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Vegetation and groundwater are important components of the ecological environment of oases in desert hinterlands and their relationship is crucial to ecosystem stability. In this study, Sentinel-2 data for 2016–2022 and measured groundwater burial depths were analysed for the Dariyabui Oasis in the hinterland of the Taklamakan Desert. The spatial and temporal changes in vegetation and groundwater burial depth from 2019 to 2022 were analysed based on the image–element dichotomous model of the normalised difference vegetation index, utilising the inverse distance weight interpolation method, cubic curve regression, image–element difference, slope trend analysis, and the Markov transfer matrix for determining the temporal and spatial response law between the two. Finally, the threshold value of groundwater burial depth for different vegetation cover types was clarified. The fractional vegetation cover of the Dariyabui Oasis showed a slight increase from 2016 to 2022. Vegetation in the northwest and southeast of the oasis increased, whereas vegetation decreased in the mid-north and northeast regions; 5.14% of the total area experienced increased coverage, whereas 3.35% experienced decreased coverage. The depth of groundwater in the oasis showed a pattern of gradual increase from the entrance to the end of the oasis, that is, south to north. The depth of groundwater in the oasis from 2019 to 2022 was stable, with a 4-year average depth of 4.1069 m and a maximum fluctuation of 0.4560 m. The interannual changes in the groundwater level showed an increasing trend in January–April, while groundwater levels showed a decreasing trend in May–July and August–October and remained constant in June–July and October–December. Oasis vegetation cover showed a negative correlation with groundwater depth, with a depth interval for the highest low-cover vegetation distribution of 3–6 m, and an ultimate depth threshold of 7 m. The depth interval with the highest medium-cover vegetation distribution was 3–4 m, that with the highest high-cover distribution was 2–4 m, and the ultimate depth threshold was 6 m. The depth of the oasis ranged from 3 to 6 m and the ultimate depth threshold was 7 m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land-use change and regional carbon emissions are closely related. In-depth research on the mechanism of land-use carbon emissions is conducive for clarifying the direction and focus of future low-carbon construction work. Carbon emissions calculation models were used to calculate total carbon emissions in Guizhou Province and reveal their spatiotemporal distribution characteristics. The results were as follows. (1) The land-use structure of Guizhou Province underwent a significant change from 2009 to 2019, in particular with regard to cultivated and construction land. (2) Land-use carbon emissions in Guizhou Province were increasing annually, and this was related to urbanization, population density, and energy consumption. (3) There were spatial differences in the regional distribution of carbon emissions, their intensity, and carbon emissions per capita in Guizhou Province. Additionally, there were spatial clusters of cities with high or low emissions intensity. Therefore, there is scope for constructive proposals concerning sustainable land use and development, such as controlling the total amount and intensity of construction land, optimizing the structure of land use, managing the rational distribution of the population, constantly advancing the optimization of industrial structure, and improving the relevant policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different varieties of fresh lotus seeds have varying levels of amylose content. It has a direct impact on the following processing and final product quality, so the non-destructive detection of amylose content is meaningful before lotus seed production. This study proposed a non-destructive method to detect the amylose content of fresh lotus seeds. Hyperspectral images of 120 fresh lotus seeds of three different varieties were obtained, and different pretreatments were applied to the average spectra obtained from the region of interest (ROI). The calibration and prediction set were divided by the sample set joint x–y distances algorithm (SPXY). Then, the partial lease square regression (PLSR) method was established for modeling, with Savitzky–Golay pretreatment-based PLSR showing the best results. To further improve the stability of the predictive model, different methods of feature variables selection were compared. The results showed that the best PLSR model was established with the inputs of 15 feature bands selected from 472 bands by the successive projection algorithm (SPA). The correlation coefficient of the prediction set (Rp), root mean square error of the prediction set (RMSEP), and residual predictive deviation (RPD) were 0.890, 15.154 mg g−1, and 2.193, respectively. Meanwhile, this study visualized the amylose content distribution maps from which it could estimate the content level directly. This study could provide a reference for further development of portable detection equipment for the amylose content of fresh lotus seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American landscape is well defined by the presence of turfgrass. To maintain the lush, green carpet, irrigation, fertilizer, and