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Packaging waste makes up more than 10% of the landfilled waste in the United States. While consumers often want to make environmentally friendly product choices, we find that their perceptions of the environmental friendliness of product packaging may systematically deviate from its objective environmental friendliness. Eight studies (N = 4,103) document the perceived environmental friendliness (PEF) bias whereby consumers judge plastic packaging with additional paper to be more environmentally friendly than identical plastic packaging without the paper. The PEF bias is driven by consumers' "paper = good, plastic = bad" beliefs and by proportional reasoning, wherein packaging with a greater paper-to-plastic proportion is judged as more environmentally friendly. We further show that the PEF bias impacts consumers' willingness to pay and product choice. Importantly, this bias can be mitigated by a "minimal packaging sticker" intervention, which increases the environmental friendliness perceptions of plastic-only packaging, rendering plastic-packaged products to be preferable to their plastic-plus-paper-packaged counterparts. This research contributes to the packaging literature in marketing and to research on sustainability while offering practical implications for managers and public policy officials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay charts the way that ideas of nature, life and disease generated new approaches to Europe's documentary culture between roughly 1650 and 1950. Training its focus on the medium of paper, specifically the essay, reveals conceptual intersections between caretakers of libraries and archives and naturalists or physicians whose focus was the entomology or bacteriology. The recognition of the fundamentally organic nature of books (animal, vegetable, mineral, in a Linnaean sense) invited fresh vocabularies and practices of care and preservation. The essay first explores how book lovers—often encouraged by learned societies or state agencies in the eighteenth century—campaigned against insects whose habitat lay between the covers of precious tomes. It then traces how nineteenth-century microscopy and bacteriology informed notions of sickness or 'pathology' in books. It ends by describing the efforts to remediate these impairments in the twentieth century: to deploy chemistry and medicine as therapies for bringing imperilled papers back to health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In France, the last decade of the eighteenth century saw an explosion in papers of diverse kinds, put to new political uses. However, in the aftermath of the French Revolution, paper was also instrumentalised to articulate histories of revolutionary participation, as well as changing ideas about revolutionary identification. Some of these were coded as virtuous: paper objects found a place at the heart of sentimental accounts of personal sacrifice, such as that of prison warder Joseph Cange. Conversely, paper was central to claims for culpability or reparation—most strikingly, assorted papers were mobilised as defence against recrimination for involvement in regicide, as discussed here in relation to printmaker and politician Antoine-Louis-François Sergent-Marceau. This essay considers how the apparent abundance that characterised the period's paper ecology, along with new attitudes toward paper's proliferation, preservation and disposal, bore the imprint of political justification, evasion and historical revisionism—all framed by the need to 'pass' as post-revolutionary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay focuses on an eighteenth-century book, A Catalogue of the Different Specimens of Cloth Collected in the Three Voyages of Captain Cook to the Southern Hemisphere , which opens up alternative histories of paper in the early modern world. The work consists of a letterpress pamphlet describing the production of bark cloth (tapa), bound with samples of tapa, which were acquired from one of Captain Cook's naval officers. In placing paper and bark cloth into relationship with one another, the work offers another vantage point from which to theorise not only the material history of paper but also the ways in which paper was dependent on an ability to 'invisibly occupy'. Paper's material invisibility is both part of its strength while also demonstrating the intellectual blind spots that can occur in attending solely to material histories of paper worlds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arts of cutting and joining paper (katʿı and vas·s·¯ale) were much prized at the early-modern Ottoman court in Istanbul. This essay takes a single folio of katʿı prepared by the Ottoman paper joinery