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Terrorist fraud is an attack against distance bounding protocols, whereby a malicious prover allows an adversary to authenticate on their behalf without revealing their secret key. In this paper, we propose new attack strategies that lead to successful terrorist frauds on proven-secure protocols.

Multi-factor authentication (MFA) is a useful measure for strengthening authentication. Despite its security effectiveness, the adoption of MFA tools remains low. To create more human-centric authentication solutions, we designed and evaluated the efficacy of a risk-reduction-based incentivization model and implemented our proposed model in a large-scale organization with more than 92, 025 employees, and collected survey data from 287 participants and interviewed 41 participants. We observed negative perceptions and degraded understandings of MFA technology due to the absence of proper risk and benefit communication in the control group. Meanwhile, the experimental group employees showed positive perceptions of MFA use for their work and personal accounts. Our analysis and implementation strategy are critical for reducing users’ risks, creating positive security tool usage experiences, and motivating users to enhance their security practices.

Most research modelling Bitcoin-style decentralised consensus protocols has assumed profit-motivated participants. Complementary to this analysis, we revisit the notion of attackers with an extrinsic motivation to disrupt the consensus process (Goldfinger attacks). We outline several routes for obtaining a majority of decision-making power in the consensus protocol (a hostile takeover). Our analysis suggests several fundamental differences between proof-of-work and proof-of-stake systems in the face of such an adversary.

Digital currencies have flourished in recent years, buoyed by the tremendous success of Bitcoin. These blockchain-based currencies, called altcoins, are associated with a few thousand to millions of dollars of market capitalization. Altcoins have attracted enthusiasts who enter the market by mining or buying them, but the risks and rewards could potentially be significant, especially when the market is volatile. In this work, we estimate the potential profitability of mining and speculating 18 altcoins using real-world blockchain and trade data. Using opportunity cost as a metric, we estimate the mining cost for an altcoin with respect to a more popular but stable coin. For every dollar invested in mining or buying a coin, we compute the potential returns under various conditions, such as time of market entry and hold positions. While some coins offer the potential for spectacular returns, many follow a simple bubble-and-crash scenario, which highlights the extreme risks—and potential gains—in altcoin markets.

GSMA is developing and standardizing specifications for embedded SIM cards with remote provisioning, called eUICCs, which are expected to revolutionize the cellular network subscription model. We study GSMA’s “Remote Provisioning Architecture for Embedded UICC” specification, which focuses on M2M devices, and we analyze the security of remote provisioning. Our analysis reveals weaknesses in the specification that would result in eUICCs being vulnerable to attacks: we demonstrate how a network adversary can exhaust an eUICC’s memory, and we identify three classes of attacks by malicious insiders that prevent service. We disclosed our findings to GSMA; GSMA confirmed the validity of these attacks and acknowledged their potential to disrupt the cellular industry. We propose fixes, which GSMA is incorporating into its specification. Thus, we improve security of next generation telecommunication networks.

Certain advances in election technology, such as online voting, promise to reduce the administrative overhead of running an election. This has breathed new life into the idea of direct democracy, where voters play a more active role in setting legislation. However it is anticipated that a steady stream of referendums would generate voter fatigue. To combat this fatigue, voters could be allowed to delegate their votes to other (more knowledgeable) voters. This idea is old but has been recently reinvented under the name liquid democracy. In this paper, we consider how ballot secrecy should be defined for liquid democracy. We first show that a natural definition of full secrecy leads to several undesirable outcomes. We then show that these are very difficult to address without enabling voter coercion and vote buying. The purpose of the paper is not to affirm liquid democracy; rather, it is to raise awareness of unseen complexity hiding under our initial presumption that liquid democracy could effortlessly support a secret ballot.

In this chapter, we will first deal with rectangles on grid paper, which we will then modify step-by-step. Then we are going to explore an easy way of calculating the area of figures whose vertices lie on grid points.

Fraud victims are often refused a refund by their bank on the grounds that they failed to comply with their bank’s terms and conditions about PIN safety. We, therefore, conducted a survey of how many PINs people have, and how they manage them. We found that while only a third of PINs are ever changed, almost half of bank customers write at least one PIN down. We also found bank conditions that are too vague to test, or even contradictory on whether PINs could be shared across cards. Yet, some hazardous practices are not forbidden by many banks: of the 22.9% who re-use PINs across devices, half also use their bank PINs on their mobile phones. We conclude that many bank contracts fail a simple test of reasonableness, and ‘strong authentication’, as required by the Payment Services Directive II, should include usability testing.

We introduce a model for examining the factors that lead to the adoption of new encryption technologies. Building on the work of Brock and Durlauf, the model describes how agents make choices, in the presence of social interaction, between competing technologies given their relative cost, functionality, and usability. We apply the model to examples about the adoption of encryption in communication (email and messaging) and storage technologies (self-encrypting drives) and also consider our model’s predictions for the evolution of technology adoption over time.

