25 results on '"BUSINESS & economics"'
Search Results
2. Differential Pricing of Pharmaceuticals: Theory, Evidence and Emerging Issues.
- Author
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Danzon, Patricia M.
- Subjects
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DRUG prices , *PRICE increases , *PRICE regulation , *EXTERNALITIES , *GROSS domestic product , *MEDICAL care cost statistics , *GENERIC drugs , *HEALTH services accessibility , *INSURANCE , *MATHEMATICAL models , *PATENTS , *THEORY ,DRUGS & economics ,INDUSTRIES & economics ,BUSINESS & economics - Abstract
Differential pricing-manufacturers varying prices for on-patent pharmaceuticals across markets-can, in theory, lead to increased patient access and improved research and development (R&D) incentives compared with charging a uniform price across markets. Theoretical models of price discrimination and Ramsey pricing support differentials based inversely on price elasticities, which are plausibly related to average per capita income. However, these models do not address absolute price levels and dynamic efficiency. Value-based differential pricing theory incorporates insurance coverage and addresses static and dynamic efficiency. Limited empirical evidence indicates a weak positive relationship between prices and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. External referencing and parallel trade undermine differential pricing. We discuss previously neglected factors that undermine differential pricing in practice. High price growth relative to GDP in the USA leads to widening differentials between the USA and other countries. Concerns over the effects of confidential rebating challenges acceptance of this approach to implementing price differentials. The growth of branded generics in low- and middle-income countries leads to complex markets with product and price differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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3. Corporate social responsibility and work engagement: testing a moderated mediation model.
- Author
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Gao, Yongqiang, Zhang, Dan, and Huo, Yuanyuan
- Subjects
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SOCIAL responsibility of business , *SELF-esteem , *JOB performance , *ETHICS ,EMPLOYEES & society ,BUSINESS & economics - Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the mediating role of collective self-esteem in the relationship between employees’ perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) and their work engagement. We also explore the moderating role of employees’ concern for face in the linkage between their perceived CSR and collective self-esteem. A two-wave panel data from a final sample of 217 employees in six companies in Wuhan, China, completed the questionnaire survey. Employees’ perceived CSR has a direct and positive effect on their work engagement, which is partially mediated by their collective self-esteem. Furthermore, employees’ concern for face moderates the relationship between their perceived CSR and collective self-esteem. CSR has a stronger effect on collective self-esteem for employees who concern more for face than for those who concern less for face. Understanding the outcomes, the mediating mechanisms, as well as the boundary conditions of perceived CSR on work engagement, help firms to better formulate their CSR strategy. First, we introduce collective self-esteem as an important mediating mechanism in the relationship between CSR and employees’ work engagement. Second, we identify concern for face as an important limiting condition in the linkage between CSR and employees’ collective self-esteem. Finally, previous research investigating employees’ reactions to CSR has predominantly been conducted in the West. We conduct our study in the Chinese or Confucian context to provide some new and complementary insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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4. Early Impacts of a Healthy Food Distribution Program on the Availability and Price of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables in Small Retail Venues in Los Angeles.
- Author
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DeFosset, Amelia, Gase, Lauren, Webber, Eliza, and Kuo, Tony
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FRUIT , *VEGETABLES , *BUSINESS , *ACQUISITION of property , *ATTITUDE (Psychology) , *CONFIDENCE intervals , *FOOD relief , *SALES personnel , *SURVEYS , *COMMUNITY-based social services , *ECONOMICS ,BUSINESS & economics - Abstract
Healthy food distribution programs that allow small retailers to purchase fresh fruits and vegetables at wholesale prices may increase the profitability of selling produce. While promising, little is known about how these programs affect the availability of fresh fruits and vegetables in underserved communities. This study examined the impacts of a healthy food distribution program in Los Angeles County over its first year of operation (August 2015-2016). Assessment methods included: (1) a brief survey examining the characteristics, purchasing habits, and attitudes of stores entering the program; (2) longitudinal tracking of sales data examining changes in the volume and variety of fruits and vegetables distributed through the program; and (3) the collection of comparison price data from wholesale market databases and local grocery stores. Seventeen stores participated in the program over the study period. One-fourth of survey respondents reported no recent experience selling produce. Analysis of sales data showed that, on average, the total volume of produce distributed through the program increased by six pounds per week over the study period (95% confidence limit: 4.50, 7.50); trends varied by store and produce type. Produce prices offered through the program approximated those at wholesale markets, and were lower than prices at full-service grocers. Results suggest that healthy food distribution programs may reduce certain supply-side barriers to offering fresh produce in small retail venues. While promising, more work is needed to understand the impacts of such programs on in-store environments and consumer behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
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5. What happens to drinking when alcohol policy changes? A review of five natural experiments for alcohol taxes, prices, and availability.
