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Background: Diabetes is caused by a breakdown in insulin production or its malfunction in the body. So far, many studies have been done on its treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the histological changes in endocrine part of the pancreas of diabetic rats treated with Rosa damascena extract. Methods: In this experimental study, 100 male rats were divided into 10 groups of control, untreated diabetic, gavage stress, insulin treatment, three healthy groups receiving different doses of extract, and three diabetic groups receiving different doses of extract (300, 600, and 900 mg/kg). Finally, pancreatic tissue was removed and immunohistochemically stained with hematoxylin-eosin to count pancreatic beta cells number, and to calculate islets of Langerhans. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA test, and P < 0.050 was considered as statistically significant. Findings: Rosa damascena extract at 900 mg/kg, significantly increased the area of the islets of Langerhans in diabetic rats compared to the diabetic control group (P = 0.021). This dose of extract also increased the percentage of beta cells in the islets of Langerhans compared to the diabetic control group (P = 0.017). Conclusion: According to the results, using rose extract can improve tissue changes in the pancreas. This extract can probably be considered as a suitable research potential in future studies.

Background: Alzheimer's disease is a disorder associated with neuronal degeneration in the areas involve in learning and memory. It has been proposed that erythropoietin probably has neuroprotective effects. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of erythropoietin on neuronal apoptosis in the granular layer of dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Methods: Animal model of Alzheimer's was established via bilateral intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ). After 2 weeks and observation of cognitive disorder, rats received intraperitoneal (IP) injection of erythropoietin every other day with a dose of 5000 IU/kg for 2 weeks. Finally, the rats were anesthetized and their brains were dissected for immunohistochemical study. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin-dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) method was used to study neuronal apoptosis. Findings: Intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin increased the number of apoptotic cells in the granular layer of dentate gyrus significantly (P < 0.05). Although erythropoietin had no effect on the control rats, it significantly reduced the number of apoptotic cells in the lesion group (P < 0.01) Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that erythropoietin may be effective in reducing the complications of neurodegenerative diseases by reducing neuronal apoptosis.

Background: Uterus myometrium contractions play crucial role in break or successful embryo implantation. Furthermore, efficient myometrial angiogenesis is important event for supplying endometrium blood. Recently, many studies were performed for investigating the effects of sildenafil citrate (SC) on female fertility. This study aimed was to assess the changes in myometrial thickness and associated angiogenesis after injections of sildenafil citrate in superovulated mice. Methods: Thirty adult female mice and ten adult male mice were purchased. The female mice were divided into three equal groups of control without any intervention, gonadotropin receiving human menopausal gonadotropin (HMG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and gonadotropin and sildenafil citrate receiving human menopausal gonadotropin, and human chorionic gonadotropin and sildenafil citrate administration. After mating, animals were deeply anesthetized and the uterus was rapidly removed for histology and immunohistochemistry process to identify cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31). Findings: In gonadotropin + sildenafil citrate group, the thickness of myometrium was significantly thicker than control and gonadotropin groups (P < 0.05 for both). The results of immunohistochemistry survey for myometrium CD31 demonstrated that administrated sildenafil citrate did not induce any angiogenesis associated alteration in gonadotropin + sildenafil citrate group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: It may finally conclude that administration of sildenafil citrate does not cause remarkable alterations in myometrial angiogenesis; but increases the thickness of myometrium. Although for realistic decision about the sildenafil citrate effects on aforementioned parameters, more molecular investigations and longer drug consumption periods are necessary.

