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Simple Summary: Feline osteoarthritis (OA) is a painful degenerative musculoskeletal disease characterised by functional alterations and degraded animal welfare. As OA cannot be cured, veterinarians' therapeutic goal is to reduce pain symptoms to better the animal's quality of life. The pharmacological arsenal is reduced in cats because of the specific therapeutic margin and the occurrence of side effects. Non-pharmacological avenues such as nutraceuticals are promising. However, there is a need for strong, evidence-based research on the effects of nutraceuticals in feline OA. The present study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a therapeutic diet containing omega-3s, hydrolysed collagen and turmeric extract with a clinical metrology instrument and three objective outcomes that were all previously validated as specific, sensitive and reliable. The diet was proven to provide a clear treatment effect in all cats, including those who were moderately and severely affected, to yield a high rate of compliance to administration and to be devoid of any side effect, which is of fundamental importance when treating chronic illnesses like OA. This study evaluated a therapeutic diet high in eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of marine source (EPA:DHA ratio 0.69:1), turmeric extract, and hydrolysed collagen in cats (N = 30) with naturally occurring osteoarthritis (OA) over a 13-week (W) period, followed by a 4-W washout, using four previously validated pain/functional outcomes. Compared to the placebo diet, the therapeutic diet significantly improved peak vertical force (p = 0.017; W16, 64% responders), correlating to enhanced weight bearing; stair assay compliance (p < 0.001; W16, 87% responders), reflecting reduced fatigue related to OA pain; night-time actimetry (cohort effect; p = 0.05, 67% responders), suggesting greater spontaneous mobility and comfort; and MI-CAT(V) score (cohort effect; p < 0.001, 80% responders), indicating reduced functional impairments. The earliest therapeutic response was observed at W06, marked by an inflection point between actimetric linear regressions of both cohorts, confirmed by significant MI-CAT(V) differences (p < 0.007; W08; W12; W16). The MI-CAT(V) clinical metrology instrument was validated for inter-rater reliability, minimal placebo effect (<15% responders), and OA severity clustering. Despite baseline differences in biomechanical assessments (p < 0.05), both moderate and severe OA clusters responded equally positively to the therapeutic diet. Based on all outcomes, the therapeutic diet showed promise for the long-term management of feline OA, with no observed side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Finding new methods to monitor the individual response to surgery and detect post-operative complications is crucial in veterinary practice. Acute phase proteins are biomarkers of systemic inflammation that can be measured for this purpose. Since ovariectomy is a commonly performed surgery and could be a model of surgical trauma and inflammation in cats, the objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the acute-phase response after applying two different techniques: laparoscopic and conventional midline ovariectomy in a short time after the procedure (hospital stay). Forty-two female cats were selected for elective spaying and were randomly distributed into two groups: laparoscopic (L-OVE) and midline ovariectomy (M-OVE). Serum levels of serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, total serum proteins, albumin, and paraoxonase-1 were measured before surgery and 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-surgery. The results show that serum amyloid A is the most sensitive positive acute-phase protein for monitoring the immediate post-surgical (up to 48 h) inflammatory response in cats undergoing ovariectomy following laparoscopic and conventional surgery. Therefore, the response to surgical trauma does not discriminate between surgical techniques based on serum amyloid A concentrations. Acute-phase proteins (APPs) are biomarkers of systemic inflammation, which allow monitoring the response to surgery and post-operative complications. Ovariectomy (OVE) can be a useful model to evaluate surgical trauma and inflammation in feline species. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the acute-phase response (APR) after applying two different OVE techniques by measuring serum levels of serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), total serum proteins (TSPs), albumin (ALB), and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) during the first 48 h post-surgery (hospital stay). Forty-two female cats were selected for elective spaying. The animals were randomly distributed into two groups: laparoscopic OVE (L-OVE) and midline OVE (M-OVE). Serum SAA, Hp, TSPs, ALB, and PON-1 were measured before surgery and 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-surgery. Unlike negative APPs such as PON-1 and ALB, SAA is the most sensitive positive APP for monitoring the inflammatory response in cats undergoing OVE following laparoscopic and conventional surgery. OVE performed in cats via both laparoscopic and midline techniques results in a significative increase in SAA levels, with early recovery, minor variations in serum total protein, and no significant changes in albumin, haptoglobin, or PON-1 over a 48-h period post-procedure. Based on SAA concentrations, the response to surgical trauma does not differ between surgical techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Anemia is a common problem in small animals. Veterinary clinicians need to identify the underlying cause of the anemia in their patients for correct treatment and monitoring. The Sysmex XN-1000V analyzer provides advanced parameters (RET-He, Delta-He, %Hypo-He) used in human medicine for classifying anemias. Our results show that the combination of RET-He and Delta-He can help clinicians to differentiate anemias caused by chronic bleeding from those secondary to chronic inflammation. This new approach may facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of these types of anemia in dogs and cats. Chronic hemorrhagic anemia (CHA) and anemia of chronic inflammation (ACI) are difficult to differentiate in small animals using hematology. Advanced hematological parameters (RET-He, Delta-He and %Hypo-He) are used in humans to discriminate between types of non-regenerative anemia. Whether they could be useful in the diagnosis of CHA and ACI in small animals is unknown. We evaluated these parameters in the Sysmex XN-1000V analyzer in a population of non-anemic and anemic dogs and cats. Delta-He was significantly different between dogs with CHA and ACI. Moreover, Delta-He and RET-He were different between healthy and non-anemic dogs with inflammation. Neither of these two statements was true for cats. We also report the reference ranges for these parameters using the Sysmex XN-1000V. Although additional clinical and laboratory information should always be considered, the measurement of these parameters using this analyzer can help clinicians to classify type of anemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) is listed as "vulnerable" due to significant population declines across mainland Asia. Despite existing ecological research, the understanding of the species' habitat suitability, fragmentation, and corridor connectivity remains limited. The present investigation recognizes that, in addition to habitat suitability within its current extent, the species' historical ranges also encompass a significant proportion of suitable habitats. Climate change is expected to exacerbate habitat loss, intensifying fragmentation and reducing the number of viable habitat patches. This study highlights the importance of several transboundary biological corridors, with Southeast Asia predicted to experience the most pronounced connectivity declines, while Bhutan, Nepal, and India are projected to retain more robust ecological networks. To address these challenges, a coordinated conservation strategy is crucial, focusing on mitigating habitat loss and fragmentation as well as addressing the species' shrinking range and increased vulnerability to inbreeding. This study provides critical insights into potential translocation and reintroduction sites, laying the groundwork for a targeted conservation plan designed to protect the clouded leopard across South and Southeast Asia in response to climate change. Terrestrial carnivores, such as the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), are 'vulnerable' and experiencing significant population declines in mainland Asia. Considering the assessed threats, the IUCN has repetitively revised the range of this felid and now characterized it into four distinct categories (extant, possibly extant, possibly extinct, and extinct). Although several ecological works have been accomplished on this enigmatic carnivore, the overall view of its habitat suitability, fragmentation, and corridor connectivity in both present and historical ranges is lacking. Thus, achieving this ecological information under present and future climate scenarios is crucial. The model identified merely 44,033 sq. km falling within the extant range (representing 31.66%) and 20,034 sq. km (8.13%) in the possibly extant range. Fascinatingly, within the historical ranges, an additional 15,264 sq. km (6.58%) has been identified as suitable habitat in the possibly extinct range and 14,022 sq. km (2.38%) in the extinct range. Notably, a total of 25,614 sq. km of suitable habitat is found within designated protected areas across the entire range. Nevertheless, climate change is expected to drive habitat loss of up to 41% (overall IUCN range) for N. nebulosa in both present and historical extent, with habitat patches becoming increasingly fragmented. This is reflected in a projected decline in the number of viable habitat patches (NP) by up to 23.29% in the future. This study also identified 18 transboundary biological corridors for N. nebulosa, with Southeast Asian countries expected to experience the most significant declines in corridor connectivity. In contrast, the South Asian countries (Bhutan, Nepal, and India) are projected to maintain relatively higher connectivity in the future. Nevertheless, a substantial decline in overall mean corridor connectivity is projected in the near future due to the impacts of climate change. This study underscores the urgent need for a coordinated and multifaceted conservation strategy for N. nebulosa, focusing on mitigating habitat loss and fragmentation. Practical measures must be implemented to protect the species' shrinking range, considering its declining corridor networks and heightened vulnerability to inbreeding depression. Moreover, the assessment of habitat suitability both within and beyond the extant range, alongside corridor connectivity measures, provides valuable insights into potential translocation and reintroduction sites for this species. These findings provide a critical foundation for developing a strategic conservation plan tailored to the specific needs of this felid species across South and Southeast Asia, ensuring enhanced climate resilience and mitigating associated threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: The dietary fat concentration and fatty acid profile can influence various aspects of the feline organism. This study examined their effects on the urine composition, apparent nutrient digestibility, and selected blood variables. Methods: Ten healthy adult cats (46.6 ± 14.1 months old, initial body weight 4.99 ± 0.91 kg) received a low-fat basic diet with or without the addition of sunflower oil, fish oil, or lard in a randomized crossover design. The oil and lard were added to the daily amount of food at 0.5 or 1 g/kg body weight of the cats. At the end of each 3-week feeding period, urine, feces, and fasting blood samples were collected. Results: The results demonstrated only small effects of the dietary fat concentration and source on the urine composition of the cats. In addition, the apparent nutrient digestibility was unaffected by the dietary treatments. The supplementation with fish oil, but not sunflower oil or lard, lowered the triglycerides and increased the total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in the plasma of the cats (p < 0.05). However, these blood values were within the physiological reference ranges among all groups. Conclusions: It can be concluded that the dietary fat content and fatty acid profile did not adversely affect the urine composition or nutrient digestibility in healthy adult cats. The lipid metabolism of the animals was modulated by the supplementation with fish oil, a relevant source of n-3 fatty acids. The observed triglyceride-lowering effect should be further investigated in clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The lateral thoracic wall of cats is innervated by the rami cutanei laterales (RCL) emerging from the intercostales nerves from the second to the twelfth thoracic spinal nerve (T). The ultrasound-guided deep serratus plane (DSP) block is a technique that aims to desensitise these RCL to provide analgesia of the lateral wall of the thorax cranial to the 8th rib. This study aimed to assess the distribution of a mixture of dye and contrast media injected in the fascial plane constituted by the lateral aspect of the intercostales externi muscles and the ribs and the medial aspect of the serratus ventralis thoracis muscle. To fulfil this objective, 14 cat cadavers were employed, and a mixture of methylene blue and iopromide 50:50 was injected in the target fascial plane at the laterocaudal aspect of the 5th rib. Cadavers were then subjected to a computed tomographic exam and anatomical dissection. Our results showed staining of the RCL of the intercostales nerves from T2 to T7. These results show that the DSP block could provide analgesia to the lateral aspect of the cranial wall in cats. The serratus plane block is an