- Author
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Nelson, Jon, McNall, Amy, Nelson, Jon P, and McNall, Amy D
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PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of alcohol ,ALCOHOLIC beverage tax ,ALCOHOL drinking ,LIVER diseases ,ENDOGENEITY (Econometrics) ,ECONOMICS ,HEALTH policy ,BUSINESS & economics ,FOOD industry & economic aspects ,ALCOHOLIC liver diseases ,DEMOGRAPHY ,TAXATION ,ETHNOLOGY research ,SYSTEMATIC reviews - Abstract
Natural experiments are an important alternative to observational and econometric studies. This paper provides a review of results from empirical studies of alcohol policy interventions in five countries: Denmark, Finland, Hong Kong, Sweden, and Switzerland. Major policy changes were removal of quotas on travelers' tax-free imports and reductions in alcohol taxes. A total of 29 primary articles are reviewed, which contain 35 sets of results for alcohol consumption by various subpopulations and time periods. For each country, the review summarizes and examines: (1) history of tax/quota policy interventions and price changes; (2) graphical trends for alcohol consumption and liver disease mortality; and (3) empirical results for policy effects on alcohol consumption and drinking patterns. We also compare cross-country results for three select outcomes-binge drinking, alcohol consumption by youth and young adults, and heavy consumption by older adults. Overall, we find a lack of consistent results for consumption both within- and across-countries, with a general finding that alcohol tax interventions had selective, rather than broad, impacts on subpopulations and drinking patterns. Policy implications of these findings are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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6. Measuring the Value of Pharmaceuticals in the US Health System.
- Author
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Walton, Surrey, Basu, Anirban, Mullahy, John, Hong, Samuel, Schumock, Glen, Walton, Surrey M, and Schumock, Glen T
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MEDICAL care , *HEALTH behavior , *DRUGS , *MONOPOLY capitalism , *CAPITALISM , *MEDICAL care costs ,DRUGS & economics ,BUSINESS & economics - Abstract
The article discusses the value of pharmaceuticals in the U.S. health system. The concept of value is salient in the pharmaceutical market for several reasons, including grant of monopoly to drug manufacturers, competition between payers and between pharmaceutical manufacturing firms, and the value of reputation in the market all serve as checks that limit low-value medications.
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- 2017
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7. Do Customers Flee From HIV? A Survey of HIV Stigma and Its Potential Economic Consequences on Small Businesses in Tshwane (Pretoria), South Africa.
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Chao, Li-Wei, Szrek, Helena, Leite, Rui, Peltzer, Karl, and Ramlagan, Shandir
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HIV infections & psychology ,HIV infection transmission ,BUSINESS & economics ,CONSUMER attitudes ,FEAR ,SOCIAL stigma ,ATTITUDES toward illness - Abstract
Copyright of AIDS & Behavior is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2017
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8. Modelling Facebook and Outlook Event Attendance Decisions Herding and Coordination Traps
- Abstract
Facebook and Outlook have been popular choices for arranging physical attendance of social and business events, with clear advantages emphasised in existing literature, but not free of imperfections. Empirical literature has detected evidence of interdependence among users of these platforms; however, their implications for the possibility of herding traps have been unnoticed. This paper contributes with an original theory that demonstrates that no-attendance or low-attendance traps are a necessary and unavoidable outcome under conditions identified in empirical literature for some events—i.e. events subject to what I call ‘social participation constraints’. The main result is that some potentially desirable meetings are most likely failing to materialise due to the very design of the digital tools. Solutions are proposed to improve their designs to optimise users’ experience. Understanding the mechanism driving herding dynamics and traps that may cause digital tools to fail under interdependence should be of fundamental importance to software designers. This paper offers an accessible, self-contained, compact collection of key results that designers of social media tools and apps can use to enhance users’ experience. It can also be used to enhance business practices that apply to social media environments.
