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Background To well control the pandemic of COVID-19, herd immunity should be achieved. However, people, especially those with better physical conditions (e.g., young adults), may not accept COVID-19 vaccines. Understanding university students' willingness or reluctance to uptake COVID-19 vaccination is important. Aim This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the DrVac-COVID19S, an instrument that helps assess motivations/drivers of COVID-19 vaccination uptake among university students. Research design and methods Using convenience sampling and cross-sectional design, university students (930 from Taiwan [38.0% males] and 1,244 from Ghana [63.3% males]) completed the DrVac-COVID19S using an online survey (Taiwanese students) or paper-and-pen method (Ghanaian students). Rasch analysis was used to examine the psychometric properties of the DrVac-COVID19S. Results All 12 items in the DrVac-COVID19S had a satisfactory fit in the Rasch models (infit MnSq=0.74 to 1.49; outfit MnSq=0.72 to 1.42). Moreover, the seven-point Likert scale used in the DrVac-COVID19S demonstrated monotonically increasing in their difficulties, which indicated the ordered category. Additionally, no differential item functioning was displayed in the DrVacCOVID-19S across Taiwanese and Ghanaian students. Conclusions The DrVacCOVID-19S has good psychometric features to help healthcare providers assess individuals' (especially university students) motivations or drivers to get the COVID-19 vaccination.

BACKGROUND Self-efficacy has been defined as "people's beliefs about their capabilities to produce designated levels of performance that exercise influence over events that affect their lives." In stroke survivors, impairments in motor, sensory/perceptual, and cognitive functions greatly reduce self-efficacy. AIM To translate and cross-culturally adapt the Stroke Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (SSEQ) into Hausa language. METHOD Two independent experts who are fluent in Hausa and English languages did the forward and backward translations, respectively. A group of experts reviewed the translation according to Beaton's guidelines. The English and the final Hausa versions were administered to 75 patients with stroke once and twice, respectively (on the first day and a week later). Construct validity between the English and the Hausa version, and internal consistency and structural validity of the Hausa version were assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient, kappa statistics, and Rasch analysis, respectively. RESULTS There was a significant correlation (r = 0.96, p

Objective The aim of this study was to refine the YSQ-L3 by identifying the most statistically and clinically appropriate items for each Early Maladaptive Schema (EMS) using Rasch analysis. Method A Rasch analysis was undertaken on a large sample (N = 838) that included a heterogeneous clinical sample (N = 574) and a smaller non-clinical group (N = 264). Results Overall, 116 out of 232 items showed misfit across a number of statistical indicators. After the removal of these items, the fit improved for all subscales and showed good (.74) to excellent (.86) reliability with the exception of Enmeshment (.57). In line with previous research, items originally measuring Punitiveness were found to better fit two separate subscales, Punitiveness (Self) and Punitiveness (Other). Similarly, items assessing Emotional Inhibition fit better as two different constructs; Emotional Constriction, reflecting an over-control related to shame/embarrassment of showing emotions, and Fear of Losing Control, related to anxiety of the consequences if emotions are not contained. Conclusion This is the first study to apply a rigorous methodological process to item selection from the YSQ-L3. The findings of this study are significant given the wide use of this scale cross-culturally in both clinical and research settings and offer a possible alternative to the current short form.