We provide a UTXO model of blockchain transactions that is able to represent both credit and debt on the same blockchain. Ordinarily, the UTXO model is solely used to represent credit and the representation of credit and debit together is achieved using the account model because of its support for balances. However, the UTXO model provides superior privacy, safety, and scalability when compared to the account model. In this work, we introduce a UTXO model that has the flexibility of balances with the usual benefits of the UTXO model. This model extends the conventional UTXO model, which represents credits as unmatched outputs, by representing debts as unmatched inputs. We apply our model to solving the problem of transparency in reverse mortgage markets, in which some transparency is necessary for a healthy market but complete transparency leads to adverse outcomes. Here the pseudonymous properties of the UTXO model protect the privacy of loan recipients while still allowing an aggregate view of the loan market. We present a prototype of our implementation in Tendermint and discuss the design and its benefits.

Critical evaluation of each section of a paper is needed in order to properly assess the purpose and quality of the paper and to understand the degree to which the results can influence clinical practice. Reviewing a paper is a skill that is best honed by practice, but there is no real formal training during medical school or residency on what to evaluate during a review and what the review process involves for a journal. Thus, this chapter will highlight the major points to review in each section of a paper and will provide a guide for young investigators to use while interpreting the findings of a paper. Additionally, the components of a review submission to a journal will be outlined.

Part 8: Pattern Recognition and Image Processing; International audience; Paper-based documents are important and still widely used in government agencies and private entities as some documents cannot be replaced by electronic documents. These include loan agreements, dispatch or contracts, household registrations and passports. They must be paper-based. Paper-based documents can be easily forged with a printer and a scanner, and imaging software can easily edit them. This paper presents a paper-based document authentication by applying a digital signature and HC2D barcode to verify the integrity of the text message and the sender of the document. This is useful both for a quick inspection of documents with large quantities and monitoring that may help prevent fraud and forgery which may have occurred.

This paper presents the results from a tertiary entrance test that was delivered to two groups of candidates, one as a paper based test and the other as a computer based test. Item level differential reveals a pattern that appears related to item type: questions based on diagrammatic stimulus show a pattern of increased difficulty when delivered on computer. Differential in performance was not present in other sections of the test and it would appear unlikely to be explained by demographic differences between the groups. It is suggested this differential is due to the inability of the candidates to freely annotate on the stimulus when delivered on computer screen. More work needs to be done on considering the role of annotation as a problem solving strategy in high-stakes testing, in particular with certain kinds of stimulus, such as diagrams.

Consumers are often willing to contribute their personal data for analytics projects that may create new insights into societal problems. However, consumers also have justified privacy concerns about the release of their data.

The purpose of paper wrapping is to protect goods from external shocks, decorate goods beautifully, carry out materials/goods safely, etc. Also, the paper wrapping is intelligent and creative work. The knowledge about paper wrapping is dependent on the features of target-objects, paper sheets and wrapping purposes. This article addresses a method to design the wrapping process. We introduce the knowledge about paper wrapping and then construct a stage tree, which represents various kinds of wrapping means successfully. We propose a framework for designing the wrapping process appropriate to target-objects, and also describe an interactive support interface in the wrapping process.

Adopting new methodology in a design process requires changes in organization, business process, roles, knowledge, data transfer and tools. The influence of the new methodology has to be evaluated and the costs of changes calculated before the change is possible. In pulp and paper industry the non-growing market situation has tightened the competition that much that cutting the design costs by integrating design activities is not going to be enough. The design itself has to be improved. In this paper, an optimization method is integrated to an existing design process of pulp and paper facilities. The model of a new design process is then assessed through a case study and an interview study to ensure that the design process can be realized in the conceptual design phase of a real delivery project.

Publishing the results of your research is a fulfilling experience, both from a personal viewpoint, but also helping advance the orthopaedic knowledge. This chapter discusses the process from completing the study to formulating the final manuscript that is ready for submission, providing a structure to follow in preparation of the manuscript and tips on improving your writing style.

Meta-analyses represent an unbiased way of summarising the evidence on a specific topic. A meta-analysis is a formal process for gathering and evaluating literature to answer a specific question, using statistics to combine the data from randomised controlled trials. However, their use is controversial, as there are several critical conditions and methodological considerations that could produce misleading conclusions. A wide and extensive systematic search, clear-cut inclusion criteria and appropriate data extraction are mandatory when it comes to obtaining all the evidence relating to the investigated topic. Statistical analyses should be performed carefully and all sources of heterogeneity should be explored to avoid dangerous bias. The design and the quality of the included studies should be clearly presented to show the reader the overall quality of the evidence that is presented in the meta-analysis. Finally, the results should be interpreted critically from both a clinical and a statistical point of view.