ultrasound-guided anaesthetic technique that aims to provide analgesia to the lateral thoracic wall cranial to the 8th rib. This block can be performed in a superficial (between the latissimus dorsi and the serratus ventralis thoracis (SVT) muscles) or deep plane (between the intercostales externi and the SVT muscles). This study aimed to assess the distribution and nerve staining of a mixture of 0.4 mL kg−1 of methylene blue and iopromide 50:50 performing a deep serratus plane (DSP) block at the level of the 5th rib. We hypothesise that this technique would be feasible and could stain the rami cutanei laterales (RCL) of the intercostales nerves cranial to the 8th rib in cat cadavers. This study was divided into two phases. Phase 1 consisted of an anatomical study of the thoracic wall (2 cadavers). Phase 2 consisted of the ultrasound-guided injection of the aforementioned mixture and the assessment of its distribution by computed tomography and anatomical dissection (12 cadavers). Contrast media spread a median of 5.5 (2.5–7.5) intercostal spaces. The dye stained a median of 3 (0–5) RCL, affecting RCL 2 (17.39%), RCL 3 (57.17%), RCL 4 (78.26%), RCL 5 (91.30%), RCL 6 (78.26%), and RCL 7 (8.70%) within the DSP. Occasionally, the rami dorsales laterales and the thoracicus longus nerve were stained. Based on these findings, the DSP block performed with a volume of 0.4 mL kg−1 of an anaesthetic could provide analgesia in the area innervated from T4 to T6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Management of stray cats in urban areas is an ongoing challenge in Australia, and many are euthanized, particularly in disadvantaged regions. The Australian Pet Welfare Foundation aimed to assess the impact of a free cat sterilization program in Ipswich, Queensland. Before that intervention, a situational analysis was conducted to evaluate cat and dog ownership behaviours. In a sample of 343 residents from the area, 35% owned cats, and 3% fed strays. Cats were mainly obtained from family or friends and shelters, while 53% of respondents owned dogs, mostly sourced from breeders and family acquaintances. A higher percentage of owned cats (91%; but only 74% for those aged 4 to <12 months) were sterilized compared to owned dogs (78%). Among cat owners, 51% contained their cats all the time and 18% at night. Our findings suggest that community-based sterilization programs targeting both owned and semi-owned cats, and assisting semi-owners in becoming owners, would assist in reducing unplanned litters and the stray cat population. It is also recommended that assistance with cat containment be provided where vulnerable native species are present in urban and peri-urban areas. These insights are crucial for developing effective policies aligned with One Welfare principles. Managing stray cats in urban areas is an ongoing challenge, and in Australia, many are euthanized. Most stray cats are from disadvantaged areas and are under 1 year of age. The Australian Pet Welfare Foundation intended to assess the impact of a free cat sterilization program in an area with high shelter intake of cats in the city of Ipswich, Queensland. The aims of this pre-intervention study were to undertake a situational analysis of cat ownership, semi-ownership and cat caring behaviours, and compare those in the same demographic with dog ownership and caring behaviours relating to sterilization rates, to provide a basis against which to assess the program's effectiveness. In a sample of 343 participants from that area, 35% owned cats and 3% fed stray cats. Cats were predominantly obtained from family or friends (31%) and shelters (20%). More respondents owned dogs (53%), which were most often sourced from breeders (36%) and family acquaintances (24%). More owned cats than owned dogs were sterilized (91% versus 78%). However, only 74% of cats aged 4 to <12 months were sterilized. Cat containment practices varied, with 51% of owners containing their cat(s) at all times, and a further 18% doing so at night. These results suggest the need for community-based programs that focus on sterilizing owned and semi-owned cats, and assisting semi-owners in becoming full owners to reduce stray cat populations and associated negative impacts. This includes assistance with cat containment where vulnerable native species are present. Public understanding of the causes and effective solutions for free-roaming cats, alongside legislative changes, are required to facilitate these efforts. Assistive programs aligned with One Welfare principles are expected to benefit the wellbeing of animals, humans and their environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the antibacterial efficacy of 700 feline-derived lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains against enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), a common cause of diarrhea in cats. Following comprehensive screening, strains ZY25 and ZY35 were identified as the most effective, with inhibition zones of ≥22 mm. These strains demonstrated strong tolerance against stress conditions, such as low pH, bile salts, and gastrointestinal fluids, alongside high hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation abilities. Safety evaluations confirmed the absence of hemolytic activity, virulence factors, and antibiotic resistance genes. The antibacterial activity of these strains is attributed to the production of organic acids, particularly lactic acid and acetic acid. These findings suggest that strains ZY25 and ZY35 have potential as natural and effective probiotic treatments for managing EPEC-induced diarrhea in cats, thus offering an alternative to conventional antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A variation in the Alström syndrome protein 1 (ALMS1) gene was recently identified as a possible cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in Sphynx cats. The primary aims of this study were to describe the prevalence of HCM in Sphynx cats in New Zealand, and to assess the association between HCM and ALMS1 gene. In this prospective study, 55 apparently healthy Sphynx cats from registered Sphynx breeders and pet owners in New Zealand were screened by a cardiologist. A total of 42 of these cats had a repeat cardiac examination after median 1.8 years (range: 1.6–2.2). The frequency of ALMS1 variant was 70.9%. At the median age of 5.8 years (range: 2.4–13.1), the prevalence of HCM was 40% (20 out of 55 cats). Three cats with HCM died during the study with congestive heart failure. Necropsy revealed that all three cats suffered a heart attack (myocardial ischemia or infarction). The ALMS1 gene was not associated with the HCM diagnosis. In summary, HCM is commonly diagnosed in this population, suggesting Sphynx cats are predisposed to this disease. The ALMS1 variant was also frequently detected; however, it was not associated with the HCM diagnosis in the studied population. Recently, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in Sphynx cats has been associated with a variant in the gene encoding Alström syndrome protein 1 (ALMS1). The primary aims of this study were to describe the prevalence of HCM in Sphynx cats in New Zealand, and to assess the association between HCM and the ALMS1 variant in this population. In this prospective study, 55 apparently healthy Sphynx cats from registered Sphynx breeders and pet owners in New Zealand were screened by a cardiologist. A total of 42 of these cats had a repeat cardiac examination after median 1.8 years (range: 1.6–2.2). The frequency of the ALMS1 variant was 70.9% (11 homozygous and 28 heterozygous). At the median age of 5.8 years (range: 2.4–13.1), the prevalence of HCM was 40% (20 out of 55 cats). Three cats with HCM died during the study with congestive heart failure. All three cats had focal but extensive myocardial ischemia or infarction at necropsy. The ALMS1 variant was not associated with the HCM diagnosis. In summary, HCM was common in the studied cohort, suggesting Sphynx cats are predisposed to this disease. While the ALMS1 variant was also frequently detected, it was not associated with HCM in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a complex interplay between viral infection and host innate immune response regarding disease severity and outcomes. Neutrophil hyperactivation, including excessive release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), is linked to exacerbated disease in acute COVID-19, notably in hospitalized patients. Delineating protective versus detrimental neutrophil responses is essential to developing targeted COVID-19 therapies and relies on high-quality translational animal models. In this study, we utilize a previously established feline model for COVID-19 to investigate neutrophil dysfunction in which experimentally infected cats develop clinical disease that mimics acute COVID-19. Specific pathogen-free cats were inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.617.2; Delta variant) (n = 24) or vehicle (n = 6). Plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and lung tissues were collected at various time points over 12 days post-inoculation. Systematic and temporal evaluation of the kinetics of neutrophil activation was conducted by measuring markers of activation including myeloperoxidase (MPO), neutrophil elastase (NE), and citrullinated histone H3 (citH3) in SARS-CoV-2-infected cats at 4 and 12 days post-inoculation (dpi) and compared to vehicle-inoculated controls. Cytokine profiling supported elevated innate inflammatory responses with specific upregulation of neutrophil activation and NET formation-related markers, namely IL-8, IL-18, CXCL1, and SDF-1, in infected cats. An increase in MPO-DNA complexes and cell-free dsDNA in infected cats compared to vehicle-inoculated was noted and supported by histopathologic severity in respiratory tissues. Immunofluorescence analyses further supported correlation of NET markers with tissue damage, especially 4 dpi. Differential gene expression analyses indicated an upregulation of genes associated with innate immune and neutrophil activation pathways. Transcripts involved in activation and NETosis pathways were upregulated by 4 dpi and downregulated by 12 dpi, suggesting peak activation of neutrophils and NET-associated markers in the early acute stages of infection. Correlation analyses conducted between NET-specific markers and clinical scores as well as histopathologic scores support association between neutrophil activation and disease severity during SARS-CoV-2 infection in this model. Overall, this study emphasizes the effect of neutrophil activation and NET release in SARS-CoV-2 infection in a feline model, prompting further investigation into therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating excessive innate inflammatory responses in COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bone mineral density (BMD) varies with aging and both systemic and local diseases; however, such evidence is lacking in feline medicine. This may be due to the need for general anesthesia in cats for direct BMD measurements using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or quantitative computed tomography (QCT). In this study, computed digital absorptiometry (CDA), an indirect relative BMD-measuring method, was optimized to select an X-ray tube setting for the quantitative assessment of the feline knee joint. The knee joints of nine cats were radiographically imaged and processed using the CDA method with an aluminum density standard and five X-ray tube settings (from 50 to 80 kV; between 1.2 and 12 mAs). The reference attenuation of the X-ray beam for ten steps (S1–S10) of the density standard was recorded in Hounsfield units (HU), compared between X-ray tube settings, and used to determine the ranges of relative density applied for radiograph decomposition. The relative density decreased (p < 0.0001) with an increase in kV and dispersed with an increase in mAs. Then, the percentage of color pixels (%color pixels), representing ranges of relative density, was compared among S1–S10 and used for the recognition of background artifacts. The %color pixels was the highest for low steps and the lowest for high steps (p < 0.0001), regardless of X-ray tube settings. The X-ray tube setting was considered the most beneficial when it effectively covered the lowest possible HU ranges without inducing background artifacts. In conclusion, for further clinical application of the CDA method for quantitative research on knee joint OA in cats, 60 kV and 1.2 mAs settings are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: To date, there are very few studies of the bony nasal cavity of the domestic cat and even fewer of big felids. A detailed and exhaustive anatomical study of this cavity in the domestic cat is presented in this paper through dissections, trepanations and anatomical sections. This work has allowed to delve deeper into the anatomy of the bony nasal cavity. This study deepens the knowledge of this region through diagnostic imaging techniques, such as computed tomography, three-dimensional reconstruction in maximum-intensity projection and volume rendering, that allow for the spatial visualization of this cavity. These reconstructed images represent an improvement in the anatomical study of the cavity and will help veterinary clinicians in the diagnosis of nasal pathologies. Obtaining molds by three-dimensional printing allows for acquiring models very close to reality that capture these structures in detail. These techniques, which in human medicine have already led to many clinical and therapeutic improvements, are a very useful tool in veterinary medicine that will lead to advances and improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of nasal pathologies, improving the survival of many threatened species. This study aims to develop three-dimensional printing models of the bony nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses of big and domestic cats using reconstructed computed tomographic images. This work included an exhaustive study of the osseous nasal anatomy of the domestic cat