the proposed system are presented to verify its performance. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this article, when the cascaded H-bridge topology is used in the asymmetrical multilevel hybrid energy storage system (AM-HESS), the asymmetry of the energy storage components’ types and voltages makes it difficult for traditional modulation methods to realize an independent power control of each energy storage unit. Thus, these methods cannot be directly applied to the realization of the complex working modes of AM-HESS. To this end, an AM-HESS hybrid level shifted pulsewidth modulation (PWM) (HLS-PWM) technique is proposed. According to the directions of supercapacities’ (SCs’) output power and the total output power of the energy storage system, the HLS-PWM is divided into the two fundamental modes—the same (MP) and opposite (MN) modes. Subsequently, the SC charge and discharge control under both the unit power factor and the nonunit power factor is analyzed for the two modes. Furthermore, five operation modes and the power control method of AM-HESS are implemented through the charge and discharge control of the SC. Finally, simulation and experimental results verify that the proposed HLS-PWM can realize an efficient power control of the AM-HESS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a fault-tolerant control method for the battery-supercapacitor (SC) hybrid energy storage system (HESS) based on the cascaded multilevel converter during active dc-side failure (ADCF). When ADCF occurs, the magnitude of the output voltage will be seriously affected because of the decline of the dc-side voltage. Consequently, the system cannot operate normally. To tackle this problem, an auxiliary power loop, which uses the dual-frequency phase-shifted carrier pulsewidth modulation to transfer power between different energy storage units, is added into the HESS. The topology of the HESS and the principle of power transfer during failure operation are introduced. The requirement to the numbers of different types of cells: discharging, charging, and standby, is analyzed mathematically. The SC capacity and the control system designs are given. Finally, the simulation results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink as well as experiments based on a prototype are presented to verify the effectiveness of the HESS and the fault-tolerant control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of its simple structure, high power quality and enhanced output voltage, cascaded multilevel converter (CMC) has been utilized as the main circuit of power conversion system of energy storage system. However, it is difficult to adapt CMC to hybrid energy storage system (HESS) because of the asymmetric power distribution problem. This paper proposes a novel topology for CMC-based HESS, in which, an LC branch is inserted at the end of cascaded H-bridges as a tuned filter, and an odd-harmonic-hybrid-modulation (OHHM) is further proposed to control the harmonic frequency components to transfer power among different energy storage components through the LC branch. The principle of the OHHM technique and the design of the LC branch are analyzed, based on which, a joint energy recovery and SOC balancing system is introduced. The principle and control method of the proposed HESS is verified by both the simulations and experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel gate and passivation dielectric stack consisting of a thin metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) grown in-situ Si3N4 (3 nm) and a thick low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) grown Si3N4 (30 nm) in AlGaN/GaN metal–insulator–semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistor (MIS-HEMT) is proposed. The quality of the Si3N4/(Al)GaN interface and the effect on threshold voltage (${V}_{\text {TH}}$) instability and dynamic ${R}_{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON}}$ in the MIS-HEMTs with/without the in-situ Si3N4 layer are investigated by high-frequency capacitance-voltage (HFCV), quasi-static (QS) ${C}$ – ${V}$ (QSCV), time-of-fly (TOF) stress/measure, and QS ${I}_{\text {D}}$ – ${V}_{\text {DS}}$ methods. It is founded that the in-situ Si3N4 interfacial layer is effective in improving the dielectric/III-N interface morphology. As a result, better ${V}_{\text {TH}}$ stability and lower ${R} _{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON},\text {D}}/{R} _{ \mathrm{\scriptscriptstyle ON},\text {S}}$ ratio are observed in devices with the in-situ Si3N4 interfacial layer due to the reduced density of traps close to the dielectric/III-N interface. Time-dependent dielectric breakdown and Weibull performance further verified that the proposed bilayer gate dielectric stack is a promising structure for the high-reliability power transistors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a new pinning-based distributed cooperative control scheme is proposed for multi-agent system (MAS)-based autonomous microgrids. By pinning parts of selected agents, only a small fraction of the pinned agents are controlled by simple feedback controllers, while the other DGAs in the MAS synchronize through the communication coupling among the pinned agents in a distributed manner. The main contributions of this study are as follows: 1) the proposal of a fully distributed control for autonomous microgrids where each agent shares its operation information only with its neighbors, which obviates the requirement for a central controller and complex communication topology; 2) the proposal of a pinning-based control scheme, which reduces the number of controllers, for a predefined consensus can be reached if a small fraction of the pinned agents is controlled; and 3) the proposal of the pinning consensus under uncertain communication topologies that can meet the requirements of line switches and plug-and-play operation. Simulation results are demonstrated to verify the effectiveness and adaptability of the proposed scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]