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A dominant conception of poverty among many researchers is that it is a form of deprivation. There is, however, more focus on the idea of poverty as physical deprivation than there is on psychological deprivation. I argue that poverty is as much a psychological deprivation as it is a physical deprivation and propose a new index that explicitly takes the psychological into account in poverty measurement. I show that most extant literature tends to focus more on physical deprivations which poverty causes. I discuss some poverty indices which are employed to measure levels of poverty and highlight their inadequacy. Employing the conversational method, I tap into Odera Oruka's ideas to offer the Human Minimum Measure (HMM) as a model that might also be desirable if the reality of psychological deprivation is taken seriously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have stated that humans have a fundamental need to belong, but less is known about whether individuals can use other resources to substitute for close relationships. In this study, 357 adults reported their level of affection deprivation, their weekly pornography consumption, their goals for using pornography (including life satisfaction and loneliness reduction), and indicators of their individual and relational wellness. We hypothesized that individuals might consume pornography as a coping mechanism (either adaptive or maladaptive) to deal with affection deprivation, with affection deprivation relating to the goals for using pornography and consumption potentially moderating the relationships between affection deprivation and the outcome measures. As predicted, affection deprivation and pornography consumption were inversely related to relational satisfaction and closeness, while being positively related to loneliness and depression. Affection deprivation was positively related with most stated goals for pornography use (although the relationship between affection deprivation and pornography consumption was nonsignificant). The moderation hypothesis, however, showed little evidence, yielding a moderating effect only on the relationship between affection deprivation and depression (with nonsignificant effects for relational satisfaction, closeness, and loneliness). Overall, there is some evidence that pornography consumption is used as a form of affection substitution (dealing with the perception of affection deprivation). However, there is no evidence of consumption being either adaptive or maladaptive when it comes to relationship satisfaction, closeness, and loneliness, although it is possibly maladaptive in terms of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To identify significant differences in the demographic and pregnancy factors for women with gestational diabetes mellitus who attended or failed to attend for postpartum glucose testing. Study design: A database of 1052 patients with gestational diabetes mellitus was reviewed. The sample was divided into those who attended for postpartum glucose testing and those who did not. Demographic and obstetric outcomes for the two groups were compared. Results: Seventy-four per cent of patients who did not attend for postpartum glucose testing were in the two most deprived quintiles. Smokers, unemployed, younger women, those of higher parity and those who did not breast feed were less likely to attend. Conclusions: Failure to attend for postpartum glucose testing is associated with demographic factors reflective of deprivation. The opportunity to afford lifestyle changes and diabetes screening in these groups of women has been missed. Targeted patient education and accessible postpartum testing may improve compliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the philosopher Karl Marx's critical theory on social conditions of life which is a value-oriented theory. It talks about the arguments based on the differences of views between the author and Professor Echeverría on critical theory. It speaks about the theory of alienation described among Marx's theory on the contemporary life of humans. It tells about capitalism creating crisis, inhuman suffering and deprivation in the society.

Viewed in the context of an older-growing population, pressure on health-care and social (family and community) resources, and a perceived changed intergenerational ‘care contract’, relationships are often the only avenue open to address the care needs of both older and younger generations in economically deprived environments. This study explored how empathy manifested in the care experiences of older people (8 women and 1 man, aged between 60 and 85 years) in relation to middle adolescents (aged 16 years and younger). Empathy is proposed as an essential quality that can benefit care in any relationship, and indications of this were obtained by applying the Mmogo-method®, a projective visual data collection method. Textual data were analysed thematically, and visual data were analysed using Roos and Redelinghuys’ method of analysis. Findings indicated that older people viewed the relational interactions from a self-centred perspective and in a linear manner, referred to mid-adolescents in judgemental terms, and expressed conditional acceptance of these younger people. The findings indicated the antithesis (the opposite) of empathy, with the implication that older people might not give or elicit empathy in relation to younger people, particularly when the latter reach independence and exercise their autonomy. A lack of giving and receiving empathy holds serious implications for the future care needs of older people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As European governments have embraced the credo of austerity, the perennial discussion whether welfare states erode the quality of social networks has taken on a more prominent position on political and social science research agendas. While non-believers of this so-called ‘crowding out’ thesis argue that social networks flourish well in welfare states, believers argue