Background To address declining enrolments in science and other STEM subjects in high school and university, particularly disproportionately low enrolments of females in physics, engineering and computer sciences, integrated STEM programs are becoming more popular. However, few studies have investigated classroom experiences or gender differences in the effects of participation in integrated STEM projects on students’ attitudes towards continuing to study STEM subjects. Purpose This study compared male and female students’ perceptions of classroom emotional climate and their attitudes towards STEM after completing integrated STEM projects. Methods For a sample of 246 Years 7–10 students participating in integrated STEM projects in 24 co-educational government classrooms, we investigated gender differences using a seven-scale classroom emotional climate questionnaire and an attitude scale. Responses to items in each scale were converted to interval data using Rasch modelling. Differential item functioning between male and female students was investigated and MANOVA was used to compare genders on responses to each scale. Findings When MANOVA was used to identify gender differences in Rasch student measures of each scale, statistically-significant differences of modest magnitude (0.25–0.50 standard deviations) were found for Clarity, Motivation, Consolidation and Attitudes, but not for Care, Control, Challenge and Collaboration. Relative to males, females had more-negative views for each climate and attitude dimension for which differences were significant. Compared with boys, girls were undermotivated by their STEM projects and perceived less clarity of instruction and feedback. Conclusions Greater support for female students through clarifying and giving specific feedback on tasks could improve their perceptions of the classroom emotional climate when carrying out integrated STEM projects. Further research is needed to determine the types of projects that motivate females to study STEM.

Purpose (1) To perform a cross-cultural adaptation of Work Rehabilitation Questionnaire to Russian (WORQ-R); (2) to report the psychometric properties of WORQ-R in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI). Materials and methods WORQ is designed to evaluate the work functioning of individuals who are engaged in vocational rehabilitation. We performed a formal cross-cultural adaptation of WORQ from English to Russian utilizing a standardized 3-step approach. We examined the psychometric properties of WORQ-R in terms of its reliability and construct validity through the use of classical and modern test theory in the TSCI population. Results The adaptation process achieved equivalence between Russian and English versions of WORQ. WORQ-R proved to cover major issues concerning functioning in vocational rehabilitation and was simple to understand. The internal consistency of WORQ-R was good (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.83). Rasch analysis confirmed the unidimensionality of the WORQ-scale and high reliability (PSI = 0.97) based on a testlet solution. WORQ-R score showed a strong negative correlation with the Functional Independence Measure, moderate negative correlation with the Spinal Cord Independence Measure Version III and the SF-36, moderate positive correlation with the Spinal Cord Injury Secondary Conditions Scale. Conclusions WORQ-R showed good validity and reliability in persons with TSCI allowing vocational professionals to have comprehensive information on vocational functioning.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONSCI is a disabling condition that causes impairments in body structure and function leading to activity limitations and participation restrictions.WORQ is a generic tool that allows for an assessment of work-related aspects of functioning in different populations of persons with disabilities.This study demonstrates the psychometric properties of the Russian version of WORQ in the SCI population.WORQ-R is recommended as a tool to describe the biopsychosocial and related vocational background to gain a better understanding of needs among SCI persons in terms of vocational rehabilitation.

Severity and centrality are two main kinds of rater effects posing threats to the validity and fairness of performance assessments. Adopting Jin and Wang’s (2018) extended facets modeling approach,...

The aim of this study was to develop an instrument to measure upper-level Chinese elementary students’ attitudes towards science by addressing problems with existing ones, as highlighted in the lit...

Control of variables strategy (CVS) is a core scientific reasoning skill related to domain-general experimentation for evaluating an experimental system and deducing valid conclusions. This study a...

Substantial evidence endorses the early assessment of cognitive development to promote children’s developmental health and well-being. Especially in the Brazilian context, there is a paucity of sta...

Youth sports provides the foundation for successful dynamics and organization within a sports ecosystem. Thus, it is necessary to explore the experiences of youth who either drop out of or persist ...

This study provides a partial-credit scoring (PCS) approach to awarding students’ performance on multiple-choice items in science education. The approach is built on fundamental ideas, the critical...

The relevance of academic self-efficacy for educational outcomes is well documented. Pre-academic self-efficacy has hardly been studied, and only one study was found to include an assessment of the...

Estimation of parameters for the many-facets Rasch model requires that conditional on the values of the facets, such as person ability, item difficulty, and rater severity, the observed responses w...