Background: One of the significant problems in multiple sclerosis (MS) is damage to the visual system, which is the result of demyelination. Studies have suggested a link between central nervous system demyelinating diseases and thyroid disorders, and probably the treatments that increase the level of thyroid hormones are beneficial in multiple sclerosis. Therefore, in this study, the effects of levothyroxine on lysolecithin-induced demyelination/remyelination in rat's optic chiasm were evaluated. Methods: Local demyelination was induced by injection of 2 µl lysolecithin 1% into the rat's optic chiasm. Experimental groups were control, sham, lesion (multiple sclerosis), and lesion-levothyroxine 20, 50 and 100 µg/kg (n = 9). Demyelination/remyelination was evaluated 7, 14 and 21 days after the initiation of treatment. Histomorphological changes were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Findings: Following the injection of lysolecithin into the optic chiasm, a large demyelination was occurred, which decreased over time, indicating remyelination in this area. Following the treatment with levothyroxine, there was a significant reduction in the amount of demyelination in the treated groups compared to the multiple sclerosis group. This decrease was particularly pronounced at the dose of 100 µg/kg. Conclusion: The results of this study show that injection of lysolecithin in the optic chiasm causes a reversible demyelination. Levothyroxine could produce protective effects against induced demyelination and accelerate remyelination. Therefore, thyroid hormones probably have healing effects in multiple sclerosis, although further studies are needed.

مقدمه: برخی مطالعات بیانگر تأثیر افزایش غیر طبیعی آهن و کلسترول در مغز در پاتوژنز بیماری‌های نورودژنراتیو همچون آلزایمر می‌باشد، اما مطالعات انجام گرفته در این زمینه اندک و نتایج آن‌ها با یکدیگر متناقض است. از آن جایی که شیوع این بیماری‌ها، به ویژه آلزایمر در حال افزایش می‌باشد، مطالعه‌ی حاضر با هدف تعیین تأثیر آهن و رژیم غذایی پر کلسترول بر آپوپتوز در شکنج دندانه‌دار از تشکیلات هایپوکامپ به انجام رسید. روش‌ها: رت‌های نر نیوزلندی به گروه‌های شاهد، آهن (رژیم mg/kg 50)، گروه کلسترول (رژیم حاوی کلسترول 2 درصد) و گروه کلسترول و آهن تقسیم شدند. سطح سرمی کلسترول، LDL (Low-density lipoprotein) و HDL (High-density lipoprotein) قبل و بعد از رژیم 6 هفته‌ای بررسی و اندازه‌گیری شد و سپس میزان آپوپتوز سلول‌های عصبی در تشکیلات هایپوکامپ آن‌ها با استفاده از رنگ‌آمیزی ایمونوهیستوشیمیایی TUNEL test (Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin–dUTP nick end labeling) مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته‌ها: پس از استفاده از رژیم غذایی پرکلسترول، سطح سرمی کلسترول، LDL و HDL در گروه‌های دریافت کننده‌ی کلسترول به طور معنی‌داری افزایش یافت (05/0 > P). همچنین، آپوپتوز سلول‌های عصبی در شکاف دندانه‌دار هیپوکامپ در گروه دریافت کننده‌ی رژیم پرکلسترول در مقایسه با گروه شاهد افزایش معنی‌داری داشت (05/0 > P). استفاده از آهن به تنهایی یا همراه با کلسترول، تأثیری بر میزان آپوپتوز سلول‌های عصبی نداشت. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج مطالعه نشان داد که تجویز رژیم غذایی پر کلسترول بر سطح آپوپتوز سلولی تأثیر معنی‌دار دارد؛ به طوری که تجویز رژیم حاوی کلسترول تنها و رژیم آهن و کلسترول، سطح آپوپتوز سلولی را افزایش می‌دهد. اما تجویز آهن، تأثیر قابل ملاحظه و معنی‌داری در افزایش یا کاهش آپوپتوز ندارد.

