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Background: Paper mulberry has been regarded as a potential protein resource for relieving the forage supply crisis, and ensiling has become the most important method for preserving it. An in-depth analysis of the fermentation characteristics of paper mulberry silage could provide a theoretical basis for producing high-quality silage. In this study, we aimed to investigate the dynamic fermentation quality and bacterial community of paper mulberry silages harvested from different regions in China. Results: The results showed an increased trend in ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration, despite a decrease in pH with prolonged ensiling days. Furthermore, fermentation patterns varied among paper mulberry silages from three regions. Paper mulberry from Zhuozhou, Hebei (HZ) showed the highest dry matter (DM) content and a slight decrease in pH during ensiling. While the lowest DM content was observed in Hechi, Guangxi (GH), which exhibited abnormal fermentation in the silage. In particular, silage from Lankao, Henan (HL) exhibited the best fermentation quality, with lower pH and NH3-N concentration, and higher lactic acid concentration than others (P < 0.05). The bacterial richness and evenness also declined with prolonged ensiling. Among all samples, Enterobacter was the most abundant in all silages, with a trend of increasing and then decreasing during the fermentation process. Pseudocitrobacter dominated in GH silage with abnormal fermentation. Although the bacteria community during ensiling varied widely among silages from different regions, Enterobacter cloacae and Lactobacillus plantarum were the main differential bacteria in silage quality of paper mulberry. Conclusion: Ensiling days and regions had significant effects on the fermentation patterns and bacterial community of paper mulberry silage which might be due to the differences in DM content. Notably, silage quality showed a close relationship with Enterobacter cloacae and Lactobacillus plantarum. Inhibiting the proliferation of Enterobacter and Pseudocitrobacter could be critical for improving the fermentation quality of paper mulberry silage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing the excessive input and inefficient use of agrochemicals are crucial for global food security, environmental protection, and human health. This paper offers a new idea from the perspective of outsourcing agricultural production. The impact of outsourcing on the frequency and intensity of agrochemical inputs were theoretically analyzed and empirically tested using a field survey of 1211 farmers in Heilongjiang, Henan, and Hunan, the major food-producing areas in China. A Logit regression framework was used to analyze the effect, a conditional mixture process (CMP) method was used to address potential endogeneity concerns, and a mediation effect model was used to dissect the mechanism. The results show that the effect of outsourcing on both input frequency and input intensity of agrochemicals was positive at the 1% significance level. The positive effect conclusion still holds even after addressing the potential endogeneity concerns, and in the sub-sample estimates for maize, wheat, and rice. We conclude that outsourcing can improve the utilization efficiency of agrochemicals by increasing the frequency of agrochemical inputs, but fail to solve the excessive agrochemical inputs and even leads to a further increase in the intensity of agrochemical inputs. Moreover, the mechanism for an increase in agrochemical input intensity due to outsourcing was explored, and it is more likely to be caused by inhibiting farmers' investment in soil improvement measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the intersection of spirituality and martial arts through an in-depth examination of Shaolin Kung Fu as practiced within the Shaolin Monastery in Henan Province, China. Conducting fieldwork from April 2018 to August 2020, the study employs theories of practice and embodiment to understand how religious teachings are interwoven into physical movements and martial practices. This phenomenological analysis of bodily movement integrates the physical body with the sense of self, highlighting the relationship between individual habitus and the agency of the moving body, referred to as the "lived body." It argues that Shaolin martial artists engage in a form of dynamic embodiment, where Chan Buddhist doctrines are embedded within the "lived body," influencing both movement and perception. This process allows practitioners to interpret and interact with their socio-cultural environment through a religious lens, highlighting the deep connection between spiritual beliefs and bodily actions. The paper presents a comprehensive approach, combining intensive participant observation, historical analysis, and a close look at both the communal and individual aspects of monastic life and learning. By examining narratives, daily routines, and pedagogical methods, the study reveals how the socio-cultural setting of the monastery fosters collective habitus and transforms the individual habitus of practitioners. It shows how this transformation contributes to the development of a spiritual dimension in their martial performance. By highlighting the link between the habitus, the lived body, and the dynamic embodiment, the paper extends the current discourse on embodiment, offering a novel perspective on the relationship between spirituality, culture, and physical practice in the context of Shaolin Kung Fu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake in the acknowledgement statement. It should read as follow "This paper presents work funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61203179), Excellent Youth Foundation of Science & Technology Innovation of Henan Province (No. 184100510001), and Key scientific research projects of Henan Province (No. 182102210457). Also, we would like to thank the Collaborative Innovation Center for Aviation Economy Development of Henan Province.". The oricd of the corresponding author is revised to http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9143-2922. Also the e-mail of the corresponding author is revised to zgh_hust@qq.com. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on urban flood hydrology processes and hydrodynamic principles, the stormwater management model (SWMM) was improved upon. The coupling and implementation methods of the SWMM and two-dimensional hydrodynamic model are proposed. The improved SWMM was coupled with the hydrodynamic model both from the vertical and horizontal directions. The hydrology and hydrodynamic coupling model (HHDCM) was constructed and verified by using extreme rainstorm data. Taking July.20 extreme rainstorms (from July 17 to July 20, 2021, i.e., July.20 extreme rainstorm) in Zhengzhou city, Henan Province, China, as an example and using the HHDCM model, the flood disaster caused by July.20 extreme rainstorm was simulated. Based on the simulation results, an inundation distribution map was drawn for the urban area. A comparison between the simulated and measured results reveals that the maximum relative error in the simulated results is 12.5%. Therefore, the HHDCM model proposed in this paper has desirable accuracy and reliability for simulating extreme urban rainstorms and flood disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Henan Province is the birthplace of Chinese civilization and one of the earliest human settlements, which means that the area has an important national cultural heritage. Traditional villages are an important facet of this cultural heritage, and studying their spatiotemporal characteristics in different periods has important theoretical and practical significance for the sustainable development and protection of cultural heritage in the region. This paper takes the traditional villages of the Yellow River basin in Henan Province that were formed before 1919 as the research object. Information on the ancient river was obtained through a literature search as well as via field research, and the important tributaries of the Yellow River in different periods were mapped using ArcGIS 10.0 software. The nearest neighbor index, kernel density estimation, standard deviation ellipse and other methods were adopted to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of the traditional villages. The factors that influenced the evolution of traditional villages were explored in depth by combining changes in the course of the river and water conservancy projects. The results show that the formation of traditional villages along the Yellow River in Henan Province has experienced a historical track of growth, contraction, growth and prosperity and stability. The traditional villages along the Yellow River in Henan Province generally show a clustered pattern, forming a dense concentration of traditional villages in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. The center of gravity shows a migration trend from southeast to northwest. In terms of influencing factors, the spatiotemporal evolution of the relationship between villages and their distance to water is closely related to climatic fluctuations, changes in channel, water conservancy projects and social and cultural factors. This paper deepens our understanding of the relationship between traditional village evolution and watersheds by improving the consistency between village spatial distribution and historical