Surin Jiraniramai,1,* Tinakon Wongpakaran,2,* Chaisiri Angkurawaranon,1 Wichuda Jiraporncharoen,1 Nahathai Wongpakaran2 1Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Kingdom of Thailand; 2Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Kingdom of Thailand*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Nahathai WongpakaranGeriatric Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University., 110 Intawaroros Road, T. Sriphum, A. Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Kingdom of ThailandTel +66 53 935422 ext 320Fax +66 53 935426Email nahathai.wongpakaran@cmu.ac.thPurpose: The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a widely used self-report questionnaire to screen depression. Its psychometric property has been tested in many populations including health care workers. We used Rasch measurement theory to examine the psychometric properties of PHQ-9 regarding item difficulty, item fit and the differences between subgroups of respondents classified by sex, age, education and alcohol user status, based on the same overall location of participants.Patients and Methods: In total, 3204 health care workers of Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital participated and were administered the PHQ-9. Rating scale Rasch measurement modeling was used to examine the psychometric properties of the PHQ-9.Results: The data fitted well to the Rasch model and no violations of the assumption of unidimensionality were observed. All 9 items could form a unidimensional construct of overall depressive severity. Suicidal ideation was the least endorsed while sleep problem was the most. No disordered category and threshold of the rating response were observed. No locally dependent items were observed. No items were found to show differential item functioning across age, sex, education and alcohol consumption. The item-person Wright map showed that the PHQ-9 did not target well with the sample, and a wide gap suggesting few or no items exist to differentiate participants at a certain ability level among the PHQ-9 items.Conclusion: The PHQ-9 can be used as a screening questionnaire for major depressive disorder as its psychometric property was verified based on Rasch measurement model. The findings are generally consistent with related studies in other populations. However, the PHQ-9 may be unsuitable for assessing depressive symptoms among health care workers who have low levels of depression.Keywords: PHQ-9, Thai, Rasch analysis, differential item functioning, alcohol consumption

This study evaluates the dimensionality and differential item functioning of SCL-9S, a short version of the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R), on patients in psychiatric care.Based on the factor structure of the Swedish standardization and validation of the SCL-90-R, a nine-item index (SCL-9S) was developed consisting of the items most indicative for each of the nine subscales in SCL-90-R. Rasch analysis was used to evaluate the SCL-9S on a sample of 668 psychiatric outpatients and 167 inpatients across four Swedish regions.The evaluation revealed that the SCL-9S was unidimensional, the items represented different levels of severity across a general psychological distress dimension, and the scale showed equity (no differential items functioning) across gender and patient groups.The SCL-9S is a fast, structurally valid, and reliable tool for screening general psychological distress among men and women in psychiatric in- and outpatient services, and in combination with other instruments, it will be useful in epidemiological studies.

Objective: The 28-item Academic Motivation Scale (AMS) is a widely used measure of students’ motivation to learn but it has the common limitations of an ordinal scale such as low precision and unsu...

This study aimed to use Rasch analysis to test the content, scoring, and measurement properties of the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ).MHQ scores from 196 patients with hand and wrist conditions were collected in an outpatient hand rehabilitation facility. Rasch analysis was conducted to assess the fit statistics of MHQ to confirm the scaling structure of disability subscales, and to identify differential item functioning.The MHQ did not fit with the Rasch model (χThe overall MHQ had a substantial misfit from the Rasch model. Despite efforts of item reduction and rescoring, we did not reach a satisfactory solution. This calls into question the validity of the statistical evaluations performed on this scale using the traditional scoring.Implications for rehabilitationThe MHQ was designed to measure different dimensions of pain and disability but demonstrates multiple measurement problems that undermine it use in present form.It is not appropriate to sum all 37 items of the MHQ into a single score.Three subscales of activities daily living (one hand), aesthetics, and satisfaction can provide unidimensional subscales scores with interval level scaling if scored with our proposed Rasch-based revised scoring.The 27-item version of the MHQ is shown to have strong psychometric properties for administration with patients with hand injuries; however, it requires further validation.