that welfare provisions render social networks irrelevant in mobilizing resources. Using the 2010 wave of the European Social Survey, we analyse the extent to which both the welfare state and social networks have prevented deprivation, as well as the extent to which the functional quality of social networks in inhibiting impoverishment differs as a function of welfare state generosity. Both the ‘crowding out’ and the ‘crowding in’ theses are supported: resources are less mobilized through networks in more generous welfare states precisely because encompassing welfare provisions reduce deprivation significantly, lowering the functional quality of social networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children who spend their early life in social-emotionally depriving institutions have limited opportunities to engage in relationships. This early experience has been associated with many problematic behavioral outcomes; however, researchers have not frequently examined relationship quality of post-institutional adoptees, nor have they examined aspects of the adoptive family that might moderate institutionalization effects. The purpose of this study was to examine the self-reported relationship quality of 10–17-year-old children adopted into the USA from Russian institutions and to determine whether sibling characteristics (relative age, gender composition, sibling adoption status) moderate institutionalization effects. Older age at adoption was related to poorer friendship and sibling, but not mother, relationship quality. Older siblings and same-sex siblings buffered children from this negative age-at-adoption association. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The aim of this article is to study inequality and deprivations as reflected in the human sex ratio (commonly defined as the number of males per 100 females). The particular focus is on three emerging economies – Russia, India and China. The article compares and contrasts the experiences of these countries and discusses policy issues. It is noted that while the feminist perspective on the issues surrounding the sex ratio is important, it would be wrong to view these issues always or exclusively through the prism of that perspective. It is also suggested that India and China probably have better prospects of sustained economic growth in the foreseeable future than does Russia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1950s, the term ‘deprivation’ entered American psychiatric discourse. This article examines how the concept of deprivation permeated the field of mental retardation, and became an accepted theory of etiology. It focuses on sensory deprivation and cultural deprivation, and analyzes the interventions developed, based on these theories. It argues that the controversial theory of cultural deprivation derived its scientific legitimization from the theory of sensory deprivation, and was a highly politicized concept that took part in the nature—nurture debate. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The association between religion and violence has raised much interest in both academic and public circles. Yet on the individual level, existing empirical accounts are both sparse and conflicting. Based on previous research which found that religion plays a role in the support of political violence only through the mediation of objective and perceived deprivations, the authors test Conservation of Resource (COR) theory as an individual level explanation for the association of religion, socio-economic deprivations, and support for political violence. COR theory predicts that when individuals’ personal, social or economic resources are threatened, a response mechanism may include violence. Utilizing two distinct datasets, and relying on structural equation models analysis, the latter two stages of a three-stage study are reported here. In a follow-up to their previous article, the authors refine the use of socio-economic variables in examining the effects of deprivation as mediating between religion and political violence. Then, they analyze an independent sample of 545 Muslims and Jews, collected during August and September 2004, to test a psychological-based explanation based on COR theory. This study replaces measures of deprivation used in the previous stages with measures of economic and psychological resource loss. Findings show that the relationship between religion and support of political violence only holds true when mediated by deprivations and psychological resource loss. They also suggest that the typical tendency to focus on economic resource loss is over-simplistic as psychological, not economic, resources seem to mediate between religion and support of violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we take advantage of the availability of European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data to address both weak and strong versions of the Europeanization of reference groups thesis. The former proposes that common standards of evaluation emerge as a consequence of knowledge of conditions in other societies. The latter argues that people increasingly perceive themselves as part of a larger European stratification system. Our analysis leads us to reject both versions of the thesis. Material deprivation rather than having a uniform effect is highly dependent on national context. If a process of convergence is underway, it is one that as yet has had a limited impact. In circumstances where the Europeanization of inequality is raising issues relating to both national and transnational forms of legitimacy, it is important to understand that there is no necessary relationship between such Europeanization and the Europeanization of reference groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the extent and persistence of child poverty in Portugal between 1995 and 2001. Data from the Portuguese component of the European Community Household Panel Survey (ECHP) are used to estimate child poverty rates and children's flows in and out of poverty. The article focuses upon