geography and provides a useful theoretical reference for the sustainable development of China's traditional villages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dislocation between regional innovation and economic development directly influences the economic effect of regional innovation. However, no in-depth researches have been made on how to solve this problem. Using data from Henan Province, China, employing geographical detector technology, this paper focuses on testing whether the industry-university-research cooperation can contribute to coordinating the relation between regional innovation and economic development. It is shown that: 1) the industry-university-research cooperation in Henan Province is increasing gradually, and the network presents a core-edge structure, and the coupling degree between regional innovation and economic development is spatially unbalanced, which is similar to the spatial distribution of the intensity of industry-university-research cooperation; 2) as an important approach to effectively connect scientific researches with market demands, the industry-university-research cooperation can help form an interactive, interconnected, coupled and coordinated virtuous relation between regional innovation and economic development. Compared with the cooperation between organizations of the same type and the separate innovation of organizations, the improvement of the industry-university-research cooperation level can better coordinate the relation between regional innovation and economic development; 3) the cooperative innovation model between enterprises and universities can better promote the coupling between regional innovation and economic development, compared with many industry-university-research cooperation models. For underdeveloped areas lacking local knowledge base, industry-university-research cooperation should be considered as a long-term development strategy, especially using the knowledge sources of external universities and scientific research institutions to enhance innovation capability and achieve economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the carrier of human economic activities, the change of territorial space affects the level of regional carbon balance. Therefore, with regional carbon balance as the goal, this paper proposed a framework from the perspective of production-living-ecological space and took Henan Province of China as a study area for empirical research. First, the study area established an accounting inventory that considers nature, society, and economic activities to calculate carbon sequestration/emission. Then, the spatiotemporal pattern of carbon balance was analyzed by ArcGIS from 1995 to 2015. Later, the CA-MCE-Markov model was used to simulate the production-living-ecological space pattern in 2035, and carbon balance in three future scenarios was predicted. The study showed that from 1995 to 2015, the living space gradually expanded, and the aggregation rose while the production space decreased. Carbon sequestration (CS) was less than carbon emission (CE) and presented an unbalanced state of negative income in 1995, while CS exceeded CE and showed a positive income imbalance in 2015. In 2035, living space has the highest carbon emission capacity under natural change scenario (NC), while ecological space has the highest carbon sequestration capacity under ecological protection scenario (EP), and production space has the highest carbon sequestration capacity under food security scenario (FS). The results are crucial for understanding the carbon balance changes in territorial space and supporting regional carbon balance goals in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the survival and development of traditional villages in China have been serious challenges. Rural tourism is regarded as an important way to solve rural problems, and the combination of rural culture and tourism has become a new power point for rural development. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the spatial distribution structure between traditional villages and rural tourism. In this paper, rural tourism was represented by the rural tourism characteristic village (RTCV), and Henan Province, China, was taken as a study area to analyze the distribution pattern and spatial correlation of rural tourism and traditional village (TV) and discuss the relationship between the spatial correlation and regional natural environment and socioeconomic factors. The results show that the coupling of the spatial correlation between RTCVs and TVs in Henan was clear. They could be divided into 5 regions based on geographical factors. In addition, the research summarized 4 typical spatial structures between TVs and RTCVs in Henan based on the regional symbiosis theory, and the spatial pattern formation mechanism of TVs and RTCVs was discussed based on three driving mechanisms. The spatial structure of the two can provide reference value for other developing countries and regions to achieve sustainable rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an empirical analysis is proposed by employing a regression-based convergence test, which was first introduced by Phillips and Sul. Unlike most related studies, this approach allows examining for evidence of club convergence and enables to endogenously identify groups of counties that converge to different equilibria. The results obtained in this paper support the existence of convergence clubs, indicating that 108 counties of Henan Province in China form four separate groups within which income per capita dispersion is decreasing over time. Moreover, results from an ordered logit model suggest that differences in initial income, physical capital, government intervention, geographical agglomeration, and topography factor among these counties have played vital roles in determining club membership. The most important conclusion of this paper is that the structural characteristics and infrastructure level do not contribute to determining club membership, and neighbors' effect is also not a decisive factor. Particularly, counties which belong to Central Henan Urban Agglomeration are more likely to fall into a club with a higher mean income per capita. The findings in this paper may have significant policy implications for developing regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To comprehend city-level driving mechanisms of carbon emissions, this paper utilizes spectral cluster and two-layer LMDI (logarithmic mean divisia index) method to systematically assess the contribution values of correlative factors from each cluster to Henan's carbon emissions increments, and accordingly comes up with more strategies about how to reduce carbon emissions for each cluster on the basis of driving forces of carbon emissions. The results of clustering and the decomposition are as follows: (1) the 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan were divided into five categories by spectral clustering, and there are similar development patterns within each category, so they can learn from each other to improve their own defects of development; (2) this paper utilizes the two-layer LMDI method to divide the factors affecting each cluster of carbon emissions into four types, which includes energy structure, energy intensity, per capita GDP, and population, and calculates the contribution value of each factor. It was concluded that the contribution value of per capita GDP dominantly drove up carbon emissions, while energy intensity played a significant role in offsetting them. Therefore, it is important for Henan's low-carbon development to control the expansion of economic activity and improve energy efficiency in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flash floods cause great harm to people's lives and property safety. Rainfall is one of the main causes of flash floods in small watersheds. The uncertainty of rainfall events results in inconsistency between the traditional single rainfall pattern and the actual rainfall process, which poses a great challenge for the early warning and forecasting of flash floods. To carry out the effective flash flood early warning and forecasting, this paper proposes a novel rainfall pattern by coupling total rainfall and peak rainfall intensity based on copula functions, i.e., the rainfall pattern of risk probability combination (RPRPC). On this basis, the Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) hydrological model is used to simulate the rainfall-runoff process, the trial algorithm is used to calculate the critical rainfall (CR), and the optimistic-general-pessimistic (O–G-P) early warning mode considering the decision maker's risk preference is proposed. The small watershed of Xinxian in Henan province, China, is taken as a case study for calculation. The results show that the RPRPC is feasible and closer to the actual rainfall process than the traditional rainfall pattern, Frank copula function is the best for determining the joint distribution function of total rainfall and peak rainfall intensity, and the HEC-HMS model can be applied to small watersheds in hilly areas. Additionally, both RPRPC and antecedent soil moisture condition (ASMC) have influence on CR, and the variation of RPRPC will change the influence of ASMC on CR. Finally, the effectiveness of O–G-P early warning mode is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While previous studies have primarily focused on the negative effects of stereotype