مقدمه: گیرنده‌های فعال کننده‌ی تکثیر پروکسی‌زوم‌ها (PPARs یا Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptors) گروهی از گیرنده‌های هسته‌ای وابسته به لیگاند می‌باشند كه به عنوان عوامل نسخه‌برداری عمل می‌کنند و در انسان دارای 3 ایزوفرم شناخته شده‌ی β/δ، γ و α هستند. مشخص شده است که PPARs اثرات متعددی بر سیستم قلبی- عروقی دارند. هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی اثر محرک‌های مختلف گیرنده‌ی فعال کننده‌ی پرولیفراسیون پروکسی‌‌زوم بر بازسازی قلبی (Cardiac remodeling) در رت‌های سالم و مبتلا به دیابت بود. روش‌ها: 60 موش صحرایی نر به دو دسته‌ی کلی مبتلا و غیر مبتلا به دیابت تقسیم شدند. حیوانات مبتلا و غیر مبتلا به دیابت به 5 زیر گروه‌ شاهد دریافت کننده‌ی حلال دارو؛ حیوانات دریافت کننده‌ی فنوفیبرات mg/kg/day 100 (آگونیست PPAR آلفا)؛ حیوانات دریافت کننده‌ی رزیگلیتازون (Rosiglitazone) mg/kg/day 8 (آگونیست PPAR گاما)؛ حیوانات دریافت کننده‌ی 742GWO mg/kg/day 1 (آگونیست PPAR بتا/دلتا)؛ حیوانات دریافت کننده‌ی بزافیبرات mg/kg/day 400 (آگونیست Pan PPAR) تقسیم شدند. طول مدت درمان 21 روز بود. در پایان آزمایش، بطن چپ رت‌ها خارج شد و نمونه‌ها با Picro-Sirius Red جهت بررسی محتوای کلاژنی رنگ‌آمیزی گردید. یافته‌ها: محتوای کلاژن (Collagen content) در بطن چپ گروه مبتلا به دیابت بسیار بیشتر از گروه سالم (غیر مبتلا به دیابت) بود و این تفاوت، معنی‌دار بود (27/1 ± 00/9 درصد در مقابل 13/1 ± 00/5 درصد) و تجویز محرک‌های مختلف PPAR نتوانست تغییر معنی‌داری در فیبروز انترستیسیال نه در گروه سالم و نه در گروه مبتلا به دیابت ایجاد نماید (050/0 < P). نتیجه‌گیری: به نظر می‌رسد محرکین مختلف PPARها اثری بر بازسازی قلبی در رت‌های سالم و مبتلا به دیابت ندارند. اثرات دیگر این داروها بر سیستم قلبی- عروقی باید مورد توجه و بررسی قرار گیرد.

مقدمه: آندومتریوم رحم نقش مهمی در روند لانه‌گزینی ایفا می‌کند. این لایه از رحم، در روند مراحل چرخه‌ی قاعدگی تحت تأثیر تغییرات قرار می‌‌گیرد. با توجه به تأثیر پذیری آندومتریوم از عوامل مهار کننده و تحریک کننده، هدف از این مطالعه مقایسه‌ی ضخامت آندومتریوم در موش‌های تحریک شده برای تخمک‌گذاری و به دنبال مصرف سیلدنافیل سیترات در مرحله‌ی قبل از لانه‌گزینی بلاستوسیست بود. روش‌ها: تعداد 30 موش ماده‌ی بالغ نژاد سوری با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی در سه گروه شاهد، گنادوتروپین و گنادوتروپین + سیلدنافیل سیترات طراحی شدند. به دو گروه مورد، ابتدا به میزان IU 5/7 HMG (Human menopausal gonadotropin) و سپس به همین میزان HCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin) نیز تزریق شد. جهت انجام فرایند لقاح، هر دو موش ماده با یک موش نر در یک قفس قرار داده شدند. در گروه گنادوتروپین + سیلدنافیل سیترات، میزان mg/kg 3 سیلدنافیل سیترات به فواصل 24، 48 و 72 ساعت پس از تزریق HMG تزریق گردید. مدت 96 ساعت بعد، موش‌ها در همه‌ی گروه‌ها با استفاده از روش جابه‌جایی مهره‌های گردنی قربانی شدند. نمونه‌های رحمی آن‌ها تحت پاساژ بافتی قرار گرفت و برای مطالعه با میکروسکوپ نوری آماده شد. یافته‌ها: بر اساس بررسی با میکروسکوپ نوری و با استفاده از نرم‌افزار 2/3 Motic Image Plus، ضخامت آندومتریوم در گروه شاهد mµ 35/13 ± 05/358 و در گروه گنادوتروپین mµ 46/12 ± 84/389 بود که از نظر آماری تفاوت معنی‌داری مشاهده نشد. این ضخامت در گنادوتروپین + سیلدنافیل سیترات mµ 10/12 ± 81/316 بود که با گروه گنادوتروپین نیز تفاوت معنی‌داری نداشت. همچنین ضخامت آندومتریوم در بین تمامی گروه‌ها نیز تفاوت معنی‌داری نشان نداد. نتیجه‌گیری: استفاده از تحریک تخمدان و به دنبال آن استفاده از سیلدنافیل سیترات، نتوانست تغییر قابل توجهی در ضخامت آندومتریوم داشته باشد.

