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Classifications employed to measure dental caries should first of all reflect the dynamics of the disease, in order to provide a solid basis for subsequent treatment decisions and for further monitoring of dental health of individual patients and populations. The contemporary philosophy of dental caries management implies that nonoperative treatment of caries lesions should be implemented whenever possible, limiting operative interventions to the severe and irreversible cases. The ORCA Saturday Afternoon Symposium 2016, held back-to-back to the 63rd ORCA Congress in Athens, Greece, was intended to provide an update on general requirements for clinical caries diagnosis and to overview caries diagnostic classifications including their rationale, validation, advantages, and limitations. Clinical caries diagnostic criteria and caries management outcomes are interrelated, and any diagnostic classification disregarding this concept is outdated, according to the current understanding of oral health care. Choosing clinical caries diagnostic classifications that assess the activity status of detected lesions should be a priority for dental professionals since these classifications favor the best clinical practice directed towards nonoperative interventions. The choice of clinical caries diagnostic classifications in research, in clinical practice, and in public health services should be guided by the best available scientific evidence. The clinical caries diagnostic classifications should be universally applicable in all these fields. Policy making in oral health care and the underlying policy analyses should follow the same standards. Any clinical caries diagnostic classification disregarding the universality of its use is of limited or no interest in the context of the clinical caries diagnosis of today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on importance of nutrition in international health and development; and also mentions about double burden of malnutrition (DBM) which is defined as the coexistence of undernutrition along with overweight/obesity or diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs).