carried out through dissections, bone trepanations and sectional anatomy. With the use of OsiriX viewer, the DICOM images were postprocessed to obtaining maximum-intensity projection and volume-rendering reconstructions, which allowed for the visualization of the nasal cavity structures and the paranasal sinuses, providing an improvement in the future anatomical studies and diagnosis of pathologies. DICOM images were also processed with AMIRA software to obtain three-dimensional images using semiautomatic segmentation application. These images were then exported using 3D Slicer software for three-dimensional printing. Molds were printed with the Stratasys 3D printer. In human medicine, three-dimensional printing is already of great importance in the clinical field; however, it has not yet been implemented in veterinary medicine and is a technique that will, in the future, in addition to facilitating the anatomical study and diagnosis of diseases, allow for the development of implants that will improve the treatment of pathologies and the survival of big felids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this retrospective study, three dogs and three cats were selected from the database of the Chonnam National University Teaching Hospital from February 2017 to June 2019. The inclusion criteria for the selection of patients were as follows: (1) clinical data including age, sex, breed, clinical signs, histology, fine-needle aspiration, or fluid centesis were available and (2) intraluminal CEUS was performed; CEUS findings helped confirm the diagnosis. Each patient underwent physical examination, blood tests, radiography, and conventional ultrasonography. Intraluminal CEUS was performed using contrast agents, including SonoVue, agitated saline, saline, or a combination for GI hydrosonography in two patients and sono-cystourethrography in four patients. GI hydrosonography could assess the anatomic relationship between the mass and gastric lumen after administration of a mixture of 0.1 mL SonoVue and 30 mL/kg water in case 1 and could dilate the colonic lumen to detect the thickened wall using saline infusion in case 2. Upon sono-cystourethrography, communication between the urinary tract and prostatic cyst was clearly visualized in case 3, and narrowing of the urethral lumen secondary to prostatomegaly could be ruled out in case 4 with pyogranulomatous prostitis using agitated saline. The saline or agitated saline is appropriate for filling the lumen and improving the acoustic window for GI hydrosonography. Intraluminal CEUS examinations helped to assess the patency of the lumen, evaluate the extent of luminal dilation, rule out luminal narrowing, determine the presence of a mass within the lumen, and identify rupture sites. Administering intraluminal fluid can improve the acoustic window for the visualization of the lumen and wall layers in the cavitary organs. Microbubbles in ultrasound contrast agents can also be used for intracavitary applications to enhance visualization of the lesion in human patients. However, there was no literature extending the clinical application of intraluminal contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) to patients with naturally occurring diseases in veterinary medicine. This case series aims to describe the detailed application and diagnostic value of intraluminal CEUS in six clinical cases with naturally occurring gastrointestinal (GI) and urinary tract diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Melanocytic tumors (MTs) are more prevalent in dogs than in cats. In dogs, they are the most frequent malignancy of the oral cavity, whereas in cats, ocular melanomas predominate. This study provides epidemiologic data (2005–2024) on MTs for both dogs and cats. Totals of 21128 canine and 4808 feline tumors were analyzed by the Veterinary Pathology Service of the Department of Veterinary Medicine (University of Perugia). Among these, 845 canine MTs (329 melanocytomas; 512 melanomas) were diagnosed, 485 from the skin, 193 from the oral mucosa, and 104 from the mucocutaneous junction. Older dogs were more likely to develop melanomas than melanocytomas (p < 0.001). In contrast, among feline tumors, only 60 were melanocytic (6 melanocytomas, 53 melanomas). Of these, 29 were cutaneous, 18 were ocular, and 9 were oral. In dogs, melanomas were more common in mucocutaneous locations than in cutaneous locations (p < 0.05); moreover, they were more common in the oral cavity compared to all other sites (p < 0.001). In cats, ocular melanomas were more common than cutaneous ones (p < 0.05). This study provides the prevalence of MTs in dogs and cats, supporting distinct epidemiological patterns of MTs, and confirming the significance of species-specific differences in the tumor prevalence, localization, and age distribution. MTs are prevalent in dogs, representing the most frequent oral malignancy, compared to cats, in which ocular melanomas predominate. This study investigates the canine and feline MT epidemiology (2005–2024) of cases submitted to the Veterinary Pathology Service (University of Perugia). Among the canine neoplasms, 845 (4%) were melanocytic: 329 (39%) melanocytomas; 512 (61%) melanomas. Of these, 485 (57%) were cutaneous (4% of canine cutaneous neoplasms), 193 (23%) were oral (50% of oral canine neoplasms), and 104 (12%) were mucocutaneous. The average age of affected dogs was 10 years. Older dogs were more likely to have melanomas compared to melanocytomas (p < 0.001). There were 60 (1%) feline MTs: 6 (10%) melanocytomas; 53 (88%) melanomas. Of these, 29 (48%) were cutaneous (1% of feline cutaneous tumors), 18 (30%) were ocular, and 9 (15%) were oral (22% of feline oral tumors). The average age of affected cats was 11 years. In dogs, mucocutaneous melanomas were more common compared to cutaneous ones (p < 0.05); oral melanomas were more common compared to all other sites (p < 0.001). In cats, ocular melanomas were more common compared to cutaneous ones (p < 0.05). Our study provides the MT prevalence in a selected canine and feline population, revealing MT epidemiological patterns, highlighting species-specific differences in the tumor prevalence, localization, and age distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Stem cell therapy for veterinary patients such as cats often requires a significant quantity of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs), typically expanded in laboratory conditions. However, this expansion process can alter the characteristics and genetic stability of these cells. This study focused on assessing the characteristics of MSCs derived from the adipose tissue of cats (cAT-MSCs) during culture conditions. For this purpose, cell morphological features, growth behavior, and cytogenetic stability were examined in passages 2, 4, and 6. Additionally, MSCs' multipotency and surface markers were assessed. The cAT-MSCs exhibited a spindle-shaped morphology, typical of MSCs. As the cells were cultured over successive passages, a reduction in their growth rate was observed after passage 4, accompanied by abnormalities in the nuclei. cAT-MSCs showed multipotency and their surface marker expression aligned with the expected immunophenotype of MSCs. Cytogenetic studies revealed some structural abnormalities in the chromosomes of the cAT-MSCs, such as gaps, breaks, deletions, duplications, and early chromatid segregation. Nevertheless, these alterations did not show a significant increase over subsequent passages. In conclusion, cAT-MSCs decreased their proliferative capacity after passage 4, accompanied by morphological alterations and signs of structural instability. Stem cell therapy in cat patients needs a high quantity of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) requiring in vitro propagation under culture conditions which may potentially impact cellular characteristics and genetic stability. This study aimed to assess the in vitro characteristics and cytogenetic stability of cat adipose tissue-derived MSCs (cAT-MSCs). For this purpose, morphological features, clonogenic potential, and proliferative capacity of cAT-MSCs were assessed at passages 2 (P2), P4, and P6. Multipotency and immunophenotype were evaluated. Cytogenetic analyses were conducted up to P6. The cAT-MSCs exhibited a spindle-shaped morphology in early passages. The doubling time increased from 2.5 days at P2 to 9.4 at P4 and 10.5 at P6, accompanied by the observation of nuclear abnormalities such as cluster formation, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, and a decline in the mitotic index at P4. Cells demonstrated multipotency capacity and were CD45−, CD90+, and CD44+. Metaphase analysis at P2 and P4 revealed some indications of structural instability such as gaps, breaks, deletions, duplications, and early chromatid segregation, but these alterations did not show an increase across passages. In conclusion, cAT-MSCs decreased their proliferative capacity after P4, accompanied by morphological alterations and signs of structural instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Although Anaplasma (A.) phagocytophilum infection in cats is considered to be less frequent compared with dogs, there is evidence indicating that the risk of the infection in cats might be underestimated. The study aimed to find out if infections in cats are underestimated and to discover which factors increase the risk of infection. Blood samples of 1015 cats across Europe were tested for A. phagocytophilum DNA from 2017 to 2022. The number of samples sent for testing increased over the 6 years. Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA was found in 76 out of 1015 cats (7.5%). Infections were more common in Northern Europe than in Central or Southern Europe. During summer, the number of positive samples was significantly higher compared with winter (p = 0.047). The risk for A. phagocytophilum infection in cats should not be underestimated, especially in Northern Europe. Preventing tick bites is essential for cats' health all over Europe, not just in the Mediterranean regions. Infections with Anaplasma (A.) phagocytophilum in cats seem to be rare. The study aimed to determine whether infections in cats are underestimated and to identify the risk factors for infection. Blood samples of 1015 cats across Europe (2017–2022), sent to IDEXX Laboratories, Germany, were tested for A. phagocytophilum DNA. The influence of the cats' origin on A. phagocytophilum infection was assessed by univariable analysis, while multivariable logistic regression evaluated associations with the cats' sex and age, and the years, and seasonality of the samples' submission. Furthermore, univariable linear regression was used to determine patterns in PCR orders. The number of submitted samples increased significantly during the 6 years (p = 0.042). Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA was detected in 76/1015 of cats (7.5%, 95% CI 6.0–9.3%). Infections were significantly more common in Northern compared to Central (p < 0.001, OR: 8.70) and Southern Europe (p < 0.001, OR: 39.94). A significantly higher likelihood for infections during the summer compared with winter (p = 0.047, OR: 3.13) was found. Bacteremia with A. phagocytophilum in European cats is not uncommon. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection should be considered an important risk, particularly in Northern Europe. Effective tick prevention is crucial for managing feline health across Europe, not just in the Mediterranean region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermatophytic pseudomycetoma (DPM) is a rarely reported invasive fungal infection of humans and animals, especially cats. This study aimed to identify dermatophytes, breed associations, and the frequency of extracutaneous (EC) involvement in feline DPM. Electronic records and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue (FFPET) from 32 suspected DPM cases in 30 cats were retrieved from a diagnostic laboratory between 2018 and 2024. To confirm DPM and molecular identity, DNA was extracted from FFPET for ITS2 sequencing, and immunohistochemistry was performed on PCR-negative cases. All cases were confirmed as DPM. Microsporum canis was the only dermatophyte identified. The sensitivity and specificity of ITS2 sequencing for M. canis identification in FFPET were 22/32 (68.8%) and 21/22 (95.5%), respectively. Exotic (36.7%) and Persian (23.3%) but not British breeds (26.3%) were over-represented compared to feline admissions at an affiliated veterinary hospital (8.5%, p < 0.001; 3%, p < 0.001; 21.6%, p = 0.817, respectively). Five cases (16.7%) had EC lesions; two had intra-abdominal masses; two had oral cavity masses, including one which extended into the cranial vault; and one had superficial cervical lymph node invasion. Exotic and Persian breeds are over-represented for DPM and M. canis is the primary cause. EC lesions of DPM may occur more commonly than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study investigated how dexmedetomidine, a sedative, works when given to healthy cats via intramuscular injection at a dose of 10 μg/kg. Nine adult cats were observed before and after receiving the drug, with blood samples taken at various times to measure drug levels. Dexmedetomidine acted quickly, causing sedation that lasted for at least an hour, with peak effects between 20 and 30 min and a half-life of about 70 min. Significant decreases in heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure were observed in the first hour, along with an increase in blood sugar levels after 60 min. Overall, dexmedetomidine proved to be effective and safe for sedation in healthy cats, providing valuable information for veterinarians to ensure its safe and effective use in feline patients. This study investigated the pharmacokinetic profile of and pharmacodynamic response to dexmedetomidine administered intramuscularly (IM) at a dose of 10 μg/kg in healthy cats. Nine adult cats were evaluated before and after administration of the drug, with serial collections of plasma samples. Dexmedetomidine induced deep sedation, with