threat on performance, there has been limited attention given to its positive effects—stereotype reactance. This paper aims to address this gap by exploring stereotype reactance and its salience among employees with disabilities. Drawing on stereotype threat literature and the Mood Behavior Model (MBM), we build a three-way interaction model of stereotype threat, perspective-taking, and performance self-esteem on job performance. We collected a sample of 193 employees with disabilities from two manufacturing companies located in Henan and Hebei Province in China and conducted multilevel regression analyses to test our hypotheses. We find that stereotype threat—commonly perceived as a negative influence—actually correlates positively with job performance. This positive association is particularly evident among employees who demonstrate low perspective-taking abilities but have a high sense of performance self-esteem. The current findings shed light on stereotype reactance literature and provide suggestions for promoting inclusivity in the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The information released by the public on various social media platforms can assist experts in decision-making, thus improving the reliability of the decision-making results and increasing their likelihood of gaining public support. However, the determination of how to fully integrate public opinions with expert opinions and in what aspects to realize the integration is a research topic worthy of attention. Based on this, this paper proposes a multi-subject weighted information fusion method that fully considers public opinion. First, the Bayesian subject model is used to obtain the attribute set of public opinion, and the sentiment analysis technique is used to calculate the reference attribute weights. Second, public opinion is utilized to improve the traditional best–worst method to determine the subjective attribute weights of experts at a faster rate. Third, expert weights are determined using "knowledge" and attribute weights are defined at the aggregate level. Fourth, the cluster weights are determined according to the proximity of the clustered opinions to the public opinions, and the clustered opinions are then summarized to get the overall decision-making information, thus scientifically realizing the synergistic decision-making between the public and experts. Finally, the case of a rainstorm emergency in Henan Province, China, is used to analyze and determine the best plan that matches with the actual situation, and the results are then compared with the findings of existing research to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding households' attitudes and willingness to pay (WTP) for clean heating can provide a scientific basis for decision-makers to assess the potential to develop clean heating, choose heating methods, and formulate subsidy standards in the region. In this paper, the double-bounded dichotomous contingent valuation method—modified by the spike model—was used to better estimate the actual WTP of households through a sample survey of 456 households in rural areas of Yongcheng City, China, in 2021. The factors influencing attitudes and WTP were examined to reveal mechanisms of accepting clean heating. The results showed that 94.96% of households were willing to pay for clean heating. The annual WTP was 1071 yuan per household, more than eight times the current heating cost. Factors that affect clean heating attitudes do not necessarily affect the WTP. Specifically, gender, length of time spent living at home, and family income had significant influences on WTP, whereas the educational level, adaptive perceptions in relation to environmental perceptions, and the recognition variables for gender equality in energy consumption had a significant impact on attitudes. It is worth noting that elderly people and females were identified as vulnerable groups in the implementation of clean heating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air pollution is the result of comprehensive evolution of a dynamic and complex system composed of emission sources, topography, meteorology and other environmental factors. The establishment of spatiotemporal evolution model is of great significance for the study of air pollution mechanism, trend prediction, identification of pollution sources and pollution control. In this paper, the air pollution system is described based on cellular automata and restricted agents, and a Swarm Intelligence based Air Pollution SpatioTemporal Evolution (SI-APSTE) model is constructed. Then the spatiotemporal evolution analysis method of air pollution is studied. Taking Henan Province before and after COVID-19 pandemic as an example, the NO2 products of TROPOMI and OMI were analysed based on SI-APSTE model. The tropospheric NO2 Vertical Column Densities (VCDs) distribution characteristics of spatiotemporal variation of Henan province before COVID-19 pandemic were studied. Then the tropospheric NO2 VCDs of TROPOMI was used to study the pandemic period, month-on-month and year-on-year in 18 urban areas of Henan Province. The results show that SI-APSTE model can effectively analyse the spatiotemporal evolution of air pollution by using environmental big data and swarm intelligence, and also can establish a theoretical basis for pollution source identification and trend prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical parameter inversion model is an essential part of ensuring dam health; it provides a parametric basis for assessing the safe operational behavior of dams using numerical simulation techniques. Due to the complicated nonlinear mapping relationship between the roller compacted concrete (RCC) dam's mechanical parameters and various environmental quantities, as well as conventional statistical models, machine learning methods, and neural networks fail to consider the inputs of fuzzy uncertainty factors. Therefore, the accuracy, efficiency, and stability of inversion models are usually affected by their modeling methods. In this paper, a novel hybrid model for mechanical parameter inversion of an RCC dam is proposed, which uses a radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) to establish the nonlinear mapping relationship between the dam mechanical parameters and the environmental quantities, and the modified particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to find the optimal parameters of the model. The modified PSO algorithm makes the inertia weight ω dynamically adjust with the number of iterations to improve the randomness and diversity of the particle population, and population crossover and mutation are introduced to improve the global search ability and convergence speed of the algorithm. The proposed hybrid model is verified and comparatively analyzed by four typical mathematical test functions, and the results show that the proposed model exhibits good performance in parameter inversion accuracy, convergence speed, stability and robustness. Finally, the model is applied to the mechanical parameter inversion analysis of an RCC gravity dam in Henan Province in China. The results show that the proposed model is feasible and reasonable for practical engineering applications, and the relative error between the results obtained by inputting the inverted parameters into the numerical model and monitoring data was within 10%. The methodology derived from this study can provide technical support and a reference for the mechanical parameter inversion analysis of similar dam projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the applicability of HEC-HMS and its parameter regionalization in small ungauged watersheds in hilly areas, this paper takes hydrological divisions III and IV of Henan Province as the research area. The HEC-HMS model is applied to three typical small watersheds in Luanchuan, Gaocheng and Xiahecun. On the basis of verifying the validity of the model, the regression relationships between model parameters and underlying surface characteristics are established and verified in the Zhongtang small watershed. The results show that the qualified rates of runoff depth, flood peak flow, peak occurrence time and NSE in flood simulation are higher than 75%, and the accuracy reaches the grade B level regardless of the HEC-HMS model test or the parameter regionalization method verification. In summary, the HEC-HMS model can be applied to simulate the rainfall-runoff process of small watersheds in hilly areas, and the parameter regionalization method can effectively deduce the model parameters of HEC-HMS for small ungauged watersheds in hilly areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased CO2 emissions from urban energy consumption pose a significant challenge to regional carbon mitigation policies. In this paper, we integrated two nighttime light (NTL) data: the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) and the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (NPP) composite data to estimate the energy carbon emissions from 2000 to 2019. Then the spatiotemporal dynamics of carbon footprint and deficit in the Yellow River Basin were analyzed at the provincial, municipal, and county scales combined with NPP data. The study shows that (1) the total amount of energy consumption CO2 emissions in the Yellow River Basin had increased from 1332 Mt in 2000 to 6469 Mt in 2019, but the average annual growth rate slowed down after 2010 from 11.5 to 5.61%. (2) From 2000 to 2018, the provinces