other necessary inputs are required. When these inputs are excessively applied, which is not uncommon, they are harmful to the natural environment. To mitigate potential adverse impacts, local and state governments are interested in policies that incentivize homeowners to maintain their lawns sustainably. But are there homeowners who are environmentally conscious and are willing to minimize their use of fertilizers or water? In this study, we evaluate the Floridian homeowners' preferences for high- and low-level inputs of irrigation water and fertilizer using latent class logit (LCL) regression models based on data collected from an online choice experiment survey. Results indicated that there are heterogeneous preferences for the level of irrigation water and fertilizer application by Floridian homeowners, including high-input users (33% of the sample), irrigation-conscious users (27%), fertilizer-conscious users (23%), and moderate-input users (17%). The policy and marketing implications for relevant stakeholders are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, based on the physical and mechanical parameters of Camellia oleifera, the mechanical model of Camellia oleifera was rebuilt and analysed to reveal the damage mechanism of fruit shell breakage. The results revealed that under the same conditions (e.g., axial loading form), the stress of the fruit uniformly diffused from the extrusion point to the periphery and depth, and the maximum equivalent stress was 9.4104 Mpa. While under radial loading, the stress of the fruit extended axially along the dorsal line of the tea seed, and the maximum equivalent stress was 6.9467 Mpa. The maximum stress under the two loading modes occurred at the joint between the middle column of the shell and the calyx. The increased loading displacement decreased the stress on the fruit, making it easier to break the shell of Camellia oleifera by radial extrusion. The results can serve as a reference for the development of different equipment to break the shell of the Camellia oleifera fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a deep learning algorithm in the development of a computer-aided system for colon polyp detection is effective in reducing the miss rate. This study aimed to develop a system for colon polyp detection and classification. We used a data augmentation technique and conditional GAN to generate polyp images for YOLO training to improve the polyp detection ability. After testing the model five times, a model with 300 GANs (GAN 300) achieved the highest average precision (AP) of 54.60% for SSA and 75.41% for TA. These results were better than those of the data augmentation method, which showed AP of 53.56% for SSA and 72.55% for TA. The AP, mAP, and IoU for the 300 GAN model for the HP were 80.97%, 70.07%, and 57.24%, and the data increased in comparison with the data augmentation technique by 76.98%, 67.70%, and 55.26%, respectively. We also used Gaussian blurring to simulate the blurred images during colonoscopy and then applied DeblurGAN-v2 to deblur the images. Further, we trained the dataset using YOLO to classify polyps. After using DeblurGAN-v2, the mAP increased from 25.64% to 30.74%. This method effectively improved the accuracy of polyp detection and classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanism of the impact of inter-firm social networks on innovation capabilities has attracted much research from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. However, as a special emerged and developing complex production system, how the scenario factors affect the relationship between these variables has not yet been analyzed. This study identified several scenario factors which can affect the firm's technological innovation capabilities. Take the manufacturing scenario in China as an example, combined with the need for firms' ambidexterity innovation and green innovation capability, a multi-objective simulation model is constructed. Past empirical analysis results on the relationship between inter-firm social network factors and innovation capabilities are used in the model. In addition, a numerical analysis was conducted using data from the Chinese auto manufacturing industry. The results of the simulation model led to several optimization strategies for firms that are in a dilemma of development in the manufacturing scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon emissions are critical to climate change, and land-use change is an essential source of growth in carbon emissions. Research on land-use carbon emissions has become one of the hotspots in academic research. To explore the research hotspots and development trends of land-use carbon emissions in the last 20 years, CiteSpace software was used to conduct a quantitative analysis of relevant literature. This paper was based on the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science (WoS) database literature on land-use carbon emissions from 2001 to 2020. The scientific research cooperation network CiteSpace software, with keyword co-occurrence, clustering, and burst word detection, was used to systematically analyze the main research strengths, hotspots and frontiers and clarify the research progress. The research results are as follows: (1) the amount of literature and the depth of research on land-use carbon emissions have increased yearly. However, there is little cooperation between