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Analyzes the psychological factors affecting paper recycling in businesses. Regulations regarding waste management in the United States; Corporations with recycling programs; Financial motives versus concern for the environment.

Psychological mediators underlie many entrepreneurship phenomena. Unfolding psychological mechanisms enhances our understanding of theoretical relationships in entrepreneurship. This paper first reviews the current state of entrepreneurship studies examining psychological mediators and identifies the hurdles that push researchers away from employing randomized experiments to unfold the causal relationships underlying mediation. To alleviate these hurdles, we then propose parsimonious yet rigorous experimental designs that make experiments testing psychological mediators in entrepreneurship feasible and cost efficient. In addition, when manipulating the mediator is not feasible, we theorize and identify two remedies a single experiment can use to examine the causal chain underlying mediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial reports on the 2006 MRS (Market Research Society) Annual Conference, held at the London Barbican centre. The conference examined the role of blogs and blogging in market research. The conference also centered on the importance of word of mouth in market research. The article also previews the papers contained in the issue including one by Cramphorn on how to measure advertising effectiveness and another by Johnston and Harris about whether respondents in surveys are statistically different than those people that do not respond.

An increasing body of work investigates the participation of a diverse set of actors in strategy making. We argue that extant research tends to gloss over a fundamental condition underpinning such participation: while participation may reflect a hierarchical mandate, insofar as it relates to the actual involvement of employees, it is the result of a process of self-selection. From this perspective, forms of participative strategizing are neither fully the outcome of deliberate top-down choice, nor do they form a random pattern that is subject to the whims of individual employees. Such forms of strategizing are rather, as we argue in this paper, based on an endogenous logic of whether and how an individual self-selects, and in turn involves her/himself in the process, or not. To conceptualize the broader phenomenon of strategy participation, we draw on practice theory to conceptualize how individuals knowingly choose to involve themselves in strategizing events and we develop in turn a process model of self-selection as an ongoing social accomplishment. This model elaborates different patterns of participation in strategy making (stabilizing and shifting trajectories) with variable emergent outcomes. We end the paper by discussing the implications of our theorizing for ongoing research on open and participatory strategizing, and for the body of work on strategy as practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presented here is an abridged and adapted version of an article by Pierre Berthon, Agnes Nairn and Arthur Money which appeared in Marketing Education Review, 13, 2 (Summer) 2003. The objective of the paper in the IJMR now is to encourage practitioners and academics alike to build their own research on the foundations which have already been build by previous thinkers. We hope to demonstrate that a good literature review goes well beyond a cursory acknowledgement of other authors who have worked in the area and we present the 'paradigm funnel' as a tool which can be used to this end. We demonstrate how it can be used to go beyond simply listing a series of past studies to move towards the production of a structured analysis of a total body of research which can generate enlightened research thinking. In this paper the paradigm funnel is used to structure a historic body of research on Market Segmentation. Since the publication of the original paper the paradigm funnel has also been used to analyse Brand Management literature in an award winning thesis by Heding and Knudtzen (2006). These authors have added the notion of 'paradigmatic turbulence' to the original funnel and have applied it to a 20-year period of literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents research which discussed the psychological needs of conservatively treated breast cancer patients. The authors state that most of the patients receiving radiotherapy experienced anxiety due to the paradox that although radiation cures cancer, it is also linked to causing cancer. In this regard, they argue that the use of social comparison groups can be helpful in addressing anxiety.

This article describes how considerations of personality have come to assume a major role in the training of doctors. The concern with personality in the context of medical education is a direct and practical matter. Personality is defined as an inexact term for the sum total of a person's actions and reactions, characteristic of the person's behavior, differentiating one individual from another. Three separate components of mind, as an aspect of personality, are differentiated.

The article focuses on various studies related to the view that patients with cleft lip and palate suffer from psychological problems. According to a study conducted by researcher E. Clifford, the birth of any congenitally deformed child shocks his or her parents. Researcher L.C. Richman says that teachers tend to underestimate the intelligence quotient of children with clefts. He says that this may lead to some children having lower expectations of themselves.

The article discusses the scientific status of psychodynamic theory. There is an assumption which is deepseated and widespread in medical and psychiatric circles. The concept of the unconscious has been part of the ordinary common sense psychology in the West for a very long time. It carries with it a further consequence, which is equally or even more serious.