Objective: The 3+1Cs model and Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire (CART-Q), measures the interpersonal constructs of Closeness, Commitment, Complementarity and Coorientation to appraise the n...

The aim of the study was to evaluate the extended version of the Problem-Solving Inventory (PSI) via an online learning setting known as the Online Problem-Solving Inventory (OPSI) through the lens...

The EQ-5D is one of the most recommended questionnaires for cost-effectiveness studies.To study the psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L in patients with major depression.This prospective observational study included 433 patients with major depression who completed the EQ-5D-5L and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) questionnaires at baseline, of whom 310 also did six months later. The structural validity was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis, the item functioning by item response analysis, and reliability by Cronbach's alpha. Convergent validity and known-groups validity was studied using the PHQ-9 and a general health question. To assess responsiveness effect sizes were calculated.The results supported the unidimensionality and showed adequate item functioning, with somewhat age-related item differential functioning for the mobility dimension. Cronbach's alpha was 0.77. The EQ-5D-5L showed a high correlation with the PHQ-9 and general health. The more severe the depression level and the poorer the general health, the lower the EQ-5D-5L scores (These findings support the adequate psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L in patients with major depression. It could be very useful for clinicians and researchers as an outcome measure and for use in economic evaluation.

Vertical scaling is used to put tests of different difficulty onto a common metric. The Rasch model is often used to perform vertical scaling, despite its strict functional form. Few, if any, studi...

This study verified validity and reliability of the School Function Assessment (SFA) using Rasch analysis in South Korean school-based occupational therapy sites serving children with intellectual ...

Objective: There is a paucity of quantitative measures of resilience specifically validated for young Aboriginal people in Australia. We undertook the first investigation of validity and reliabilit...

The property of item parameter invariance in item response theory (IRT) plays a pivotal role in the applications of IRT such as test equating. The scope of parameter invariance when using estimates...

This is a review of the 33 chapters included in the models volume of the Handbook of Item Response Theory. The chapters cover longstanding topics such as the Rasch model, as well as newly unfolding...

Although the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) has been extensively adapted worldwide, work on the generalizability of the original English BRS to Asian populations remains limited. This research evalua...

Accurate prediction of premorbid functioning is important in neuropsychological assessment. We aimed to investigate the predictive accuracy of the TOPF and examine this word list at an item level against WASI-II scores, using Australian pronunciations. The sample of 219 healthy Australians were aged 18-82 years. Multiple regression analyses were used to replicate the TOPF and simple demographic models based on the US TOPF standardization. Rasch analyses provided a comparison of Australian, US and UK word order from the proportion of words pronounced correctly. The variance explained in WASI-II index scores ranged from R2=.12 (PRI) to .33 (FSIQ-2), which was approximately half that reported in the US standardization study. The accuracy of predicted WASI-II scores was also slightly less in our sample. Thirty-two words were out of place by five places or more compared with the US word order and 30 compared with the UK. These results add to concerns about the application the TOPF with norms developed in the US and UK in the Australian context. Clinicians are advised not to apply the five error discontinue rule when using the TOPF in the local context. Development of a more accurate word reading task for use in Australia is warranted.

Occupational balance is a key concept in occupational science and occupational therapy. However, it is not well operationalized and instruments to evaluate occupational balance are scarce.To translate and validate a Danish version of the 10-item Occupational Balance Questionnaire (OB-Quest).Translation was conducted using the dual-panel approach. Thereafter, data from 262 healthy Danish students were analyzed regarding fit to the Rasch model.The translation of the questionnaire to Danish required only minor cultural adaptations. Ninety percent of the participants were female. The mean age (±SD) was 26.10 (7.05) years. The reliability (person separation index) was questionable (0.63), and the scale showed multidimensionality. Two items (1 and 9) showed misfit to the Rasch model. Differential item function by gender was detected in one item (item 4). After deleting items 1 and 9 and splitting item 4 into two gender-specific items, the new 9-item scale showed good overall and individual item fit. However, reliability remained low (0.59) and some elements of the latent variable (occupational balance) were not sufficiently represented.Further development and testing of the Danish OB-Quest is needed before implementation in clinical practice or research involving healthy subjects.