research institutions and scholars, and there is still a lack of large-scale and stable research teams. (2) At the research hotspot level, the English literature focuses on building models and theoretical frameworks to study the internal mechanisms and driving factors of carbon emissions and climate change. The Chinese literature focuses on achieving regional carbon emissions reductions and carbon cycle goals and optimizing a low-carbon economy, transportation and land-use structure. (3) Research frontiers and trends show that the English literature first explored carbon sequestration, organic carbon, and carbon accounting. In China, the research frontiers are gradually becoming focused on influencing factors, decoupling analysis, and the built environment. The study will strengthen the intensity and depth of global carbon emission research and provide a reference for improving global climate change, protecting ecology and balancing economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Runoff is closely related to human production, the regional environment, and hydrological characteristics. It is also an important basis for water cycle research and regional water resource development and management. However, obtaining hydrological information for uninformed river sections is complicated by harsh environments, limited transportation, sparse populations, and a low density of hydrological observation stations in the inland arid zone. Here, low-altitude remote sensing technology was introduced to combine riverbed characteristics through unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) inversion with classical hydraulic equations for ungauged basins in the middle and lower reaches of the Keriya River, northwest China, and investigate the applicability of this method on wide and shallow riverbeds of inland rivers. The results indicated that the estimated average error of the low-altitude remote sensing flow was 8.49% (ranging 3.26–17.00%), with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.59 m3·s−1 across the six selected river sections, suggesting that this method has some applicability in the study area. Simultaneously, a method for estimating river flow based on the water surface width– and water depth–flow relationship curves for each section was proposed whereas the precise relationships were selected based on actual section attributes to provide a new method for obtaining runoff data in small- and medium-scale river areas where information is lacking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Furfural, as a typical byproduct produced during the hydrolysis of lignocellulose biomass, is harmful to the photo fermentation hydrogen production. In this work, the effects of furfural on the photo fermentation hydrogen production by Rhodobacter capsulatus using glucose as substrate were investigated. The characteristics of cell growth, hydrogen production, and fermentation end-products with the addition of different concentrations of furfural (0–20 mM) were studied. The results showed that furfural negatively affected the maximum hydrogen production rate and total hydrogen yield. The maximum hydrogen yield of 2.59 ± 0.13 mol-H2/mol-glucose was obtained without furfural. However, 5 mM furfural showed a 40% increase in cell concentration. Furfural in high concentrations can favor the overproduction and accumulation of inhibitive end-products. Further analysis of energy conversion efficiency showed that most of the energy in the substrate was underused and unconverted when the furfural concentration was high. The maximum glucose consumption (93%) was achieved without furfural, while it dramatically declined to 7% with 20 mM furfural addition. The index of half-maximal inhibitory concentration was calculated as 13.40 mM. Moreover, the possible metabolic pathway of furfural and glucose was discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates whether the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic affects the green inventions of firms, universities, and firm–university collaborations (FUCs) differently. Our identification used provincial-level monthly data from China. Results from the difference-in-differences (DID) model showed that the COVID-19 pandemic has prompted the output of three types of green invention patents. After the parallel-trend test, placebo test, and triple-difference estimation, our conclusion has good robustness. However, the COVID-19 pandemic also influences the role of other policies, such as the SO2-emissions-trading pilot policy for universities' green inventions. There has been a slight change in the effect of dual carbon targets on green inventions since the start of the pandemic. The positive effect of the COVID-19 pandemic has been weaker for provinces where the pandemic has been more severe than in other provinces. The results of this study are compared with the results and empirical evidence of other related studies and the theoretical logic of COVID-19 crisis-promoted green inventions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We revisited the issue of return predictability in three major developed markets (USA, UK and Japan) using a unique dataset from the Wharton Research Data Services database and a comprehensive set of traditional and recent statistical methods. We specifically employed a variety of traditional linear and nonlinear tests, latest multiple-break unit root