Despite the clear utility and transferability, National Health Service (NHS) quality improvement initiatives have yet to benefit fully from what is already known within health psychology. Thus far, evidence from established, seminal behaviour change theory and practice have been ignored in favour of newly developed models and frameworks. Further, whilst there is a growing interest in what is commonly referred to as 'human factors' of change and improvement, there is scant transferability of known psychologically informed implementation skills into routine NHS Improvement practice. The science and practice of healthcare improvement is growing, and the behaviour change aspect is critical to sustainable outcomes. Therefore, this paper offers practical guidance on how seminal psychological behaviour change theory and motivational interviewing (a person-centred skills-based approach specifically developed to support people through change) can be combined to better address individual and organisational change within a healthcare improvement context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nature of luxury is constantly changing and this makes it difficult to formulate a universal definition of luxury brands. The current paper aims to enrich the understanding of luxury brand meaning from a consumer perspective. In particular, this paper investigates consumers' perceptions of luxury brands based on the extent to which they associate various attributes to luxury brands. A large-scale survey in the Flemish part of Belgium reveals three facets of luxury brand meaning: an expressive facet that refers to the exclusivity of luxury brands, an impressive-functional facet that refers to premium quality and an impressive-emotional facet that refers to extraordinary aesthetic aspects. In addition, the current study distinguishes three consumer segments (i.e. impressive, expressive and mixed segment) that differ from each other for the importance they attach to these facets of luxury brand meaning. The impressive segment associates luxury brand meaning with both impressive-functional and impressive-emotional facets, while the expressive segment associates luxury brand meaning with the expressive facet, rather than with impressive facets. The third segment, mixed group, thinks both expressive and impressive facets of luxury brand meaning need to be present before a brand can be categorised as luxury brand. In addition, the current study extends previous segmentations by providing a detailed profile of the segments. In particular, this study shows that the views are differentially related to both individual difference variables and various aspects of individual well-being (i.e. self-esteem and negative affect). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses how brands, and their values, become established in the mind of the consumer. The AIDA model of brand communication is now widely rejected within the marketing community. It is accepted that the consumer does not 'process' brand experience at a rational and conscious level, and a new consensus has emerged that focuses on the need to find deeper, and more 'psychological', reasons for brand motivation. The brand is now construed as also sending emotional, and therefore more complex, messages to the consumer, and we have recognised, as a result, that the business of brand experience is more subtle than the rationality of AIDA once suggested. The fundamental structures of the AIDA model remain, however, firmly in place, albeit with new terminology. This paper, in contrast, argues that the entire framework of brand communication needs to be revised. We need a new model to understand how consumers experience brands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing emphasis on research across disciplines, and higher educational institutions' research productivity (RP) is a matter of serious consideration. However, a knowledge gap exists in RP in social science disciplines in India. In this context, the present study aimed to (1) understand the RP of social work and psychology schools at publicly funded central universities (CU) in India, (2) evaluate the RP and research impacts of faculty members in these schools, and (3) identify the publishing trends and patterns in social work and psychology disciplines. Using the Scopus database, we collected bibliometric information on publications of 19 social work and 16 psychology schools and their faculty members. The results indicate that schools' research productivity remained unpromising, constituting many faculty members (Social work 51.08%; Psychology 43.4%) with no publications. Although the average RP of social work (M= 16.0, SD = 17.40) and psychology (M= 45.63, SSD = 61.08) schools differed, the difference was not statistically significant (t = 1.88, p = .078). An increase in the publication was evident after 2016, indicating positive-policy impacts. A difference in RP across professional ranks was evident for social work (p\.05) but not for psychology (p>.05). For research impact, a difference existed based on ranks for academicians from psychology only (p\.05). Publications in high-impact journals and an output of international collaborations remained low in both disciplines. Implications point to developing appropriate workshops and training to provide hands-on experience to improve quality research among academicians. Further policy changes are also essential to enhance research culture and productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the response of the authors to the paper titled "The Legacy of Stress Research: The Course and the Impact of This Journal" which appeared in the September 1990 issue of the "Journal of Health and Social Behavior." The authors' principal concern has been to craft as effective and complete a statement as possible while remaining judicious stewards of the journal's scare page allocation. They made three brief comments on the general nature of the exchange and proceeded to commentary-specific responses.