مقدمه: آندومتریوم انسان، بافتی پویا است که در طی چرخه‌ی قاعدگی تحت تأثیر هورمون‌های تخمدانی قرار می‌گیرد. این لایه مسؤول اصلی لانه‌گزینی موفق جنین می‌باشد. عوامل اصلی زیادی در این موفقیت تأثیرگذار هستند. یکی از مهم‌ترین عوامل آن، ضخامت آندومتریوم می‌باشد. هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی ضخامت آندومتریوم تحت تأثیر هورمون‌های تحریک کننده‌ی تخمک‌گذاری و پروژسترون بود. روش‌ها: در این مطالعه، تعداد 30 سر موش بالغ ماده از نژاد سوری بر اساس نمونه‌گیری تصادفی به سه گروه شاهد، گنادوتروپین و گنادوتروپین + پروژسترون تقسیم شدند. به هر دو گروه مورد، ابتدا HMG (Human menopausal gonadotropin) و سپس HCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin) به میزان I.U 5/7 تزریق شد. جهت انجام فرایند جفت‌گیری، هر دو موش ماده با یک موش نر در داخل یک قفس نگهداری شدند. به گروه گنادوتروپین + پروژسترون، میزان mg/kg 1 با فواصل 24، 48 و 72 ساعت پس از تزریق HMG، پروژسترون تزریق گردید. با گذشت 96 ساعت بعد، موش‌ها با استفاده از روش جابه‌جایی مهره‌های گردنی قربانی شده و نمونه‌های رحمی جهت پاساژ بافتی تهیه شد و با استفاده از نرم‌افزار 2/3Motic image plus ضخامت آندومتر اندازه‌گیری شد. یافته‌ها: بر اساس بررسی‌های انجام شده با میکروسکوپ نوری و استفاده از نرم‌افزار 2/3 Motic image plus، ضخامت آندومتریوم بر حسب mµ در گروه شاهد 35/15 ± 05/358، در گروه گنادوتروپین 46/12 ± 84/389 و در گروه گنادوتروپین + پروژسترون 03/13 ± 64/381 بود. تفاوت معنی‌داری بین گروه شاهد و گنادوتروپین و بین گروه شاهد و گروه گنادوتروپین + پروژسترون نیز مشاهده نشد. همچنین در مقایسه‌ی سه گروه با هم، ضخامت آندومتر در هر 3 گروه با هم تفاوت معنی‌داری را نشان نداد (050/0 > P). نتیجه‌گیری: القای تخمدان و به دنبال آن استفاده از پروژسترون نتوانست تغییر قابل توجهی در ضخامت آندومتریوم رحم موش‌های تحریک شده به وسیله‌ی هورمون‌های محرک تخمک‌گذاری ایجاد نماید.

Background: Alzheimer’s disease is a prevalent disease resulting in learning and memory impairments. Recently, erythropoietin (EPO) has been demonstrated to improve cognitive functions and to have neuroprotective effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of erythropoietin on learning and memory in rats after intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin (STZ), a well defined model for Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: To produce Alzheimer’s disease model in rats, STZ was infused in lateral ventricles of the brain. Two weeks later, the rats were tested by passive avoidance learning test to confirm the induction of learning and memory impairments. They then received EPO (5000 IU/kg) once every two days for two weeks. Finally, behavioral tests were conducted again. Findings: A reduction in time delay for the first entrance of rats to dark chamber as a result of ICV-STZ was found; i.e. there was a significant deference between the sham and the ICV-STZ groups. Although EPO did not have any significant effects on time delay for the first entrance to dark chamber in the sham group, it prevented impairments resulting from ICV-STZ. In fact, the index significantly increased in the STZ-EPO group compared to the STZ group. However, there was not a significant difference between the STZ-EPO and sham groups. Conclusion: The present results suggest use of EPO to probably cause significant improvements of learning and memory defects in Alzheimer’s patients.