National and International standardized assessments have shown sharp differences between native and foreign students’ performance in both text comprehension and mathematics. Based on the data gathe...

Background Due to the importance of assessing quality of life (QoL) in healthy and ill adolescents, the evaluation of psychometric properties of these questionnaires is important. Objective To investigate the application of Rasch analysis in psychometric assessment studies on adolescents' QoL instruments, and to evaluate the quality of reporting Rasch parameters in these studies. Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching for papers in electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Scopus until December 2018. Results After screening 122 papers, 31 remained in the study. Around 68% of the studies used the Rasch analysis for instrument testing and 32% for the development of new instruments. In 77.4% of studies, both classical and Rasch methods were used parallel to data analysis. In 32.2% of studies, healthy adolescents were the main target group. The most commonly used instrument in Rasch studies was, KIDSCREEN, administered in different countries. Six Rasch parameters were reported with a higher percentage in the studies. Major reported parameters of Rasch analysis were application of the software program (96.7%), test of item fit to the Rasch model (93.5%), unidimensionality (80.6%), type of the identified mathematical Rasch model (74.1%), threshold (58%) and differential item functioning (54.8%). Based on the psychometric evaluation of the QoL instruments, 71% of studies showed acceptable results. Conclusion The application of the Rasch model for psychometric assessment of adolescents' QoL questionnaires has increased in recent decades. But, there is still no strong and commonly used critical appraisal tool or guideline for the evaluation of these papers.

The purpose of the study was to psychometrically characterize the Ethical Leadership Scale (ELS) through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch analysis. Data were collected from 469 teachers across several countries. The one-factor structure of the ELS was confirmed in CFA. Rating scale diagnosis, item fit assessment, reliability analysis, unidimensionality, local independence, and differential item functioning (DIF) analyses were conducted using the Rasch Rating Scale Model. Item and rating scale analyses indicated that the ten items and five-category scale performed as intended. High person separation and reliability statistics supported the consistency of the ELS scores. Only one item (Item 4) demonstrated misfit in the Rasch model and two items (i.e., Items 2 and 10) showed DIF across Turkish and European respondents. None of the items showed DIF across gender. Overall CFA and Rasch models provided evidence for the psychometric quality of the 10-item ELS. However, reassessment of the scale after removing Item 4 showed improvement in the psychometric properties of the scale.

Mixture Rasch (MixRasch) models conventionally assume normal distributions for latent ability. Previous research has shown that the assumption of normality is often unmet in educational and psychol...

In this study, we proposed a multilevel explanatory Rasch model for examining measurement invariance of international food-insecurity measures on the Food Insecurity Experience (FIE) Scale from dif...

To understand factors that may influence father involvement, researchers have increasingly considered maternal gatekeeping, or the extent to which mothers might attempt to regulate (i.e., encourage, discourage) fathers’ involvement in childrearing. Although several theoretical models of maternal gatekeeping have been advanced in recent years, maternal gatekeeping measurement has lagged significantly behind developments in gatekeeping theory. Rasch analysis offers a useful framework for conducting item-level analyses to evaluate measurement validity and identify areas of improvement for measurement scales. In the present study, Rasch analysis techniques were implemented to 1) illustrate how modern psychometric methods can be applied to validate measures in family psychology and 2) examine the validity of the Parental Regulation Inventory, a commonly used maternal gatekeeping measure (PRI; Van Egeren, 2000). Results indicated that the PRI exhibited adequate construct validity; however, measurement could be improved by including additional items on the PRI subscales. In particular, Rasch analyses indicated floor effects on fathers’ reports of maternal gate closing, floor and ceiling effects on fathers’ reports of maternal gate opening, and floor and ceiling effects on fathers’ reports of maternal communication at 3- and 9- months postpartum. Recommendations for improving maternal gatekeeping measurement and implications for maternal gatekeeping theory are discussed.