Scholarly communication, Open Access (OA), and open science practices in Psychology are rapidly evolving. However, most published works that focus on scholarly communication issues do not target the specific discipline, and instead take a more "one size fits all" approach. When it comes to scholarly communication, research practices and traditions vary greatly across and within disciplines. This monograph presents a current overview that aims to cover Open Access (OA) and some of the newer open science-related issues that are affecting Psychology. Issues covered include topics around OA of all types, as well as other important scholarly communication-related issues such as the emergence of preprint options, the evolution of new peer review models, citation metrics, persistent identifiers, coauthorship conventions, field-specific OA megajournals, and other "gold" OA psychology journal options, the challenges of interdisciplinarity, and how authors are availing themselves of green and gold OA strategies or using scholarly networking sites such as ResearchGate. Included are discussions of open science strategies in Psychology such as reproducibility, replication, and research data management. This overview will allow psychology researchers to get up to speed on these expansive topics. Further study into researcher behavior in terms of scholarly communication in Psychology would create more understanding of existing culture as well as provide researchers with a more effective roadmap to the current landscape. As no other single work is known to provide a current look at scholarly communication topics that is specifically focused on Psychology, this targeted overview aims to partially fill that niche. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many contradictions in previous studies of the status of depressive symptoms among Chinese migrant children, the number of which in the compulsory education stage is about 13.9 million. This systematic review and meta-analysis were designed to compare depressive symptoms among migrant children and their urban children. Around 2,710 papers were retrieved from PubMed, OVID, the Web of Knowledge, CNKI, Wan Fang, Chongqing VIP, and Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index on January 27, 2020. Thirty-Two studies met study criteria with 14,906 migrant children and 10,792 urban children. Migrant children scored significantly higher for depressive symptoms score (SMD = 0.307, 95% CI [0.222, 0.393]). Region significantly influenced the difference of depressive symptoms between migrant children and urban children. Large effect sizes came from studies using scales that focus on depressive mood while studies using scales that focus on depressive behavioural symptoms had small effect sizes. Future research should focus on treatments to decrease depressive mood of migrant children. Future studies can add information about the length of their current stay in the urban location to improve the quality of study. PROSPERO registry: Systematic review registration no. CRD42018090676. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As customer needs become more sophisticated, often requiring new elements of psychological satisfaction, this poses the question of how innovation practices can be developed from the rational and mechanistic to take more account of the psychological, social and cultural needs of customers that are captured within successful products. This paper discusses the concept of visceralisation - the 'gut feel' and instinct associated with the tacit dimensions of managerial intuition - and develops a model of a visceral market learning capability. This concept draws on related ideas of design thinking and design attitude to improve innovation outcomes. While visceralisation has been discussed from both the consumer and research perspective, little progress has been made in applying the concept for market research and new product innovation purposes. The research methodology utilises an interactive, collaborative approach involving practitioners to assist in the development of the model and an understanding of the visceralisation process. This is further informed by two case studies that support this emerging concept. This paper helps to characterise the concept of visceralisation, and the market and organisational learning mechanisms needed to develop visceral insight, and provides suggestions for market researchers and managers involved in new product development. While further development is required, the paper provides a framework, process and guidelines for the application of this technique in different contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports the feasibility and methodological considerations of using the Short Message System Experience Sampling (SMS-ES) method, which is an experience sampling research method developed to assist researchers to collect repeat measures of consumers' affective experiences. The method combines SMS with web-based technology in a simple yet effective way. It is described using a practical implementation study that collected consumers' emotions in response to using mobile phones in everyday situations. The method is further evaluated in terms of the quality of data collected in the study, as well as against the methodological considerations for experience sampling studies. These two evaluations suggest that the SMS-ES method is both a valid and reliable approach for collecting consumers' affective experiences. Moreover, the method can be applied across a range of for-profit and not-for-profit contexts where researchers want to capture repeated measures of consumers' affective experiences occurring over a period of time. The benefits of the method are discussed, to assist researchers who wish to