Background: The first International Consensus Conference for Advanced Breast Cancer (ABC1) took place 10 years ago in November 2011. The rationale was – and still is – to standardize treatment of advanced breast cancer (ABC) based on the available evidence and to ensure that worldwide all breast cancer patients receive adequate treatment and access to new therapies. Rationale for the Manuscript: The 6th International Consensus Conference for ABC (ABC6) took place from November 4 to 6, 2021 and was the first in a purely online format, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In the present manuscript, a working group of German breast cancer experts comments on the voting results of the ABC6 panelists regarding their applicability for routine clinical practice in Germany. Method: The ABC6 votes mainly include modified or new statements. With regard to all statements not modified for the ABC6 consensus, the German experts refer to the published paper of the ABC5 consensus. The German experts base their comments on the current recommendations of the Breast Committee of the Gynecological Oncology Working Group (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynäkologische Onkologie, AGO Mamma). Topics: ABC6 focused on new treatment options and their implications for clinical practice. Optimal therapy sequencing for example was one of the issues. To solve the challenge of a more individualized treatment, precision medicine is fundamental. Oligometastatic disease, brain metastases and adequate supportive and palliative care were also addressed. Of special interest was the treatment of inoperable locally advanced breast cancer, which was discussed as a separate topic. As in previous years, patient advocates from around the world were an integral part of the ABC6 conference and had a major input into the consensus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an overview of the International Neurological Congress that was held in Lisbon, Portugal, on September 7–12, 1953, the fifth in the series of meetings that became a tradition and helped to establish Neurology and Neurosurgery as independent medical specialties in the mid-twentieth century. Four main symposia focused on vascular and metabolic diseases of the brain and on the parietal lobe. An additional 345 papers were read on diverse topics. The Congress was attended by 982 delegates from 39 countries. A central figure was Egas Moniz (1874–1955), the pioneer of cerebral angiography, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1949 for applying prefrontal leukotomy to manage certain forms of psychosis. Special tributes were paid to Constantin von Monakow (1853–1930) and Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) on the occasion of the centennial anniversary of their births. A satellite meeting was held in Madrid immediately after the Lisbon conference; speakers including John F. Fulton (1899–1960), Sir Walter Russell Brain (1895–1966) and Fernando de Castro (1896–1967) praised the discoveries of Cajal, the neuron theory, and their impact on the medical sciences and on the future of Neurology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The core symposiums of the Japanese Gastroenterological Association (JGA) annual scientific meetings focus on similar topics from year to year. The main topics of these symposiums for the last 3 years were centered on progress in new diagnostics and therapeutic strategies for gastrointestinal malignancy, with a special focus on new molecular-targeted treatments for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), neuroendocrine tumors (NET) and other gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including malignant lymphoma, for which new molecular-targeted treatments are now being commonly used. The 8th annual meeting of the JGA was held in 2012 and 8 excellent papers were presented on progress in new diagnostics and therapy for GIST. The 9th annual meeting of the JGA was held in 2013 and 7 excellent papers were presented on new molecular-targeted treatments for colorectal carcinomas and GI lymphoma. At the 10th annual meeting of the JGA, which was held in 2014, novel concepts of and therapeutic strategies for GI cancers, NET and GIST were discussed. In 2010, the WHO proposed a new classification system in which NET was classified into three categories - NET-G1, NET-G2 and NEC - dependent on proliferative activity, and the term 'carcinoid' was deleted. Regarding GIST, several management guidelines have already been published: by NCCN in 2004, by ESMO in 2005, and in Japan in 2006. The Japanese guidelines have recently been revised. In addition to the summaries of the annual meetings from 2012 to 2014, the major points of the recently revised Japanese guidelines for the diagnosis and management of GIST are described in this review. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At The Power of Programming 2014 Conference, researchers from multiple disciplines presented and discussed the effects of early nutrition and other environmental cues during the first thousand days of life and beyond on the lifelong risk of noncommunicable diseases. This paper aims to summarize the concepts and some of the first achievements of the EarlyNutrition research project that initiated the conference.The EarlyNutrition consortium is a multinational, multidisciplinary research collaboration of researchers from Europe, the USA, and Australia. A focus is placed on exploration of the developmental origins of obesity, adiposity, and related health outcomes. Here we report on the first findings of experimental approaches, cohort studies, randomized clinical trials, and systematic reviews of current information, as well as position papers, which have all been developed with the involvement of project partners. We conclude that the EarlyNutrition project has successfully established itself during the first 2 project years as a very strong platform for collaborative research on early programming effects. The first results, available already at this early stage of the project, point to great opportunities for health prevention strategies via the implementation of dietary and lifestyle modifications, with large effect sizes. Further results are expected which should support improved recommendations and related policies for optimized nutrition and lifestyle choices before and during pregnancy, in infancy, and in early childhood. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a chronic disease, in which treatment outcomes are highly dependent on patient and family adherence to behavioural recommendations. The role of healthy eating, physical activity, medication adherence as well as adherence to pre- and post-bariatric surgery protocols are of utmost importance for long-term treatment outcomes. Even the best interventions are not likely to reach their maximum benefit without significant levels of adherence on the part of the individual and family. Traditionally, the annual meeting of the European Childhood Obesity Group (ECOG) includes an expert workshop addressing one specific topic within the field of childhood obesity. During the 30th annual meeting, hosted by the University of Pécs, Hungary, as a virtual meeting, "adherence to treatment recommendations in obesity as a chronic disease" was addressed. The discussions that developed during the workshop are summarized in the following article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 5th International Consensus Conference for Advanced Breast Cancer (ABC5) took place on November 14–16, 2019, in Lisbon, Portugal. Its aim is to standardize the treatment of advanced breast cancer based on the available evidence and to ensure that all breast cancer patients worldwide receive adequate treatment and access to new therapies. This year, the conference focused on developments and study results in the treatment of patients with hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer as well as precision medicine. As in previous years, patient advocates from around the world were integrated into the ABC conference and had seats on the ABC consensus panel. In the present paper, a working group of German breast cancer experts comments on the results of the on-site ABC5 consensus votes by ABC panelists regarding their applicability for routine treatment in Germany. These comments take the recommendations of the Breast Committee of the Gynecological Oncology Working Group (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Gynäkologische Onkologie; AGO) into account. The report and assessment presented here pertain to the preliminary results of the ABC5 consensus. The final version of the statements will be published in Annals of Oncology and The Breast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hunger, food insecurity, stunting, anemia, overweight, and noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) may coexist in the same person, household, and community in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The double burden of malnutrition (DBM) is an important cause of disability and premature death, which could be addressed with comprehensive policies such as the Plan of Action for the Prevention of Obesity in Children and Adolescents. This paper summarizes the main policies and actions aimed to prevent undernutrition and obesity. Summary: Several countries are implementing the Plan of Action, Caribbean Public Health Agency is actively supporting Ministries of Health, Education, and Sport to develop school nutrition policies and strategies to create health-promoting environments at school and in their surrounding communities. Chile is implementing the comprehensive child protection system "Chile Crece Contigo" that integrates health, social development, and educational activities to optimize growth and childhood cognitive-motor development. Brazil is implementing policies and plans to commit to international targets regarding food and nutrition security, NCDs and their risk factors. Key Messages: The DBM exists in the Americas and contributes to disability and premature death. The Region is making progress implementing policies and actions addressing the DBM. However, stronger political will and leadership are needed to enact legislation and policies that create and support enabling -environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the topics discussed during the Renal Research Institute's 20th "International Conference on Dialysis, Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)," in Orlando, Florida. The topics discussed during the conference includes workshop on vascular disease ultrasound, update on the pathophysiology of arterial stiffness, and insights into the management of acid-base and electrolytes in chronic kidney disease (CKD).