with the highest carbon footprint and carbon deficit were concentrated in Inner Mongolia and Shanxi. In 2018, Inner Mongolia's carbon footprint was 1366.91 × 104 km2, accounting for 22.8% of the total. Cities with high carbon footprint were mainly economic centers and energy-intensive areas of various provinces. High-carbon deficit counties were mainly distributed in the western region. In 2018, 954 counties exhibited carbon deficits. (3) The carbon footprint in the Yellow River Basin at the municipal and county scales have a significant spatial correlation. The H–H clusters of the carbon footprint on the municipal scale were distributed in the middle reaches of the Yellow River Basin. At the county scale, the L-L clusters were mainly in Sichuan and eastern Henan regions. Through the analysis of the spatial and temporal evolution of carbon footprint and carbon deficit in the Yellow River Basin, it is significant to measure the degree of comprehensive coordination of carbon sources and sinks in the basin, to grasp the differences in the level of regional carbon emissions, and to promote synergistic regional governance, assist in the formulation of more precise carbon emission reduction policies, and to promote green and high-quality development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise rainfall forecasting modeling assumes a pivotal role in water resource planning and management. Conducting a comprehensive analysis of the rainfall time series and making appropriate adjustments to the forecast model settings based on the characterization results of the rainfall series significantly enhance the accuracy of the forecast model. This paper employed the Mann–Kendall and sliding T mutation tests to identify the mutational components in rainfall between 1961 and 2013 at four meteorological stations located in Henan Province. Wavelet analysis was utilized to determine the periodicity of the precipitation series. The model parameters were adjusted based on the mutation and periodicity findings, and appropriate training and test sets were selected accordingly. Rainfall simulation in Henan Province, China, was conducted using a combination of complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD) and bi-directional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) networks. The integrated approach aimed at predicting rainfall in the region. The findings of this study demonstrate that the CEEMD-BiLSTM model, coupled with feature analysis, yielded favorable results in terms of prediction accuracy. The model achieved a mean MAE (mean absolute error) of 131.210, a mean MRE (mean relative error) of 0.637, a mean RMSE (root mean square error) of 187.776, and an NSE (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency) above 0.910. The data processed according to the feature analysis results and then predicted; Zhengzhou, Anyang, Lushi, and Xinyang stations improved by 39.548%, 14.478%, 11.548%, and 19.037% respectively compared with the original prediction model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the domestic interprovincial migrants, Uygur traders have been engaged in the Hetian jade trade from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region to the city of Nanyang in Henan Province. Having lived in the private rented houses around the market in the early days, they moved into the government-built public rental housing in 2017, an independently managed community. They have maintained their past residential pattern of living around the market, and gradually develop the community into an inter-embedded multi-ethnic community together with other ethnic groups. Through the history of the formation of the Uygur community in Nanyang Stone Town, this paper presents the process of interaction between the ethnic minority migrants and the local community, examines the responses and influence of the market, society, government, and individuals in this process, aiming to understand how the minority community was formed, to deepen understanding of the "inter-embedded multi-ethnic community", and, in turn, to promote research and reflection on the development of the ethnic community during urbanization in China. This study suggests that such communities surrounding the market are socially extended based on inter-embedded livelihood. The open national market is the core of the social structure of inter-embedded ethnic groups, and market exchange is one of the main relations generated in the current interactions between the ethnic groups. The government's efforts to build inter-embedded communities are conducive to transforming the relationships among ethnic groups from limited interaction to comprehensive and balanced development. Moreover, the improvement of common living environments and increase in exchanges are conducive to upgrading interactions between individuals to extensive and in-depth exchanges among different ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the background of global warming, it is very important to explore the spatial–temporal evolution and causes of regional drought/flood for the realization of drought relief and social sustainable development. In this paper, the spatial–temporal characteristics of drought/flood in the Henan section of the Yellow River in recent 51 years were analyzed on the basis of the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), and the methods such as wavelet analysis and empirical orthogonal decomposition. Combined with sunspot, atmospheric circulation factors and the operation of reservoir, the response of drought/flood to various factors were explored by using the sliding correlation analysis and cross wavelet analysis. The results showed that: (1) In terms of time scale, the SPEI-12 showed an insignificant trend of aridity on the whole and with main cycle of 18 years and sub cycles of 4 years and 8 years. (2) The first spatial distribution mode coefficients were all positive, indicating that the drought/flood changes in the entire region were consistent, while the second mode coefficients showed the east–west reverse differences, reflecting opposite drought/flood characteristics in the east and west. (3) In terms of causes, droughts and floods were affected by natural factors. The SPEI-12 had a period of 8–12 years with the sunspot phase logarithm and it had resonance periods of different time scales with the Arctic Oscillation (AO), El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), but it did not have a significant resonance period with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The flood storage and drought compensation function of the reservoir affected the occurrence of drought/flood events under natural conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer is one of the most common cancer types and a major cause of death. The relationship between lung cancer morbidity and exposure to air pollutants is of particular concern. However, the relationship and difference in lung cancer morbidity between indoor and outdoor air pollution effects remain unclear. In this paper, the aim was to comprehensively investigate the spatial relationships between the lung cancer morbidity and indoor–outdoor air pollution in Henan based on the standard deviation ellipse, spatial autocorrelation analysis and GeoDetector. The results indicated that (1) the spatial distribution of lung cancer morbidity was related to the geomorphology, while high-morbidity areas were concentrated in the plains and basins of Central, Eastern and Southern Henan. (2) Among the selected outdoor air pollutants, PM2.5, NO2, SO2, O3 and CO were significantly correlated with the lung cancer morbidity. The degree of indoor air pollution was measured by the use of heating energy, and the proportions of coal-heating households, households with coal/biomass stoves and households with heated kangs were highly decisive in regard to the lung cancer morbidity. (3) The interaction between two factors was more notable than a single factor in explaining the lung cancer morbidity. Moreover, the interaction type was mainly nonlinear enhancement, and the proportion of households with coal/biomass stoves imposed the strongest interaction effect on the other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In compensation events in some parts of China, funds for water and ecological compensation are usually allocated using the factor allocation method, which often fails to satisfy all stakeholders and affects the overall efficiency of ecological compensation Managers need to rethink the effectiveness of the fund allocation method in order to reduce stakeholder complaints and maintain the stability of the ecological protection system. In addition, the dynamic adjustment of the weights in the funding allocation process is an important means of satisfying stakeholders in real time. This paper is based on the entropy weight method (EWM), which has an objective weighting process, introduces fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) theory, integrates objective entropy weights with the state values in FCM, and uses the advantages of the objective assignment of EWM to compensate for the subjective nature of the initial assignment of FCM. At the same time the correlation weights of FCM provide a feedback mechanism for EWM allocation, which makes EWM dynamically adjustable and enhances the practicality of EWM allocation, resulting in an EWM-FCM integration method. The feedback function of the method was used to calculate the case