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- 2021
9. Climate change and interpersonal violence: a 'global' estimate and regional inequities.
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Mares, Dennis and Moffett, Kenneth
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CLIMATE change , *VIOLENCE research , *SUSTAINABILITY , *GLOBAL environmental change ,BUSINESS & economics - Abstract
This study estimates the predicted impact of climate change on levels of violence in a sample of 57 countries. We sample western and non-western countries and perform a multilevel ARFIMA regression to examine if warmer temperatures are associated with higher levels of homicide. Our results indicate that each degree Celsius increase in annual temperatures is associated with a nearly 6 % average increase in homicides. Regional variation in this predicted effect is detected, for example, with no apparent effects in former Soviet countries and far stronger effects found in Africa. Such variation indicates that climate change may acutely increase violence in areas that already are affected by higher levels of homicides and other social dislocations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2016
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10. Testing the trade credit and trade link: evidence from data on export credit insurance.
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Auboin, Marc and Engemann, Martina
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CREDIT ,EXPORT credit insurance ,FINANCIAL crises ,BUSINESS & economics ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
Trade finance has received special attention during the financial crisis as one of the potential culprits for the great trade collapse. Several researchers have used micro level data to establish the link between trade finance and trade, especially so during the financial crisis, and have found diverting results. This paper analyses the effect of trade credit on trade on a macro level through a whole cycle. We employ Berne Union data on export credit insurance, the most extensive dataset on trade credits available at the moment, for the period of 2005-2011. Using an instrumentation strategy we can identify a significantly positive effect of insured trade credit, as a proxy for trade credits, on trade. The effect of insured trade credit on trade is very strong and remains stable over the cycle, not varying between crisis and non-crisis periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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11. The Organization of Sex Work in Low- and High-Priced Venues with a Focus on the Experiences of Ethnic Minority Women Working in These Venues.
- Author
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Liu, Qian, Zhuang, Kongshao, Henderson, Gail, Shenglong, Quzhen, Fang, Jingwen, Yao, Huiqin, Qin, Jingxin, Yang, Yanzhen, and Abler, Laurie
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BUSINESS & economics ,BUSINESS ,EXPERIENCE ,PSYCHOLOGY of Minorities ,SCIENTIFIC observation ,SEX work ,RESEARCH funding - Abstract
Prior research on female sex workers (FSW) in China, and their risk for HIV and STI, neglects the nuanced experiences of ethnic minority FSW. We conducted participant observations and in-depth interviews with 33 FSW and six venue bosses to describe the experiences of FSW and management structures in low and high-priced sex work venues in Liuzhou, China. In low-priced venues, FSW had more autonomy and stronger relationships with their ethnic minority peers. Mid- and high-priced venues had more formal management structures. Ethnic minority FSW working in higher priced venues experienced less support and kinship with their peers. HIV/STI prevention outreach activities occurred in all of the venues, but they were not tailored for different venue types or for ethnic minority FSW. Our findings provide guidance for tailoring public health programs that meet the needs of ethnic minority women working in different types of sex work venues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2014
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12. Financial perspective of private pharmacies in Tehran (Iran); is it a lucrative business?