apply the SMS-ES method in their own research designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about advertising that works on our emotions without necessarily achieving high levels of attention or recall. We compare the most popular recall-based metric--claimed ad awareness--against an approach that deduces effectiveness from recognition, and find claimed ad awareness seriously underestimates the effectiveness of the advertising tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to an increasingly complex mixture of different types of public spaces and their functions in cities, the role of public spaces can be enhanced to serve users under certain circumstances. This paper examines Carmona's classification of urban spaces in Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia. Carmona introduces a classification that uses aspects of function, perception, and ownership to distinguish between space types. Twenty urban space types are recognized in four groups, representing a variety from clearly public to private space. The classifications of public spaces will be discussed to arrive at classifications for public spaces based on how public spaces are managed. The article builds an understanding of how such classifications relate to how real public spaces are provided today. In this case study, a Geographic Information System (GIS) map is created for Al-Baha Central District and includes the resulting classifications. From the 119 urban spaces selected to represent this study equally distributed across the study area, there are 12 types that public spaces match Carmona's classification. The classification of urban spaces for this case study revealed the complexity of public spaces' nature and the difficulty of distinguishing what is public. Public spaces tend to change and develop over time through other uses and activities. However, the classification of public spaces is a valuable tool that policymakers and planners can use to set comprehensive development plan programs and plan open space strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to describe systematically recent studies that show the importance of cholesterol in psychopathology. Methods: This study was a review. The following databases were searched for relevant published articles on human studies: MEDLINE, Web of Science, EBSCOhost Academic Search Complete, and Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection (papers from January 2012 to March 2016). Results: Eighteen recent papers were selected, and thematic dimensions showing correlations between cholesterol and behavioral and psychopathological variables were depression, suicide, personality, and aggression. Conclusion: This paper demonstrates that recent research corroborates the idea that cholesterol plays an important role in governing behavior and psychopathology in humans. Deepening the studies in this field could be a promising avenue for future research, with implications for treating people with behavior or mental health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do individuals escape embarrassing moments in interaction? Drawing from ethnographic fieldwork, in-depth interviews, and video recordings of weekly street corner ciphers (impromptu rap sessions), this paper expands Goffman's theory of defensive and protective face-work. The findings reveal formulaic and indirect dimensions of face-work. First, this paper shows how individuals use prescripted techniques and other canned resources to overcome embarrassing gaffes in interaction. Specifically, rappers use “writtens” (prewritten rhymes) when they are close to “falling off,” a local term for messing up and stopping abruptly during a “freestyle” (improvised) rap performance. Second, this paper describes how shared pressures to sustain an interaction can lead to collateral face-saving. In the cipher, surrounding peers “jump in” and begin rapping when somebody else falls off. Although this protects the person who is falling off from embarrassment, it is often done to “keep the flow going” in the cipher. At the end, this paper also outlines situations in which individuals withhold face protection from others. These findings point to other social situations in which individuals escape embarrassment with canned resources and through collateral face-saving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against a background of stalling UK life expectancy, the COVID-19 pandemic necessitated a different way of working for public health to respond quickly to new and many demands. At the same time, public health teams had to ensure they did not concentrate on the immediate crisis at the expense of mitigating longer-term impacts of the pandemic. This was, and is, a major challenge with additional demands on an already hard-pressed workforce. This paper discusses the experience of a local public health department in responding to the pandemic and raises four key areas that influenced decisions and need to be considered in future. These are care homes issues, addressing all four harms of the pandemic, lessons for behaviour change and the need to strengthen Scotland's public health workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the winning entry in the 2012 "International Journal of Market Research" Young Research Writer award competition, "‘Mirror, mirror on the wall, which brand is like me most of all?’ Integrating consumers into brand personality measurement." The paper is an empirical analysis of the influence of brand personality in consumer purchasing behavior, focusing on the question of whether consumers choose brands with personality traits similar to their own. Topics include consumer self–brand congruency, personality assessment scales and measurements, and cross-cultural influences.