The advent of novel types of user interfaces generates challenges that relate both to the conceptual understanding and to the question of practical interface design. In this chapter, we aim at providing answers to the following questions: What is the essence of interaction with Pen-and-Paper User Interfaces? How to guide analysis? What aspects are to be considered when designing a Pen-and-Paper User Interface? What principles and guidelines do apply?

Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) are a viable technology for providing access to Electronic Medical Records at the point-of-care. However, acceptance of this technology by clinicians will depend on how easy they can make the transition from the system they normally use to a PDA-based system. Since many hospitals are still using paper-based patient record systems this study intends to provide some insight on the aspects that need to be considered in the transition from a paper-based system to a PDA-based system. The study compares the interaction of nurses with PDA-based and paper-based nursing documentation systems in terms of performance and subjective satisfaction. Twenty staff nurses from a metropolitan hospital performed twelve tasks on each system. The study supports the conclusion that a PDA-based nursing documentation system can be superior to a paper-based system in term of performance for tasks that don't required writing notes. Nurses were significantly more satisfied with the PDA-based system than with the paper-based system with every interaction and system aspect evaluated on the study. In general the results of the study provide hard evidence to predict an easy transition for nurses from a paper-based system to a PDA-based system nursing documentation system.

Various e-paper devices also have been released (e.g. Amazon's Kindle DXTM), and their features include paper-like display and low power consumption. In our previous studies, in high light conditions, readability of the backlight LCD dropped significantly, because of the glare of the surrounding background. On the other hand, the readability of the electronic paper is increased, it was easy to read than backlit LCD. The e-paper that have low contrast ratio, evaluation of readability was low. In low light, the evaluation of the readability of the backlit LCD was high. The aim of this experiment was to verify the minimum illumination for comfortable reading with e-paper in low illumination (300 or less lx).

Identifying the natural gestures for a tabletop application is one of the most challenging tasks developers must accomplish in order to achieve a good system user interface. This problem is even more difficult in a collaborative environment. Cooperative Gestures allow richer interaction and must be evaluated when designing a new multi-user tabletop interface. In this paper we present the use of paper prototyping to analyze user interaction on a tabletop collaborative game application. Our results show that it is possible to extract natural gestures for an application using this technique, regardless of some limitations.

Due to the increasing number of conferences, researchers need to spend more and more time browsing through the respective calls for papers (CFPs) to identify those conferences which might be of interest to them. In this paper we study several content-based techniques to filter CFPs retrieved from the web. To this end, we explore how to exploit the information available in a typical CFP: a short introductory text, topics in the scope of the conference, and the names of the people in the program committee. While the introductory text and the topics can be directly used to model the document (e.g. to derive a tf-idf weighted vector), the names of the members of the program committee can be used in several indirect ways. One strategy we pursue in particular is to take into account the papers that these people have recently written. Along similar lines, to find out the research interests of the users, and thus to decide which CFPs to select, we look at the abstracts of the papers that they have recently written. We compare and contrast a number of approaches based on the vector space model and on generative language models.

Text highlighting is often used to emphasize parts of a document for some reason. As highlighting is a personal choice of the reader, it can be seen as physically "damaging" the original document. A recent paper shows how to remove felt-pen highlighting in monochromatic documents with a white paper background. This paper generalizes that result to filter out highlighting in monochromatic documents with non-white background due to paper natural aging.

Besides annotating documents and creating references, categorizing documents and structuring the information space are amongst the most relevant activities that knowledge workers perform when they seek to make sense of information. This chapter introduces several novel techniques for tagging of printed and digital documents.

This paper presents a proposed approach to address risk and regulation management within the highly active and volatile financial domain by employing semantic based technologies within a collaborative networks environment. Firstly the problems and motivation are introduced, with accent on big data and high frequency trading issues that are creating major problems to the current software systems. Secondly the state of the art on Big Data, Regulation and Risk Management are presented. Next the FIORD platform architecture is detailed and the envisioned approach explained. Finally conclusions are presented where benefits for real time monitoring are emphasized so high frequency trading irregularities are detected in real time for the benefit of involved financial institutions.

Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) is a emerging standard for broadband wireless access. Synchronization in OFDMA represents one of the most challenging issues and plays a major role in the physical layer design. Aim of this paper is to provide a overview of various frequency and time synchronization errors in OFDM systems. This paper also discusses the effect of timing and frequency errors on system performance. It focuses on time and frequency error estimation algorithms for OFDM based systems in downlink transmission as well.