an analysis based on family income and on a set of non-monetary indicators. This approach allows a comparison of changes in child income poverty and deprivation and, therefore, tests the consistency of child poverty from a dynamic perspective. Overall, relative child poverty rates in Portugal are among the highest in the EU. Children are a group particularly vulnerable to poverty and show a significant risk of poverty, compared to the population as a whole. Children living in households with three or more siblings, children in lone-parent families and in households headed by an unemployed person present a higher risk of income poverty. In terms of deprivation, the results obtained are, on average, consistent with the outcomes of the family income based analysis. This study of child poverty presents a portrait of child poverty in Portugal, and offers important indicators for social policy design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the links between family income, deprivation as reported by parents and deprivation as experienced by children. Data are drawn from a survey of Norwegian families, in which low-income families are oversampled. Three areas of deprivation are explored: housing, consumption and subjective experiences. In each area, indicators of childhood deprivation are developed. It is found that there are clear links, if no absolute overlap, between 'adult' and 'child' deprivation in each area. When looking at which children experience deprivation, we find that non-western immigrants, children with many siblings and children with non-employed parents are most at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to answer the question, how exactly did the East German leader Walter Ulbricht survive destalinization in the 1950s and remain in power until 1971, while his Hungarian counterpart Mátyás Rákosi (and his successor Ernő Ger ő) were forced to resign and flee to the USSR in July 1956? How was Ulbricht able to prevent the kind of unrest that was occurring in Poland and Hungary? Both Ulbricht and Rákosi had spent the second world war in the Soviet Union and were ‘Muscovites’. Both were unpopular, diehard Stalinists who dragged their feet in implementing the reforms dictated by the Twentieth CPSU Congress. The article will conclude that, while the answer lies in a combination of factors, the most influential factor in Ulbricht's survival was probably Soviet support. Ordinarily, influenced by the Poles and Hungarians, the East Germans probably would have tried to oust him in 1956. However, historical and domestic factors intervened in the GDR case, especially the aborted June 1953 uprising and resulting fatalism vis-à-vis the Soviet military and Stasi. Thus, despite their relative economic deprivation and distrust of the punitive Ulbricht, the East Germans did not rise up against him and the SED regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To explore the relationship between ethnicity, socioeconomic deprivation and utilization of general practice. Methods: Data routinely collected by New Zealand general practices in 2001 were analysed using generalized linear regression. Results: The mean number of doctor consultations for registered individuals was 3.7 and the median 2. After adjusting for age, gender and area socioeconomic deprivation, people from Maori, Pacific, Asian and other-unspecified ethnic groups consulted general practitioners at similar rates or less frequently than European people. There was a significant positive trend between increasing deprivation and increasing rates of general practitioner (GP) consultation. The most-deprived groups had an approximately 30% higher rate of consultation than the least-deprived groups. There was a significant negative trend between nurse consultations and deprivation, with people from the most-deprived groups having a 29% lower frequency of nurse consultation. There was a different pattern of doctor consultation in the under-six age group, where a higher rate of patient subsidy was available, suggesting cost may be a barrier to doctor consultation for other age groups. Conclusions: In the general practices, in this study, the increasing rate of doctor consultations with increasing socioeconomic deprivation is consistent with increased need. However, the fact that adjusted Maori and Pacific utilization rates were not higher than those for people of European ethnic identity is a cause for concern in light of evidence that Maori health status is poorer than European, even after adjusting for deprivation. Further research is required to explore potential barriers to general practice consultation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims : To determine whether neighborhood‐level deprivation is independently associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) health behaviors/risk factors in the Swedish population. Methods : Pooled cross‐sectional data, Swedish Annual Level of Living Survey (1996–2000) linked with indicators of neighborhood‐level (i.e. Small Area Market Statistics areas) deprivation (1997), to examine the association between neighborhood‐level deprivation and individual‐level smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension among women and men, aged 25–64 ( n = 18,081). Data were analyzed with a series of logistic regression models that adjusted for individual‐level age, gender, marital status, immigration status, urbanization, and a comprehensive measure of socioeconomic status (SES). Interactions were tested to determine whether neighborhood effects varied by SES or length of neighborhood exposure. Results : Living in a neighborhood with low deprivation was protective (i.e. lower odds) for smoking, while living in a neighborhood with high deprivation was harmful (i.e. higher odds) for smoking, physical inactivity, and obesity (compared with living in a neighborhood with moderate deprivation). These associations were significant after adjustment for individual‐level characteristics. There was no evidence that the neighborhood deprivation associations varied by