The article offers information on the U.S. Alzheimer’s Association launched the Everyday Technologies in Alzheimer Care (ETAC) funding program in partnership with Intel. It discusses the explore new ways to help delay the onset of disabling symptoms; compensate for functional impairments. It mentions the postpone and/or prevent placement in residential care settings.

Transbronchial cryobiopsies (TBCB) have recently been introduced as a promising and safer alternative to surgical lung biopsy in the diagnostic approach to diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLD). Despite a substantial and expanding body of literature, the technique has not yet been standardized and its place in the diagnostic algorithm of DPLD remains to be defined. In part, this reflects concerns over the diagnostic yield and safety of the procedure, together with the rapid spread of the technique without competency and safety standards; furthermore, there is a substantial procedural variability among centers and interventional pulmonologists. We report this expert statement proposed during the third international conference on “Transbronchial Cryobiopsy in Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease” (Ravenna, October 27–28, 2016), which formulates evidence- and expert-based suggestions on the indications, contraindications, patient selection, and procedural aspects of the procedure. The following 5 domains were reviewed: (1) what is the role of TBCB in the diagnostic evaluation of DPLD: patient selection; (2) pathological considerations; (3) contraindications and safety considerations; (4) how should TBCB be performed and in what procedural environment; and (5) who should perform TBCB. Finally, the existence of white paper recommendations may also reassure local hospital credentialing committees tasked with endorsing an adoption of the technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes a debate on whether meta-analyses and systematic reviews are decisive in formulating guidelines for dietary fat. Held during the 12th congress of the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids in Stellenbosch, South Africa, September 7, 2016, the debate was hosted by the International Union of Nutritional Sciences and the International Expert Movement to Improve Dietary Fat Quality (IEM, www.theiem.org). Clemens von Schacky, Ludwig Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany, supported the statement, describing the types of weaknesses in individual studies and clinical trials. With examples of how to overcome such limitations, he concluded that nutritional guidelines on fat need a proper scientific basis in which randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with clinical end-points and their meta-analyses are essential and decisive. In contention, Ingeborg Brouwer, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, declared that recommendations on dietary fat intake should always be based on the totality of the evidence, including physiologic and biochemical knowledge and associations from observational epidemiology. RCTs and meta-analyses have their shortcomings, but well-conducted systematic reviews and meta-analyses support a transparent process for developing dietary fat guidelines. Participants agreed that evidence-based decision-making for dietary guidance should consider all the best available evidence using a transparent, systematic review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We attempted to assess the percentages of abstracts submitted to annual American Academy of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) meetings from 2000 to 2004 by both women and men. We sought to determine the subsequent peer-reviewed overall publication rates for all submissions. We also studied trends of submission among female presenters and compared them to males. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Tertiary academic medical center. Methods: 2,463 total abstracts presented between 2000 and 2004 were searched in the computerized databases Medline and Pubmed in 2008. The published articles were examined by reviewers to assess publication rate, time to publication, gender of authorship and subspecialty of publication. Results: 1,413 (57.35%) posters and 1,051 (42.65%) oral presentations were presented from 2000 to 2004. Of the 1,413 posters presented, 275 (19.46%) were presented by female first authors. The female first-author poster publication rate was 33.81%, while the male first-author poster publication rate was 36.99% (p = 0.353). Of 1,051 oral presentations, 154 (14.65%) were presented by female first authors. The male first-author oral presentation publication rate was 60.98%, while the female first-author oral presentation publication rate was 59.09% (p = 0.657). There were no statistical differences in time to publication for posters (p = 0.796) or oral presentations (p = 0.737) between the genders. The majority of female first-author submissions involved pediatric (29.94%) and general (17.88%) otolaryngology. Conclusion: While women are increasingly drawn to otolaryngology, they represented less than 20% of total submissions at the annual AAO-HNS meetings from 2000 to 2004. Women more commonly submit poster than oral presentations. The eventual publication rates of abstracts and the average time to publication of presentations are equal between the genders. Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel

This section provides abstracts of papers that will be presented at the 58th Annual ORCA Congress in Kaunas, Lithuania, from July 6 to 9, 2011, including papers on fluoride, epidemiology and dental caries.