master (vas·s·¯al) Kalender Efendi (d. 1616) as a starting point from which to explore the essential role of paper in the administration and unification of the Ottoman Empire, shaping the state's relationships with its subjects, and making possible the environment in which Kalender was educated and rose to prominence. Through his skillful manipulation of paper, Kalender created intricate artworks that served as resting place for the eye and mind, astonishing viewers with his skills, and encouraging them to engage in insightful looking. Paper thus served as the locus of intellectual, artistic, and economic encounters, and gave shape to relationships both in the moment and over time [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay considers the material and visual cultural dynamics through which the modern state emerged during the Age of Revolutions in the Atlantic world. It centres upon the emergent rhetoric of the 'written constitution' in Revolutionary North America and the new United States, arguing that this mode of constitution-making represented not the invention that many claimed it to be, but instead a revision of the relationship between document, statecraft and the body in early modern British empire that built upon seventeenth-century English critics of monarchical power. The continuities between the material substrates of empire and nation came to be masked by a rhetoric of disavowal that posited the US constitutional form as both an innovation and a template for the material entanglements of the modern state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When turning to the techniques of etching on metal to make intaglio prints on paper, goldsmiths addressed potential clients and other fellows in their trade. In doing so, they put forth statements about what constituted property for members of each of these social stations. Multiple claims competed to classify to whom the raw materials belonged, the skills to transmute them or the forms that such handiwork took and whether the ownership of such entities could be transferred, redirected or even undone. The Nuremberg goldsmith Christoph Jamnitzer stages these questions in an etching that shows a tailor who is holding a flag stitched together from remaindered pieces of cloth. Connecting for the first time this image to its literary source, Hans Sachs's 'The Tailor and the Flag', published in 1563, this essay demonstrates how the episode attests against the hoarding of materials, and for the ethos of giving clients and apprentices their due. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue examines paper as it became the definitive material for both artistic practice and jurisprudence. European paper made from pulped rags and linens to create the mythic white empty grounds for design was foundational to early modern European ideas about both sovereignty and the creative act. The materiality of paper—as a surface created from refuse—also introduced a form of ecological thinking into both artistic practice and political theory that recognised the value and revolutionary potential of the material world to create from the detritus of failed projects and revolutions. Surveying artistic production across the European continent and into the Ottoman empire, this series of essays examines paper as both a material force that redefined the limits of the creative act while also being inseparable from the consolidation of new political regimes emerging from the rise of early modern colonialism. Paper was both the tool of dispossession and also the grounds on which the potential of artistic practice was reimagined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of ambient or altered environmental conditions on the inactivation of SARS‐CoV‐2 applied to materials common in libraries, archives and museums. Methods and Results: Porous and non‐porous materials (e.g. paper, plastic protective book cover) were inoculated with approximately 1 × 105 TCID50 SARS CoV‐2 (USA‐WA1/2020), dried, placed within test chamber in either a stacked or unstacked configuration, and exposed to environmental conditions ranging from 4 to 29°C at 40 ± 10% relative humidity. The amount of infectious SARS‐CoV‐2 was then assessed at various timepoints from 0 to 10 days. Ambient conditions resulted in varying inactivation rates per material type. Virus inactivation rate decreased when materials were stacked or at colder temperatures. Virus inactivation rate increased when materials were unstacked or at warmer temperatures. Conclusions: SARS‐CoV‐2 at ambient conditions resulted in the inactivation of virus below limit of quantitation (LOQ) for all materials by Day 8. Warmer temperatures, for a subset of materials, increased SARS‐CoV‐2 inactivation, and all were

