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Nano-silica (NS) may counteract the drawbacks of fly ash (FA), such as delayed setting and low early strength, by accelerating hydration and providing higher early strength in concrete. In this study, concrete mixtures having 4 different FA replacement ratios (0%, 20%, 35%, and 50% by vol.) and 3 different NS dosages (0%, 1.7%, and 3.4% by vol.) were prepared. Effect of NS on the rheology, setting times and temperature evolution during the setting period, microstructure, compressive strength, and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of concrete at constant slump (20 ± 1 cm) were investigated. Plasticizers influenced the rheological and setting properties of concrete designed at constant consistency. In terms of these properties, although there have been cases where the use of NS has shown controversy results compared to the common knowledge in literature, this situation has been associated with the demand for the plasticizers consumed to obtain constant slump. In general, NS accelerated the setting times of concrete, however, it could not completely tolerate the delay caused by FA. According to 7-day mechanical test results, using 3.4% NS almost fully recovered the 20% strength loss caused by 20% FA replacement. Even if compressive strength close to NS-free REF mixture could not be achieved with high volume FA replacement (50%), at 7 days, MOE results, comparable to NS-free REF concrete, could be achieved using 3.4% NS. At later ages, although the compressive strength varied over a wide range, i.e., from 30 to 75 MPa, MOE of FA concrete have become almost independent of the strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallic nanoparticles created by ecologically friendly synthesis processes are becoming increasingly useful in a variety of applications. Because of their strong bioactive component qualities, biocompatible architectures, high stability, and low toxicity, green-produced selenium nanoparticles are particularly significant materials for various medicinal applications. Plants include a wealth of essential phytochemicals with therapeutic and medical capabilities. Pistachio vera L. (Siirt pistachio) is a seasonal fruit that is frequently consumed for its nutritional worth and health advantages. However, the outer colored skin of the P. vera (Siirt pistachio) fruit, which is not consumed, contains many biologically active compounds. In this study, plant-mediated synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) was successfully accomplished after adding the sodium selenite solution to the aqueous extract of P. vera colored skin waste. The synthesized Se NPs were characterized with UV–Vis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta distribution, atomic force microscope (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum (EDX). Biogenic Pistacia vera (PV) PV-SeNPs were also tested for their ability to suppress the development of various pathogenic bacteria and cancerous cell lines. The UV-visible (UV–Vis) spectra revealed an absorption peak at 325 nm, which reflected the surface plasmon band. The significant selenium signal on the EDX spectrum at 1.5 keV confirmed the creation of Se NPs. The presence of several peaks on the FTIR spectrum of the aqueous extract of Pv and the nanoparticles indicated the presence of some important functional groups such as amines, carbonyl compounds, and phenols, which are important in facilitating the process of capping and bioreduction, as well as conferring stability to nanoparticles. The TEM microphotographs revealed that the nanoparticles were highly distributed, had a spherical morphological form, and were monodisperse below 10 nm. Biogenic Pv-SeNPs exhibited similar antimicrobial activity as standard antibiotics. However, it was determined that the cytotoxic activity of Se-NPs against cancer cell lines was quite high depending on the dose and time. As a result, the Pv-SeNPs are likely to be extremely beneficial in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic sectors, as well as in the food and cosmetic industries, in producing antimicrobial and/or anticancer medications. Graphical Abstract Of Green Synthesis, Characterization, And Biomedical Application of Pv-SeNPs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This radiologic work aimed to display the alteration in the superior orbital fissure (SOF) morphology in the pediatric population with advancing age. This pediatric examination consisted of computed tomography images of 180 subjects (90 males/90 females) aged 1–18 years. The length (SOF-L) and width (SOF-W) of SOF were measured, and its shape was noted. SOF-L and SOF-W were measured as 16.04 ± 2.34 mm and 5.35 ± 1.01 mm, respectively. SOF-L was similar in infancy and early childhood periods, but then decreased up to postpubescent period. This measurement increased significantly in postpubescent period. SOF-W did not show important change from infancy period up to postpubescent period. After that, it increased significantly in postpubescent period. Seven configurations regarding SOF shape were observed: the straight type in 