We describe a multilayer perceptron model to predict the laboratory measurements of paper quality using the instantaneous state of the papermaking production process. Actual industrial data from a pilot paper machine was used. The final model met its goal accuracy 95.7% of the time at best (tensile index quality) and 66.7% at worst (beta formation). We anticipate usage possibilities in lowering machine prototyping expenses, and possibly in quality control at production sites.

Part 13: Environmental and Earth Applications of AI; International audience; Recycling has been gaining ground, thanks to the recent progress made in the related technology. However, a limiting factor to its wide adoption, is the lack of modern tools for managing the collection of recyclable resources. In this paper, we present EcoTruck, a management system for the collection of recyclable paper products. EcoTruck is modelled as a multi-agent system and its implementation employs Erlang, a distribution-oriented declarative language. The system aims to automate communication and cooperation of parties involved in the collection process, as well as optimise vehicle routing. The latter have the effect of minimising vehicle travel distances and subsequently lowering transportation costs. By speeding up the overall recycling process, the system could increase the service throughput, eventually introducing recycling methods to a larger audience.

We present a method of selective wireless power transferring for paper computing. The novelty of this method lies in the power transmitter can be controlled to selectively activate different receivers in the context of wireless power transferring with multiple receivers. This was achieved by changing the output frequency of the power transmitter and the impedance of the receivers. With this method, users could easily design new types of paper-computing system without worrying about the arrangement of the massive wire connection to power supply. This technology combining with paper computing can become a physical rendering system using paper-crafts, such as paper folding and cutting.

Repositories are being popular as places for publication of research outputs. To make more efficient use of scholarly information on the internet, repositories are required to cooperate with other databases. One of the essential processes of the cooperation is identification of scholarly papers and their authors. The straightforward approach is string matching of the title and authors' name, however this approach cannot always solve the difficulties by basic clerical errors and same names. This paper proposes a method to compensate for the inaccuracy of the identification by connecting different databases. The main idea of the method is that different metadata of a scholarly paper is linked by the authors themselves, therefore the correspondence is guaranteed by the authors. The authors of this paper are developing a system based on the idea on the repository and the researcher database in their university.

An overview of the paper sector from the point of view of additives use is presented. In the first section, the general trends of the sector concerned in terms of world production and trade flows are reviewed together with an overall description of the main characteristics of the production process, including pulp production and paper manufacturing and finishing. The second part is focused on the description of the different additive classes used to provide paper with the required functional characteristics and to facilitate and improve the production process as well, namely, retention aids, sizing agents, binders, wet strength agents, coating agents, optical brightener agents, biocides and dyes. Main compounds or compound families within each additive class are listed, and some related information regarding their function, world consumption and environmental potential impacts is also included.

This paper presents a proof of concept technology for a novel concept of dynamic markers for Augmented Reality. Here, by dynamic we mean markers that can change on external stimuli. Thus, the paper describes the use of ambient dynamic Augmented Reality Markers as temperature sensors. To achieve this technology we print patterns on an AR marker using thermochromic inks of various actuation temperatures. Thus, as the temperature gradually changes, the marker morphs into new marker for each temperature range. Thus here we present our preliminary results for three temperature ranges and discuss this work can be extended and applied in the future.

This paper takes the management system of paper machine’s disassembly and assembly as research objects, and introduces RFID technology as well as the application of RFID. Then it establishes basic information management of paper machine, marking information management, installation information management, serial communication and other functional modules. The monitoring system adopts VC6.0 and SQL as the original developing tools. At first, it needs to analyse and construct system functional modules of paper machine, then it designs engineering framework-a kind of visual user management interface- in VC platform. Finally, it does the mapping coefficient and data transmitting from the engineering framework to database by ADO database access.

Many people enjoy origami, an art of paper folding, since childhood. Origami is a more powerful geometry construction tool than straight and compass. But there are some inconvenience when you practice traditional origami on geometry. In this study, a computational origami environment has been developed. Huzita axioms are implemented with a computer algebra system (CAS). CAS not only deals with fundamental computation of axioms but also can prove some geometric consequences of folding steps. Furthermore, the process of paper folding is visualized. Users can observe the 3D animation of folding steps from different viewpoints.

This paper reports on the longitudinal dynamics of TCP flows at an international backbone link over the period from 2001 to 2010. The dataset was a collection of traffic traces called MAWI data consisting of daily 15min pcap traffic trace measured at a trans-pacific link between Japan and the US. The environment of the measurement link has changed in several aspects (i.e., congestion, link upgrade, application). The main findings of the paper are as follows. (1) A comparison of the AS-level delays between 2001 and 2010 shows that the mean delay decreased in 55% of ASes, but the median value increased. Moreover, largely inefficient paths disappeared. (2) The deployment of TCP SACK increased from 10% to 90% over the course of 10 years. On the other hand, the window scale and timestamp options remained under-deployed (less than 50%).