- Author
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Keshavarz, Khosro, Kebriaeezadeh, Abbas, Hashemi Meshkini, Amir, Nikfar, Shekoufeh, Mirian, Iman, and Khoonsari, Hasan
- Subjects
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CHI-squared test , *DRUGSTORES , *INCOME , *INTERVIEWING , *QUESTIONNAIRES , *SCALE analysis (Psychology) , *COST analysis , *PRIVATE sector , *CROSS-sectional method , *DATA analysis software , *DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,BUSINESS & economics - Abstract
Background and purpose of the study: Pharmacies as direct providers of medicine and pharmaceutical services to patients have an important role in the health status of a society. The assessment of their financial situations by healthcare policy makers is necessary to prevent any negative effects on population's health. In this study we aim to analyze the financial status of pharmacies in Tehran, Iran. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study based on a survey. Two-hundred and eighty-eight private community daytime pharmacies in Tehran were selected by random sampling. We used two questionnaires to collect data regarding cost, expense and income factors of private pharmacies and the significance of each of them from these selected pharmacies. The data was collected in 2011 from Tehran pharmacies. Profitability of pharmacies in Tehran, Iran was calculated in its current situation and then estimated for three defined scenarios: 1. The dispensing fee is omitted (ceteris paribus), 2. Pharmacies are prohibited from selling hygienic & cosmetic products (ceteris paribus), 3. Scenarios 1 and 2 together (ceteris paribus). These data were analyzed by using SPSS and descriptive-analytic statistics. Results: About 68% of interviewees responded to our questionnaires. Our analysis indicated that the average annual costs (and expenses), income and profits of pharmacies are 73,181; 106,301; and 33,120 United States Dollar (USD), respectively. The analysis indicated that omission of dispensing fee (scenario 1) and prohibition of pharmacies from selling hygienic & cosmetic products (scenario 2) would decrease income of pharmacies to 18438 and 14034 USD/year, respectively. According to respondents, the cost (or expense) of properties and buildings, energy, taxes, delays in reimbursement by insurance companies, and renting the place of pharmacy could be considered as cost factors and prescription medicines, OTC medicines, dispensing fees, hygienic & cosmetic products, and long-term payment to pharmaceutical distribution companies as income factors, which have significant effects on a pharmacy's economy. Major conclusions: According to the results of this study, regarding the pharmacies' cost (and expenses) and incomes, the omission of dispensing fees for prescriptions has considerable negative effects on the profitability of pharmacies and likely on society's health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2012
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13. Economic Evaluations of Occupational Health Interventions from a Company's Perspective: A Systematic Review of Methods to Estimate the Cost of Health-Related Productivity Loss.
- Author
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Uegaki, Kimi, Bruijne, Martine C., Beek, Allard, van Mechelen, Willem, and van Tulder, Maurits W.
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OCCUPATIONAL health services ,BUSINESS & economics ,LABOR productivity ,COST effectiveness ,MEDICAL databases ,INFORMATION storage & retrieval systems ,MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems ,MEDLINE ,EVIDENCE-based medicine ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the methods used to estimate the indirect costs of health-related productivity in economic evaluations from a company's perspective. Methods: The primary literature search was conducted in Medline and Embase. Supplemental searches were conducted in the Cochrane NHS Economic Evaluation Database, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health database, the Ryerson International Labour, Occupational Safety and Health Index database, scans of reference lists and researcher's own literature database. Article selection was conducted independently by two researchers based on title, keywords, and abstract, and if needed, full text. Differences were resolved by a consensus procedure. Articles were selected based on seven criteria addressing study population, type of intervention, comparative intervention, outcome, costs, language and perspective, respectively. Characteristics of the measurement and valuation of health-related productivity were extracted and analyzed descriptively. Results: A total of 34 studies were included. Costs of health-related productivity were estimated using (a combination of) data related to sick leave, compensated sick leave, light or modified duty or work presenteeism. Data were collected from different sources (e.g. administrative databases, worker self-report, supervisors) and by different methods (e.g. questionnaires, interviews). Valuation varied in terms of reported time units, composition and source of the corresponding price weights, and whether additional elements, such as replacement costs, were included. Conclusions: Methods for measuring and valuing health-related productivity vary widely, hindering comparability of results and decision-making. We provide suggestions for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2011
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14. An Integrated Model of Humanistic Management.
- Author
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Spitzeck, Heiko
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MANAGEMENT ethics ,BUSINESS ethics ,HUMANISTIC ethics ,BUSINESS & economics ,ORGANIZATIONAL behavior ,PROFIT - Abstract
This conceptual paper analyses the arguments which have been made in favour of a transition towards humanistic management. In order to reconcile economic as well as moral arguments an integrative model of humanistic management is presented. This model outlines prospective lines of empirical research especially in the area where business conduct is profitable but not humanistic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2011
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15. Toward a More Humanistic Governance Model: Network Governance Structures.
