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This study aimed to characterize the lipidomic responses to community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and provide new insight into the underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis and potential avenues for diagnostic and therapeutic treatments. This study was performed from January 2017 to October 2018. Lipidomic profiles were generated using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) platform. Spearman's rank correlation test and multiple linear regression analysis were applied to explore the correlation between changes in the relative abundance of lipids and clinical parameters. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to build 30-day survival curves. From the UHPLC-MS/MS results, a total of 509 and 195 lipid species were detected in the positive and negative ionization mode respectively. Positive ionization covered six lipid classes (glycerol-phospholipids, glycerolipids, sphingolipids, sterol-lipids, prenol-lipids, and fatty acid), whilst negative ionization covered three (glycerol-phospholipids, sphingolipids, fatty acid). Four lipids were selected as targets: PC (16:0_18:1), PC (18:2_20:4), PC (36:4), and PC (38:6). The relative increase of the areas under the curves for all four lipids were superior to the pneumonia severity index and CURB-65 (confusion, urea, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age ≥65 years old) for discriminating severe CAP from CAP. Decreasing relative levels of PC (18:2_20:4), PC (38:6), and PC (36:4) were negatively related to fraction of inspiration O2; Changes in the relative abundance of PC (16:0_18:1) and PC (18:2_20:4) had significantly linear relationship with procalcitonin. Patients with an elevated level of PC (16:0_18:1) had significantly longer duration of hospital stays. As the relative abundance of PC (18:2_20:4), PC (36:4), and PC (38:6) decreased, the length of hospitalization days and 30-day mortality rate increased significantly (all log-rank p