a rapid onset of action and a duration of one hour, reaching a peak between 20 and 30 min after administration. The half-life (T½) was 70.2 ± 48 min, with a maximum concentration (Cmax) of 2.2 ± 1.9 ng/mL and time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax) of 26.4 ± 19.8 min. The area under the curve (AUC) was 167.1 ± 149.1 ng/mL*min, with a volume of distribution (Vd) of 2159.9 ± 3237.8 mL/kg and clearance (Cl) of 25.8 ± 33.0 mL/min/kg. There was a reduction in heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) in relation to the baseline, with a slight decrease in systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and mean (MAP) blood pressure in the first hour. Blood glucose increased after 60 min. Dexmedetomidine proved to be effective and safe, with rapid absorption, metabolization, and elimination, promoting good sedation with minimal adverse effects after IM administration in healthy cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD), harmful toxins can build up in their blood, causing health problems. Some of these toxins originate from molecules that are generated in the gut by the action of certain microbes on digested food. Renaltec is a supplement that binds to these molecules in the gut before they enter the bloodstream and are transformed into toxins by the liver. In a study with 13 cats with experimentally induced CKD, researchers tested how well Renaltec worked at reducing two specific toxins, indoxyl sulfate and p-cresol sulfate, in the blood. The cats were given Renaltec either once or twice daily for 56 days, and their toxin levels were measured at different times. The study found that Renaltec significantly lowered the levels of these toxins, with the twice-daily dosing showing better results. This suggests that Renaltec is effective at reducing harmful toxins in cats with CKD. Serum uremic toxins markedly increase in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and have deleterious consequences. Renaltec is an oral adsorbent that binds uremic toxin precursors in the gut. In this prospective cohort study utilizing 13 purpose-bred cats with remnant kidney model-induced CKD (12 IRIS Stage 2, 1 IRIS Stage 3) eating a standardized renal diet, we aimed to assess the effect of Renaltec administration on serum indoxyl sulfate (IDS) and p-cresol sulfate (pCS) concentrations. Cats were sequentially treated with standard of care for 56 days, 500 mg Renaltec orally once daily for 56 days, and then three months later, 500 mg Renaltec orally twice daily for 56 days. Serum IDS and pCS concentrations were measured 28 and 56 days after the administration of Renaltec. Blood pressure and kidney function were measured before and 56 days after the administration of Renaltec. Significant decreases in serum IDS and pCS concentrations were observed for both once- and twice-daily dosing, particularly during the first 28 days of administration. More cats with BID dosing had clinically significant reductions in serum IDS and pCS concentrations than with SID dosing. Renaltec can reduce the serum concentrations of deleterious gut-derived uremic toxins in cats with CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Aesthetic traits are major components of modern feline breeds. Each breed is defined by a standard specifying morphology; coat length, texture, and colour; and eye colour. Considering the coat and eye colour may help breeders in managing their breeding stocks to optimise their mating, but it also has an impact on the health and well-being of cats. Indeed, some colours and patterns may be associated with deleterious traits. Recently, a new coat and eye pattern has been described in cats. It has been called "dominant blue eyes (DBE)" and includes one or two blue eyes or particolored eyes and minimal white spotting. Different feline breeding lines were developed for DBE, and in some lineages, deafness has been identified as being associated with this trait. The Altai and Topaz breeds were created using DBE founding cats found in Kazakhstan and Russia. The Celestial breed, recognised in France, was created using a DBE outbred male from Kazakhstan and British shorthair and longhair cats. Other breeds, including the Maine Coon, British, Persian, Siberian, Sphynx, and Munchkin cats, introduced DBE. We have previously identified two variants associated with DBE, and here, we report the discovery of a third DBE variant. Finally, we review the presence of the three DBE variants in 14 feline breeding lines. During the last twenty years, minimal white spotting associated with blue eyes was selected by feline breeders to create the Altai, Topaz, and Celestial breeds. Additionally, certain breeders introduced this trait in their lineages of purebred cats. The trait has been called "dominant blue eyes (DBE)" and was confirmed to be autosomal dominant in all lineages. DBE was initially described in outbred cats from Kazakhstan and Russia and in two purebred lineages of British cats from Russia, as well as in Dutch Maine Coon cats, suggesting different founding effects. We have previously identified two variants in the Paired Box 3 (PAX3) gene associated with DBE in Maine Coon and Celestial cats; however, the presence of an underlying variant remains undetermined in other DBE breeding lines. Using a genome-wide association study, we identified a single region on chromosome C1 that was associated with DBE in British cats. Within that region, we identified PAX3 as the strongest candidate gene. Whole-genome sequencing of a DBE cat revealed an RD-114 retrovirus LTR (long terminal repeat) insertion within PAX3 intron 4 (namely NC_018730.3:g.206975776_206975777insN[433]) known to contain regulatory sequences. Using a panel of 117 DBE cats, we showed that this variant was fully associated with DBE in two British lineages, in Altai cats, and in some other DBE lineages. We propose that this NC_018730.3:g.206975776_206975777insN[433] variant represents the DBEALT (Altai Dominant Blue Eye) allele in the domestic cat. Finally, we genotyped DBE cats from 14 lineages for the three PAX3 variants and showed that they were not present in four lineages, confirming genetic heterogeneity of the DBE trait in the domestic cat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Stress during hospitalization can significantly impact cats, prompting the exploration of various strategies, including non-pharmacological approaches, to alleviate stress. However, certain situations may necessitate the use of anxiolytic medications like gabapentin and alprazolam to reduce stress levels. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of gabapentin or alprazolam in cats undergoing short-term hospitalization on stress reduction, food consumption, and pain scores. Sixty cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy were divided into three groups, gabapentin-, alprazolam- or placebo-treated, and received treatment twice daily for two days. The study found that both gabapentin and alprazolam significantly reduced stress levels. Cats treated with alprazolam exhibited increased food intake, while those receiving gabapentin showed lower pain scores on the first postoperative day. However, both treatments led to increased levels of sedation. The study suggests that incorporating anxiolytics may be an effective adjunctive strategy for improving the experience of short-term hospitalization in cats. This prospective, randomized study aimed to assess the anxiolytic efficacy of gabapentin or alprazolam in cats during short-term postoperative hospitalization. Sixty cats were randomly assigned to three groups (gabapentin-treated [100 mg per cat], alprazolam-treated [0.125 mg per cat], or placebo-treated), with treatments administered twice daily for two days. Stress levels were evaluated using Cat Stress Scores, serum cortisol, and glucose concentrations. Pain scores, food consumption, and adverse effects such as sedation were also monitored. Fifty-five cats completed the study. Both medications demonstrated similar reductions in stress levels. Cats receiving gabapentin had lower pain scores, while those receiving alprazolam exhibited significantly increased food intake on the first postoperative day. However, both medications resulted in comparable levels of sedation. In the context of postoperative hospitalization, pharmacological intervention with anxiolytics could be effective in reducing stress levels. Despite potential side effects, gabapentin and alprazolam may contribute to an improved quality of short-term hospitalization for cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In people with respiratory diseases, treatment through inhalation is widely recommended and standardized. In veterinary medicine, few studies have investigated the effectiveness of treatments by the inhalation route. Among other factors, tolerance to the method used to administer the aerosol is key to its therapeutic success. This study has standardized a cough provocation test in cats using nebulized capsaicin at increasing concentrations and, through its use, compared the effectiveness and tolerance of the four methods most used in veterinary hospitals to administer oxygen and nebulized solutions. The results provide a cough challenge protocol that can be used in future studies for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in cats with respiratory diseases. The protocol established that nebulization with a facial mask is the most effective, and nebulization in a chamber is the best tolerated. The flow-by method is a good alternative, but the hood method has poor cat tolerance. Successful aerosol therapy might rely more heavily on proper drug delivery than on the effectiveness of the medication. This study compared four techniques for nebulization delivery in cats. Tolerance rate (TR) was subjectively evaluated (1–3). Increasing capsaicin concentrations were nebulized for objective evaluation of efficiency. The positive response (PR) was considered when more than five coughs were induced. The following delivery methods were tested: flow-by (FB); face mask (FM); plastic-covered Elizabethan collar (EC); and plexiglass chamber (PC). The number of PRs (NPR) and the concentration of capsaicin that induced a PR (CCP) were statistically compared (p < 0.05). The PC method was the best tolerated (TR = 3.0 ± 0.0), followed by the FB (2.7 ± 0.5) and FM (2.6 ± 0.5). The EC was very stressful, and the test had to be suspended in four out of nine cats. The lowest CCP was found with the FM (91.8 ± 157.2 µM), followed by the FB (166.7 ± 190.9 µM), PC (242.6 ± 244.8 µM), and EC (350.0 ± 225.7 µM), with significant differences only between the FM and EC (p = 0.02). The highest NPR (8) corresponded to the FM, followed by the FB (7), the PC (5), and the EC (3), with significant differences between the FM and EC (p = 0.016). In conclusion, the capsaicin cough test induces reproducible and quantifiable cat responses. The FM is the most efficient for nebulization delivery, offering good compliance and the best quantitative results. FB nebulization is less efficient but may be practical if the FM is not tolerated. PC offers minor efficiency but may be useful for very stressed or aggressive cats. The EC presents low efficiency and compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In this retrospective medical record study, we evaluated if certain diagnostic variables, including Serum Amyloid A (SAA), could differentiate (1) between various clinical disease categories and (2) between cytological findings of severe hepatic lipidosis and other cytological findings in cats diagnosed with increased liver enzymes at a Swedish animal hospital. Grouping into four clinical disease categories (primary liver diseases, trauma, extrahepatic diseases, and other non-specified diagnoses) was based on clinical diagnosis or information from medical records. Serum Amyloid A was found to be higher in the group of cats with diagnoses supporting trauma. Cats with cytological findings supporting severe hepatic lipidosis had lower SAA and were younger, compared to cats with other cytological findings. Distinguishing inflammatory from non-inflammatory liver disease in cats may impact management. The study aim was to evaluate if certain diagnostic variables, including Serum Amyloid A (SAA), differ (1) between various clinical disease categories (Primary liver disease, Extrahepatic, Trauma and Inconclusive) and (2) between cytological findings of severe hepatic lipidosis and other cytological findings in cats with increased liver enzymes. Medical records from 5042 cats, where SAA had been measured, were reviewed, and 566 cats fulfilled inclusion criteria consisting of increased liver enzymes and available biochemical panel results. SAA was higher in cats diagnosed with trauma compared to other diseases (p = 0.008). Cytology results were available in 85 cats, and cats with severe lipidosis had lower serum SAA concentration (p < 0.0001) and were younger (p < 0.0002) compared to cats with other cytological findings. The study shows that SAA was higher in cats diagnosed with trauma compared to cats with other causes of increased liver enzymes and that SAA may be useful to distinguish cats with cytologic evidence of hepatic lipidosis from cats with other liver pathologies. Serum Amyloid A may be a valuable complement to liver cytology when investigating cats with increased liver enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) are a significant population globally. Research delineating our understanding of coinfections in PLWH is critical to care for those navigating infection with other pathogens. The recent COVID-19 pandemic underscored the urgent need for studying the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infections in therapy-controlled and uncontrolled immunodeficiency viral infections. This study established the utility of a feline model for the in vivo study of coinfections. Domestic cats are naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2 and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus, a lentivirus molecularly and pathogenically similar to