This paper describes an experiment in which a single questionnaire was fielded in four different styles of presentation: Text Only, Decoratively Visual, Functionally Visual and Gamified. Respondents were randomly assigned to only one presentation version. To understand the effect of presentation style on survey experience and data quality, we compared response distributions, respondent behaviour (such as time to complete), and self-reports regarding the survey experience and level of engagement across the four experimental presentations. While the functionally visual and gamified treatments produced higher satisfaction scores from respondents, we found no real differences in respondent engagement measures. We also found few differences in response patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the concept of serendipity in entrepreneurship, defined as search leading to unintended discovery. It conceptually delineates serendipity, showing how it is related to the entrepreneurship literature on prior knowledge and systematic search. The paper also discusses how serendipitous entrepreneurship relates to some aspects of evolutionary theory, socio-economic institutions, and social psychology. It is suggested that serendipity may be a quite prevalent feature of entrepreneurship and thus has implications for both research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we ask whether individuals decide that people are generally trustworthy or untrustworthy by extrapolating from their experiences in localized interactions or whether a more fixed predisposition drives assessments of trustworthiness. These two contrasting theoretical perspectives on generalized trust can be translated into empirically testable models and adjudicated using confirmatory tetrad analysis. This paper is among the first substantive applications of confirmatory tetrad analysis and illustrates an important advantage of this technique—the ability to distinguish between causal and reflective indicators of a latent variable. We find that individuals develop a generalized expectation of trustworthiness based on their experiences with different groups of people in localized settings. We demonstrate the robustness of our results across disparate samples and spatially dissimilar survey sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the literature on leadership, emotions and organizations by examining Shakespeare's Othello. While much of the existing literature focuses exclusively on the external dimensions of leadership, this paper adds a new dimension by focusing as well on the internal workings of the mind of the leader, here that of Othello. This focus is made possible by postulating that the subordinate Iago — whose relationship to Othello is central to the plot — represents an inner character within Othello's mind, as well as an external character. As an inner character, Iago fills Othello's mind with powerful feelings of jealousy and envy, especially about an alleged relationship between Othello's wife and his lieutenant, Cassio. Othello's conundrum thus concerns whether he should tolerate these feelings and live with his uncertainty about his wife's purported infidelity, or, alternatively, try to rid himself of these feelings by killing her and Cassio. Concepts from psychoanalysis and a variety of other traditions are drawn on. Following this, there is an exploration of a contemporary reference, that of the demise of the Gucci family dynasty. The paper ends with an examination of the implications and a conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opinion polls are the currency of politics. They are used by media organisations to evaluate the performance of governments, and by governments and political parties to test the policies that shape manifestos and reform agendas. But opinion polls all rely on one thing - asking people how they themselves intend to vote - and, too often, classical opinion research techniques fail to confront the issues that underpin inaccuracy. In the UK and in many other countries around the world, their performance over the past 20 years has ranged from excellent to disastrous.1 The 'Wisdom of Crowds' concept turns conventional predictions on their head. It assumes that any crowd that conforms to a core set of principles is capable of delivering a more accurate prediction than the smartest people within it. This paper tests this proposition within the context of actual elections in the UK, showing that the Wisdom of Crowds approach used by ICM Research at the 2010 general election would have produced the most accurate final pre-election prediction. It also shows that a Wisdom approach to regular vote intention tracking produces an interesting complement to classically conducted vote intention polls. Or, if one were to be bold, a competitor to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes the case for working at relational depth (Mearns & Cooper 2007) in qualitative work. To establish this case, I trace the roots of psychological methods in qualitative work, and their foundations in the European and American schools of psychology. In particular I describe a split between holistic and elemental approaches, which I believe has done much to undermine the potential of qualitative work. I have also tried to set qualitative work in an appropriate psycho-social context because I feel it can play such a key role in sustaining democratically-based commercial growth and innovation in the UK and elsewhere in these days when consumer choice is as important in deciding our future as any other element of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Has sociology become more socially integrated over the last 30 years? Recent work in the sociology of knowledge demonstrates a direct linkage between social interaction patterns and the structure of ideas, suggesting that scientific collaboration networks affect scientific practice. I test three competing models for sociological collaboration networks and find that a structurally cohesive core that has been growing steadily since the early I960s characterizes the discipline's coauthorship network. The results show that participation in the sociology collaboration network depends on research specialty and that quantitative work is more likely to be coauthored than non-quantitative work However structural embeddedness within the network core given collaboration is largely unrelated to specialty area. This pattern is consistent with a loosely overlapping specialty structure that has potentially integrative implications for theoretical development in sociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the concept of affect transfer has been addressed by many in the literature, the process underlying the transfer of brand associations from parent brands to their extensions is still unclear despite important theoretical and managerial implications. This paper proposes to conceptualise and model the empirical process underlying such transfer. The findings reveal that