of water ecological compensation funds allocated for the Yellow River (Henan section) in China, and a variety of options for the allocation ratio of water ecological compensation funds were calculated. Stakeholders could choose the appropriate option according to the agreement, which improved the efficiency and satisfaction of the allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial water consumption is a major component of the total regional water consumption. Accurate and scientific prediction of industrial water consumption is an essential guide to the rational use of natural resources. In this paper, we proposed a combined model of CEEMD (collective empirical modal decomposition) and ARIMA (autoregressive integrated moving average) for forecasting industrial water consumption to establish an accurate and efficient forecasting model, because of the poor generalization ability of most current industrial water consumption forecasting models. The influencing factors of industrial water consumption are complex, and the data are non-stationary. "Decomposition-prediction-reconstruction" is one of the significant methods for forecasting time series data, and the data decomposition has a suppressive influence on the modal mixing problem in the EMD decomposition procedure. Based on the smoothing ability of CEEMD for non-smooth signals and the better adaptation of the autoregressive moving average prediction model (ARIMA), a combined CEEMD-ARIMA model was established for industrial water consumption forecasting. This study was conducted for industrial water consumption in Henan Province in central China. The results suggest the combined CEEMD-ARIMA model has a favorable forecasting effect, with an average relative percentage error of 1.96%, and mean square error (MSE) of 0.35, a Nash efficiency coefficient (NSE) of 0.95, a prediction pass rate of 100%, and a better prediction accuracy than the ARIMA model and the combined EEMD-ARIMA model. It provides an effective prediction method for the prediction of industrial water consumption and has good application prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water resource carrying capacity (WRCC) is a carrying capacity of natural resources. It affects the application and expansion of the carrying capacity of water resources. This subject involves various elements, such as water resources, the ecological environment system, humans and their economic and social systems, and a wider range of biological groups and their survival needs. Based on the objective recognition of the complex relationship between the water resource system, ecological environment system, and economic and social system, the support scale of water resources and the ecological environment for economic and social development is studied. Current research on the carrying capacity of water resources has mostly shifted from the previously limited support capacity of water resources to include factors such as the population, economy, and ecology, establishing the internal relationships between the economics, water resources, and ecological environment. This reflects the comprehensive carrying capacity of the entire region (or river basin) of water resources and the ecological environment system on an overall economic and social scale. Based on the conceptual connotation of the WRCC and the actual problems facing water resources in Henan Province, the paper uses a system dynamics method to develop information feedback between the four subsystems of Henan Province: economic, population, water resource, and water environment subsystems. The index system of the WRCC in Henan Province is also determined. The weight of each index is comprehensively determined by a combination weighting method of the analytic hierarchy process and an entropy weight method, and then a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to evaluate the WRCC of Henan Province under four different development models. The validation period of the model is 2010–2020, and the forecast period is 2021–2030. The results indicate that during the period 2021–2030, the WRCC of Henan Province showed a slight upward trend overall under the four models, but the increase rates were different under the different models. Among the four models, the comprehensive model's benefit was the best, which not only maintained the healthy and stable development of the economy and society but also improved the pressure on the water resources and the quality of the water environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crop water relationship quantification is conducive to decision-making for regional food safety and resource conservation. However, irrigation water and crop water footprint (CWF) was observed separately in previous studies, which leads to incomplete evaluation of water resource occupation in agricultural system. The crop water resource use (WRU), combining WF and irrigation water accounting, in 31 provinces of China from 1999 to 2018 was estimated in current paper. The driving forces of WRU were analyzed using the logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) model, based on its spatial and temporal patterns demonstration. The results showed that national WRU increased from 1051.6 Gm3 in 1999 to 1676.4 Gm3 in 2018, with an average annual growth rate of 2.48%. The provinces with high WRU were mainly distributed in North China and Northeast China. Hebei, Shandong, and Henan jointly contributed 28.9% of the national WRU. In addition, economic level was the largest contributor to promote the growth of WRU, and water use intensity was the most important contributor to inhibit the growth of WRU. Economic level, resource endowment, and population size had a promoting effect on WRU in Northeast, Northwest, North China, and Southeast provinces, while water use intensity, irrigation technique, and urbanization degree showed inhibitory effect in Northeast, Northwest, and Southwest provinces. It is meaningful to combine water footprint and irrigation water use for agricultural water management and conservation. The arid North China Plain should adopt water-saving irrigation and rainwater recycling technologies to control WRU, and the Northeast granary should reduce WRU by strengthening water pollution prevention and improving water resources scheduling to ensure food security and sustainable use of water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combined weight method (CWM) for comprehensive water resources carrying capacity evaluation is proposed in this paper to evaluate the regional water resources carrying capacity. Firstly, the accelerating genetic algorithm based on analytic hierarchy process (AGA-AHP) method is improved to optimize the expert evaluation matrix and determine the subjective weight, in which entropy weight method is used to determine objective weight, and the combined weight formula is put forward to get the combined weight of evaluation index. Secondly, the certainty degree is calculated by using the multi-dimensional normal cloud model. The obstacle factors of evaluation index are diagnosed. Finally, taking Henan Province as an example, the regional water resources carrying capacity is evaluated by using CWM method. The comparison between single cloud model, AHP-TOPSIS and CWM is made. It is proved that CWM method takes the fuzziness and randomness into account in the evaluation process, and the efficient and intuitive results can be obtained through evaluation. The obstacle degree and the time changing pattern of the index can be clearly diagnosed, which can provide a new idea for the evaluation method of water resources carrying capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's natural gas market is focusing on price reform and aims to reconstruct vertically integrated industrial chains in the future. Based on the mixed complementarity problem model of gas markets with nodes in Henan Province, China, as an example, this paper applies numerical modeling to simulate the effects of social welfare and equilibrium prices on nodes in two scenarios: pipeline integration and pipeline separation. The findings reveal the following: (1) Pipeline separation yields greater overall social welfare than pipeline integration, with the welfare shifting from gas producers to consumption markets. (2) Pipeline separation lowers the equilibrium consumption prices by driving competition among gas supply sources. (3) Pipeline separation will increase the contribution of natural gas to primary energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since China's reform and opening up in 1978, the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization in China had led to dramatic changes in the pattern of urban-rural land use. In this paper, we focused on the rural industrialized areas in central China (Xinxiang County and Changyuan City of Henan Province). We used the average nearest neighbor index, spatial statistical analysis, and a structural equation model to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of urban-rural construction land based on multi-source spatial data and survey data. The results showed that: 1) from 1975 to 2019, the spatial distribution of urban-rural construction land in rural industrialized areas had evolved from homogeneous distribution to local agglomeration. In terms of comparative analysis of cases, the spatial distribution of urban-rural construction land in Changyuan City had shown a trend from diffusion to agglomeration, and Xinxiang County had overall shown a spatial change from homogenization to agglomeration and then to regional integration development. 