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New Zealand was an early adopter of the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture (OPCAT) and its unique preventive approach. It is now over 10 years since New Zealand established its mul...

It has been argued that The Happiness of States by Simon Gray contains a precursor analysis of a Giffen good. That reading, however, produces a misleading account of the significance of Gray’s text within a teleological history of Giffen behaviour. After providing some new information for Gray’s biography, this article shows that he was one of the few nineteenth-century British political economists who argued that speculators did not necessarily play a beneficial role in food markets. It is also shown how Gray’s text has been read to install him as a pioneer of the twentieth-century Giffen good.

Minimizing arthropod exposure (e.g. mosquito and tick bites) is vital to protect health of outdoor workers. Personal protective measures can help protect against exposure. Here, the quantity of permethrin was evaluated for different fabric types after washing. Cone and petri dish exposure assays were used to investigate the knockdown/mortality of permethrin-susceptible and permethrin-resistant populations of mosquitoes. Permethrin-treated clothing was effective against the tested mosquito population that was susceptible to permethrin but not a permethrin-resistant population. Permethrin quantity was significantly highest in the 100% cotton fabric and for the 0 wash group. Permethrin quantity in fabrics decreased with washing. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in knockdown/mortality rates for either exposure method. The protective effect of permethrin-treated clothing against mosquitoes is impacted by many factors, e.g. wash frequency, fabric type, and the susceptibility/resistance status of local mosquito populations.

Policy means are shaped not only by policy goals, but also by the groups of actors targeted through policies for change. Yet the importance of targets is not visible in current frameworks describing policy development. The article advances a modified version of Howlett and Cashore’s nested model of policy instrument choice that makes explicit the centrality of targets as a bridging step between policy means and ends. It illustrates application of this target-centered framework for comparative policy analysis through three evaluations of transformative environmental policy regimes implemented in the United States, New Zealand, and Germany. Target-centered analysis provides insights into the development of each policy by separating out target and client selection from the goals and means of each policy, and shows how including targets as an explicit step in policy analysis clarifies and extends our understanding of both formulation and reform. In particular, distinguishing the calibration of policy ...

Chikungunya, dengue, and Zika viruses (CHIKV, family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus; DENV and ZIKV, family Flaviviridae, genus Flavivirus) are arboviruses that cause human epidemics. Due to the lack of vaccines for many mosquito-borne diseases, there is a need for mosquito control. In the US and other regions, residual barrier insecticide sprays are applied to foliage where female mosquitoes rest and/or sugar feed between blood meals. Residual sprays are an important control method for anthropogenic day-active sylvan mosquitoes such as Aedes albopictus (vector of CHIKV, DENV, and ZIKV) that are difficult to control using ultralow-volume sprays applied only at dusk or dawn when these mosquitoes are not active. In this exploratory study, we analyzed the extent to which ingestion of a sublethal dose of the active ingredient bifenthrin affected vector competence (i.e., infection, dissemination, and transmission) of Ae. albopictus for DENV and ZIKV. Two incubation periods (IPs; 7 and 14 d) were tested at 28°C for insecticide-fed and sugar-fed mosquitoes. We show that mosquitoes that were fed bifenthrin (0.128 µg/mL) mixed with sucrose solution exhibited significantly lower DENV infection rates and body titers after a 14-d IP. During the 7-d IP, one mosquito (sugar group) transmitted ZIKV. During the 14-d IP, 100% of mosquitoes showed body and leg ZIKV infections, and one mosquito (sugar+bifenthrin group) transmitted ZIKV. This is a preliminary communication, and more studies will be required to further investigate these findings. We expect the findings of this small-scale study to spur larger-scale investigations of the impacts of insecticides on mechanisms regulating vector competence, and exposure to other active ingredients, and aid in development of new insecticides.

This paper examines the explanation for a long-period or natural wage given by W. F. Lloyd, the third Drummond professor of political economy at Oxford University (1832-37). In the aftermath of the Captain Swing disturbances and continuing debates over the Poor Law, Lloyd argued that the natural wage would settle at a subsistence level because of the high population growth rate. The behaviour of the 'labouring class' in having more children was, however, a reasoned response, in conditions of ignorance and uncertainty, to the perceptions and incentives generated by the contemporary institutional setting. This underpinned Lloyd's references to the importance of property rights for understanding poverty and the role of the Poor Law. While Lloyd owed a good deal to T. R. Malthus, his analysis was quite different in the type of reasoning attributed to the mass of the population. Lloyd's position was also markedly different from that of his predecessors in the Drummond chair, Nassau Senior and Richard Whately.