the capability of a parent brand to transfer specific brand associations to a line extension depends on an optimisation process where strong transfer occurs only when repeated measures of the same associations are not statistically distinct. Conversely, the transfer is limited when the statistical difference is either positive or negative in repeated measures. When the difference is positive, the extension appears to already 'own' the association in comparison to the parent brand and when negative the association is not compatible with the extension. The methodological and managerial implications of brand association transfer are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows that respondents are better at predicting when they won't give a recommendation than when they will. The main reason for inaccuracy was an over-reliance on past circumstances (past receiving or giving of recommendations) in making future predictions of their own behaviour. Therefore, self-report probabilities are best used as measures of the potential or desire to give are commendation, rather than predictions of future behaviour. The translation of this potential to behaviour will depend largely on the external environment,which is outside the respondent's control. To improve the accuracy of aggregate-level predictions of how many people will give recommendations, we suggest reducing the number of those with a high self-reported probability to around 30% of survey estimates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the authors present a parsimonious measure of attitudinal equity for all brands in a survey at respondent level. Their purpose is to provide marketing researchers with a survey-based measure of brand strength that is attitudinally pure and can therefore be used with confidence for modelling purposes. The authors validate the measure against typical 'within survey' metrics, but also against individual behaviour as established in diary and scanner panels. In both cases, they show that the measure correlates strongly with the way that each person in the survey distributes her/his share of wallet across brands in a category. The measure outperforms other attitudinal indicators of brand strength both in terms of 'within survey' validation and in terms of ex-survey panel data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of online research has hitherto been largely on using the internet as a tool to reach potential respondents efficiently. However, the internet is more than a tool. It is a 'space', like many other social spaces, where people meet, talk, express their views, live their lives. The potential of the web as the object of study has remained underexploited in market research. It is this dimension of the web -- as a rich source of data on people's lives, interactions and opinions -- that offers tremendous possibilities in the years to come. 'Webnography' or 'webethnography' is an attempt to look for insights arising from natural contexts on the internet -- the natural 'conversations' among consumers, or what we refer to as consumer generated media. This includes forums like blogs, newsgroups, social networking services, message boards, consumer review forums etc. There are several advantages that this type of web-research offers: access to spontaneous consumer talk that is more natural and more 'real'; 'heartfelt' data that is more vivid and textured; real time trends as they happen and access to leading edge, involved consumers. This paper illustrates the promise of this method through examples, and shares some tips and best practices for undertaking webnography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rationalist bargaining literature explains how public statements and military mobilizations can signal resolve. But recent political psychology scholarship shows how such actions can "provoke" targets, increasing their resolve by arousing emotions among their leaders and public. While rationalist models have largely omitted provocation, psychological approaches have neglected its strategic consequences. We model provocation in bargaining, assuming that a challenger's signals endogenously increase the target's resolve. Our model shows that introducing provocation can make signals of resolve more credible precisely because their provocative effects make them more costly to send. Moreover, against the prevailing intuition that provocation uniformly promotes conflict, the information from these signals can mitigate their provocative effects and elicit more generous offers than not signaling. Thus, in contrast to psychological accounts, we show that taking provocative actions can be rational and necessary for reaching peaceful bargains. We illustrate these findings with the 1911 Agadir Crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the challenges women with neuromuscular disease face when having to urinate when away from home. The design for this study was qualitative using the interpretive description methodology and the Sense of Coherence theory. The method was three semi-structured focus group interviews with 12 women (3 ambulant and 9 non-ambulant) with neuromuscular diseases at a specialized rehabilitation hospital. We found that physical and functional barriers hampered the opportunity to urinate when away from home due to lack of accessibility and impaired physical functioning. Psychosocial impacts were related to inconvenience and dependency on relatives, fear of stigmatization and impacted dignity, and the constant social sacrifices. The challenge of access to adequate and equitable sanitation for women with neuromuscular diseases is not at always met in society, and these women consequently often must resort to repressing the fundamental need to urinate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this issue, considerable space is devoted to discussion of the content and practices of other journals in sociology. A review symposium covers three volumes of the "American Sociological Review" the "American Journal of Sociology" and "Social Forces"-one of the contributions being focused on the review process used by those journals. Another symposium reviews a book which deals primarily with the review process used by journals in sociology, social work and psychology. The established procedure for evaluating manuscripts perhaps could work rather well when submissions were fewer and when almost all of the refereeing was done by members of editorial boards. At one time, each editor was usually fairly well acquainted with the work and qualifications of the referees. The official status of the editorial board members and their personal relationship with the editor imposed a kind of accountability. Each editor usually made decisions on only a few dozen papers each year and thus could devote a great deal of time and attention to each decision. He could read each paper and each critique of it very carefully and thus could detect at least a fair amount of any careless or incompetent work by referees.