- Author
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Pirson, Michael and Turnbull, Shann
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CORPORATE governance ,HUMANISM ,CONTROL theory (Engineering) ,BUSINESS ethics ,CYBERNETICS ,BUSINESS & economics - Abstract
This conceptual article suggests a reexamination of current governance structures, specifically those of unitary boards after the financial crisis of 2008. We suggest that the existing governance structures are based on an outdated paradigm of business, rooted in economics. We propose an alternative paradigm, a more humanistic paradigm, which allows conceiving alternative, network-oriented governance structures. As hierarchical firms grow larger and more complex, the risk of failure increases from biases, errors, and missing data in communication and control systems. These problems are exacerbated by information overload on senior managers, directors, and their respective regulators. In contrast to traditional corporate governance, network governance introduces a division of power via multiple boards, checks and balances, and active stakeholder engagement. We argue that those features could have prevented the stresses and failures of financial firms in 2008, since they were anticipated by both individuals within firms and external commentators. However, those exposed to risks possessed insufficient influence in either governing and/or regulating firms to take corrective action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
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16. Another day, another dollar: Enterprise resilience under terrorism in developing countries.
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Branzei, Oana and Abdelnour, Samer
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ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,TERRORISM ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,INTERNATIONAL business enterprises ,BUSINESS & economics ,DUAL economy - Abstract
This study extends the literature on entrepreneurship in developing countries by offering a two-stage explanation for the paradoxical observation that enterprise activities often flourish under extreme adversity. Our findings complement the base-of-pyramid and peace-through-commerce attention to the growing role of business in international development by fleshing out the functions of enterprise resilience under terrorism. We first explain how terrorism conditions (outbreak, escalation, and reduction) may create psychological incentives for enterprise resilience; then we show that, controlling for ex ante terrorism conditions, enterprise resilience yields more favorable economic payoffs at higher levels of terrorism, especially for informal entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
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17. Foreign direct investment in the health care sector and most-favoured locations in developing countries.
- Author
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Outreville, J. François and Outreville, J François
- Subjects
FOREIGN investments ,MEDICAL care ,INTERNATIONAL business enterprises ,BUSINESS enterprises ,DEVELOPING countries ,INDUSTRIES & economics ,BUSINESS & economics ,HEALTH services administration ,ACQUISITION of property ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
Given the growing importance of the health care sector and the significant development of trade in health services, foreign direct investment (FDI) in this sector has gathered momentum with the General Agreement on Trade in Services. Despite extensive case based research and publications in recent years on health care markets and the rise of private sectors, it is surprisingly difficult to find evidence on the relative importance of the largest multinational corporations (MNCs) operating in the health care sector. The objective of the paper is to identify some of the determinants of foreign investment of the largest MNCs operating in this industry. The list of the largest MNCs has been compiled using company websites and data is available for 41 developing economies for which at least two MNCs have an office (branch and/or affiliate). The results of this study have some important implications. They indicate that location-specific advantages of host countries, including good governance, do provide an explication of the internationalization of firms in some developing countries rather than others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2007
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18. Returns on research and development for 1990s new drug introductions.
- Author
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Grabowski, Henry, Vernon, John, and DiMasi, Joseph A
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INDUSTRIAL statistics , *COMPARATIVE studies , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *RESEARCH , *COST analysis , *DRUG approval , *EVALUATION research , *ECONOMIC competition ,INDUSTRIES & economics ,RESEARCH & economics ,BUSINESS & economics - Abstract
Background: Previously published research by the authors found that returns on research and development (R&D) for drugs introduced into the US market in the 1970s and 1980s were highly skewed and that the top decile of new drugs accounted for close to half the overall market value. In the 1990s, however, the R&D environment for new medicines underwent a number of changes including the following: the rapid growth of managed-care organisations; indications that R&D costs were rising at a rate faster than that of overall inflation; new market strategies of major firms aimed at simultaneous launches across world markets; and the increased attention focused on the pharmaceutical industry in the political arena.Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the worldwide returns on R&D for drugs introduced into the US market in the first half of the 1990s, given that there have been significant changes to the R&D environment for new medicines over the past decade or so.Results: Analysis of new drugs entering the market from 1990 to 1994 resulted in findings similar to those of the earlier research - pharmaceutical R&D is characterised by a highly skewed distribution of returns and a mean industry internal rate of return modestly in excess of the cost of capital.Conclusions: Although the distribution of returns on R&D for new drugs continues to be highly skewed, the analysis reveals that a number of dynamic forces are currently at work in the industry. In particular, R&D costs as well as new drug introductions, sales and contribution margins increased significantly compared with their 1980s values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2002
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19. The economics of parallel trade.