This bibliography of publications by W. Stanley Jevons makes a number of significant changes to the extensive bibliography published by Inoue and White in 2002. Fourteen new entries are identified, which include reviews, an obituary of Charles Babbage, a series of articles regarding Jevons's Coal Question and the record of a previously unknown appearance by Jevons as a witness before a House of Commons Select Committee. Information has also been added, or corrections made, to seventeen existing entries. It is argued that two entries that were previously attributed to Jevons should be deleted from his bibliography.

Describes the various components of W.S. Jevons’s work in Australia between 1854 and 1859 and the context in which it was produced. Explains how a complete list of Jevons’s Antipodean publications has been compiled from his sometimes confusing records. Discusses his social survey of Sydney, demonstrating that his manuscript was censored when published in 1929 by the Sydney Morning Herald. An appendix lists all Jevons’s Australian publications. I am becoming quite accustomed to the pen as a weapon of offence and defence….I often write a newspaper article and am then on thorns for ever so long after for fear of a libel action.William Stanley Jevons, October 1858

In The Theory of Political Economy (1871), W.S. Jevons argued that his representation of rent theory in the form of the calculus had provided a ‘clue to the correct mode of treating the whole science’. An explanation for the clue could cast some light on how Jevons’s marginalist theory was produced, although he failed to do so. This article suggests that an explanation turns on identifying the way that Jevons had transformed his predecessors’ rent theory. The explanation, in turn, clarifies how the calculus imposed a particular form of theoretical representation that constituted an analytical break with preceding work in British political economy.

The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of fluticasone propionate (FP) (44 microg)/salmeterol (21 microg) delivered as two inhalations twice daily via a single hydrofluoroalkane (HFA 134a) metered dose inhaler (MDI) (FSC) with that of placebo HFA 134a (PLA), fluticasone propionate 44 microg chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) alone and salmeterol 21 microg CFC alone (S) in patients (n=360) with persistent asthma previously treated with beta2-agonists (short- or long-acting) or inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). After 12 weeks of treatment, patients treated with FSC had a significantly greater increase (p < or = 0.006) in mean FEV1 AUC(bl) compared with PLA, FP, or S. At end point, mean change from baseline in morning predose FEV1 for FSC (0.58 L) was significantly (p < or = 0.004) greater than PLA (0.14 L), FP (0.36 L), and S (0.25 L). Patients treated with FSC also had a significantly higher probability of remaining in the study without being withdrawn due to worsening asthma (2%) compared with those in the PLA (29%) and S (25%) groups (p < 0.001). Finally, treatment with FSC resulted in significantly (p < or = 0.007) greater improvements in morning and evening peak expiratory flow, need for rescue albuterol, and asthma symptom scores compared with FP, S, and PLA. The safety profile of FSC was also similar to FP or S alone. Initial maintenance treatment of the two main components of asthma, inflammation, and smooth muscle dysfunction (e.g., bronchoconstriction), with FSC results in greater overall improvements in asthma control compared with treatment of either individual component alone.

This paper discusses and reprints two additions to the bibliography of published works by W. Stanley Jevons. The first, concerning Jevons’s sunspot theory of commercial fluctuations, is a signed letter, published by the Athenaeum in February 1879. The second item is a review of the first volume of Henry Dunning Macleod’s Economical Philosophy, published by the Manchester Guardian in June 1873. Unlike the sunspots letter, the review was unsigned. I suggest, however, that it can be attributed to Jevons with a high degree of probability and that it helps explain some puzzling aspects of Jevons’s comments regarding Macleod in his Theory of Political Economy

Summary With the rapid advances in information technology, the proliferation of information resources and formats, and the increasing complexities of access and evaluation, libraries recognize the necessity for a dynamic information literacy program that will address the needs of all categories of users. University faculty constitute one group of users to which the systemic college library increasingly endeavors to extend and market its services and programs, including its information literacy training workshops. A consideration of this library/classroom faculty relationship in the context of the adult education literature, as well as successful models that have been employed in this effort, provide insight on ways in which the library can successfully accomplish its information literacy training objectives among this group.