No abstract available Copyright © 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, for adults with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, two new analogues, entecavir (ETV) and tenofovir, are recommended as the first-line therapy by the EASL (European Association for the Study of the Liver), AASLD (American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases), and APASL (Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver) guidelines. The use of pegylated interferon-α (PEG IFN-α) is recommended as the first-line therapy instead of standard IFN-α according to the above 3 guidelines. In this paper, the aim was to assess: (1) the long-term efficacy and safety as well as the resistance to ETV and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF); (2) the efficacy of PEG IFN-α; (3) the role of combination therapy with IFN plus two analogues, such as lamivudine and ETV; (4) the efficacy and safety of two analogues with cirrhosis, and (5) suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by ETV and IFN treatment. The results are as follows: (1) both ETV and TDF showed long-term efficacy and safety; (2) PEG IFN-α resulted in a greater decline in HBV DNA levels and a higher rate of HBeAg seroconversion; (3) combination therapy with IFN plus two analogues did not elevate the rate of sustained responses; (4) both ETV and TDF showed efficacy and safety with cirrhosis (ETV especially displayed efficacy and safety with decompensated cirrhosis), and (5) suppression of HCC was observed by ETV and IFN. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes a debate on whether to update recommendations for the consumption of saturated fatty acids (SFA); this debate was held at the 11th congress of the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids in Stockholm, Sweden, June 28-July 2, 2014. Recommendations to reduce SFA intakes are based largely on the premise that high intakes of SFA raise low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels, which in turn increase the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Several systematic reviews question whether reducing SFA intakes lowers CHD risk. Arguing to revise SFA recommendations, Philippe Legrand noted that SFA are heterogeneous in structure and function, are synthesized de novo by humans and only certain SFA in excess have been linked to CHD risk. We cannot consider all SFA as a block. The effects of reducing SFA intakes depend on which nutrients replace them and on which biomarkers or endpoints are assessed, Ronald Mensink observed. The effects of reducing SFA on CHD risk vary with the nutrient of comparison, whether carbohydrates, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. Substitution of SFA with polyunsaturated fatty acids was associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease, while the effects of substitution with monounsaturated fatty acids or high-glycemic index carbohydrates are less clear. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2015 St. Gallen Consensus Conference on early breast cancer took place in Vienna, Austria, for the first time. After 3 days of high-level presentations by international panel members of clinical trials having been reported recently in the field, the traditional Saturday voting tried to translate the assembled knowledge into clinical treatment recommendations intended to guide clinical practice of breast cancer care for the 'average' patient. This report summarizes the results of the 2015 international panel voting procedures with respect to locoregional and endocrine treatment, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, as well as adjuvant bisphosphonate use. This report is not aimed to replace the official St. Gallen consensus publication - some recommendations may even be altered in the final paper - but should serve as a preliminary rapid report of this important meeting. © 2015 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the highlights of the second Consensus Conference on the management of patients with digestive neuroendocrine tumors, held in Frascati, Italy from November 1-4, 2006. Fifty-six experts in the field of digestive endocrine tumors from 18 countries attended the conference. It was divided sequentially into five sessions devoted to specific topics on an anatomical basis, such as small intestine, colon and rectum, appendix, metastatic liver, and poorly-differentiated endocrine carcinomas of hindgut and midgut origin.