- Author
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Danzon, P.M.
- Subjects
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DRUG prices , *MEDICAL care , *DRUGS , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *HEALTH policy , *PHARMACY , *COST analysis , *ECONOMIC competition , *ECONOMICS ,DRUGS & economics ,INDUSTRIES & economics ,BUSINESS & economics - Abstract
The potential for parallel trade in the European Union (EU) has grown with the accession of low price countries and the harmonisation of registration requirements. Parallel trade implies a conflict between the principle of autonomy of member states to set their own pharmaceutical prices, the principle of free trade and the industrial policy goal of promoting innovative research and development (R&D). Parallel trade in pharmaceuticals does not yield the normal efficiency gains from trade because countries achieve low pharmaceutical prices by aggressive regulation, not through superior efficiency. In fact, parallel trade reduces economic welfare by undermining price differentials between markets. Pharmaceutical R&D is a global joint cost of serving all consumers worldwide; it accounts for roughly 30% of total costs. Optimal (welfare maximising) pricing to cover joint costs (Ramsey pricing) requires setting different prices in different markets, based on inverse demand elasticities. By contrast, parallel trade and regulation based on international price comparisons tend to force price convergence across markets. In response, manufacturers attempt to set a uniform 'euro' price. The primary losers from 'euro' pricing will be consumers in low income countries who will face higher prices or loss of access to new drugs. In the long run, even higher income countries are likely to be worse off with uniform prices, because fewer drugs will be developed. One policy option to preserve price differentials is to exempt on-patent products from parallel trade. An alternative is confidential contracting between individual manufacturers and governments to provide country-specific ex post discounts from the single 'euro' wholesale price, similar to rebates used by managed care in the US. This would preserve differentials in transactions prices even if parallel trade forces convergence of wholesale prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 1998
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20. Network support and the success of newly founded businesses.
- Author
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Bruderl, Josef and Preisendorfer, Peter
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BUSINESS & economics ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP - Abstract
Discusses the problems on network support and success of newly founded businesses. General comments on the network approach to entrepreneurship; Data, variables and methods used in the study; Human capital of founder, start-up capital of firm and network support.
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- 1998
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21. New Areas of Marketing Opportunity.
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BUSINESS & economics ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,COMPETITION ,GOVERNMENT spending policy - Abstract
Examines growth opportunities for business in the United States. Demographic shifts which will affect consumer oriented goods and service industries; Effect of technological changes on competition in the business and industrial sectors; Effect of shifts in government spending.
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- 1973
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22. Discounts on fruit and vegetables combined with a space management intervention increased sales in supermarkets.
- Author
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Toft, U, Winkler, L L, Mikkelsen, B E, Bloch, P, and Glümer, C
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CUSTOMER satisfaction ,BUSINESS & economics ,FRUIT ,VEGETABLES ,BUSINESS ,FOOD supply ,SPATIAL behavior ,COST analysis ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
Background/objectives: To examine the effects of two interventions on consumer purchases of fruits and vegetables (F&V) on the Danish island of Bornholm: a 20% discount on F&V combined with improved shelf-space allocation, and improved shelf-space allocation alone.Subjects/methods: A space management intervention to promote F&V sales was performed in two large discount supermarkets on Bornholm in Denmark for 3 months (September-November 2012). In addition, a 20% discount on F&V was introduced for 3 months in one of the supermarkets ('space + price'). The effect was evaluated using sales data from the two intervention supermarkets and three control supermarkets from the same supermarket chain but in Odsherred, Denmark (control area). Both the effect on sales of fresh F&V and potential unhealthy substitution effects were evaluated using multi-level regression analyses.Results: During the price intervention period, the index number for sales of fresh vegetables increased by 22.2% (P=0.001) in the 'space + price' intervention supermarket compared with the control supermarkets. Furthermore, the index number for the sale of organic fresh fruit and vegetables increased by 12.1% (P=0.04) and the sale of the total amount of fruit and vegetables (fresh, frozen, dried and canned) increased by 15.3% (P=0.01) compared with the control supermarkets. In the 'space only' intervention supermarket no significant increase in the sale of fruit and vegetables was found. No unhealthy substitution effects were found.Conclusions: In conclusion, a 20% price reduction on F&V significantly increased sales of F&V. The effect was most pronounced on vegetables and no negative/unhealthy substitution effects were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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23. From De Economist of 1859.