2) The hot spots with increased urban-rural construction land significantly expanded, and they had a high degree of spatial overlap with industrial development. Among them, Xinxiang County was concentrated in central and marginal areas, and Changyuan was mainly concentrated in central urban areas. 3) From the evolution of spatial proximity of urban-rural construction land, rural industrialized areas generally decline, showing the characteristics of internal differentiation in the rate of change. 4) Industrial development, social economy, the policy environment, and urban development played a positive role in promoting the expansion of urban-rural construction land in rural industrialized areas. To promote the optimal use of regional land and the integrated development of urban-rural areas, we should combine the advantages of regional endowment, formulate development strategies according to local conditions, and adjust the way that land is used in a timely manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an essential part of the hydrological cycle, precipitation directly contributes to surface runoff and river runoff formation. Simulation on precipitation variables can effectively solve the adverse effects on hydrological assessment in some areas with insufficient or even no runoff observation. With the widespread use of various weather generators, the traditional stochastic hydrological simulation methods tend to be gradually replaced. To compare these two approaches mentioned above, this paper utilizes the precipitation records from 1958 to 2011 at nine meteorological stations within Huaihe River System in Henan Province to evaluate a stochastic hydrological simulation method, SARIMA model, and two types of weather generators, WeaGETS and LARS-WG, through the comparison of statistical characteristics regarding precipitation variables, such as mean, mean square error, extreme value and coefficient of variation. The results show that (1) on the annual scale, SARIMA has a better performance to reproduce the mean and mean square error as well as the extreme precipitation events than weather generators; (2) regarding the monthly-scale precipitation simulation, SARIMA is good at reproducing the statistical properties of monthly precipitation at the average level, while WeaGETS and LARS-WG work better in simulating monthly precipitation extremes; (3) compared with weather generators, SARIMA is highly constrained by the observed records, and among these two weather generators, WeaGETS scores higher on monthly precipitation simulation under the same sample length conditions. In conclusion, the traditional hydrological simulation method, SARIMA, and weather generators, WeaGETS and LARS-WG, have both benefits and drawbacks. The appropriate choice depends on different research backgrounds and purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silo-cave is a unique human habitation form on the Loess Plateau in northern China, which consists of an excavated 6–7 m deep pit as the courtyard and cave dwellings in the surrounding four walls. This architecture has had a history of more than 7000 years, and yet such "living fossils for the history of dwellings" are now facing great crises and challenges during rapid social and economic development. In this paper, remote sensing and GIS techniques are used to comprehensively and systematically investigate the spatial distributions and morphological characteristics of silo-caves at both the macro and micro scales. The research shows that silo-cave villages are mainly distributed in economically underdeveloped areas, such as West Henan (Yuxi), South Shanxi (Jinnan), Central Shaanxi (Guanzhong), and East Gansu (Longdong). The morphological evolution patterns of typical silo-cave villages are identified, including: (1) retaining the periphery and rebuilding the inner parts of the villages, (2) retaining the inner parts and expanding the periphery of the villages, and (3) rebuilding the inner parts and expanding the periphery of the villages. These patterns are demonstrated to be influenced by many factors, including landforms, traffic conditions, economic development, population growth, and administrative division adjustment. Sustainable development of these traditional silo-cave villages relies on administrative policy and planning, people's awareness of cultural heritage protection, culture inheritance, industrial transformation, and public services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large landslide occurred on May 2, 2014, on the south bank of the Yellow River in Huaipa village, Mianchi County, Henan Province, China. The total volume of the slide was about 4 million m3. The landslide caused serious damage to the water-conveying pipeline at the foot of the slope, which was for water supply from the Yellow River to Manchi County and Yima City. After the event, the engineering geological characteristics, influencing factors and failure mechanism were investigated by field investigation and geological mapping. Then, the failure process and the effect of anti-tipping locked segment were presented by three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulation. The results showed that the destruction of the anti-tipping locked segment in the front edge due to open-pit mining was the main factor of slope failure. The sliding mass, composed of loose silty clay and heavily weathered sandstone and mudstone, and rainfall infiltration were other factors triggering the slide. According to 3D numerical simulation, the stability coefficient of the landslide was 1.35 in natural condition and 1.26 when the sliding body was saturated by continuous rainfall, before the anti-tipping locked segment was destroyed, while the stability coefficient decreased significantly to 1.04 after the anti-tipping strata were destroyed. The whole failure occurred when the sliding mass was saturated by continuous rainfall (the stability coefficient is 0.88). This paper can provide an insight into the effect of anti-tipping locked segment on the failure mechanism of landslide associated with open-pit mining and rainfall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable development of China's economy and society has been restricted by energy and environmental issues. With the implementation of the Rise of Central China strategy, Henan, a populous province in China, is facing the threat of an energy shortage as its economy grows steadily and the urbanization process accelerates. Using panel data of 18 cities in Henan Province for the period of 2006–2018, this study investigates the relationship between energy consumption and economic and social development variables based on the extended Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model and threshold regression method. The empirical results indicate that economic and social development are significantly positively correlated with total electricity consumption, although there is regional heterogeneity in this relationship. Moreover, there is evidence for a nonlinear relationship between economic and social development and urban energy consumption. These conclusions not only promote the healthy and sustainable economic development of Henan Province but also provide a reference for other provinces and cities that are experiencing rapid development in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Timely assessment of the structural safety status of water diversion projects and taking necessary preventive measures are the primary conditions to ensure the safe operation of large-scale diversion structures. This paper proposes an integrated visualization framework based on the Building Information Model (BIM) to support the safety management of water diversion projects. The framework integrates data collection, data analysis, warning issuance, and emergency disposal into an integrated platform, which improves the automation level of safety management and the efficiency of emergency response. On this basis, a prototype system is developed and implemented in a water diversion project in Henan Province, China. The prototype of the system can automatically evaluate the structural safety status of water diversion structures, issue corresponding warnings to managers, and provide visual prompts to support decision-making. The system prototype and its demonstration verify the applicability and effectiveness of the framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many dams have been constructed around the world. Compared with the potential losses of life and economy, the environmental impacts caused by dam breach were less analyzed. As a systematic theory, the set pair analysis method deals with both the certainty and uncertainty of a system or process as a whole. But when dealing with the analysis of environmental impacts with obvious uncertainty, the fuzziness feature of the indices was not considered comprehensively. Hence, this paper introduced the connection degree of set pair analysis in five grades, and the cloud model-based weight calculation method to improve the evaluation. The proposed method was applied to the case study of Qianping Reservoir, Henan Province, China, showing that the comprehensive environmental impacts caused by the potential dam breach were medium. The results of the study indicate that the proposed method is applicative and provides reliability for environmental