The article comment on the criticisms by researchers J. Cohen C. M. Dayton and Donald L. Meyer on a survey paper by the author on the power of statistical tests. The major point of all the criticisms was on the supposed "after-the-fact" or post hoc usage of power. Two other issues dealing with the conditional nature of power and the reporting schemes are also mentioned. The author finds it difficult to be upset with the major points proposed by Meyer outside of misinterpretations. The author has no objections to the viewpoint presented in the paper. To some people the classical approach makes equally good sense, but the author chooses not to be pigeonholed as a "classicist" or a "Bayesian." The author believes a reasonable researcher can and should entertain all philosophical viewpoints, and select that one or several with which he is most comfortable. Once the Bayesian viewpoint is adopted, then the power issue is trivial. However, the Bayesian viewpoint has not been adopted and utilized for published research very often in the behavioral sciences.

Examines the effect of commitment and group feedback on curbside recycling. Socially mediated consequences; Effects of the depletion of natural resources; Limitations of the interventions; Arrangement of social consequences for recycling behavior.

Studies the use of recycling with behavior change programs in solid waste recovery in the United States. Encouragement of proenvironmental behavior; Review of behavioral interventions to promote recycling; Manipulation of antecedent conditions; Prompting strategies; Commitment; Environmental alteration; Manipulations of consequence conditions.

This paper describes the behavior of shy and self-confident individuals. Although there is a literature concerning the causes and consequences of shyness and self-confidence, nobody has systematically investigated what such people actually do. This paper reports findings obtained in a laboratory about conversational strategies used by shy and self-confident men and women. Participants were chosen from introductory courses at a midwestern university and were asked to complete the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA) questionnaire. Those with either high or low scores then were asked to participate in a laboratory experiment in which dyads "got to know each other." These interactions were audio- and videotaped. Through conversation-analytic techniques, verbal patterns of both shy and self-confident behavior were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to examine the possibility that relationships between commonly studied status indicators and psychological distress indicators are due, in part or wholly, to differences in the impacts of comparable stressor events and situations on people in different status categories. This paper describes and illustrates a strategy for doing this and argues that the systematic existence of impact differentials helps explain the commonly observed relationships between certain social statuses and psychological distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Some degree of general worry about cancer may facilitate screening participation, but specific worries about the potential consequences (e.g. treatment, death) may act as deterrents. No studies have examined these associations in the same sample. We assessed associations between general versus specific cancer worries and cancer screening participation. Methods In 2016, a population-based cross-sectional survey of adults living in England was carried out. This paper reports analyses of a subsample (n = 1694). Measures included (i) frequency of general cancer worry, (ii) specific worries about the emotional and physical consequences of a cancer diagnosis, and (iii) specific worries about the social consequences of a cancer diagnosis. Logistic regression analyses examined their association with self-reported screening uptake among participants eligible for cervical (n = 671), breast (n = 323), and colorectal (n = 368) cancer screening. Results Frequency of general cancer worry was not associated with screening participation. Specific worry about the emotional and physical consequences increased the odds of participants reporting regular uptake of colorectal screening (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.04–1.90). Specific worry about the social consequences of diagnosis was negatively associated with regular attendance for cervical and breast screening in unadjusted analyses only. In adjusted models, the associations were no longer statistically significant for cervical (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.65–1.03) or breast (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.45–1.04) screening. Conclusions Specific worries about cancer may be differentially associated with participation across screening programmes. Further research is needed, as interventions to optimise informed participation may be improved if the specific worries associated with low participation in each programme are understood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction to the journal is presented which discusses various papers published within the issue, including one on adolescent distress following a separation period from their fathers, one on the effects of bullying on adolescent victims, and another on the prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in young adults.

The efficacy of a mobile application to increase connectedness to nature and impart flora/fauna/ecological knowledge was assessed in 747 children in three separate and distinctive parks: a wetland, a prairie grassland, and an indoor tropical garden. The mobile application was developed with place-based education in mind. At each park, children were randomly assigned to one of three groups. One group of children toured the park using an application on a mobile device with their chaperones, another group toured the park with an environmental educator and their chaperones, and a third group toured the parks with a paper map and their chaperones. Results showed that the mobile application was just as effective at connecting children to nature as more traditional ways of non-formal environmental education, but the mobile application offered additional benefits such as higher ratings of fun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]