HIV. In this study, comparisons are made between FIV-positive and FIV-negative cats inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.617.2.) in an experimental setting. Of the FIV+ cats, three received Zidovudine (AZT) therapy in the weeks leading up to SARS-CoV-2 inoculation, and two did not. SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA was quantified, histopathologic comparisons of respiratory tissues were made, and T-cell populations were analyzed for immune phenotype shifts between groups. CD4+ T lymphocyte responses varied, with FIV+-untreated cats having the poorest CD4+ response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. While all cats had significant pulmonary inflammation, key histopathologic features of the disease differed between groups. Additionally, viral genomic analysis was performed, and results were analyzed for the presence of emerging, absent, amplified, or reduced mutations in SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA after passage through the feline model. Positive selection is noted, especially in FIV+ cats untreated with AZT, and mutations with potential relevance were identified; one FIV+-untreated cat had persistent, increasing SARS-CoV-2 RNA in plasma five days post-infection. These findings and others support the utility of the feline model for studying coinfection in people with HIV and highlight the importance of antiretroviral therapy in clearing SARS-CoV-2 coinfections to minimize transmission and emergence of mutations that may have deleterious effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrointestinal (GI) afflictions are prevalent among the feline population, wherein the intricacies of the gut microbiome exert a profound influence on their overall health. Alterations within this microbial consortium can precipitate a cascade of physiological changes, notably in immune function and antioxidant capacity. This research investigated the impact of Bifidobacterium lactis (B. lactis) and Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) on cats' GI health, exploring the effects of probiotic supplementation on the intestinal ecosystem using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The findings demonstrated a significant improvement in gut barrier function by reducing plasma concentrations of D-lactate (D-LA) by 30.38% and diamine oxidase (DAO) by 22.68%, while increasing the population of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus. There was a notable 25% increase in immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels, evidenced by increases of 19.13% in catalase (CAT), 23.94% in superoxide dismutase (SOD), and 21.81% in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Further analysis revealed positive correlations between Lactobacillus abundance and IgA, CAT, and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) levels. These correlations indicate that B. lactis and L. plantarum enhance feline immune and antioxidant functions by increasing the abundance of beneficial Lactobacillus in the GI tract. These findings provide a foundation for probiotic interventions aimed at enhancing health and disease resistance in feline populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The rectus sheath block is an ultrasound-guided locoregional anaesthetic technique which aims to provide analgesia to the midline of the abdomen. Previous studies in dog cadavers have shown that the injection of methylene blue within the rectus sheath stained the rami ventrales from T10 to L1, potentially providing anaesthesia to the cranial and middle abdominal midline. We hypothesise that a similar approach would be feasible in cats and could offer equivalent results to those obtained in dogs. For this purpose, ten cat cadavers were included. An iopromide–methylene blue mixture (0.4 mL kg−1) was injected between the rectus abdominis muscle and the rectus sheath. Then, a computed tomography scan and anatomical dissection were carried out to assess the injectate spread. Our results showed a consistent staining of the rami ventrales of several spinal nerves (T11–T12) and frequent staining of T10 and T13. These results are compatible with the supply of somatic anaesthesia in the cranial abdominal midline, although the middle and caudal midline anaesthesia could not be provided. The rectus sheath block is an ultrasound-guided anaesthetic technique which aims to provide analgesia to the abdominal midline. This study aimed to assess the distribution of 0.4 mL kg−1 of a mixture of methylene blue and iopromide injected into each hemiabdomen in the internal rectus sheath in cat cadavers. We hypothesise that this technique would be feasible and would cover the rami ventrales of the last thoracic and the first lumbar spinal nerves. The study was divided into two phases. Phase 1 aimed to study the anatomical structures of the ventral abdominal wall (four cats were dissected). Phase 2 (ten cadavers) consisted of an ultrasound-guided injection of the mixture mentioned above and the assessment of its distribution by computed tomography and anatomical dissection. The results showed the staining of the cranioventral abdominal wall with a craniocaudal spread of four (three to eight) vertebral bodies. Methylene blue stained three (one to four) rami ventrales, affecting T10 (60%), T11 (100%), T12 (90%), T13 (50%) and L1 (5%). Based on these results, it could be stated that this technique could supply anaesthesia to the midline of the abdominal midline cranial to the umbilicus in clinical patients, but it may not be able to provide anaesthesia to the middle and caudal midline abdominal region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Myelolipoma of the spleen is a benign tumour rarely described in cats. These masses typically do not spread to other organs, but their growth can push or displace surrounding tissues and lead to pain or discomfort. In this report we describe a cat that presented to the veterinarian with a history of poor appetite and weight loss. Following thorough diagnostic investigations, presenting complaints were attributed to the intra-abdominal growth of a splenic mass. The mass was removed surgically, but the patient died in the recovery period. This case report highlights the need for careful assessment of a risk–benefit ratio when approaching this rare form of neoplasm in cats. Myelolipoma is a benign, typically inert neoplasm of uncertain aetiology that is rarely reported in cats. Although commonly asymptomatic, in some cases, myelolipomas can cause abdominal discomfort or present with rupture and haemorrhage. Here, we describe a rare case of a splenic myelolipoma in a Domestic Long Hair cat in which, after extensive diagnostic investigations, clinical signs of hyporexia and weight loss were attributable to the presence of an intra-abdominal mass. The patient was treated by splenectomy and unexpectedly died during the post-operative period. Although splenectomy appears to be a sensible intervention in symptomatic patients, the optimal management of splenic myelolipomas in cats remains unknown. The risk–benefit ratio of surgical management needs to be carefully considered, and therapeutic intervention should be tailored individually to each patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Simple Summary: Anal sacs are paired skin invaginations present in most carnivores near the lateral margins of the anus and contain combined secretions of glands located in the anal sac wall. Anal sac disease is commonly seen in small animal practices, with a higher prevalence in dogs than in cats. The diagnosis of anal sac disease is usually based on the presentation of clinical signs and physical and rectal examination. However, the clinical signs are often non-specific and may be even absent, particularly in neoplastic cases. Ultrasonographic evaluation of anal sacs in dogs and cats is a practical, readily available, non-invasive, and low-cost modality and may enable the detection of anal sac disease at an early stage, even in asymptomatic patients. This study describes a presumed normal ultrasound morphology of anal sacs in dogs and cats, as well as the feasibility, advantages, and disadvantages of ultrasound screening of anal sacs in these companion animals. Ultrasonographic evaluation of canine and feline anal sacs is a practical promising modality to identify anal sac disease. However, limited data are available about normal ultrasound morphology of the anal sacs. This study describes the ultrasound morphology of presumed normal anal sacs in a larger sample of client-owned dogs and cats. A single-institutional prospective cross-sectional descriptive study was performed, and 137 dogs and 131 cats were included. The most common ultrasound features of the evaluated anal sacs in the dorsal plane were oval shape (99.3% of dogs and 98.5% of cats) and bilaterally similar content (94.2% of dogs and 95.4% of cats), mostly hypoechoic with diffusely hyperechoic points or unformed echogenic material (42.6% of dogs and 44% of cats). Gas in the lumen of the anal sac was detected in two dogs and mineralization in one dog. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between body weight and the size of anal sacs in dogs ≤15 kg and cats and a correlation between age and the size of anal sacs in cats. This simple method provides additional clinically significant information in detecting abnormal findings in asymptomatic patients and could contribute to the early detection of anal sac disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 is a phosphaturic hormone. The information regarding reference intervals (RIs) of FGF-23 in cats is limited. We aimed to establish RIs in a large cohort of clinically healthy cats and to investigate correlations with sex and age. A total of 118 cats with unremarkable complete blood count and serum chemistry profiles were included. RIs were calculated using the reference interval advisor software 2.1 (Microsoft Excel). The RI for FGF-23 concentrations spanned 85.8 to 387.0 pg/mL (90% confidence interval: lower limit 40.5 to 103.9 pg/mL, upper limit: 354.6 to 425.0 pg/mL). No significant relationships (r2 = 0.044) were detected with age (p = 0.081) or sex (p = 0.191). Other studies of the same diagnostic assay calculated RIs of 56 to 700 pg/mL in 79 cats and <336 pg/mL in 108 cats, and concordance with the present study did not detect any correlation with sex or age. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 is a phosphaturic hormone. An association between increasing FGF-23 levels and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was documented in cats, dogs, and humans. The information regarding reference intervals (RIs) of FGF-23 in cats is limited. We aimed to establish RIs in a large cohort of clinically healthy cats and to investigate correlations with sex and age. A total of 118 cats with unremarkable complete blood count and serum chemistry profile were included. Clinically sick cats, cats with concurrent diseases, suspicion of CKD, or receiving renal diets were excluded. FGF-23 concentrations were measured with the FGF-23 ELISA Kit. RIs were calculated using the reference interval advisor software 2.1 (Microsoft Excel). FGF-23 concentrations were correlated with sex and age. The RI for FGF-23 concentrations spanned 85.8 to 387.0 pg/mL (90% confidence interval: lower limit 40.5 to 103.9 pg/mL, upper limit: 354.6 to 425.0 pg/mL). No significant relationships (r2 = 0.044) were detected with age (p = 0.081) or sex (p = 0.191). Other studies of the same diagnostic assay calculated RIs of 56 to 700 pg/mL in 79 cats and <336 pg/mL in 108 cats, and in concordance with the present study, did not detect any correlation with sex or age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Feline upper respiratory infections (URI) are often endemic in animal shelters. Infections lead to increased morbidity, longer duration of stay at the shelter and, subsequently, reduced welfare and quality of life of affected cats. They impede the shelter's ability to use already stretched resources and space optimally and can also result in increased rates of euthanasia of seriously affected cats. Despite the clear association of infection rates and shelter animal welfare, data on the prevalence of disease and the relative contribution of potential risk factors remain unclear, and no systematically synthesised research exists. In this scoping review, we provide a comprehensive description of the literature on feline URI in multiple contexts and explore whether the literature lends itself to be systematically synthesised. We describe patterns in spatial locations of studies, the range of pathogens and diagnostic tests, cohort characteristics and the findings of risk factor analyses. Assessing the impact of risk factors has the potential to alleviate the severity of disease, especially in shelters; however, the results were not easily pooled as the studies used inconsistent approaches. We present recommendations for ongoing epidemiological research on feline URI to provide a more structured framework and define research questions for future systematic reviews. Feline upper respiratory tract infections (URI) are of concern, especially in animal shelters. This scoping review identifies epidemiological literature on URI as caused by feline herpesvirus (FHV), feline calicivirus (FCV), Chlamydia felis, Mycoplasma felis and Bordetella bronchiseptica. Four databases were searched, studies were screened, and data were extracted on a standardised template. We described patterns in spatial locations of the studies, the range of pathogens and diagnostic tests, cohort characteristics and the findings of risk factor analyses. A total of 90 articles were selected for final data extraction. There was diversity in sampling methods, precluding quantitative meta-analysis of prevalence reports. FHV was most frequently studied (n = 57/90). The most popular sampling site was conjunctival swabbing (n = 43). Most studies (n = 57) used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to confirm diagnosis. Approximately one-third (n = 32/90) of