20.8% out of 360 SOFs, eight-shaped type in 12.2%, key-shaped type in 14%, racket-shaped type in 18.6%, narrow type in 7.2%, triangular type in 14.7%, and curved type in 12.5%. SOF shape was not affected by sex (p = 0.150) and side (p = 0.919). Linear functions were calculated as y = 16.310—0.028 × age for SOF-L, and as y = 4.886 + 0.048 × age for SOF-W. SOF-L showed an irregular pattern of first decreasing and then increasing, during the transition from 1 year to 18 years. SOF-W displayed an irregular pattern of increasing with advancing ages in children. Our linear functions representing the growth pattern of SOF in children may be useful to estimate SOF size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Stroke leads to reduced mobility and functional capacity, also negatively affects respiratory functions and muscle strength. Aim: To examine the effects of adding upper extremity robotic rehabilitation to conventional treatment on respiratory parameters, functional capacity, mobility, and dyspnea. Method: Thirty-four stroke patients aged 18-65/years were randomized into Conventional Rehabilitation (CR) or Upper Extremity Robotic Rehabilitation (RR) groups. Both groups received conventional treatment for 5 days/week, for 6 weeks. Additionally, the RR group participated in upper extremity robotic rehabilitation (ExoRehab X, Houston Bionics) twice/week. Respiratory muscle strength (Maximum Inspiratory Pressure-MIP and Maximum Expiratory Pressure-MEP) and respiratory functions (forced expiratory flow first second (FEV1)), forced vital capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC, peak expiratory flow (PEF), and forced expiratory flow-25-75% (FEF 25-75%) were assessed. Functional capacity was evaluated with 6-minute walk test (6-MWT), mobility was assessed with Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, and dyspnea was measured using Dyspnea-12 test. Results: Both groups showed improvements in MIP, MEP, 6MWT and TUG scores. Additionally, significant increases were observed in PEF in the CR group and in FVC, FEV1, %FEF 25-75, and reduced dyspnea in the RR group (all p < 0.05). The groups were similar in terms of mean changes, except for FVC (p = 0.004) and FEV1 (p = 0.002), which were significantly higher in RR group. Conclusion: Combining upper extremity robotic rehabilitation with conventional rehabilitation in stroke patients led to similar improvements in respiratory muscle strength, functional capacity, and mobility while also improving some respiratory parameters and reducing the perception of dyspnea. Trial Registration Number: NCT05550311. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peritoneal malignancies encompass a diverse range of tumors originating within the peritoneum, including primary tumors such as mesothelioma and primary serous peritoneal carcinoma or secondary tumors resulting from the spread of cancers from gastrointestinal, gynecological, and extra-abdominal sources. The traditional approach of palliative care for these malignancies is being replaced by a multimodal strategies that integrates surgery with systemic or intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Notably, cytoreductive surgery combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy has shown significant improvements in survival rates. Imaging is crucial in the multidisciplinary management of these tumors, aiding in diagnosis, staging, restaging, and monitoring therapy response. It is also vital for appropriate patient selection, using the acronym "PAUSE", which involves assessing tumor burden via the peritoneal carcinomatosis index, evaluating patients pre- and post-therapy, detecting complications following therapy, and predicting treatment outcomes. This review explores the imaging manifestations of peritoneal malignancies, distinguishing them from various mimics, and underscores the importance of imaging modalities such as CT, MRI, PET/CT, and PET/MRI in effective decision-making and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common and increasing societal problem due to the extending human lifespan. In males, loss of chromosome Y (LOY) in leukocytes is strongly associated with AD. We studied here DNA methylation and RNA expression in sorted monocytes and granulocytes with and without LOY from male AD patients. Through multi-omic analysis, we identified new candidate genes along with those previously associated with AD. Global analyses of DNA methylation in samples with LOY vs. normal state showed that hypomethylation dominated both in granulocytes and monocytes. Our findings highlight LOY-related differences in DNA methylation that occur in gene regulatory regions. Specifically, we observed alterations in key genes involved in leukocyte differentiation: FLI1, involved in early hematopoiesis; RUNX1, essential for blood cell development; RARA, regulating gene expression in response to retinoic acid; CANX, crucial for protein folding; CEBPB, a transcription factor important for immune responses; and MYADM, implicated in cell adhesion and migration. Moreover, protein–protein interaction analysis in granulocytes identified that products of two of these genes, CANX and CEBPB, are key hub proteins. This research underscores the potential of multi-omic approach in pure hematopoietic cell populations to uncover the molecular underpinnings of AD. Finally, our results link previous analysis showing impact of LOY on leukocyte differentiation, LOY-associated transcriptional dysregulation and GWAS studies of LOY. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the impact of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) on the structure and functionality of treebean (Parkia timoriana) seed protein, a novel approach to enhancing protein stability and functionality for sustainable bioprocessing. The research aims to evaluate the dynamic interactions between protein and choline chloride-sugar-based NADES, focusing on their effects on thermal properties, emulsification behaviour, and rheological characteristics. NADES were formulated using different sugars, and protein-NADES dispersions were analysed for their physicochemical and functional properties. Key findings include improved thermal stability, with sorbitol-based NADES showing the highest onset temperature (124.2 °C) and peak degradation temperature (330 °C), indicative of enhanced resistance to high-temperature processing. The sorbitol-NADES-protein dispersion also exhibited superior emulsification activity (50.42%) and stability (42.55%) compared to other formulations. Rheological analysis demonstrated non-Newtonian shear-thinning behaviour, with sorbitol-NADES providing the highest zero-shear viscosity (14.32 mPa s) and relaxation time (3.17 s). These results highlight the ability of NADES to stabilize protein structures while maintaining functionality under processing conditions. The novelty of the study lies in demonstrating the potential of NADES to sustainably enhance the structural and functional attributes of plant proteins, paving the way for innovative applications in food and bioprocessing industries. By employing green solvents, this study presents a sustainable solution for high-temperature food processing, addressing environmental concerns associated with conventional solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thiol-ene reaction between an alkene and a thiol can be exploited for selective labelling of cysteine residues in protein profiling applications. Here, we explore thiol-ene activation in systems from chemical models to complex cellular milieus, using UV, visible wavelength and redox initiators. Initial studies in chemical models required an oxygen-free environment for efficient coupling and showed very poor activation when using a redox initiator. When thiol-ene activation was performed in protein and cell lysate models, all three initiation methods were successful. Faster thiol-ene reaction was observed as the cysteine and alkene were brought into proximity by a binding event prior to activation, leading to quicker adduct formation in the protein model system than the chemical models. Furthermore, in the protein-protein coupling, none of the activators required an oxygen-free environment. Taken together, these observations demonstrate the broad potential for thiol-ene coupling to be used in protein profiling. The thiol-ene coupling between an alkene and a thiol can be exploited for selective labelling of cysteine residues in protein profiling applications, however, the labelling of complex cell lysate mixtures is underexplored. Here, the authors explore thiol-ene activation in systems from chemical models to complex cellular milieus, using UV, visible wavelength and redox initiators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: Psoriasis and Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS) are chronic inflammatory skin conditions that significantly impact quality of life, sleep, and increase morbidity. This study aims to compare sleep quality and the risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with these conditions. Additionally, it explores the relationships between sleep disorders, demographic factors, disease severity, and inflammatory markers. Materials and methods: The study included 25 HS and 50 psoriasis patients diagnosed and followed in the Dermatology Department of a tertiary healthcare institution. Disease severity was assessed using the HURLEY score for HS patients and the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) for psoriasis patients. Sleep quality and OSA risk were evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Berlin, and STOP-Bang questionnaires. Results: A total of 75 patients participated, with 50 in the psoriasis group and 25 in the HS group. Of the participants, %41 were female, with a mean age of 36.4 ± 12.7 years. HS patients had significantly higher PSQI and STOP-Bang scores compared to psoriasis patients (p = 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively). No significant associations were found between disease severity and questionnaire scores in either condition. However, the rate of high-risk OSA was higher in males (p = 0.004) and more prevalent in HS patients than in psoriasis patients (%64 vs. %26, p = 0.002). Conclusion: HS patients face a significantly