The comparative abundance of orchard pest leafroller larvae was determined on eight host plants in the vicinity of pipfruit orchards. The greatest numbers occurred in Canterbury, followed by Nelson, Hawke's Bay, and Central Otago. In Hawke's Bay, leafroller larvae were Ctenopseustis obliquana (41%), Planotortrix octo (15%), Epiphyas postvittana (16%), and Cnephasia jactatana (9%), and were most abundant on poplar, willow, and alder. In Nelson, leafrollers were E. postvittana (25%), Planotortrix excessana (23%), C. obliquana (23%), and C. herana (22%), found on willow, alder, clover, poplar, gorse, broom, dock, and plantain. In Canterbury, larvae were C. herana (51%), E. postvittana (34%), and P. octo (15%), mainly on broom, gorse, alder, poplar, dock, and clover. Leafrollers were very rare on host plants sampled in Central Otago, despite their pest status in horticulture. A total of 1460 larvae were reared to adults from the four regions, with 31% parasitism, of which two thirds were Dolichogenid...

Pheromone traps together with leaf and fruit samples were used to measure the seasonal occurrence and relative pest status of three species of leafrollers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in two berryfruit gardens in Hawkes Bay, New Zealand. The pheromone trap data detected slight differences in the seasonal phenology of male flights between the two properties, but reflected the relative pest status of larvae infesting leaves and fruit at only one property. Numbers of larvae of the different species found in leaves, on the other hand, were good predictors of pest status at harvest. Three species of larval parasitoids (all Hymenoptera) were reared, and their seasonal occurrence noted, but the data were inadequate to allow life‐table compilation or measurement of population regulation of their hosts.

Susan L Hogue,1 Diana Goss,1 Kelly Hollis,1 Suyapa Silvia,2 Martha V White3 1Health Solutions, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 2Education and Workforce Development, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, 3Institute for Asthma and Allergy, Wheaton, MD, USA Background: Anaphylaxis is a serious, potentially life-threatening condition. Adequate preparation for anaphylaxis management is imperative for school personnel. This descriptive pilot study assessed preparedness of US schools to manage anaphylactic reactions. Methods: An exploratory, cross-sectional, web-based, pilot survey assessed the occurrence and characteristics of anaphylactic events, as well as training provided to school personnel for the recognition and treatment of anaphylaxis. Eligible US schools were participants in the EpiPen4Schools® program during the 2013–2014 school year. EpiPen4Schools provides EpiPen® (epinephrine injection) Auto-Injectors and training materials to qualifying US schools. Survey data were parsed by US Census Bureau region and state and were evaluated using descriptive statistics. Results: Schools from all 50 states and the District of Columbia participated in the survey (N=6,019). Among schools that provided information on anaphylactic events, 11% (607/5,683) reported the occurrence of one or more events, with significant variability in incidence across census regions and among states. A total of 5,613 schools provided information regarding which staff members were trained to recognize the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis. Thirty-six percent of schools (2,022/5,613) indicated that only the school nurse and select staff were trained in anaphylaxis recognition. The proportion of schools in which most or all school staff received such training differed by region/state (range, 13%–100%). A total of 5,578 schools provided information on which staff were permitted to administer epinephrine. The majority of schools (54%; 3,024/5,578) permitted only the school nurse and select staff to administer epinephrine, although percentages varied by region/state (range, 4%–100%). Conclusion: Schools differed substantially in their preparedness to manage anaphylaxis, with significant disparities in staff training and permission to treat. Given the ramifications of delayed treatment, removing barriers to the recognition and treatment of anaphylactic events in schools is an important public health goal. Keywords: anaphylaxis, epinephrine, epinephrine auto-injector, preparedness, school nurse, school staff training

The comparison of races is no doubt an invidious task, which might sometimes lead to trouble, but I do not see that in statistical inquiries you can suppress plain facts. I think that in legislation relating to different parts of the United Kingdom it is always well to be reminded that there may be distinctly different races to be dealt with, and the more mixture of races can be promoted the better ...

(1993). The ‘Irish Factor’ in Jevons' Statistics: a Note. History of Economics Review: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 79-85.

Judges examined audiotapes and transcripts of six sessions conducted by five prominent therapists representing a single approach. The first step was to identify instances of very good moments in the sessions. The second step was to identify therapist operations, judged as instrumental in the consequent occurrence of the very good moments, and the insession patient condition or state under which the therapist operations were carried out. Results indicated the occurrence of six categories of very good moments, and concretely explicit therapist operations, carried out under identified patient in-session conditions or states, judged as instrumental in the subsequent occurrence of each category of very good moments.

“I am suffering the torments of the damned from that god-forgotten Thornton, who is boring on about supply and demand … He is not a bad fellow, but just now I hate him like poison.” (Leslie Stephen at the Political Economy Club, December 1866.)