the studies included sheltered felines. This review explores the current state of knowledge on the epidemiology and risk factors of feline URI. Assessing the impact of risk factors has the potential to alleviate the severity of disease, especially in shelters; however, the results were not easily pooled as the studies used inconsistent approaches. We present recommendations for ongoing epidemiological research on feline URI to provide a more structured framework and define research questions for future systematic reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclusion of beta-glucans in dog and cat food is associated with numerous beneficial effects on the health of these animals. In this regard, there is an effort to elucidate the potential of this nutraceutical in chronic patients. Since there is a lack of a review on the topic, this review article aims to compile and discuss the evidence found to date. Atopic dermatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and osteoarthritis are diseases of significant clinical relevance in dogs and cats. In general, the pathophysiology of these chronic conditions is related to immune-mediated and inflammatory mechanisms. Therefore, the immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory effects of beta-glucans are highlighted throughout this review. The available information seems to indicate that the studies on beta-glucans' impact on allergic processes in dogs indicate a reduction in clinical signs in atopic dermatitis cases. Additionally, while beta-glucans show promise as a safe supplement, particularly for osteoarthritis, further clinical trials are imperative, especially in uncontrolled environments. Beta-glucans emerge as a potential nutraceutical offering immune benefits for inflammatory bowel disease patients, although extensive research is required to define its optimal origin, molecular weight, dosage, and specific applications across animals suffering from this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Companion animal obesity is a major concern worldwide, leading to health issues and reduced lifespan. Current treatments have had limited success, but new possibilities are emerging from human medicine breakthroughs. This review discusses how GLP-1 receptor agonists like semaglutide and tirzepatide, designed for human diabetes treatment and recently approved by FDA as weight loss drugs, may be useful for future veterinary applications. These drugs were proven effective in rodents, primates, and humans and are promising for combating obesity in companion animals. Despite multiple health benefits described in humans, further studies are needed to assess their safety and effectiveness in veterinary medicine. Companion animal obesity has emerged as a significant veterinary health concern globally, with escalating rates posing challenges for preventive and therapeutic interventions. Obesity not only leads to immediate health problems but also contributes to various comorbidities affecting animal well-being and longevity, with consequent emotional and financial burdens on owners. While past treatment strategies have shown limited success, recent breakthroughs in human medicine present new opportunities for addressing this complex issue in companion animals. Here, we discuss the potential of GLP-1 receptor agonists, specifically semaglutide and tirzepatide, already approved for human use, for addressing companion animal obesity. These drugs, originally developed to treat type 2 diabetes in humans and subsequently repurposed to treat obesity, have demonstrated remarkable weight loss effects in rodents, non-human primates and people. Additionally, newer drug combinations have shown even more promising results in clinical trials. Despite current cost and supply challenges, advancements in oral and/or extended-release formulations and increased production may make these drugs more accessible for veterinary use. Thus, these drugs may have utility in companion animal weight management, and future feasibility studies exploring their efficacy and safety in treating companion animal obesity are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: A shelter for homeless animals is a highly stressful place for cats. This study aimed to assess whether enriching the living environment of these cats with additional resources, such as scratching posts and hiding places, would reduce long-term stress. One hundred and seventy-nine cats took part in the study. The research material consisted of hair. Cortisol levels were analyzed. The results confirmed that cats from a more enriched environment had almost half the cortisol level in their hair than those with fewer resources. Enriching cats' living environment in shelters is crucial in reducing their stress. Easier access to resources allows cats to display natural behavior. This study aimed to assess whether cats staying in an enriched environment would be less stressed than cats staying in a standard environment. The first group consisted of cats living in an environment with fewer resources (standard environment)—103 cats. The second group consisted of cats living in an enriched environment—76 cats. The research material consisted of hair collected to determine the cortisol level. The results indicate that cats from a more enriched environment have almost half the level of cortisol in hair than cats from an environment with fewer resources (0.059 ng/mg vs. 0.101 ng/mg; p = 0.000001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was two-fold: first, to collect data on the use of antibiotics in Germany for dogs and cats and, second, their owners' experiences and opinions. Using an anonymous online survey, dog and cat owners were asked about the last antibiotic administration in their pet. The inclusion criterion was any antibiotic administration within the last year. A total of 708 questionnaires from 463 dogs and 245 cats could be evaluated. Diarrhea was reported as the most common reason for antibiotic administration in dogs (18.4%). Wound infection/abscess/bite injury was the second most common reason in dogs (16.0%). In cats wound infection/abscess/bite injury was the most common reason (23.3%), followed by dental treatment (21.2%) and upper respiratory tract infections (16.7%). The most common antibiotics used systemically in both species were amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (32.5%), amoxicillin (14.8%), metronidazole (6.9%), and doxycycline (6.8%). While efficacy (99.9%) and tolerability (94.8%) were rated as most important for the choice of antibiotics, costs (51.6%) were cited as predominantly unimportant. First-line antibiotics were used significantly more often than critically important antibiotics. The majority of animal owners show awareness for avoidance of antibiotic resistance and the use of critically important antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The term Klotho describes a gene and an associated protein that is involved in numerous processes in health and disease (e.g., ageing, kidney damage, cardiovascular disease) and is therefore of increasing interest. Since studies in veterinary medicine are rare, the aim of this study was to investigate Klotho in cats. Serum α-Klotho concentrations were measured in a group of cats affected by a heart disease called hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and a healthy control group. We found no significant difference between the α-Klotho concentrations in the two groups. However, a comparison of the different disease stages provided indications of possible correlations of α-Klotho with disease stages. In veterinary medicine, the assessment of Klotho in heart disease could be of interest for future studies, as it shows promising properties and potential applications in disease therapy and prevention. Being involved in various physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms (ageing, kidney damage, cardiovascular diseases, etc.), Klotho is a parameter of increasing interest. Studies in veterinary medicine are still rare, but it is exciting to find out whether the findings obtained can be transferred to animals. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate Klotho in cats. This study addressed α-Klotho concentrations in the serum of two groups of cats: one diseased group affected by hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 27) and one healthy control group (n = 35). α-Klotho concentrations in serum were measured using an ELISA. The results were evaluated in the context of several echocardiographic measurement parameters in the diseased group. No significant difference between α-Klotho concentrations in the two groups was found. A slight negative correlation was found between α-Klotho concentrations and the relation of left atrium/aorta (La/Ao) in the diseased group. Gaining initial information on α-Klotho in cats, it was not possible to draw definite conclusions concerning cardiomyopathies in this species. The assessment of Klotho should be considered in terms of its broad implications in disease processes, but it is also recommended to focus on specific disease features. Both approaches might be promising as possible applications of Klotho in veterinary medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surprisingly little is known about how the home environment influences the behaviour of pet cats. This study aimed to determine how factors in the home environment (e.g., with or without outdoor access, urban vs. rural, presence of a child) and the season influences the daily behaviour of cats. Using accelerometer data and a validated machine learning model, behaviours including being active, eating, grooming, littering, lying, scratching, sitting, and standing were quantified for 28 pet cats. Generalized estimating equation models were used to determine the effects of different environmental conditions. Increasing cat age was negatively correlated with time spent active (p < 0.05). Cats with outdoor access (n = 18) were less active in winter than in summer (p < 0.05), but no differences were observed between seasons for indoor-only (n = 10) cats. Cats living in rural areas (n = 7) spent more time eating than cats in urban areas (n = 21; p < 0.05). Cats living in single-cat households (n = 12) spent more time lying but less time sitting than cats living in multi-cat households (n = 16; p < 0.05). Cats in households with at least one child (n = 20) spent more time standing in winter (p < 0.05), and more time lying but less time sitting in summer compared to cats in households with no children (n = 8; p < 0.05). This study clearly shows that the home environment has a major impact on cat behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The nasal cavity has been studied extensively in dogs. However, in cats, there are few studies of the specific anatomy of the nasal cavity, and as far as big cats are concerned, we have not currently found any studies. This work describes the anatomy of the nasal cavity of the domestic cat and three big cats (leopard, lion, and cheetah) using computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and rhinoscopy. The aim of this study is to highlight the specific anatomical characteristics of each of these species, as well as the differences between the domestic cat and its nondomestic congeners. This study highlights the advantages and disadvantages that each imaging technique provides for the study of the nasal cavity. This will help veterinary clinicians diagnose the pathologies that can affect this anatomical region and thereby improve their treatment. In addition, these big cats are in a vulnerable state, close to extinction, and better diagnosis and treatment of their pathologies would improve the survival of these species. The objective of this work was to study the normal anatomy of the nasal cavity of the three species of big cats (leopard, lion, and cheetah) compared to the domestic cat through the use of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and rhinoscopy. Computed tomography allowed us to clearly visualize the entire bony and cartilaginous framework that supports the nasal cavity. Magnetic resonance imaging permitted better visualization of the soft tissues of this cavity. On the other hand, rhinoscopy enabled the direct visualization of the mucosa of the vestibule and nasal cavity, which is very useful in the diagnosis of masses or foreign bodies. Furthermore, with this technique, it has been possible to observe several small orifices from the nasolacrimal duct, the pharyngeal auditory tube, and the lateral nasal gland. Computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and rhinoscopy are useful tools in analysis of the anatomical characteristics of the nasal cavity in these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study aims to characterize soft tissue tumors/sarcomas (STSs) occurring on the faces of cats using histomorphology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular (PCR) techniques. By examining 34 tumors from 29 cats, we found that many were peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs), identified by specific protein markers. Interestingly, only a few tumors thought to be sarcoids were confirmed by testing for BPV14. This highlights the need for careful diagnostic methods to correctly identify these tumors. Some tumors appeared as unusual lesions on the face, not typical masses, pointing out an important clue for clinicians. The study also introduces a new observation in tumor cells' pattern and underscores the value of the Sox10 marker in diagnosing PNSTs in cats, offering new insights for veterinary pathologists. Soft tissue tumors/sarcomas (STSs) in felines, encompassing a variety of mesenchymal tumors with similar histomorphological features, present diagnostic challenges due to their diverse cellular origins and the overlap with other tumor types such as feline sarcoid. This study aimed to delineate the clinical, histomorphological, and immunohistochemical characteristics of 34 feline facial spindle cell tumors affecting 29 cats, including testing for bovine papillomavirus type 14 (BPV14), the virus causing feline sarcoids. Only five out of 12 tumors previously diagnosed as feline sarcoids based on histomorphology were confirmed by PCR for BPV14, underscoring the importance of comprehensive diagnostic approaches to accurately distinguish between STSs and feline sarcoids. This study shows that most facial spindle cell tumors were compatible with peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs) based on positive immunohistochemical staining for Sox10 and other immunohistochemical markers such as GFAP, NSE, and S100. Some of these tumors displayed as multiple independent masses on the face or as erosive and ulcerative lesions without obvious mass formation, an atypical presentation and an important highlight for general practitioners, dermatologists, and oncologists. This study also describes periadnexal whorling of neoplastic cells as a novel histomorphologic finding in feline facial PNSTs and emphasizes Sox10 as a useful complementary immunohistochemical marker for the diagnosis of facial PNST in cats, providing valuable insights for veterinary pathologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This report discusses the ongoing research on, and concerns regarding, the tumor promotion associated with multipotent stem cells, with a focus on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in regenerative medicine. Throughout this commentary, we explore the various impacts of MSC therapies on tumor growth that occurs in veterinary analysis. Additionally, we investigated the characteristics that rendered embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells more tumorigenic than MSCs. Overall, despite concerns regarding tumorigenesis, limited evidence supports the increased risk of tumors associated with MSC injections. MSCs are thus considered a valuable and safe alternative in the veterinary medicine market, especially for companion animals such as dogs and cats. Moreover, bioengineered MSC-derived exosomes are preferable choices for tumor diagnosis and treatment. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy has been actively applied in veterinary regenerative medicine to treat various canine and feline diseases. With increasing emphasis on safe cell-based therapies, evaluations of their tumorigenic potential are in great demand. However, a direct confirmation of whether tumors originate from stem cells or host cells is not easily achievable. Additionally, previous studies evaluating injections of high doses of MSCs into nude mice did not demonstrate tumor formation. Recent research focused on optimizing MSC-based therapies for veterinary patients, such as MSC-derived extracellular vesicles in treating different diseases. This progress also signifies a broader shift towards personalized veterinary medicine, where treatments can be tailored to individual pets based on their unique genetic profiles. These findings related to different treatments using MSCs emphasize their future potential for veterinary clinical applications. In summary, because of lower tumor-associated risk of MSCs as compared to embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, MSCs are considered a suitable source for treating various canine and feline diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Beraprost is a stable prostacyclin analogue that has been shown to be effective and safe for the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats. However, the pharmacological effects of beraprost on the renin-aldosterone (RA) axis and hemodynamics in cats were largely unknown, and the prescription of beraprost has been often limited to feline patients with related disorders. This study in healthy cats demonstrated that the clinical dose of beraprost for feline CKD reduces plasma aldosterone, which is reversed by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition, without changes in the plasma renin and hemodynamics. These findings may help in understanding the pharmacological mechanism, and also the clinical safety of beraprost in the treatment of feline CKD. Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate the hemodynamic and RA system effects of the oral administration of the clinical dose of beraprost for feline CKD in healthy cats, and also to examine whether NOS inhibition reversed them. Methods: A placebo-controlled pharmacological sequential design study was carried out to assess the plasma aldosterone and renin concentrations (PAC and PRC), blood pressure, heart rate, and exploratorily to estimate renal plasma flow (RPF) and renal vascular resistance (RVR) with simplified methods. Results: Beraprost reduced PAC when compared to the placebo (p < 0.05); this was reversed when NOS inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was added to the beraprost treatment (p < 0.01). No differences in the PRC or hemodynamic parameters were detected between beraprost and the placebo. The correlation ratios (η2) showed opposite relationships between beraprost and the added L-NAME effects on PAC, mean blood pressure (MBP), heart rate, estimated RPF (p < 0.001), estimated RVR (p < 0.01), and PRC (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In healthy cats, the clinical dose of beraprost suppresses PAC, which can be reversed by the inhibition of NOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Feline osteoarthritis (OA) diagnosis depends greatly on owner perception and experience of the disease. Owners frequently consider the emergence of OA (delayed and severe) signs as "normal" for an aged cat. Being an incurable, progressive, degenerative process, OA will require life-long treatment. There is a need for a rapid, reliable, and inexpensive diagnostic tool that reveals feline OA pain. A refined scale, the Montreal Instrument for Cat Arthritis Testing, for Use by Veterinarians (MI-CAT(V)) presented remarkable metrological properties (specific, sensitive, and reliable) over its development and validation process. In particular, MI-CAT(V) was responsive to a treatment with firocoxib, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and discriminated four degrees of OA pain functional severity. Firocoxib presented a clear treatment effect based on the MI-CAT(V) and on other functional objective assessments, including possible dose-response. The NSAID was safe over the three-week daily administration tested period. The cluster repartition offers new perspective for an individualized treatment care. Veterinarians face the lack of a rapid, reliable, inexpensive, and treatment-sensitive metrological instrument reflecting feline osteoarthritis (OA) pain. The Montreal Instrument for Cat Arthritis Testing, for Use by Veterinarians (MI-CAT(V)) has been refined in 4 sub-sections, and we proposed its concurrent validation. Cats naturally affected by OA (n = 32) were randomly distributed into 4 groups of firocoxib analgesic (Gr. A: 0.40; B: 0.25; C: 0.15, and P: 0.00 mg/kg bodyweight). They were assessed during Baseline, Treatment, and Recovery periods using MI-CAT(V) and objective outcomes (effort path, stairs assay compliance, and actimetry). The MI-CAT(V) total score correlated to the effort path and actimetry (RhoS = −0.501 to −0.453; p < 0.001), also being sensitive to treatment responsiveness. The pooled treatment group improved its total, gait, and body posture scores during Treatment compared to the Baseline, Recovery, and placebo group (p < 0.05). The MI-CAT(V) suggested a dose-(especially for Gr. B) and cluster-response. Cats in the moderate and severe MI-CAT(V) clusters responded to firocoxib with a remaining analgesic effect, while the mild cluster seemed less responsive and experienced a negative rebound effect. The MI-CAT(V) was validated for its OA pain severity discriminatory abilities and sensitivity to firocoxib treatment, providing a new perspective for individualized care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a debilitating inflammatory oral mucosal disease with a multifactorial etiology. The clinical diagnosis of FCGS is made based on inspection of severe inflammatory lesions and histological confirmation rather than a molecular diagnostic outcome. This gap limits the ability to provide an early diagnosis. In this report, we seek to provide additional diagnostic tools using genomics to aid in providing clinically relevant information. The use of in-depth diagnostic tools, like transcriptomics of diseased tissues, to diagnose FCGS and stratify patients into predictive treatment response groups would dramatically improve both clinical decisions and patient outcomes. In this study, we addressed the gap in diagnostic options using transcriptomic analysis of caudal oral mucosal swab specimens coupled to detailed medical record linkage of FCGS-affected cats undergoing tooth extractions and in some cases administration of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). To better identify markers of disease and potential response to treatment, the transcriptomes of FCGS-afflicted cats were compared to those of healthy cats and those with chronic periodontitis to clearly establish diagnostic biomarker signal transduction connections. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Ak strain transforming (PI3K/AKT) and stress-activated protein kinases/Jun N-terminal kinase (SAP/JNK) signaling pathways were significantly differentially regulated in FCGS-afflicted cats. Activation of these pathways also differed in the treatment response groups. In conjunction, the enzymes Caspase 4 (CASP4), matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP8), and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) were identified as potential biomarkers for the prediction of treatment response outcomes. The observations in the case study support the use of transcriptomics of FCGS patients to contribute to improved molecular diagnostics for the diagnosis and treatment of FCGS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a vital issue waiting to be solved in the feline population. The efficacy of probiotics to prevent/alleviate CKD has been widely investigated in animal models. This pilot study combined a renal-protective functional Lactobacillus mixture (Lm) with pet feed as probiotic pet treats. CKD cats (stages 2 and 3) showed that kidney function and life quality were improved through modifying the composition of gut microbiota and metabolic patterns after administrating Lm pet treats daily for 8 weeks. This study clarified the possible mechanism of Lm in CKD cats and provided a possible novel way to treat cats with probiotics. Microbiota-based strategies are a novel auxiliary therapeutic and preventative way of moderating chronic kidney disease (CKD). Lactobacillus mixture (Lm) was previously demonstrated to exert a renal-protective function in the CKD mice model. The efficacy of probiotics in pet foods is a relatively new area of study, and thus verifying the potential health benefits is necessary. This study evaluated the efficacy of Lm treats in feline CKD and elucidated the mechanisms underlying host-microbe interactions. CKD cats (2 and 3 stages) were administrated probiotic pet treats daily (10 g) for 8 weeks. The results demonstrated that during the eight weeks of Lm administration, creatinine was reduced or maintained in all cats with CKD. Similarly, gut-derived uremic toxin (GDUT), indoxyl sulfate (IS), were potential clinical significance in IS after Lm treatment (confidence intervals = 90%). The life quality of the cats also improved. Feline gut microbiome data, metabolic functional pathway, and renal function indicator analyses revealed the possible mechanisms involved in modulating CKD feline microbial composition. Further regulation of the microbial functions in amino acid metabolism after Lm administration contributed to downregulating deleterious GDUTs. The current study provides potential adjuvant therapeutic insights into probiotic pet foods or treats for pets with CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the local epidemiology of feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in Hong Kong will inform retrovirus prevention strategies. Domestic cat hepadnavirus (DCH), a novel hepatitis-B-like virus, is commonly detected among client-owned cats in Hong Kong, but community cats have not been studied. The aims of this study were to investigate the frequency and potential risk factors for (i) FeLV and FIV among community and client-owned cats and (ii) perform molecular detection of DCH among community cats in Hong Kong. Blood samples from 713 cats were obtained from client-owned (n = 415, residual diagnostic) and community cats (n = 298, at trap-neuter-return). Point-of-care (POC) testing for FeLV antigen and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) anti-p15 and p24 antibodies was performed. FeLV-positive samples were progressed to p27 sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Whole blood DNA was tested with qPCRs for FeLV U3 and gag, and nested PCRs where additional information was required. DCH qPCR was performed on a subset of community cats (n = 193). A single, regressive, FeLV infection was detected in a client-owned cat (1/415 FeLV U3 qPCR positive, 0.2%, 95% CI 0.0–1.3%). Five/415 client-owned cats tested presumably false FeLV-antigen positive (qPCR negative). No markers of FeLV infection were detected in community cats (0/298; 0%). FIV seroprevalence was much higher in community cats (46/298, 15.4%) than in client-owned cats (13/415, 3.1%) (p < 0.001). Mixed breed was a risk factor for FIV infection in client-owned cats. Neither sex nor age were associated with FIV infection. DCH DNA was detected in 34/193 (17.6%) community cats (median viral load 6.32 × 103 copies/reaction). FeLV infection is rare in Hong Kong, negatively impacting the positive predictive value of diagnostic tests. FeLV-antigen testing remains the screening test of choice, but confirmation of a positive result using FeLV qPCR is essential. FIV infection is common in community cats and the absence of a sex predisposition, seen previously in cats managed similarly, raises questions