impacts evaluation of dam breach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tree-type borehole drilling (TTBD) is a novel stress relief method for stimulating methane drainage from coal in underground coal mines. This paper is a report on studies that analyzed the permeability enhancement capabilities of tree-type boreholes in coal seams and presents a precedent-setting industrial trial of this new method in a 200-m section of a drainage roadway in a coal mine, the Shoushan coal mine in Henan province, China. Detailed simulation results indicated that after coal seams were stimulated using the TTBD method, a large number of fractures were initiated around the tree-type boreholes. These fractures propagated along the direction of maximum horizontal stress and formed highly permeable flow channels for methane transport from the coal into the tree-type sub-boreholes. The fractures gradually became shorter along the length of the sub-boreholes. As the sub-boreholes were shortened, the area fractured and the number of induced fracture decreased rapidly. Conversely, the fracture density and the value of homogeneity coefficient, β, increased. The industrial trial showed that compared with gas drainage from a conventional borehole in the Ji15−17 coal seams, the gas production rate from a single tree-type borehole was 4.7 times faster and the percentage of methane in the gas produced was 1.7 times higher. In addition, the borehole drainage attenuation time was 2.5 times longer for the tree-type boreholes. The total volume of gas production produced from 238 tree-type boreholes in a 200-m section of roadway was over 70,000 cubic meters, 1.4 times the methane extracted by 938 conventional boreholes in an adjoining 200-m section of the same roadway. In addition, the number of boreholes required to drain 1.4 times as much gas was 75% smaller. These results have provided support for the appreciation and application of this new technique for improving underground coal mine methane drainage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15714-4 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental problems caused by mines have been increasing. As one of the most serious types of mining damage caused to the eco-environment, open pits have been the focus of monitoring and management. Previous studies have obtained effective results when evaluating the ecological quality of a mining area by using the remote sensing ecological index (RSEI). However, the calculation of RSEI does not consider that the ecological environmental impact is limited under natural conditions. To overcome this shortcoming, this paper proposes an improved RSEI based on a moving window model, namely the moving window-based remote sensing ecological index (MW-RSEI). This improved index is more in agreement with the First Law of Geography than RSEI. This study uses Landsat ETM/OLI/TIRS images to extract MW-RSEI information of a case area in Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, central China, in 2009 and 2018. The results revealed that the average value of MW-RSEI declined from 0.668 to 0.611 from 2009 to 2018, and the main drivers of the deterioration of the eco-environment were land use/cover (LUCC) changes, most of which were derived from urban expansion and mining. The serious impact of open pits on the eco-environment in mining areas is mainly due to their low vegetation cover; therefore, some effectively managed open pits can have a positive impact on the mining environment. The use of MW-RSEI provides valuable information on the eco-environment surrounding the open pit, which can be used for the rapid and effective monitoring of the eco-environment in mining areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the disaster-pregnant environment and development characteristics of landslide disasters in the western region of Henan Province, a generalized model was established by taking the "oblique-cut" locking rock slope in the layered rock slope as the research object. The numerical simulation method was used to analyze the deformation and failure mechanism and stability influence law of the oblique-cut locking rock slope in western Henan under rainfall conditions. The results show that the inclination angle of the weak interlayer directly affects the deformation and failure characteristics of the slope rock mass. With the increase of the geometric parameters of the slope and the inclination angle of the weak interlayer, the failure mechanism is manifested as the slip shear failure along the level at the foot of the slope → the slip shear failure along the level at the foot of the slope (the sliding surface moves upward) → the shear failure in the middle of the slope surface → the slip shear failure along the level at the foot of the slope (the sliding surface moves downward) → the uplift shear failure at the lower edge of the rock layer. When the dip angle of the weak interlayer is constant, the slope stability decreases gradually with the increase in slope gradient and slope height, and the geometric factors of the slope control the overall change trend of the slope stability coefficient. When the slope is greater than 55° and the slope height is greater than 55 m, the shear stress of the slope locking section exceeds its shear strength, and the probability of landslide instability is greatly increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a global public health event, the COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected companies and businesses. Accordingly, employees' psychological adjustment also merits attention. This aim of this study is to determine whether employees' cumulative work risk has indirectly increased their suicidal ideation through ego depletion during the COVID-19 pandemic and whether this mediation effect has been moderated by employees' proactive personality. A total of 893 employees were recruited from 34 enterprises in Fujian, Henan, Guangdong and Shandong provinces. All participants completed two waves of questionnaires. Our results thus indicate that (1) cumulative work risk is significantly positively correlated with employees' suicidal ideation; (2) ego depletion mediates the relationship between cumulative work risk and employees' suicidal ideation; and (3) both the direct effect of cumulative work risk on suicidal ideation and the indirect effect of affect ego depletion are moderated by proactive personality. These two effects on employees with a high level of proactive personality are weaker. Our results therefore contribute to a better understanding of the effects of cumulative work risk and employees' suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to estimate the net effect of China's entrepreneurship policy on back-home migrant workers since 2015. Using survey data from the provinces of; Zhejiang, Henan, and Guizhou with propensity score matching to control selection bias, the study indicates that the overall entrepreneurship policy has a significant positive impact on the probability of entrepreneurial entry. The poverty alleviation effect of the overall policy is greater than its industrial development effect, while the employment effect is not significant. The infrastructure policy's effect on employment, industrial development, and poverty alleviation is greater than the other policies, and the financial policy's effect on these three aspects is not significant. This study contributes to the existing literature by addressing a well-defined gap regarding the net effect of entrepreneurship policy on entrepreneurship entry and provides well-supported and plausible explanations for the inconsistencies among previous studies on policy effect indicators. As a practical contribution, this study provides China and other developing economies with compelling empirical evidence to support the design and amendment of entrepreneurship policy at the national level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the spatial-temporal dynamics of inequality from the perspective of social deprivation in the context of continuous growth of grain production using national census data from 2000 and 2010 for Henan province, China. Our analytical results show an overall level of social deprivation that is high and a widening social deprivation gap at the county level. The social deprivation shows great spatiotemporal heterogeneity, the higher deprived counties are mainly distributed in central and eastern Henan province, while counties with lower social deprivation are clustered in northwestern regions, formed a belt-shape spatial differential between the south (higher deprived counties clustered) and northwest (low deprived counties clustered) Henan in 2000, and changed toward a core-periphery semi annular spatial structure in 2010, the low deprived counties surrounded by high deprived counties. The social deprivation shows a 'west low and east high' spatial pattern, similar to the grain production in Henan province. Socioeconomic development level was low in most counties in Yudong plain despite of keeping the continuous increase of grain production, meaning the higher grain output did not result in the more social development expected in Chinese traditional agricultural areas, and the regional disparity is expected to increase in the near future if development conditions are not changed, which could inspire more targeted rural governance options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater is an essential resource that meets all of humanity's daily water demands, supports industrial development, influences agricultural output, and maintains ecological equilibrium. The objective behind this research is to find groundwater prospective zones and their sustainable development in Henan Province, located in the North China Plain, with the help of analytical hierarchical process (AHP) and frequency ratio (FR) models. Consequently, a groundwater inventory map was created, utilizing 70% of the data for training and 30% for testing purposes. The resulting maps were overlaid with groundwater levels and the locations of wells within the study area. The performance and validation of the models were assessed using the Area Under Curve (AUC) curve, which indicated an accuracy of 70% for the AHP model and 69% for the FR model. The study indicates that areas with suitable gradients and rainfall patterns generally have high groundwater prospective zonation (GWPZ), i.e., Zhumadian and Nanyang (ZN). However, AHP demonstrated a higher predictive capability in comparison to FR the broader context. Whereas GIS-RS methodology aligns with existing wells and field data that validate it in range of good and excellent. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights for effective groundwater exploration and sustainable water supply planning in Henan Province. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carrying out risk assessments of agricultural drought disasters is helpful to understanding agricultural drought quantitatively and scientifically guiding drought prevention and drought relief work. In this paper, the risk assessment system and evaluation index of drought disasters are constructed, and they are composed of a drought risk subsystem, drought exposure subsystem, disaster damage sensitivity subsystem and drought resistance subsystem. Based on the grey matter-element analysis method, the agricultural drought risk evaluation model was established. Grey matter-element analysis method was used to evaluate the risk of agricultural drought in 18 regions of Henan Province, China in 2019. The results validation showed that high drought disaster risk area in Henan province is located in the western, north and the central area. This study provides a new method for the risk assessment of agricultural drought disasters. Understanding the risk in the study area can improve agricultural system resilience. This model could be used to provide support for increasing agricultural drought disaster resilience and risk management efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abnormity of climate change poses environmental concerns and indirectly promotes the development of low-carbon economic growth pattern. Climate change mitigation technology innovations contribute significantly to achieve environmental goals in China, and thus, technological cooperation has become a strategic choice for the Chinese provinces to achieve technological breakthroughs. Based on 3, 280, 808 patents, this study uses social network analysis (SNA) method and similarity measurement to discuss the evolution process and structural features of the spatial correlation network to analyze the patent data from 1985 to 2020. The process for the research is as follows. First, a form solution of the correlation problem to calculate the minimum Euclidean distance is available in the field of social network. Second, the European distance is used to measure the similarity between provinces, and then, SNA is used to construct the spatial correlation network. Finally, the similarity of growth trend of provincial patent applications in different years from a nonlinear perspective is described, so as to calculate the potential provincial linkage strength. The results demonstrate that low-carbon technology innovation in China takes the form of a network structure. The network exhibits significant characteristics of regional agglomeration, and several central provinces exert the role of mediation and transmission, such as Tianjin, Hubei, and Henan. The study contributes by illustrating the current situation of green technology innovation and provides a critical theoretical foundation for the government when formulating future low-carbon economy development policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yellow River Basin has a wealth of tourism resources, a long history of folk sports, and strong legislative support, all of which are advantages for the growth of the sports tourism sector. This study constructs an evaluation index system based on panel data from nine provinces and regions in the Yellow River Basin from 2011 to 2020, and then measures the development index and analyzes the driving factors using the entropy method, coupling coordination degree model, kernel density estimation method, and grey correlation analysis method. The findings demonstrate that (1) the Yellow River Basin's overall level of growth in the sports and tourist sectors exhibits a consistent and upward trend and that Shandong and Henan provinces clearly have an edge over other provinces in terms of development. (2) The geographical development pattern was lower Yellow River > upper Yellow River > middle Yellow River, and the coupling coordination status shifted from slight disorder to good coordination. (3) There is a close connection between sports tourism and variables including population density, financial prowess, and infrastructure growth. The employment population index has the smallest link with invention patent authorization. The macro-policy framework should therefore be strengthened in the future, the sports tourism infrastructure should be improved, and the Yellow River basin's unique sports tourism resources should be fully utilized in order to increase brand influence. In addition, new sports tourism products should be developed in response to market demand and consumer preferences, and enterprise innovation and research and development efforts should be increased in order to achieve high-quality development transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uncertain effects of water–sediment input on the delta morphology should be carefully considered given the current high occurrence frequency of extreme climate events. To determine the formation and evolution of the upper-body region in a bedload-dominated shallow-water delta, jet theory was fundamentally utilized and resolved into 2-D plane flow fields based on the similarity solution method, and a newly parameterized bedload transport rate equation, including both the partial bedload within relatively small suspended loads and the flow regime effects, was combined with grain-size transformation between transporting and bed material to establish a bed deformation equation in this study. In a lab-scale case, the coupled deterministic model of the upper-sectional delta topography was extended based on two independent stochastic events, considering the impacts of the transverse position deviation from the longitudinal centerline in the delta and the deviation of the (least-square optimal) flow regime influencing parameter from its classic default value during diffusion and the drift term of the established stochastic differential equations. The stochastic solutions were highly consistent with limited measurements (though without reasonable parameter estimation), especially the median solution in the two-sided parts of sections and the 75th percentile solution in the central parts of the sections. Furthermore, the prediction calculations corresponding to different roughness conditions resulting from a possible improvement in the ecological environment revealed that the neck area of a mature upper delta contains both the riskiest and safest parts when faced with a storm, and that plant colonization may generate a local positive effect along with a greater accumulation of real data and a more certain determination of flow-sediment interactions in the delta, pointing a way to disaster risk reduction such as the 2021 heavy rainfall disaster in Henan Province (China) to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Xiaolangdi Basin of the Yellow River, located between Mengjin County and Jiyuan City in Henan Province, is composed of a reservoir, a barrage dam, flood discharge buildings, and a water diversion and power generation system, among which, the Xiaolangdi project is the only control project in the lower reaches of the Yellow River that has a large storage capacity. In this study, distributed scatterers InSAR (DS-InSAR) deformation analysis was used to process 27 images of ESA Sentinel-1A data for the period between September 10, 2018, and July 19, 2019. Using the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) to select the statistical homogeneous pixels (SHP) and the eigenvalue decomposition method to optimize the interference phase, the time series surface deformation of the study area was obtained. The results showed that the maximum deformation rate in the study area was − 40.71 mm/year, the maximum deformation rate of the Xiaolangdi project was − 10.09 mm/year, and the larger deformation rates in the area around the Xiaolangdi Reservoir were mostly within the range − 35 to − 20 mm/year. Furthermore, small baseline subset (SBAS) InSAR and DS-InSAR are used for verification and analysis, and the monitoring results have high consistency. Therefore, to sum up, the time series deformation of low coherence areas may be monitored using DS-InSAR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]