In this study, we examined the scoring and generalizability assumptions of an explicit instruction (EI) special education teacher observation protocol using many-faceted Rasch measurement (MFRM). V...

This study aimed to validate the Indonesian version of the Muslim Daily Religiosity Assessment Scale (MUDRAS). This measure was tested on 766 Muslim college students aged 17–24 years (mean age = 20...

In response to a gap in veterinary care for low-income, under-served populations, the Student Health Outreach for Wellness (SHOW) Clinic in Phoenix, AZ took a One-Health initiative to establish a pilot veterinary care program to serve the veterinary needs of the local homeless pet owners receiving human medical care at the clinic. The study examines the pilot program through the lens of the human-animal bond (HAB) and focuses specifically on the attachment dimension of the bond as measured by the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale (LAPS). Data was collected from the homeless pet owners, and Rasch modeling was used to investigate the importance of various factors of the owner attachment to pet as described in LAPS items. The results demonstrate the perceptions of the homeless pet owners of ownership. The findings also provide psychometric evidence for revising the LAPS to better serve future research on human-animal relationships. Limitations and possible extensions of the research as related to the HAB and owner attachment to pets are discussed and enhancements proposed for the pilot program to better serve the local homeless people.

Classroom management skills are essential for effective teaching and consequently form an integral part of undergraduate teaching degrees. Self-efficacy in classroom management influences an indivi...

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Brain Injury on 6 August 2020, available online: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02699052.2020.1802664. Purpose - The main aim was to evaluate the measurement properties of the Family Needs Questionnaire-Revised (FNQ-R) in family members of individuals living with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods - A total of 309 family members of individuals with severe TBI from Colombia, Denmark, Mexico, Norway and Spain participated. Rasch analysis of the FNQ-R and its 6 subscales was conducted. Results - The Rasch analysis indicated a lack of fit of the 37-item FNQ-R to one single underlying construct of needs, and less than half of the items were invariant across the countries. Misfit of single items was revealed in the Need for Health Information, Need for Emotional Support, Need for Instrumental Support, Need for Professional Support and Need for Community Support Network subscales. Fit to the Rasch model was obtained after removal of misfitting items. The Involvement in Care subscale had too few items to be adequately assessed by the Rasch approach. Conclusion - The FNQ-R is a well-targeted instrument for assessing the unmet needs of caregivers regarding the need for health information, emotional support, professional support and a community support network after some scoring adjustment and the removal of misfitting items. Caution should be taken when comparing responses across countries.

This article documents the adaptation, piloting and validation of a measure of teachers’ ethical sensitivity. To create the test, we modified a measure from dentistry drawing on literature in teach...

This paper investigates relationships among gender, spatial anxiety, and operational performance of car navigation systems (CNSs) with a traditional Chinese interface. 600 study participants perfor...

Rater fit analyses provide insight into the degree to which rater judgments correspond to expected properties, as defined within a measurement framework. Parametric models such as the Rasch model p...

This article reviews a recent book on the application of Rasch measurement in language assessment titled Fairness, Justice, and Language Assessment: The Role of Measurement. It provides a brief sum...

The parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-P) is commonly used to assess for mental health problems, but its psychometric properties have not been studied in the paediatric Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) population. This study investigated the properties of the SDQ-P and its subscales in this population using Rasch analysis. One hundred and forty-three SDQ-Ps and 123 Impact Supplements were analyzed. Sixty-nine percent of SDQ-Ps were completed by female carers, 59% of young people were male, and 58% had Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). In this population the SDQ-P Total Difficulties Scale and the Conduct Problems subscale showed questionable construct validity. The individual subscales and Impact Supplement did not meet the criteria for reliability. Two items had disordered thresholds. The individual subscales showed mistargeting and 13-24% person misfit. Two items were significantly underdiscriminating. There was differential item functioning with age and time post-injury, and local dependence between subscale items. The Total Difficulties scale was multidimensional. The most easily endorsed items were in keeping with common symptoms of brain injury. These findings suggest the SDQ-P in its current form may not be a reliable and valid assessment measure for mental health difficulties in the paediatric ABI population and requires further investigation.

In physics education, assessments address various forms of scientific knowledge. Most of the existing test instruments emphasise the assessment of content knowledge. These tests fail to measure the...

Purpose To analyze the reliability and validity of the “activity and participation” component of the brief international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF) core set for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) using a Multi-faceted Rasch model. Patients and Methods A total of 103 patients with COPD were selected by two raters to evaluate their ability levels in the four categories of the “activity and participation” component of brief ICF core set for COPD. The Multi-faceted Rasch model was used for data analysis. The analysis software used FACETS (Minifac) 3.67.0. Results The “activity and participation” of brief ICF core set for COPD had a high internal consistency (separation index of 5.08, reliability of 0.96, P 0.05), the construct validity was good (mean-square fit statistic range was 0.79–1.36), and the consistency of each category measurement was high (the separation index was 1.70, the reliability was 0.74). Conclusion The “activity and participation” of brief ICF core set for COPD has good reliability and validity, which can be used to test the daily activities of patients with COPD.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Exercise Motivations Inventory - 2 (EMI-2) scale would be appropriate to measure college students' exercise motivation. Participants: The EMI-2 scale questionnaire was administered to 325 college students in the southwestern U.S. Method: The WINSTEPS program was conducted to analyze Rating Scale Fit, Differential Item Functioning (DIF), and Item fit by applying Rasch rating scale model calibration. Results: A 5-point Likert-type rating scale of the EMI-2 was more appropriate to investigate college students' exercise motivation. Seventeen of 51 items were selected as the DIF, and one item had over standard item fit. Overall, 33 items were finally selected for a new version of the EMI-2 scale for college students. Additionally, Person-Item map showed that person ability and item difficulty were fit matched. Conclusions: This reconstructed EMI-2 scale can be utilized to assess exercise motivations of college students.

Formative assessments are an important component of massive open online courses (MOOCs), online courses with open access and unlimited student participation. Accurate conclusions on students’ profi...

Purpose To build a multidimensional questionnaire of adherence for a patient with hemophilia that includes not only clinical but also psychosocial aspects. Patients and Methods One hundred and forty-six patients with haemophilia (A and B) were recruited from several Hemophilia Treatment Centers for this study. The recruitment was performed through a personal interview (20–25 mins for each patient). A literature review was carried out (different databases). In the first version (136 items), all items were subjected to an external judgment (experts in hemophilia) and also presented and discussed with a group of patients. It was made a study of content validity and homogeneity index and reliability coefficients of score were calculated with an alpha coefficient. Empirical validation was made with Pearson correlation. Results The Haemo-Adhaesione scale was composed of 5 dimensions and 10 questions about basic haemophilia concepts. It was shown to be valid and reliable to assess adherence in the Spanish population. Its internal consistency was good in all dimensions. The Rasch model was used to confirm the multidimensional structure of the scale. Significant and negative correlations were observed with the VERITAS-Pro and VERITAS-PRN scale in all dimensions, and in the total score. Conclusions The Haemo-Adhaesione scale is a good measure of adherence for PWH. Its multidimensional structure favors the inclusion of the objective and subjective aspects implicit in its definition, as well as its dynamic nature. Patients with greater adherence are those who have more awareness of their disease, and as a result, they are more compliant with prescription and their self-care. It also discriminates between patients who follow one treatment or another.