individual‐level SES or length of neighborhood exposure. Conclusions : Neighborhood‐level deprivation exerted important protective and harmful associations with health behaviors/risk factors related to CVD. The significance to public health is substantial because of the number of persons at risk as well as the serious health consequences of CVD. These results suggest that interventions focusing on changing contextual aspects of neighborhoods, in addition to changing individual behaviors, may have a greater impact on CVD than a sole focus on individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although concerns for inequality are at the heart of the sociological tradition, few sociologists have taken a serious interest in the normative and methodological issues involved in the choice between different measures of inequality. It is argued in this article that the widely used but also widely criticized Gini index can be seen to incorporate a particularly sociological conception of inequality. The Gini index has features that are alien to mainstream welfare economics, but perfectly sensible if inequality is understood more sociologically as arising from a state of relative deprivation. However, the commitment to a relativistic conception of inequality leads to serious theoretical and practical complications. The implicit rationale of the Gird index assumes that it is applied to a `reference population' - where everybody compares themselves with everybody else. It is not obvious that the residents of a nation-state always constitute a reference population in this sense, and arguments can be found both for widening and narrowing the scope of the relevant population. Both aggregation and disaggregation from whatever is considered to be the `appropriate' scope of the reference population is problematic and requires different methodological solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the importance of social deprivation for psychiatric admissions and its correlation with two different deprivation scores. Care Need Index (CNI) and Townsend scores were calculated at the small area level in Malmö, a city in southern Sweden. Admission rates for all psychiatric inpatients from Malmö aged 20-79 years, admitted to the psychiatric and alcohol clinics from 1 January 1991 to 31 December 1994, were calculated. The relationship between the CNI and psychiatric admissions was analysed by applying a Poisson regression model. The results are shown as incidence density ratios (IDR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). From the most deprived areas, the first psychiatric admission rate was more than four times higher than in the most affluent areas. The rates of second and third admission were even higher. Admissions to the alcohol clinic were similar to psychiatric admissions, but the most deprived areas had first admission rates about ten times higher than in the most affluent areas. About 27% of first admissions, including patients from both psychiatric and alcohol clinics, had a diagnosis of psychosis, and 43% were substance abusers. There were differences between the patients' diagnoses in different areas. The correlation between the CNI and Townsend scores was very high. The most important finding of this study is the strong correlation between social deprivation, based on different deprivation indices, and first admissions to psychiatric and alcohol clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of relative deprivation and authoritarianism in predicting militancy and the potential for political protest form the backdrop of this study. The influence of conceptions of regime legitimacy as a variable mediating this relationship was investigated by means of a factorial design, employing a white student sample (N = 135). Conceptions of legitimacy were manipulated by dividing the sample into left- and right-wing subsamples. The left- and right-wing samples were found to demonstrate different conceptions of relative intergroup status between blacks and whites under the regimes which they considered to be their 'least legitimate political parties'. The left-wing associated illegitimacy with increased status advantages, and were prepared to employ militant strategies under this hypothesized regime in response to these unfair status advantages. Anti-authoritarianism was associated with potential militancy for the whole sample. Results are discussed in terms of the possibility of non-violent social transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article investigates the effects of early deprivation on speech development of 4-year-olds in a nursery school and in residential nurseries. In a comparative study, two groups of pre-school children, matched for age, sex, intelligence and home background, were given a battery of verbal tests and their conversations were recorded during periods of free play. Data were obtained on vocabulary and sentence structure under controlled and spontaneous conditions, on the children's ability to understand and express themselves in simple sentences and on verbal expression in social interaction.

The article focuses on the concept of communication development in relation to development of communication system of a society. It mentions the sociological variables proposed by Daniel Lerner that are associated with national development such as urbanization, literacy, and communication. It states the reason for communication to be absent which include the isolation or deprivation of social contact, ignorance or lack of information, and the reluctance of people to join conversations. It says that development of communication contributes in the modernization of the social system.

The article focuses on alcohol miuse. The prevalence of premature deaths associated with alcohol miuse in Great Britain is discussed. The consequences of parental alcoholism are mentioned including social deprivation and a dysfunctional family life. Moreover, the need for the subclassification of alcohol-misusing patients into harmful drinkers and dependent alcoholics is addressed.