Background: The double burden of malnutrition in Asia and the Pacific is driving a renewed focus on maternal malnutrition. Summary: Though adverse consequences of maternal malnutrition have been long recognized, there is slow progress in addressing nutritional problems of women/adolescent girls. Coverage and quality of current maternal nutrition interventions, mostly delivered through antenatal care programmes vary across countries, and are often sub-optimum. Further, despite a marked increase in overweight and obesity in women of reproductive age, at present, most programmes are focused on under-nutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. Key Messages: The recent antenatal care recommendations released by World Health Organization provide a benchmark for countries to evaluate their programmes and identify gaps and challenges to improving maternal nutrition. Asian and Pacific countries need to address all forms of maternal malnutrition. For countries that historically focused on maternal under-nutrition, expanding their programmes to incorporate interventions to address overweight and obesity will be challenging. Innovative methods for nutrition counselling, both in terms of content and using novel channels of communication, are needed. Protocols and guidance on managing excessive weight gain as well as determining appropriate pregnancy weight gains are needed, while managing micronutrient deficiencies, particularly in settings where inherited disorders of red blood cells exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes three presentations on the global and Latin American perspectives on the health significance of fat quality in the diet given at the 16th Congress of the Society of Latin American Nutrition in Havana, Cuba, November 11-16, 2012. Dietary fat quality contributes to the risk of the leading chronic diseases and is more important than fat quantity in reducing the risk of chronic disease mortality, especially from cardiovascular disease (CVD). In many countries, the consumption of saturated fats exceeds the recommended limit of 10% energy (%E) and intakes of polyunsaturated fats (PUFAs) are often below the recommended range of 6-11%E. Consumption of long-chain ω-3 PUFAs is especially low. In many Latin American countries, high consumption of carbohydrates, especially sugars, contributes to obesity, diabetes, hypertension and CVD, while intakes of total fat and PUFAs may be low. Thus, dietary fat recommendations must consider the dietary fat patterns of each country. Nutrition counseling can be effective in teaching individuals and families to modify their food intake patterns and control the major risk factors for chronic disease. Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorry, there is no abstract available. Read the first few lines of the text instead!The Tenth Annual Karger Workshop was held in conjunction with the regular meeting of the J.B. Johnston Club in Los Angeles, Calif. (November 7, 1998). The theme of the workshop, ‘Steroid Action on Brain and Behavior’ was intended to provide a general and comparative overview of steroid action on brain and behavior from an evolutionary perspective. To this end, the order of talks was gauged towards a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms that mediate steroid action on brain and behavior. The first three talks considered how steroids organize, activate, and modify the structure and function of neural systems in mammals (Marc Breedlove), birds (Greg Ball; Juli Wade) and reptiles (Juli Wade). The next two talks focused on the cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate brain-steroid interactions in vertebrates (Frank Moore and Harold Zakon). The last talk (Janis Weeks) consolidated many of the above ideas by addressing how steroids interact at molecular and cellular levels to reorganize neural circuits and behavior during insect metamorphosis. In the spirit of the J.B. Johnston Club, the workshop generated lively discussions on new and established theories on steroid action on brain and behavior from comparative and evolutionary perspectives. The articles contained within this issue expand on these issues by providing new ideas and fresh insights into how steroids act in the brain to bring about changes in behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2013 St. Gallen Consensus Conference on early breast cancer provided mostly evidence-based, globally valid treatment recommendations for breast cancer care, with a broad spectrum of acceptable clinical practice. This report summarizes the results of the 2013 international panel voting procedures with regard to loco-regional and endocrine treatment, chemotherapy, targeted therapy as well as adjuvant bisphosphonate use. This report is not aimed to replace the official St. Gallen Consensus publication, some recommendations may even be altered in the final paper, but should serve a preliminary rapid report of this important meeting. Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asian Pacific Stroke Organization (APSO) and the Taiwan Stroke Society (TSS) are pleased to have this year's Asia Pacific Stroke Conference (APSC) in conjunction with the annual meeting of TSS in Kaohsiung, Taiwan [[1]]. APSO was established through the merger of the Asia Pacific Stroke Association and Asian Stroke Forum in 2009, and sessions under the name of APSO were held at the 2010 World Stroke Conference in Seoul [[2]]. Successful APSCs every year will make academic progress and care quality improvement in the Asia-Pacific region, ultimately helping our stroke patients. [Extracted from the article]

Information about the 42nd Biennial American Cytogenetics Conference (ACC) held from April 19 to 22, 2012 in San Antonio, Texas is presented. Physician and scientist Janet Davidson Rowley was recognized as the 2012 Recipient ACC Distinguished Cytogeneticist. Among the papers presented were "The Impact of Chromosomal Microarray on Clinical Management," and "Utility of SNP Arrays in Detecting, Quantifying, and Determining Meiotic Origin of Tetrasomy 12p in Blood from Pallister-Killian Patients."

The article offers information on the 5th International Gastrointestinal Consensus Symposium (IGICS) that will be held in Sendai, Japan on February 11, 2012, which include the program and the abstracts of papers to be presented.