Here, we use a variety of microscopic imaging techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, 3D visible light microscopy, and portable microscopy to capture the topography of rough paper. Paper coated with a model soot was cleaned with either a firm vinyl eraser or softer, putty-like kneaded eraser and reimaged to characterize the disposition of remaining soot. Although both methods remove soot from the upper-most surface of the paper, only the kneaded eraser can conform to the complex topography to remove soot from the interstices between paper fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landfills are engineered, heterogeneously contaminated sites containing large reservoirs of paper waste. Cellulose degradation is an important process within landfill microbial ecology, and these anoxic, saturated environments are prime locations for discovery of cellulases that may offer improvements on industrial cellulose degradation efforts. We sampled leachate from three locations within a municipal landfill, a leachate collection cistern, and groundwater from an adjacent aquifer to identify cellulolytic populations and their associated cellulases. Metagenomic sequencing identified wide-spread and taxonomically diverse cellulolytic potential, with a notable scarcity of predicted exocellulases. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing detected nine landfill microorganisms enriched in a customized leachate medium amended with microcrystalline cellulose or common paper stocks. Paper-enrichment cultures showed competition dynamics in response to the specific composition (lignin: hemi-cellulose: cellulose) of the different paper stocks. From leachate biomass, four novel cellulolytic bacteria were isolated, including two with the capacity for cellulolysis at industrially relevant temperatures. None of the isolates demonstrated exocellulase activity, consistent with the metagenome-based predictions. However, there was very little overlap between metagenome-derived predicted cellulolytic organisms, organisms enriched on paper sources, or the isolates, suggesting the landfill cellulolytic community is at low abundance but able to rapidly respond to introduced substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Victorian Britain rags were not only associated with the inadequate clothing of the poor, they were also viewed as a valuable commodity, widely collected for recycling into paper. This essay examines rags as simultaneously despised and precious objects, tracing the connections between Victorian accounts of poverty, the industrial recycling of rags into paper, and the redemption narratives created by Charles Dickens about rescued children. A supporter of Ragged Schools and champion of rags recycling, Dickens drew on the idea of the transformation of dirty rags into clean paper in his representations of ragged children. To him, the recycling of rags indicated the civilizing forces of modernity, and reading Dickens's representations of ragged children in this context reveals how cloth recycling became a paradigm for society's duties towards destitute children. This essay explains Dickens's juxtaposition of ragged children with references to rag-dealing in his novels; by this means he suggested that street children, like their ragged clothing, were capable of being purified and transformed into social usefulness. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article offers a new perspective on the literary character Sherlock Holmes, who, though often noted for his cocaine and morphine injections, was actually more significantly dependent on tobacco smoking and printed matter for mental stimulation. Interpreting the pipe as metaphor and metonym for print, and noting his dependency on it to solve his cases, the article proposes Holmes as an early example of the figure of the media addict. It draws on stories, novels and illustrations, primarily from the early part of the Holmes oeuvre, and focuses on ‘The Man with the Twisted Lip’ (1891) (in Conan Doyle,The Penguin Complete Sherlock Holmes (London: Penguin, 2009) to show how tobacco smoking becomes instrumental to the solution of the case, central to Holmes's persona, and reflective of readers' own addictive media consumption. The argument is contextualized by introducing readers to visual and literary tobacco discourse, the wealth of books, periodicals, smoke-room booklets, cigarette cards, reciters, posters and other ephemera that sprang up to advertise and accompany tobacco-smoking throughout the nineteenth century. In them, smoking was constantly compared with consuming print, through puns on ‘leaves’, ‘volumes’ and ‘puffs’ of speech preserved in paper. The article shows how Holmes's characteristic pose of sitting, thinking, and smoking engages and updates the figure of the genteel, masculine, bourgeois media consumer, who typically smokes and daydreams as he reads. Tobacco and print had been linked throughout the century but ‘The Man with the Twisted Lip’ fully subordinates the latter to the former, making ‘the divine weed’ the instrument of Holmes' vaunted ratiocination. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper I examine some difficulties with the argument presented as a topological sorites in Z. Weber and M. Colyvan, ‘A topological sorites’, Journal of Philosophy 107, 311–325. In particular, I suggest that the argument may be used to support the claim that sorites-type paradoxes cannot arise in a cohesive environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the use of paper for social communication in early modern India, with focus given to the circulation of puranic manuscripts, or Hindu religious manuscripts. The author demonstrates how paper influenced communication and helped develop an Indian public sphere in spite of a lack of Indian print culture in the early modern period. Particular focus is given to the movement of texts within the Brahman social networks of Maratha, India, as well as the Maratha state's efforts to regulate communication deemed subversive to Brahman elites.