tests and spectral analysis to test the efficient market hypothesis. Our results show that these stock markets generally are inefficient. We further explored whether the departure from market efficiency can be used to generate profitable trades and found that abnormal returns exist in all three markets. We found evidence of abnormal returns associated with the break dates identified in the models which are correlated with major historical events around the world. Our findings have important implications for investors and policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freeform surface is one of the research focuses in the measurement field. A composite module is composed of a plane and rotating paraboloid. The composite module array can identify 21 geometric errors of the machine tool in a wide range, which is composed of several composite modules. Eliminating the error of the array itself is of great significance for improving measurement accuracy. For this reason, this paper proposed a noncontact method for calibrating the angle and position of the composite module array. This paper used a self-developed angle sensor to access corresponding information and established the mathematical model according to the freeform surface's geometric characteristics to achieve calibration. In addition, the influence of array placement error on calibration was analyzed. The experimental results showed that the angle repeatability was within 0.4″ around the X-axis and within 0.3″ around the Y-axis, and the position repeatability was within 0.4 µm in the X direction and within 0.7 µm in the Y direction. The measurement comparison experiments with high-precision laser interferometer and uncalibrated array verified the correctness of the experimental results. This method provides an important reference for practical application and freeform surface array calibration, and creates conditions for the implementation of machine tool error detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve the accuracy of the linear motion of computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools, a novel method based on a new type of 1-D (1-dimensional) artifact is proposed to measure the geometric errors. Based on the properties of the displacement measurement of a revolutionary paraboloid and the angle measurement of plane mirrors, the 1-D artifact can be applied to identify position errors and angle errors. Meanwhile, the concrete 6 degrees-of-freedom error identification method is described in this paper in sufficient detail. Through measuring the 1-D artifact horizontally and vertically using the machine tool, the geometric errors can be obtained by calculating the deviation between the characteristic parameter of the 1-D artifact measured by the machine tool and that measured by a more precise method, for example, laser interferometry. Experiments were carried out on a coordinate measuring machine, and the validity and accuracy of the method were discussed by comparing the result with the identification error measured by a laser interferometer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: In this study, a displacement measurement method based on the rotating paraboloid array with large range has been developed. The purposed system has potential applicability for detection of geometric errors, such as the position error and straightness error of multi-axis systems. According to the size of multi-axis systems, the number and size of rotating paraboloid in the array can be adjusted appropriately. Therefore, the presented method can be applied to a variety of occasions related to multi-axis systems. Using an optical freeform surface to realize the precision measurement of displacement has become a research focus in the present day. However, the measurement range of this method is limited by the size of the freeform surface processed. In order to overcome this difficulty, this paper presents a two-dimensional displacement measurement system with a large range, which is composed of a slope sensor and a rotating paraboloid array. The slope sensor utilizes the optical structure of an autocollimator with minor optimization, and the rotating paraboloid array expands the measurement range of the system in a discrete manner. The experimental results showed that the optimized optical system enhanced the measurement accuracy to ±0.4 μm within the range of 1500 μm and the overall measurement error was approximately ±2 μm when measured within the range of 450 mm. The developed measurement system has potential applicability for detection of errors, such as the position error and straightness error of multi-axis systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Error compensation technology offers a significant means for improving the geometric accuracy of CNC machine tools (MTs) as well as extending their service life. Measurement and identification are important prerequisites for error compensation. In this study, a measurement system, mainly composed of a self-developed micro-angle sensor and an L-shape standard piece, is proposed. Meanwhile, a stepwise identification method, based on an integrated error model, is established. In one measurement, four degrees-of-freedom errors, including two-dimensional displacement and two-dimensional angle of a linear guideway, can be obtained. Furthermore, in accordance with the stepwise identification method, the