Background: Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand activated transcription factors; comprising of three isoforms in human: PPARβ/δ, PPARγ and PPARα. Since PPARs affect on cytokines and growth factors, it is suggested that PPARs may be regulated angiogenesis process. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that activation of PPARβ /δ by GW0742 can restore coronary angiogenesis in diabetic and control rats. Methods: Twenty-four male rats were randomly divided into four groups. For induction of diabetes we used streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). The groups were as follows: group 1: control rats were given placebo, group 2: control rats were given GW0742 (1 mg/kg/day) subcutaneously, group 3: diabetic rats were given placebo and group 4: diabetic rats were given GW0742 (1 mg/kg/day) subcutaneously. After 21 days capillary density was evaluated in cardiac muscle by immunohistochemistry. Findings: The mean capillary density in cardiac muscles of diabetic rats were lower than control (P = 0.08). GW0742 administration could restore capillary density of the heart in diabetic rats (215.82 ± 11.3 versus121.71 ± 13.32 number of capillaries per mm2) while could not alter capillary density in control rats (156.3 ± 8.97 versus 153.78 ± 11.08 number of capillaries per mm2). Conclusion: this study showed that diabetes is associated by reduced capillary density in the heart. PPARβ/δ activation by GW0742 could restore coronary angiogenesis in diabetic rats while did not change angiogenesis in non diabetic rats.

Background: According to inconsistencies in the various studies about effect of statins on atherosclerosis and issue importance, the aim of the present research was review carried out in statins and atherosclerosis. Methods: By the use of atherosclerosis, statins and hyperlipidemia as keywords, we searched in PubMed through 1980 until 2011. Finding: Most studies showed the reduction of total cholesterol and Low density lipoprotein (LDL) by Statins, but there showed a little effect on increasing High density lipoprotein (HDL). In most studies mechanisms of action of statins were stabilization atherosclerotic plaques consequently inhibit oxidation, improve endothelial function by increase Nitric oxide and improvement thrombotic state by inhibiting platelet. Conclusion: Most Of Clinical trials had shown positive effect of statin on cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Therefore, using of them for treatment of hyperlipidemia could be appropriate preventive for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular accidents. Although the exact mechanism of action is not clear, there is a need for further investigation.

Background: Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors of nuclear receptor superfamily, consisting of three subtypes: PPARα, γ, β/δ. Clinical evidence suggests that PPARs may be involved in regulating angiogenesis. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that whether activation of PPARγ by Rosiglitazone, a PPARγ agonist, can alter coronary angiogenesis in diabetic and control rats. Methods: Twenty four male rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: group 1: control rats received vehicle; group 2: control rats received Rosiglitazone (8mg/kg/day) by gavage every day; group 3: diabetic rats received vehicle; group 4: diabetic rats received Rosiglitazone (8mg/kg/day) by gavage everyday. All rats were sacrified after 21 days and their hearts muscles were harvested for immonohistochemistry. Finding: The mean capillary density in control rats was higher than diabetic rats (P = 0.08). Rosiglitazone treatment could not change capillary density of the heart in diabetic rats (121.71 ± 13.32 versus 136.62 ± 7.02/mm2) and nondiabetic rats (153.78 ± 11.08 versus 135.96 ± 4.3/mm2). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that diabetes is associated with reduced capillary density in the heart and PPARγ activation by Rosiglitazone could not alter angiogenesis in diabetic and non-diabetic rats.