higher risk for OSA due to factors like obesity, smoking, increased neck and waist circumference, and elevated inflammation. Routine assessment of OSA risk using tools like the PSQI, Berlin, and STOP-Bang questionnaires is recommended for these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although yerba mate has been known and used for hundreds of years, not all of its properties have been fully understood yet. Yerba mate is a source of many desirable substances, but it may also contain toxic metals and other substances that are harmful to health. Fifteen samples of yerba mate tea from three South American countries were analyzed. The content of Cr, Ni, and Cd was determined using the AAS technique, while the PHA's content was determined with the gas chromatography method. Our studies show that some of the analyzed substances present in Ilex paraguariensis may exceed their acceptable levels specified in European standards established for the given substances. All analyzed samples contained the determined metals, where the concentrations of individual elements ranged from 1.92 ± 0.38 to 0.12 ± 0.05 µg/g (for Cr), from 4.86 ± 0.28 to 1.72 ± 0.14 µg/g (for Ni), and from 0.0008 ± 0.000 to 0.0695 ± 0.0745 µg/g (for Cd). The total PAH content ranged from 0.064 to 0.585 mg/kg. Yerba mate samples from Brazil were characterized by a lower PAH content (0.064–0.254 mg/kg), compared with mate from Argentina and Paraguay (0.084–0.374 and 0.197–0.585 mg/kg, respectively). Pesticide residues were found only in samples from Argentina and Paraguay, while samples from Brazil did not contain those compounds. Only four active substances belonging to the group of herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides were detected, two of them not approved for use in the EU: chlorpyrifos and fenbuconazole. The most frequently detected compounds in yerba mate samples were pendimethalin (in four samples), fluazifop-p-butyl and fenbuconazole (detected in two samples), and chlorpyrifos (in one sample). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulation of the Hedgehog pathway activity may be supported by coactivators and corepresors of its main effectors- Gli transcription factors. While activation processes are well studied, repression mechanisms remain elusive. We identified chromatin remodelling complex Hira to interact with Gli3R protein, showed that its loss-of-function changes Hh pathway activity, and examined possible mechanism behind the observed effect. We also established that Hira influences the viability and migratory abilities of Hh-dependent medulloblastoma Daoy cells. Our study paves the way for a better understanding of processes involved in Hh pathway regulation and Hh-dependent carcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report the efficacy of Descemet's Membrane (DM) transplantation over the macular hole in patients with recurrent high myopic macular hole (HMMH) associated with retinal detachment (RD). Methods: Six eyes of six patients with wide posterior staphyloma including MH and recurrent HMMH associated with RD were included to this retrospective study. All patients underwent pars plana vitrectomy and DM obtained from eye bank was placed over the macular hole during the surgery. Silicone oil endotamponade was used as endotamponade and removed within 6 months following surgery. Pre-operative and post-operative ophthalmologic examination and optical coherence tomography findings were recorded. Results: The mean follow-up time was 18.53 ± 7.36 months. Macular hole closure was achieved in all patients (100%). Best-corrected visual acuity was improved from 1.51 ± 0.55 logMAR to 1.08 ± 0.50 logMAR (p = 0.043). No complications due to surgery or DM during follow-up. No DM dislocation or hole re-opening occurred after surgery. Conclusion: DM transplantation during vitrectomy may be an effective treatment for the recurrent HMMH associated with RD. Key messages: What is known Various surgical techniques have been tried for recurrent high myopic macular hole associated with retinal detachment, but satisfactory anatomical and functional success rates have still not been achieved. What is new: The study demonstrates that Descemet's membrane transplantation is a safe and effective option for treating recurrent high myopic macular hole associated with retinal detachment. This is a novel technique that may overcome the limitations of existing approaches. The findings suggest that Descemet's membrane transplantation could become a promising addition to the surgical options for recurrent high myopic macular hole associated with retinal detachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This radiologic work aimed to display the alteration in the crista galli (CG) morphology in the pediatric population with advancing age. Methods: This pediatric examination consisted of computed tomography images of 180 subjects (90 males / 90 females) aged 1–18 years. The width (CGW), height (CGH) and length (CGL) of CG were measured, and its morphological types were noted. Results: CGW, CGH and CGL were measured as 4.34 ± 1.38 mm, 12.13 ± 3.36 mm and 13.03 ± 2.75 mm, respectively. CGH (p < 0.001) and CGL (p < 0.001) increased with advancing age, but CGW (p = 0.069) did not vary. Three configurations regarding morphological types of CG were observed as follows: the tear-drop type in 83 CGs (46.10%), the tubular type in 64 CGs (35.60%), and the ossified type in 33 CGs (18.30%). Three configurations related to Keros classification were determined as follows: Type 1 in 31 CGs (17.20%), Type 2 in 116 CGs (64.50%), and Type 3 in 33 CGs (18.30%). CG shape types (p = 0.455) and Keros types (p = 0.801) did not correlate with sex. CG pneumatization was found in six (3.3%) children. Conclusions: CGL increased, but did not alter significantly after infancy period. CGW did not correlate with pediatric ages, but CGH increased with advancing age up to prepubescent period. The incidence of Type 1 decreased with advancing age, but the incidence of Types 2 and 3 increased, especially from the late childhood period. All pneumatized CGs were observed after late childhood period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We studied a family with three male individuals across two generations affected by common variable immune deficiency (CVID). We identified a novel missense heterozygous variant (c.2602T>A:p.Y868N) of NFKB2 in all patients and not in healthy relatives. Functional studies of the mutant allele in an overexpression system and of the patients’ cells confirmed the deleteriousness of the NFKB2 variant and genotype, respectively, on the activation of the non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathway. Impaired processing of p100 into p52 underlies p100 accumulation, which results in gain-of-function (GOF) of IκBδ inhibitory activity and loss-of-function (LOF) of p52 transcriptional activity. The three patients’ plasma contained autoantibodies that neutralized IFN-α2 and/or IFN-ω, accounting for the severe or recurrent viral diseases of the patients, including influenza pneumonia in one sibling, and severe COVID-19 and recurrent herpes labialis in another. Our results confirm that NFKB2 alleles that are IκBδ GOF and p52 LOF can underlie CVID and drive the production of autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs, thereby predisposing to severe viral diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research endeavors focused on examining genetic diversity play a pivotal role in advancing agricultural practices, as they furnish valuable insights for breeding programs and the preservation of germplasm. Wheat holds significant global importance as a cereal crop, serving as a primary source of sustenance for almost one-third of the global human population. In the current study, a total of 80 bread wheat genotypes were characterized using the start codon targeted (SCoT) marker system. A set of 14 polymorphic primers yielded a cumulative count of 399 bands with an average of 28.05 bands per primer. The range of diversity markers, such as polymorphism information content (0.26–0.59), effective numbers of alleles (1.27–1.59), Shannon's information index (0.30–0.51), and gene diversity (0.18–0.34), provided evidence of elevated genetic differences within the examined germplasm. According to the findings of the molecular variance analysis, greater genetic variations are found within populations (92%). The model-based structural approach partitioned the 80 bread wheat genotypes into two distinct populations (Population A and B). The diversity indices based on the structures of the populations revealed that population A had greater diversity compared to population B. Both the principal coordinate analysis and the neighbor-joining analysis also differentiated the 80 different bread wheat genotypes based on their respective collection points. The present crop diversity offers great opportunities for enhancing crop quality and increasing tolerance to environmental challenges, both of which will lead to a reduction in the problem of food insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer. Radiation therapy (RT) is a modality for TNBC management. Radiosensitizers can mitigate the adverse effects of RT. Applying green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) from biological sources such as plants is a potential strategy to sensitize cancer cells to radiotherapy due to the low toxicity. Therefore, identifying novel natural sources for synthesizing stable and broadly applicable green-Ag-NPs has gained more attention in cancer therapy. In the present study, we synthesized green- Ag-NPs from pumpkin peel extract and elucidated the impact of green-synthesized Ag-NPs as a radiosensitizer in MDA-MB 231 cells (a model of TNBC). Results: The prepared Ag-NPs had a spherical shape with an average size of 81 nm and a zeta potential of − 9.96 mV. Combination of green-synthesized Ag-NPs with RT exhibited synergistic anticancer effects with an optimum combination index (CI) of 0.49 in MDA-MB-231 cells. Green-synthesized Ag-NPs synergistically potentiated RT-induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells compared to the corresponding monotherapies. Morphological features of apoptosis were further confirmed by the DAPI–TUNEL staining