L-shape standard piece is placed in three different planes, so that the measurement and identification of all 21 geometric errors can be implemented. An experiment is carried out on a coordinate measuring machine (CMM) to verify the system. The residual error of the angle error, translation error and squareness error are 1.5″, 2 μm and 3.37″, respectively, and these are compared to the values detected by a Renishaw laser interferometer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a modified polarization converter for generating radially and azimuthally polarized beams. Based on a Mach-Zehnder-like interferometric structure, the device consists of a pair of lateral displacement beamsplitters (LDBs) and two half-wave plates that manipulate the states of polarization of incident linearly polarized light. Through the coherent superposition of two orthogonal Hermite-Gaussian modes in the far field, radially and azimuthally polarized beams can be obtained simultaneously. A prototype was assembled to demonstrate the feasibility of the design. The proposed design has the advantage of having a simple, symmetric, compact, and robust structure. In addition, the introduction of LDBs substantially reduces the cost of this device. Moreover, the design can be applied to a broadband pulsed laser with considerable potential in high-power applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micromixers are critical components in the lab-on-a-chip or micro total analysis systems technology found in micro-electro-mechanical systems. In general, the mixing performance of the micromixers is determined by characterising the mixing time of a system, for example the time or number of circulations and vibrations guided by tracers (i.e., fluorescent dyes). Our previous study showed that the mixing performance could be detected solely from the electrical measurement. In this paper, we employ electromagnetic micromixers to investigate the correlation between electrical and mechanical behaviours in the mixer system. This work contemplates the "anti-reciprocity" concept by providing a theoretical insight into the measurement of the mixer system; the work explains the data interdependence between the electrical point impedance (voltage per unit current) and the mechanical velocity. This study puts the electromagnetic micromixer theory on a firm theoretical and empirical basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slow-cycling cancer cells (SCCs) with a quiescence-like phenotype are believed to perpetrate cancer relapse and progression. However, the mechanisms that mediate SCC-derived tumor recurrence are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying cancer recurrence after chemotherapy, focusing on the interplay between SCCs and the tumor microenvironment. We established a preclinical model of SCCs by exposing non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells to either the proliferation-dependent dye carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) or chemotherapeutic drugs. An RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the established SCCs exhibited the upregulation of a group of genes, especially epidermal growth factor (EGF). Increases in the number of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-positive vascular endothelial cells and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation were found in NSCLC cell line- and patient-derived xenograft tumors that progressed upon chemotherapy. EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors effectively suppressed the migration and tube formation of vascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) induced the upregulation of EGF, and its antagonism effectively suppressed these SCC-mediated events and inhibited tumor recurrence after chemotherapy. These results suggest that the ATF6-EGF signaling axis in SCCs functions to trigger the angiogenesis switch in residual tumors after chemotherapy and is thus a driving force for the switch from SCCs to actively cycling cancer cells, leading to tumor recurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells-conditioned medium (ADSC-CM) contains cytokines and growth factors that can facilitate the regeneration and repair of various tissues and organs. In the present study, the protective activity of ADSC-CM treatment was investigated in UVB-irradiated human keratinocyte cell line HaCaTs and normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). It was found that ADSC-CM can modulate the expression of the signaling molecules in the early UVB responsive signaling pathways, including mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), activator protein 1 (AP-1), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). In addition, ADSC-CM treatment could upregulate antioxidant response element (ARE) such as phase II gene heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and increase the expression of collagen synthesis enhancer gene transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). The expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and procollagen type I synthesis inhibitors such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) was also found to be suppressed upon ADSC-CM treatment. Taken together, our study illustrates the anti-photoaging activities of ADSC-CM in cell-based models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A second-price auction with