Brief notes to aid identification of Eutorna phaulocosma Meyrick, (the blackberry budmoth) are given. Its biology was studied in the laboratory and in commercial boysenberry gardens in Hawkes Bay, New Zealand. Adults mated in the laboratory, females laid up to 260 eggs each, and larvae developed through five or six instars to adults in 34–38 days at 21°C when reared on fresh boysenberry leaves. In unsprayed boysenberry gardens, larvae destroyed flower buds and infested young fruit. Insecticide sprays applied against leafroller (Tortricidae) were also very effective against E. phaulocosma. E. phaulocosma developed through three generations per year. Eggs were parasited by Trichogrammatoidea sp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and pupae by Xanthopimpla rhopalocerus (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). No larval parasitoids were found, but larvae were killed by a nuclear polyhedrosis virus. It is concluded that E. phaulocosma is a potentially minor pest in boysenberry gardens and is currently effectively ...

PACKAGING THE PRESIDENCY: A HISTORY AND CRITICISM OF PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN ADVERTISING, by Kathleen Hall Jamieson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984—$19.95) 60 MINUTES: THE POWER & THE POLITICS OF AMERICA'S MOST POPULAR TV NEWS SHOW, by Axel Madsen (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1984—$16.95 THE BIG CHILL: HOW THE REAGAN ADMINISTRATION, CORPORATE AMERICA, AND RELIGIOUS CONSERVATIVES ARE SUBVERTING FREE SPEECH AND THE PUBLIC'S RIGHT TO KNOW, by Eve Pell (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984—$22.50) USING CHARTS AND GRAPHS: 1,000 IDEAS FOR VISUAL PERSUASION, by Jan V. White (New York: Bowker, 1984—$24.95, paper) KEEPING AMERICA UNINFORMED: GOVERNMENT SECRECY IN THE 1980s, by Donna A. Demac (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1984—$8.95, paper) MEDIA MISCHIEF AND MISDEEDS, by Reed Irvine (Chicago: Regnery Gateway, 1984—$9.95) THE STORY OF THE TIMES, by Oliver Woods and James Bishop (London: Michael Joseph/Salem, N.H.: Merrimack Publishers' Circle, 1984—$25.00) POLITICAL CAMPAIGN DEBATES: IMAGES, STRATEGIES, AND TACTICS, by Myles M...

Four analytical methods were compared for estimating concentrations of fuel contaminants in subsurface core samples. The methods were total organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand, oil and grease, and a solvent extraction of fuel hydrocarbons combined with a gas chromatographic technique. Presently the most applicable and convenient technique for our purposes, based on greatest apparent contaminant recovery, is the solvent extraction gas chromatographic method. Sample heterogeneity and opportunity for losses due to contaminant volatility require consideration during sample handling, analysis, and when interpreting analytical data.

Leafroller larvae on raspberry (Rubus idaeus) canes at budburst were most often found in the most fruitful region of the cane (0.6–1.6m above ground level). Larvae usually destroyed both primary and secondary buds. Simulated larval damage at budburst and possible compensation by the cane was investigated by manually removing different numbers of buds. Canes compensated by producing more fruit per remaining lateral, but only following bud loss of 25%. Larval damage in most commercial raspberry gardens rarely exceeded 5%, so yield loss was directly related to bud loss. An economic assessment snowed that a single application of azinphos-methyl would be cost effective in gardens producing fruit for export if only one bud per 30 m of hedgerow of commercial raspberry planting was infested with leafroller. Such damage levels were frequently found.

Two-spotted mite (TSM) (Tetranychus urticae Koch) control was studied in commercial raspberry gardens in Nelson and Hastings. In both regions, the predators, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and Stethorus bifidus Kapur, were found regularly on foliage samples in association with TSM. In Hastings, both predators showed a clear numerical response to TSM and populations of all three species increased and declined cyclically. The cycles were not always in phase among the different cultivars of raspberry. S. bifidus was an important predator when P. persimilis populations were low and unevenly distributed through the property especially in spring. P. persimilis controlled TSM in 6–8 weeks in a favourable pesticide environment and, on one cultivar in the Hastings property, no miticides were needed during a 2-year period. When chemicals toxic to P. persimilis were used (e.g., benomyl and methomyl), TSM increased to potentially damaging levels although no quantitative assessment of damage was made....

(1965). How to Reduce Credit and Collection Costs. Hospital Topics: Vol. 43, No. 11, pp. 33-36.