The article presents abstracts of papers presented during the 7th Annual Conference of the European Nutraceutical Association (ENA) held in Munich, Germany, including one on the impact of supplementation with nutraceuticals on skin health, another on the use of nutraceuticals during pregnancy and lactation, and another on iron deficiency and iron substitution being experienced by women during their reproductive age.

The article offers information on the 57th European Organisation for Caries Research (ORCA) Congress 2010 to be held in Montpellier, France from July 7 to 10.

Information on several papers discussed at the first symposium of the Vienna Research Platform of Nutrition and Food Sciences (VRPNFS), held on April 25, 2008 in Vienna, Austria, is presented. Presentations of this one-day event are grouped into four topics, namely, antioxidants and oxidative stress, cell immunity, inflammation, nutrition and genetics, food quality and analytics, and further topics of nutrition and food research.

The article presents the members of various committees as well as papers presented at the 16th European Stroke Conference in Glasgow, Scotland on May 29-June 1, 2007.

This article presents news about the European Organisation for Caries Research (ORCA) as of September 2006. The details of the 54th ORCA Congress is provided. Brian Clarkson, member of the ORCA Board, was presented the ORCA-Zsolnay Prize 2006. Information on the ORCA Conference Travel Fellowships is given.

The section outlines the research papers to be discussed at the 15th European Stroke Conference which will be held from May 16 to 19, 2006. Several symposium on the prevention and treatment of stroke are presented. Sessions on the recovery and rehabilitation of stroke patients, the risk factors of stroke and on diabetes will be conducted. A number of workshop and demonstration will be held.

This article presents abstracts of several papers presented at the 19th National Congress of the Italian Polyspecialist Society of Young Surgeons, organized during June 21-23, 2006, at Bologna, Italy. The first one is "New 'Biological' Markers to Identify Early Colorectal Neoplasms," which focuses on the patients affected by colorectal pathologies of the Streptococcus bovis. Another one is "The Endometriosis of the Superficial Levels."

The article presents the abstracts of the papers presented at the Fifth Asian Pacific Congress on Antisepsis on July 14-17, 2005 in Cairns, Australia. These include "The Efficacy of Povidone-Iodine-Ethanol for Hand Disinfection," "Microbial Contamination of Antiseptic-Soaked Cotton Balls," "Evaluation of Efficacy of Hand Washing for Sterile Preparation," and "The Effect of Gargling with Povidone-Iodine for the Oral Environment."

The article discusses various papers on pharmacology presented at the 11th Symposium of the Austrian Pharmacological Society which was held in Vienna, Austria on November 24-26, 2006. These papers include "Long-Term Effects of an Endothelin-A Receptor Antagonist on Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and Vascular Dysfunction in Diabetic Mice with Myocyte-Specific Overexpression of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase," by W. Woelkart and colleagues, "Pharmacological Properties of GABA Receptors Containing Gamma1 Subunits," by S. Khom and "Automated Drug Screening of Ligand- and Voltage-Gated Ion Channels on Xenopus Oocytes," by I. Baburin.

Background and Aims: During the month of Ramadan, Moslems refrain from drinking and eating between sun- rise and sunset. This review aimed to analyze the effects of Ramadan fasting on physiological and behavioral variables in healthy subjects. Methods: Articles included in this paper were taken from Medline, three international congresses on health and Ramadan, and in several cases from local journals. Results: Ramadan fasting did not dramatically affect the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, or the daily mean of hormonal serum levels. An increase in serum urea and uric acid was frequently reported and this could be attributed to dehydration during this month. Some changes, such as the increase of HDL and apoprotein Al, and the decrease in LDL, could be beneficial for the cardiovascular system. However, the chronobiological studies have shown that Ramadan fasting affects the circadian distribution of body temperature, cortisol, melatonin and glycemia. The amplitude of most of these rhythms decreased and the acrophase shifted. Nocturnal sleep, daytime alertness and psychomotor performance were decreased. Conclusion: The major changes during Ramadan fasting are chronobiological and behavioral. They could be responsible for the high incidence of road traffic accidents and the reduction of working hours during the month of Ramadan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers updates related to the European Organization for Caries Research (ORCA) as of 2002. It offers information on the 50th Annual ORCA Congress which will be held in Konstanz, Germany on July 2-6, 2003. The ORCA-Zsolnay Prize for 2002 was awarded to Professor John D.B. Featherstone. Also, it offers information on the ORCA Summer School in Brazil which will be held on May 2-5, 2004.