eye movement recordings was used to investigate consumer preferences for labels disclosing the presence and absence of specific types of insecticides and to explore the relationship between visual attention and consumer purchasing behaviors. Findings contribute to the literature in the following ways. First, visual attention pattern was endogenously determined by personal knowledge and pollinator conservation activities. Less knowledgeable or less engaged participants fixated more and for longer durations on the product as a whole rather than other information. Secondly, the first and last gaze cascade effect was confirmed by identifying a significant negative impact of participants' first and last gaze visits on neonicotinoid labels on their bid values. Third, new evidence was added to the existing literature that the link between visual attention and consumer valuation and preference may be weak. Our results suggest that visual attention could provide useful information toward understanding participants' bidding behaviors; however, evidence indicates that visual attention measures may not be directly linked with decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of social network position on innovation has been widely confirmed in past studies. However, research on the time-lag structure of the impact is still insufficient. Within the time window 2010 to 2017, this study constructs a two-mode social network between Chinese listed companies and other participants. To analyze the lag structure of the effect of social network position on innovation, this study uses a panel negative binomial regression model transformed by the Almon polynomial. The results show that a firm does need an advantageous past social network position for innovation. Previous local and global centrality in a social network has a different influence on innovation. For the local centrality indices, degree centrality has a positive impact in the short-term, but has a negative impact in the long-term; the impact of betweenness centrality is not significant in the short-term and is negative in the long run. For the global centrality indices, closeness centrality has a positive influence that decreases with the increase of the time-lag. At the same time, using the method of necessary condition analysis (NCA), this study calculates the bottleneck for a given innovation level. Finally, based on these research conclusions, the theoretical implications and management practice implications are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For enhanced intracellular accumulation of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) in leukemia, a folate receptor-targeted and glutathione (GSH)-responsive polymeric prodrug nanoparticle was made. The nanoparticles were prepared by conjugating 6-MP to carboxymethyl chitosan via a GSH-sensitive carbonyl vinyl sulfide linkage, ultrasonic self-assembly and surface decoration with folate. The TEM graphs shows that the as-synthesized nanoparticles are spherical with a particle size of 170~220 nm. In vitro drug release of nanoparticles demonstrated acceptable stability in PBS containing 20 μM GSH at pH 7.4. However, the cumulative drug release rate of the samples containing 20 mM and 10 mM GSH medium reached 78.9% and 64.8%, respectively, in pH 5.0 at 20 h. This indicated that this nano-sized system is highly sensitive to GSH. The inhibition ratio of folate-modified nanoparticles compared to unmodified nanoparticles was higher in cancer cells (human promyelocytic leukemia cells, HL-60) while their cytotoxicity was lower in normal cells (mouse fibroblast cell lines, L929). Furthermore, in vitro cancer cell incubation studies confirmed that folate-modified nanoparticles therapeutics were significantly more effective than unmodified nanoparticles therapeutics. Our results suggest that folate receptor-targeting and GSH-stimulation can significantly elevate tumour intracellular drug release. Therefore, folate-modified nanoparticles containing chemoradiotherapy is a potential treatment for leukemia therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells-conditioned medium (ADSC-CM) contains cytokines and growth factors that can facilitate the regeneration and repair of various tissues and organs. In the present study, the protective activity of ADSC-CM treatment was investigated in UVB-irradiated human keratinocyte cell line HaCaTs and normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). It was found that ADSC-CM can modulate the expression of the signaling molecules in the early UVB responsive signaling pathways, including mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), activator protein 1 (AP-1), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). In addition, ADSC-CM treatment could upregulate antioxidant response element (ARE) such as phase II gene heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and increase the expression of collagen synthesis enhancer gene transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). The expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and procollagen type I synthesis inhibitors such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) was also found to be suppressed upon ADSC-CM treatment. Taken together, our study illustrates the anti-photoaging activities of ADSC-CM in cell-based models., Competing Interests: All authors declare no conflicts of interests.