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The milk fat percentage records of 2174 daughters belonging to 12 half sib families were analyzed for the identification of QTLs on 8 chromosomes in buffaloes using chromosome scans. The single marker analysis revealed 49 markers to be associated with milk fat percentage in 10 sire families. The interval mapping using R/qtl identified 43 QTLs on 8 chromosomes of buffalo. The meta-QTL analysis was carried out to define consensus QTLs in buffaloes and total 28 meta-QTL regions could be identified for milk fat percentage. Most of the QTLs identified in the experiments have been reported for cattle; however, few new chromosomal locations were also identified to be associated with fat percentage in buffaloes. The additional QTLs identified in buffalo may be due to high level of heterozygosity in buffalo compared to Holstein Friesian and other exotic milk breeds for which QTLs have been reported. Assuming buffalo-cattle synteny, a total of 1118 genes were identified underlying the QTL regions, out of these 45 genes were identified to be associated with lipid metabolism. The interaction among the genes and gene ontology analysis confirmed their association with lipid metabolism. These 45 genes have potential to be candidate genes for milk fat percentage in buffaloes and underlie the QTL regions identified in buffaloes in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reference family consisting of 12 half sib sire families were created for the identification of QTLs for milk yield in buffaloes. Daughters were recorded for monthly test day milk yield. The number of daughters per sire varied from 50 to 335 daughters per sire. Seventy nine polymorphic microsatellite markers located on 8 chromosomes were genotyped for 2281 daughters of the 12 sires. Whole chromosome scanning was done using single marker analysis and interval mapping using three different algorithms. The analysis was carried out sire family wise. QTLs (63) were identified in single marker analysis and 32 QTLs were identified using interval mapping. The significance of LOD score was tested using permutation tests. The metaQTL analysis was carried out to find out the consensus chromosomal regions associated with milk yield in buffaloes. Five models were utilised and the best was selected on the basis of Akaike Information content. Total 23 chromosomal regions were identified for milk yield in buffaloes. 2 metaQTL chromosomal regions were identified on buffalo chromosome BBU2q; 3 metaQTLs each on buffalo chromosomes BBU8, BBU10 and BBU15 and 4 metaQTL regions each on BBU1q, BBU6, BBU9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Spiti donkeys distributed in Spiti and Yangthang regions of Himachal Pradesh were characterized for morphometric characteristics, management practices and utility. They were also evaluated for genetic diversity and bottlenecks using microsatellite markers. Spiti donkeys remain comparatively smaller in size with compact bodies usually covered with a thick coat of long hairs. The height at withers of male and female Spiti donkeys was 88.59±3.27 and 88.65±3.30 cm, respectively. The genomic DNA isolated from the blood samples collected from the 46 animals of this breed was amplified by PCR and resolved for alleles on automated DNA sequencer. The observed number of alleles ranged from 4 (VHL20, HTG6) to 10 (HTG7), with a mean of 6.33±1.72 alleles per locus. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.48 (NVHEQ54) to 0.89 (HTG7), with a mean value of 0.72±0.13. The mean FIS was 0.048 indicating moderate level of inbreeding. The normal 'L' shaped distribution of allelic frequency indicated towards absence of any recent genetic bottlenecks in the Spiti donkeys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an analysis of buffaloes of Indo-Gangetic plains of India using microsatellite markers. Authors of the study are said to have attempted to characterize the buffalo germplasm of Indo-Gangetic plains and assess population structure if it exists, noting that microsatellites have been markers of choice to determine these structures. It cites the use of POPGENE software to examine the data obtained on 11 heterologous micro-satellite loci that were selected for this study.

The article highlights a study which investigated the genetic characteristics of two humped camels in India. 27 microsatellite markers were used to generate microsatellite data on the camels. Blood samples from bactrian camels of India were collected and analyzed. Results of the study revealed the existence of a fair degree of heterozygosity in the camels.

The article presents a study on the number and location of minisatellites, microsatellites and the longer repeats chromosome-wise in the genome of water buffaloes. It utilized the Unipro Ugene software and the Repeat Finder plugin for the analysis of each of the 24 autosomes and X chromosome for the satellite markers. It concludes that there shall not be any compulsion to use heterlogus markers in buffaloes because of the large number of microsatellites distributed throughout their genome.

The article presents a study on long terminal repeat (LTR) in Bubalus bubalis genome. Using a web based algorithm, the abundance and distribution of LTRs in the buffalo genome version Bbu_2.0-alpha was examined. The study observed a total of 26,338 LTRs and found that sense strand contains more LTRs than the antisense strand. It notes that there is a total of 11 LTR regions that were found to be coding for Reverse Transcriptase (RT).

The article presents a study that sequenced the 2 genes in Bubalus bubalis. Focal to the study is the role played by toll like receptors in the innate immune recognition. The study detected single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the two genes in different buffalo breeds, prepared gene tree and compared amino acid sequences with other species for construction of phylogenetic tree.

The article presents a study which investigated cryptic genetic variability patterns in buffaloes found in Indo-Gangetic plains in India using multivariate and Bayesian analysis. The study isolated DNA from the blood samples of buffaloes and generated genotype data. It says that the five clusters formed though Geo-referenced multilocus genotypes revealed cryptic spatial patterns though were not in geographic contiguity.

The article presents an analysis of the genetic landscape and demography of buffaloes in the Indo-Gangetic plains of Uttar Pradesh, India. The study found the existence of isolation by distance and of five genetic structures. It reports that there has not been any colonization event nor severe reduction in the effective population size. Also found was the aggregation of alleles pointing towards absence of randomness in the geographical landscape.

The article presents a study which aimed to estimate genetic distances among the indigenous duck populations and one commercial duck population in India using allele frequency and data on number of repeats of 24 microsatellite loci. The study revealed the need to consider the land and coastal area ducks as distinctive populations. The researchers concluded that the free gene flow among the coastal birds reveals homogeneity among the populations and lack of genetic structure among the ducks.