assay. HIF-1α expression was decreased in cells subjected to combination therapy. Bax and p53 expression increased, whereas Bcl-2 genes decreased. Combination therapy significantly increased the protein level of PERK and CHOP while decreasing cyclin D1 and p-ERK/total ERK levels compared to monotherapies. Conclusion: These findings indicate the potential effect of green-synthesized Ag-NPs as a radiosensitizer for TNBC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rationale behind this study was the lack of an accurate predictor to facilitate treatment management and anticipate prognosis in crush syndrome. Our research aimed to investigate the following: (1) Is there a correlation between the ratios of blood cell counts upon admission and the adverse outcomes of crush syndrome? and (2) if such a correlation exists, what are the precise thresholds of blood cell count ratios for predicting these adverse outcomes? In this single-centered and retrospective design study, we analyzed all patients admitted to our hospital after Kahramanmaras Earthquake. The data on length of stay in the ICU and mortality status were obtained using our hospital system. Ratios of blood cell count were calculated and recorded at the time of admission. The NLR values in admission were significantly higher in patients with amputation, patients who received intensive care unit (ICU), and patients who died. (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). The MLR values were significantly increased in patients who underwent amputation and patients who received ICU (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively). NAR values in admission were significantly higher in patients with amputation, patients who received intensive care unit (ICU), and patients who died (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.002, respectively). In addition, according to binary logistic regression analysis, with a CLR value of > 109.844, the risk of amputation increases 8.188 fold; with a CLR value of > 64.518, the possibility of ICU admission requirement increases 10.117 fold, and with a CLR value of > 116.00, the risk of death increases 5.519 fold. Ratios of blood cell count such as NLR, MLR, NAR, and CLR offer a reasonable prognostic accuracy in predicting adverse outcomes and mortality in patients with crush syndrome. Therefore, for better disaster management in the future, the determination of these values at admission should be used as an adjunct tool for predicting prognosis in patients with crush syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diverse, traditional landraces of indica rice with varying pigmentations are grown at the foothills of Eastern Himalayas. Interaction between two rice genes Rc and Rd is the major determining factor for diverse pigmentations. Rd regulates the synthesis of anthocyanidin, whereas Rc encodes a transcription factor for the expression of proanthocyanidins in rice. This study involved 24 genotypes of rice with varying pigmentation, collected from the Himalayan region and Eastern India for appraisal of genetic variability, character association, diversity regarding yield and grain-quality traits, and detection of sequence variation concerning Rc and Rd loci. Results revealed substantial genetic variability with significant genotype × year interaction for most of the traits. The tested genotypes were grouped into nine clusters based on Euclidean distance. Analyses of coding DNA and amino acid sequences revealed non-functional Rc gene with 14-bp deletion without or with a single nucleotide addition in the sixth exon, which led to premature stop codon formation or frameshift mutation in most of the black and white rice on the contrary to red rice genotypes. Furthermore, only a single white rice genotype was detected with a premature stop codon formation in the analyzed region of Rd. That mutation might be the probable cause for obstruction in anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis. Further studies are needed to identify the point mutations and premature stop codon (if any) in the Rd locus of various indica rice genotypes from these regions to unveil the evolutionary relevance of the Rd allele for aberrated dihydroflavonol-4-reductase protein formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To prospectively investigate the effect of music therapy on patient's anxiety and pain level during retrograde intrarenal surgery under spinal anesthesia. 