The article focuses on the continued decline in forest products from the U.S. It was noted that the trade deficit in lumber has grown from 4.1 billion board feet (bbf) in 1962 to 23.4 bbf in 2005, and it is projected to rise to 26.7. bbf by 2050. From 1995 to 2001, the U.S. share of domestic markets fell by 29% for several reasons. With regard to paper and paperboard, the surge in the value of the U.S. dollar from 1996 to 2002 undercut American production, while production expanded in Asia and Latin America, where wage rates are lower and wood fiber plantations are faster growing.

The article discusses the results of a study characterizing the cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) enzyme from the white-rot basidiomycete Trametes hirsuta. The molecular weight of the enzyme was 92kDa. The potential of using CDH for the biological treatment of wood chips without negative effects on paper strength is explored.

In this article we consider printed paper mathematical instruments, in particular those which are reversed because they were produced by inking and taking an impression from an instrument, rather than by printing from a copperplate. Describing a previously unnoticed group of paper instruments by Henry Sutton, we outline their provenance and what is known of Sutton's life. The reverse-printed instruments do not have the same practical uses as the instruments from which they were printed, so we examine their place within seventeenth-century mathematical culture and collecting in order to understand why they were made and owned. We end by suggesting that studying these apparently useless instruments has enabled better understanding of printed paper instruments more generally, by forcing us to think outside the usual categories of theory/practice and useful/useless. Considering the roles of gentleman-mathematicians and collectors shows that the reverse-printed instruments were not useless at all, but instead were valuable objects in their own right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effect of Summon Preferred Food Source on feeding, tunneling, and bait station discovery by the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Bioassays were conducted to determine whether Summon disks affected the aggregation and feeding behavior of termites and to determine whether the presence of Summon disks caused increased recruitment of termites to wood blocks. When termites encountered the disk, they immediately clustered on top of the disk. Termites were observed aggregating on top of the disk throughout the experiment. Consumption of Summon disks was significantly greater than consumption of cardboard disks in paired choice tests. The presence of a Summon disk on top of a wood block caused a significant increase in consumption of the wood block. Bioassays also were conducted to determine whether water extracts of Summon disks affected termite behavior. Consumption of filter paper disks treated with a water extract of Summon disks was significantly greater than consumption of control filter paper disks. Termites tunneled through sand treated with a water extract of Summon disks faster than they tunneled through untreated sand. In a field test, the rate of infestation of monitoring stations with a Summon disk was 3 times greater than the rate of infestations of stations without a disk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starch is one of the most important plant products to man. It is an essential component of food providing a large proportion of the daily calorific intake and is important in non-food uses such as in adhesives. However, while much is known about the chemistry and pathways of synthesis for starch, there are major gaps in this knowledge so that it is not possible to modify the quantity or quality of starch produced by plants in a predictable way. While yield has improved markedly over the last century it is no longer improving faster than the growth in population and, at the same time, farmers' incomes in Europe have been falling, especially in the UK. Thus, production, even in Europe, is not much greater than demand. In the western world an increasing amount of the harvested crop is processed and, therefore, the quality of the raw product becomes an increasingly important issue. There is, therefore, an increasing need to combine the modern mathematical modelling tools with modern biochemical tools and the modern science of genomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dynamic theory of oligopoly up to the end of the nineteen-fifties consisted mainly of the basic work of economists A. Cournot who showed that a linear duopoly is stable. In 1959 economist R.D. Theocharis proved that Cournot obtained his result by accident, since his model becomes unstable if more than two oligopolists act on the market. Theocharis' paper gave rise to a variety of successive publications, in which the duopoly of Cournot was modified in many respects; especially with regard to the Cournot-behaviour-rule, that consists, strictly speaking, of two assumptions, namely: Assumption C1: Each oligopolist computes his optimal quantity on the basis that the quantities of all his rivals remain unchanged and; Assumption C2: Every seller adjusts his output completely and instantaneously to the one that he derived according to Assumption C1.

The article focuses on the limitation in the development of research in social science, that is set by the quality of the paper that has been used for printing over the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Between the 60's and the 80's of the 19th century wood pulp paper replaced rag paper in the publishing trade. The use of wood pulp and of cheaper manufacturing processes effect a revolution in publishing comparable to the revolution brought about when paper replaced parchment in the 14th and 15th centuries. Wood pulp paper made possible an increased publishing of newspapers and magazines in the same decades in which the spread of popular education was creating new multitudes of readers for the increased mass of printed matter. The paper situation threatens to limit in an arbitrary way the development of research in the social sciences. Librarians already hesitate to permit teachers to set loose their research students to devour newspaper files. The purchase policies of the libraries are trimmed to avoid the acquisition of many types of documents which should be saved, but which the librarians will not gather because the paper is too poor.

An editorial is presented on the issue of scholarly publishing. The editor discusses the change in paper used to print "The American Historical Review" and the reasons for the change, the challenges faced in scholarly publishing, and the challenge of how subscribers read either the print or the online version of periodicals.

The author focuses on the manuscript in which the "Turpines Story" is found. The author discusses the manuscript's binding and addresses the difficulty of collating the pages in the manuscript. According to the author, there is a previously unnoticed quire of the manuscript, which he calls "41bis." The author discusses the folios of the manuscript in more detail.

Here subsets of the real line are given the subspace topology, and Cartesian products of topological spaces are given the product topology. Monotone means weakly increasing or weakly decreasing with respect to the natural ordering of R. This article comments on joint continuity that enables one to remove a certain amount of confusion about a small point in the celebrated paper "The Structure of Utility Functions." The question at issue is whether it is necessary for Gorman's results that the domains of his utility functions be not merely connected, but in fact path-connected, topological spaces. Note that these assumptions are not generally equivalent, even for subspaces of Euclidean spaces.

The author announces that the Society of American Foresters made the printing of the "Journal of Forestry" on Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI)-certified paper. The journal is also printed through a SFI chain-of-custody certified printer. The organization, who believes in the value of forest certification, plans to continue to print with certified paper whenever possible.

Presents a letter to the editor about BioScience changing to nonrecyclable paper.

The article focuses on a study related to dermatoses among office workers. Thirty-six of 1213 patients with proved industrial dermatitis were office workers. The causes which were developed are--carbon paper, dyes, liquid soap, etc.

The article explores on the simple procedure for processing event recorder data. The strip chart device called event recorder reads the state of an electrical switch with reference to time used in various studies is said to require a long to process the gathered data. According to the author, the usual procedure uses scissors to cut the strip charts into segments representing the desired time base which is tedious. He suggests the use of a stapler and paper cutter as an alternative for collecting the gathered data.