Presents abstracts of papers highlighted at the 41st Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology. "When One Is Not Enough: Endocrine Consequences of Haploinsufficiency," by J. Parks; "Williams-Beuren Syndrome," by L.A. Pérez-Jurado; "Genetics of Congenital Hypothyroidism," by R. Di Lauro; "Epidemiology and Clinical Aspects of Neonatal Diabetes," by P. Czernichow; "Transgenic and Genomic Approaches to the Study of Female Puberty," by S.R. Ojeda et al.

Presents abstracts of papers highlighted at the 41st Annual Meeting of European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology. "Endothelial Dysfunction But Not Platelet Dysaggregability in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus," by A. Gerasimidi-Vazeou et al; "Height Weight and Body-Mass-Index in Patients With Type-1 Diabetes: From Pediatric to Adult Diabetes Care," by R.W. Holl et al; "Psychosocial Aspects, Self-Management of Diabetes in Adolescence in Relationship to the Age of Diagnosis," by A. Irune et al; "Transient Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus in Two Brothers," by C. Theodoridis et al.

Presents abstracts of papers highlighted at the 41st Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology. "Identification of Novel WFS1 Mutations in Italian Children With Wolfram Syndrome," by L. Carbone et al; "Three Girls in Two Dutch Families With a New Mody 3 Gene Mutation," by S. Naghib et al; "Gene Polymorphisms, Hypertension and Cerebral Blood Flow in Children With Type 1 Diabetes," by A. Dost et al; "Morning Lypolitic Activity and Ketonemia in Children With Type 1 Diabetes," by B.J. Bonet et al; "Relationships and Determinants of Insulin Clearance and Insulin Sensitivity in Children," by R.M. Williams.

Presents abstracts of papers featured at the 41st Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology. "Genetic Epidemiology of Mody Diabetes in the Czech Republic," by S. Pruhova et al; "Insulin Pump Therapy First Experience in Latvia," by I. Dzivite; "Insulin Requirement at Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Is Age-Dependent," by A. Herbst et al; "Hypophosphatemic Bone Disease Needs Lifelong Treatment," by M.R. Azar; "Growth and Puberty After Treatment for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia," by N. Setian et al.

Highlights the Sixth International Congress of Neuroethology held on August 2001 in Bonn, Germany. Theme adopted for the event; Discussions on the potency of chemical modulators of behaviors; Presentation of papers on the second order modulation of the biogenic amines.

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Introduction: Currently, the conceptualization of thirst is based nearly entirely on osmoregulation, with some acknowledgment of anticipatory-thirst, though with no testable mechanism. Such a model of thirst is unable to explain many thirst-related phenomena, such as why drinking can occur with hypoosmolality or how quantity of intake at a drinking occasion is regulated. Discussion: This model aimed to unify various lines of thinking from different disciplines surrounding thirst by presenting a 4-compartment model comprising true-thirst (primarily osmo-regulated), contextual-thirst (e.g., mouth-breathing), pharmacological-thirst (induced from drugs), and impulsive-thirst (everyday spontaneous drinking). Within this framework, xerostomia (dry mouth) is the primary regulator of drinking, with a further differentiation between a literal dry mouth ("true-xerostomia," hyposalivation) and the sensation of dry mouth ("sensational-xerostomia," a typically nonoverwhelming desire to drink based on a feeling of dry mouth without hyposalivation). Based on pharmacological-thirst mechanisms, the cholinergic system is proposed to initiate impulsive-thirst by triggering a (sensation of) dry mouth in everyday life. Food-appetite constructs that are centrally regulated (sensory-specific satiety, palatability, and pleasantness) are applied to thirst to explain everyday drinking patterns. Conclusion: This model helps to explain some anomalies that are thus far unexplained by true-thirst, though there are several other factors which may need to be included after further exploration in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article discusses the 14th Annual European Neuro Endocrine Tumors Society (ENETS) Conference held on March 9-10, 2017. It mentions several inspirational talks given by speakers such as Michal Lotem talks about 'Immune System and Cancer' and Jan Dumanski 'Tumor and Tissue Heterogeneity – What Can We Learn from Breast Cancer.' It also mentions the use of Alpha Interferon as a treatment for neuroendocrine tumors.

No abstract available [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the 60th European Organisation for Caries Research (ORCA) Congress that will be held in Liverpool, England, from July 3 to 6, 2012.