Background: Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a process in which the unwanted cells die after a coordinated and planned activities of an accurate collection of genes. Apoptosis are considered in embryo development, cancer pathogenesis and humoral immune responses. Considering the role of apoptosis in fetal development, this study was done to investigate its role in separating eyelids in neonatal rats. Methods: For this purpose the unopened eyelids of 6-16 days old Wister newborn rats were removed after anesthesia and fixed in 10% formolin. After preparation and paraffin embedding, 5 micron thick sections stained with hemathoxylin and eosin, and studied with light microscope. Finding: Microscopic assessment of opening place of eyelids showed that the eyelid groove formation starts with external and internal surface troughs. After reaching the troughs together, the eyelids are separated.The main changes that occurred during eyelid formation are appearance of vesicular cells with morphologic characteristics of apoptotic cells includes: nuclear pyknosis, cell shrinkage, deeply eosinophilic cytoplasm surrounded by, and clear halo. These cells were abundant form 6th to 16th day. After 12th day these cells were seen among the cells of spinosum layer. The other change that we could see during eyelid formation was development of keratinized epidermis of external surface and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium of the internal surface of eyelid. Conclusion: Role of apoptosis in developing embryo, before and after implantation, is well known. Presence of cells with characteristics of apoptotic cells in the site of eyelid development in rat Showed the role of apoptosis in eyelid formation. Easy to access of apoptotic cells in eyelid formation in newborn rats can serve rat as a very suitable model for evaluating the inhibitors and inductors of apoptosis.

Background: Plastination is an excellent technique which helps preserve biological specimens in a dry, odorless, and state. In this technique, water and fat are extracted from tissues and are replaced with curable polyester. Previously prepared plastinated sheets of human brain were fragile and heavy (standard method). The aim of this study was to prepare flexible and light plastinated sheets of human brains. Methods: Two intact human brains were prepared and fixed in 10% formalin for 3 months. After. They were sliced into 3 mm thickness sheets and were dehydrated by acetone in -250C for 4 weeks. Then, the slices were impregnated by P88 flexible polyester in the vacuum chamber. Finally, each slice was cast in an individual flat chamber consisting of 2 standard glass plates by P87 flexible polyester. The transparency, weight, flexibility, bubbling and Gross fragility of the prepared sheets were compared with those of the standard method. The transparency was measured by photometer machine. Their weight was assessed by digital scale; Gross fragility and bubbling were assessed by direct observation. Flexibility of samples was investigated by the degree of bending zero to 45, 45 to 90, 90 to 135 and 135 to 180 degrees of bending were scaled 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Finding: Average light passing, flexible sheets was 85%, while in standard method was 90%. The weights of flexible sheets were 200-400 gr, and in standard method were 600-800 gr. Bubbling and gross fragility were observed in standard method, while no bubbling and gross fragility were observed in flexible sheets. The average flexibility of flexible sheets was, while in standard method was 1. Conclusion: P87 polyester seems to provide lighter and more flexible brain sheets compared with the standard method.