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UNITED States economy ,INDUSTRIAL revolution ,BUSINESS & economics ,TAX laws - Abstract
The article presents historical account related to the economy in the U.S. It mentions that after the crises in the year 1857, it has been a distinguishing feature of the money market in the country. Moreover, it notes that a resolutions to the trade crises, the U.S. administration has considered borrowing rather than raising additional tax.
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- 2009
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24. Pricing music using personal data: mutually advantageous first-degree price discrimination
- Author
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Thierry Rayna, Ludmila Striukova, and John Darlington
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Economics and Econometrics ,Personal data ,CUSTOMER RECOGNITION ,INFORMATION ,Social Sciences ,Price discrimination ,MARKETS ,Willingness to pay ,Order (exchange) ,Business & Economics ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,Pricing models ,Economics ,Business ,Marketing ,Business and International Management ,Robustness (economics) ,FIELD EXPERIMENT ,WELFARE ,Service (business) ,WANT ,First-degree price discrimination ,CHOICE ,Management ,NETWORKS ,Computer Science Applications ,Product (business) ,CONSUMER PRIVACY ,OUTPUT ,Privacy ,Consumer privacy ,Personally identifiable information ,Digital economy - Abstract
In addition to customized products and services, personal data also enables personalized pricing. However, consumers are often unwilling to accept being price discriminated for fear that they would end up paying more for the same product or service. This article demonstrates that by rewarding consumers for disclosing personal information it is possible to achieve a situation where first-degree price discrimination is mutually advantageous and both buyers and sellers gain by adopting such a pricing model. The conditions required for this to happen are investigated and the impact on social welfare is discussed. Finally, the article considers the robustness of this model when consumers adopt an opportunistic behavior which consists in manipulating personal data in order to masquerade as a consumer with a lower willingness to pay.
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25. A dynamic competition model of regime change
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Richard R. A. Syms and Laszlo Solymar
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Technology ,Operations Research ,Constant coefficients ,Strategy and Management ,0211 other engineering and technologies ,Social Sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,Management Science and Operations Research ,Management Information Systems ,Competition model ,GUERRILLA WARFARE ,Business & Economics ,050602 political science & public administration ,Economics ,conflict analysis ,01 Mathematical Sciences ,Marketing ,08 Information And Computing Sciences ,021110 strategic, defence & security studies ,Science & Technology ,Operations Research & Management Science ,CIVIL-WAR ,REVOLUTIONS ,05 social sciences ,simulation ,Conflict analysis ,Management ,0506 political science ,Coupled differential equations ,PREDATOR-PREY MODEL ,Government (linguistics) ,Regime change ,REBELLION ,Law ,15 Commerce, Management, Tourism And Services ,system dynamics ,Grievance ,Economic system ,VIOLENCE - Abstract
A dynamic competition model for an oppressive government opposed by rebels is proposed, based on coupled differential equations with constant coefficients. Depending on their values, the model allows scenarios representing a stable, oppressive government and violent regime change. With constant coefficients, there can be no limit cycles. However, cycles emerge if rebels and governments switch characteristics after a revolution, if resources change hands and rebel motivations switch from grievance to greed. This mechanism is proposed as an explanation for the establishment of a new repressive regime after the overthrow of a similar regime.
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- View/download PDF
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