about virus-transmission dynamics in these groups. DCH infection is very common in Hong Kong, both in client-owned and community cats, highlighting the importance of understanding the pathogenic potential of this virus for cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This review explores the emergence of new literature connecting microbial-derived bile acid metabolism to canine and feline health and disease. Specifically, it highlights how gut microbes can orchestrate canine and feline physiology and disease through metabolism and the diversification of bile acid pools, which ultimately impact the host via the activation of bile acid receptors. Incorporating the therapeutic potential of bile acid metabolism into evidence-based veterinary practice will require familiarity with and an understanding of these concepts for a broad array of veterinarians including general practitioners, specialists, and researchers. Bile acids, produced by the liver and secreted into the gastrointestinal tract, are dynamic molecules capable of impacting the overall health of dogs and cats in many contexts. Importantly, the gut microbiota metabolizes host primary bile acids into chemically distinct secondary bile acids. This review explores the emergence of new literature connecting microbial-derived bile acid metabolism to canine and feline health and disease. Moreover, this review highlights multi-omic methodologies for translational research as an area for continued growth in veterinary medicine aimed at accelerating microbiome science and medicine as it pertains to bile acid metabolism in dogs and cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Florfenicol is a synthetic analog of chloramphenicol, which is used mostly in livestock animals. Its potential as an alternative agent in companion animals is strong because of its beneficial properties, such as its extensive wide spectrum and relatively increased, compared to chloramphenicol, safety during administration. However, the emergence of resistant strains can overcome this potential. The distribution of florfenicol-resistant bacteria was investigated among multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacterales isolated from diagnostic samples of companion animals in Greece, which were collected throughout the country. Data regarding sample origin, type of infection, bacterial species, and resistance profiles were assembled and compared. The presence of specific florfenicol-associated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) was examined, and the results were interpreted in comparison with those of antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST). The results of this study indicate that the distribution of florfenicol-resistant MDR Enterobacterales in pets throughout the country is considerable (17.9%) and mainly attributed to the plasmid-mediated floR gene. Thus, there is an increased risk of co-acquisition of florfenicol-specific ARGs through horizontal transfer, along with several other resistance genes. Even though the potential of florfenicol to constitute an alternative antibiotic in companion animals seems high, continuous monitoring of antibiotic resistance profiles is needed. Florfenicol is a promising antibiotic for use in companion animals, especially as an alternative agent for infections caused by MDR bacteria. However, the emergence of resistant strains could hinder this potential. In this study, florfenicol resistance was investigated in a total of 246 MDR Enterobacterales obtained from canine and feline clinical samples in Greece over a two-year period (October 2020 to December 2022); a total of 44 (17,9%) florfenicol-resistant strains were recognized and further investigated. Most of these isolates originated from urine (41.9%) and soft tissue (37.2%) samples; E. coli (n = 14) and Enterobacter cloacae (n = 12) were the predominant species. The strains were examined for the presence of specific florfenicol-related resistance genes floR and cfr. In the majority of the isolates (31/44, 70.5%), the floR gene was detected, whereas none carried cfr. This finding creates concerns of co-acquisition of plasmid-mediated florfenicol-specific ARGs through horizontal transfer, along with several other resistance genes. The florfenicol resistance rates in MDR isolates seem relatively low but considerable for a second-line antibiotic; thus, in order to evaluate the potential of florfenicol to constitute an alternative antibiotic in companion animals, continuous monitoring of antibiotic resistance profiles is needed in order to investigate the distribution of florfenicol resistance under pressure of administration of commonly used agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Felis catus gammaherpesvirus 1 (FcaGHV1) infects domestic cats worldwide, yet it has not been successfully propagated in cell culture, and little is known about how it is shed and transmitted. To investigate the salivary shedding of FcaGHV1, we quantified FcaGHV1 DNA in feline saliva by qPCR. For FcaGHV1-positive saliva, we sequenced a portion of the viral glycoprotein B (gB) gene and attempted to isolate the infectious virus by passage in several felid and non-felid cell lines. We detected FcaGHV1 DNA in 45/227 (19.8%) saliva samples with variable viral DNA loads from less than 100 to greater than 3 million copies/mL (median 4884 copies/mL). Multiple saliva samples collected from an infected cat over a two-month period were consistently positive, indicating that chronic shedding can occur for at least two months. Cat age, sex, and health status were not associated with shedding prevalence or viral DNA load in saliva. Feral status was also not associated with shedding prevalence. However, feral cats had significantly higher FcaGHV1 DNA load than non-feral cats. Sequencing of FcaGHV1 gB showed low sequence diversity and >99.5% nucleotide identity to the worldwide consensus FcaGHV1 gB sequence. We did not detect virus replication during the passage of FcaGHV1-positive saliva in cell culture, as indicated by consistently negative qPCR on cell lysate and supernatant. To our knowledge, these data show for the first time that cats in Canada are infected with FcaGHV1. The data further suggest that shedding of FcaGHV1 in saliva is common, can occur chronically over an extended period of time, and may occur at higher levels in feral compared to non-feral cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The aim of this literature review was to present the novel imaging modalities elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. We provided an overview of the concepts and applications of each technique for the investigation of neoplastic or metastatic tumors in dogs and cats. Studies fon elastography are based on the elasticity and deformation of the evaluated tissue. The information obtained from elastography can aid in the detection and differentiation of malignant and benign structures. Descriptions of elastography studies in several organs and tissues in veterinary medicine reported that, in general, malignant tumors tend to be more rigid and, therefore, less deformable than benign lesions or in comparison to the healthy parenchyma. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography is based on the intravenous injection of contrast media constituted by microbubbles. This imaging modality provides information on the tissue perfusion and allows the investigation of macro- and micro-circulation. Studies on different organs and tissues were performed in dogs and cats and revealed a tendency of malignant tumors to present faster transit of the contrast media (time to wash in, peak and wash out). These advanced techniques associated with other imaging modalities can be used as screening tests and can potentially represent an alternative to the invasive sampling methods required for cytological and histopathological analysis. The aim of this literature review was to present the novel imaging modalities elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography. We provided an overview of the concepts and applications of each technique for the investigation of neoplastic and metastatic tumors in dogs and cats. Studies on elastography are based on the elasticity and deformation of the evaluated tissue. The information obtained from the different types of elastography can aid in the detection and differentiation of malignant and benign structures. Descriptions of elastography studies in several organs and tissue in veterinary medicine reported that, in general, malignant tumors tend to be more rigid and, therefore, less deformable than benign lesions or in comparison to the healthy parenchyma. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography is based on the intravenous injection of contrast media constituted by microbubbles. This imaging modality can be performed in nonsedated animals and provides information on the tissue perfusion, allowing the investigation of macro- and micro-circulation. Studies on different organs and tissues were performed in dogs and cats and revealed a tendency of malignant tumors to present faster transit of the contrast media (time to wash-in, peak and wash-out). These advanced techniques can be associated with other imaging modalities, aiding important information to the well-established exams of B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography. They can be used as screening tests, potentially representing an alternative to the invasive sampling methods required for cytological and histopathological analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study analyzed the initial blow fly colonizers of cats in August 2021 in Indiana. Lucilia silvarum was a primary colonizer of cats in this study, which was a surprising and unexpected finding. Lucilia silvarum has been referred to as a blow fly species that only performs myiasis on amphibians up until recently. In 2014, another blow fly species, Lucilia bufonivora, was discovered in established collections in North America. With this discovery, further reexaminations of fly specimens found that L. bufonivora has been in North America since the 1950s and that the specimens identified as L. silvarum were actually L. bufonivora. Given the history of L. silvarum and that this fly appeared as a primary colonizer of cats, the purpose of this research is to compile all the L. silvarum literature while bringing awareness to the forensic entomology community that this blow fly is forensically relevant. The implications of L. silvaurm being a primary colonizer will aid future investigations of animal abuse or cruelty. Correct identification of blow fly species is paramount when calculating time of colonization estimates. These estimates aid investigators in determining timelines regarding wounds or death. Lucilia silvarum Meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is widespread throughout North America and Europe. Described in 1826, this blow fly was quickly associated with myiasis in amphibians, and to date has rarely been reported in carrion. There is limited data regarding the time of colonization of animals with fur and the interpretation of this data is difficult due to variation in the animal models used. During an examination of initial insect colonization of cats (Felis catus) with light and dark fur, twelve domestic short-haired cats were placed in cages 15.2 m apart in a grassy field in West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. Eggs from initial oviposition events were collected and reared to identify the colonizing species. Three species of Lucilia (Diptera: Calliphoridae), including L. silvarum, colonized the cats on the initial day of placement. In this study, L. silvarum was the primary colonizer of cats, and this may be the first study where a large number of L. silvarum were collected. Further studies should include development studies on L. silvarum to understand its life history and aid in time of colonization estimations. More work regarding the colonization of furred mammals is needed to further examine L. silvarum as a primary colonizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Clipping hair on animals is necessary for many reasons, such as shaving the fur before an ultrasound or during catheter placement. There is a risk that bacteria from the skin contaminate the clipper blade, and potentially, are then transferred to another individual. This study aimed to investigate if the disinfection routines used in three small animal hospitals and one equine department in Sweden succeeded in removing bacteria and dermatophytes from clipper blades. The results indicate that the current disinfection routines are not enough to remove bacteria from used clipper blades, and that sterilization would be a more reliable way to minimize the risk of contamination. Clipping hair on animals can produce microtraumas of the skin and the dislodgement of microorganisms to the clipper blade. This study evaluates if clipper blades in animal hospitals in Sweden are contaminated with bacteria and/or dermatophytes after disinfection. Eleven clipper blades from three veterinary referral hospitals, including one with a small animal department and an equine department, were sampled for bacteria and dermatophytes. All the hospitals had disinfection routines in accordance with the national recommendations for hygiene in veterinary medicine. The sampled clipper blades were supposed to be disinfected and they were considered to be ready for use by staff. Five sterilized clipper blades were used as controls. The results showed that 64–100% of the disinfected clipper blades, from all three hospitals, were contaminated with bacteria, whereas all the sterilized clipper blades were negative for bacterial growth (p < 0.05). One clipper blade from the equine department was contaminated with dermatophytes. The results indicate that the disinfection routines were not sufficient for removing bacteria from used clipper blades, and that sterilization would be a more reliable way to minimize the risk of contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]