خلاصه مقدمه: همزمانی تکامل آندومتریوم و رویان، پیش‌نیازی ضروری برای لانه گزینی موفق است. پروژسترون و داروهای دیگر، تکامل همزمانی رویان بلافاصله قبل از لانه گزینی را از طریق آندومتریوم مادری حمایت می‌کنند. هدف از این مطالعه، ارزیابی خصوصیات و تغییرات مورفولوژیک و مورفومتریک آندومتریوم موش‌های تحریک شده برای تخمک گذاری به دنبال تزریق پروژسترون و سیلدنافیل سیترات بود. روش‌ها: تعداد 40 سر موش ماده‌ی بالغ به چهار گروه شاهد، گنادوتروپین، گنادوتروپین + پروژسترون و گنادوتروپین + سیلدنافیل سیترات تقسیم شدند. به هر سه گروه مورد آزمایش ابتدا HMG و سپس HCG به میزان I.U 5/7 تزریق شد؛ سپس هر دو موش ماده با یک موش نر برای جفت گیری در یک قفس قرار داده شدند. در دو گروه آخر به ترتیب، mg/mouse 1 پروژسترون و mg/kg 3 سیلدنافیل سیترات به فواصل 24، 48 و 72 ساعت پس از تزریق HMGتزریق گردید. 96 ساعت بعد، موش‌ها در همه‌ی گروه‌ها قربانی شده، نمونه‌های رحمی آن‌ها تحت پاساژ بافتی قرار گرفت و برای مطالعه با میکروسکوپ نوری آماده گردید. یافته‌ها: بر اساس بررسی با میکروسکوپ نوری، ارتفاع سلول‌های اپی‌تلیال غددی در گروه شاهد 54/1 ± 66/11 و در گروه گنادوتروپین 77/0 ± 10/11 میکرومتر بود که از نظر آماری تفاوت معنی‌داری نداشت. ارتفاع این سلول‌ها در گروه گنادوتروپین + پروژسترون و گنادوتروپین + سیلدنافیل سیترات به ترتیب 30/1 ± 06/11 و 22/1 ± 37/11میکرومتر بود که با گروه شاهد و گنادوتروپین تفاوت معنی‌داری را نشان نمی‌داد. در نهایت هیچ کدام از گروه‌ها با هم اختلاف معنی‌داری نداشتند (05/0 > P). نتیجه‌گیری: القای تخمدان و به دنبال آن پروژسترون و سیلدنافیل سیترات نتوانست تغییری در شاخص‌های مورفومتریک سلول‌های اپی‌تلیوم غددی رحم موش‌های تحریک شده برای تخمک گذاری ایجاد کند. واژگان کلیدی: لانه گزینی، پروژسترون، سیلدنافیل سیترات، آندومتریوم.

Background: Anatomists had been searching to find methods for preserving soft human tissues and produce natural samples with durable, dry, odorless, and portable in briefcase properties. Plastination is a modern method for preparing such tissue samples. In plastination, water and fat are extracted from tissues and replaced with a dissolver fluid, which in its turn is replaced with a special kind of polyester. Usually, the organs like hearts, lungs, kidneys, striated muscles, vessels, nerves, connective tissue, etc, which are treated with formalin, loss their beautiful color and take a dull appearance after fixation. Tissue staining with natural dyes is one method for somehow preserving tissue natural color and increasing its appearance activity to prepare better samples in terms of appearance and suitable clearance of different parts (valves, muscles, trabeculae…). Also, we have to prepare non fragile samples. Methods: At first, some visceral organs (sheep hearts) were prepared and fixed by formalin 5% for 4 to 10 days. Then they were dissected for anatomic details and were put in a chemical dye called eosin and natural dye called ronnas. After dehydration by acetone in -25 °C and defeating with acetone in +30 °C, samples were put in the vacuum chamber to replace acetone instead of polymer under the vacuum pressure; finally the samples were cured with the ultra violate wave. Findings: We found that after fixation and before plastination staining of organs with eosin and ronnas resulted in beautiful appearance of tissues. Conclusion: Staining of organs resulted in beautiful appearance of tissues which are effective in increasing the attractively of teaching and learning anatomy. Also, it has affection in the raising appearance quality and has positive impression in the quality of education. Keywords: Plastination, Natural dye, Industrial dye, Polyester.

Background: P33 (ING1b) is a tumor suppressor protein involved in growth control and apoptosis. Suppression of P33 expression is associated with the loss of cellular growth control suppression. Colorectal cancer is the second most common malignancy in the world. Detection of the disease at an early stage can reduce mortality. To investigate the role of P33 in colorectal carcinoma pathogenesis, we evaluated P33 expression in colorectal cancer patients by immunohistochemistry. Methods: P33 protein expression from 70 colorectal cancer specimens and their matched normal colorectal sections from the series of colorectal cancer patients was examined in paraffin–embedded material by immunohistochemistry. The proportions of cellular staining for P33 were estimated under light microscopy by using Motic Advanced Plus 2 soft ware. Findings: P33 was expressed in all tissues, and was mainly localized in the nuclei of epithelial cells. P33 was down-regulated in the colorectal cancer specimens, compared with the matched tissues (P = 0.002). Conclusion: Expression of P33 in cancer tissues was significantly lower than normal tissues. This study showed that P33 expression may be associated with pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Key words: Colorectal cancer, Immunohistochemistry, Tumor suppressor gene.