286 patients aged above 18 years, who underwent Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery (RIRS) under spinal anesthesia for renal or ureteral calculi were evaluated between January 2023 and June 2023 by a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical protocol. Patients were randomized into 2 groups. Group 1 included patients, who listened to music, and Group 2 was comprised of patients, who were not allowed to listen to music. Visual Analog Scale (VAS) results and pain sensation, anxiety level, together with the results of State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), a self-reported anxiety inventory, were captured. The number of patients, who were randomized to the music group (Group 1) and non-music group (Group 2) was 144 and 142, respectively. Mean heart rate in Group 1 and Group 2 was 60 ± 4.19 and 70 ± 8.36, respectively (p = 0.02), indicative of the fact that mean heart rate was significantly lower in the music group. Heart rate measured post-operatively within the first hour subsequent to the procedure was similar in both groups (p < 0.05). The VAS score was significantly lower in Group 1. STAI score in Group 1 and Group 2 was 45.51 ± 2.968 and 49.16 ± 1.88, respectively. Therefore, there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Music therapy during the RIRS procedure under spinal anesthesia was associated with a significantly decrease in pain and anxiety scores in patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to demonstrate the interaction between enzymatically modified pea peel dietary fibre and yogurt. Cellulase and xylanase were used to modify the pea peel dietary fibre. The properties of yogurt were evaluated in terms of texture, rheology, microstructure and sensorial attributes, along with its prebiotic potential. Pea peel fibre concentration showed a significant (p < 0.05) effect on Lactobacillus bulgaricus growth, whereas there was no significant effect on Streptococcus thermophiles counts. The gel firmness and syneresis of yogurt decreased, whereas cohesiveness increased as fibre concentration varied from 1 to 2.5%. The yogurt showed shear thinning flow behaviour under stress conditions. The microstructure indicated the intact casein gels were uniformly coordinated at 1.5% fibre concentration, which could be an optimum level of fibre for set-type yogurt gel matrix. The outcome of the present study evinced a scope for the utilization of pea peel fibre as a prebiotic supplement for improving numerous gut problems when supplied with probiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine optimal radiological parameters for assessment of the round window approach in cochlear implantation surgery. Materials and methods: Patients undergoing cochlear implantation at the Department of Otolaryngology in Szczecin, between 2015 and 2022 inclusive, were eligible for the study. Radiological assessments were performed according to eight parameters (seven proposed in the literature) and visibility clinical assessments were made intra-operatively on a scale of 1 to 5 (1 - not visible, 5 - fully visible). Visibility assessments of the round window niche (RWN) and round window membrane (RWM) allowed the difference (RWN minus RWM) to be used as a clinical assessment of the size of the overhang over the round window. Results: Computed tomography images of 57 ears from 52 patients were analyzed in terms of round window access. The study group included 26 females and 26 males, ranging in age from 1 year to 80 years, with a median age of 41 years. In clinical assessment, round window visibility was rated as 5, after removal of the bone overhang, in 69% of patients. Cochlear access through the round window was achieved in 39 (68%) cases, extended access through the round window in 13 (23%) cases and cochleostomy was performed in 5 (9%) cases. Statistically significant ordinal correlations with round-window access were found using one parameter from the literature (Chen_Angle) and from our proposal (RWM_prediction). From parameters describing the bone overhang of the round window, positive correlations (using Kendall rank tests) were found using parameters from the literature (Sarafraz_OH and Mehanna_OH). Conclusions: Radiological measurements describing access to the round window which determine the angle based on the anatomy of the posterior wall of the auditory canal and the position of the facial nerve were found to be of the highest value. Clinical relevance statement: In the future, the use of algorithms for computed tomography evaluation and robot-assisted surgery will require parameters for assessing round window access, for surgery planning and choice of electrode. The parameters proposed by various authors are summarized, allowing researchers to assess their usefulness in further clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the complex interconnections among global population growth, energy consumption, CO2 production, and disparities in service access through the lens of a single case study. Rapid population growth in many major cities has created significant challenges related to equitable access to services and socio-economic development, thereby impacting both their energy consumption patterns and environmental impacts. The case investigated in this study, like many other cases in developing countries, exhibits differences in service provision, infrastructure development, and energy usage, particularly between the northern and southern regions, which significantly affect the quality of life, environmental sustainability, and economic development. Previous efforts to narrow these geographic disparities have yielded limited success and exhibited several shortcomings. By employing a GIS Analytical Network Process method, this study examines service accessibility patterns in a single-case city, with a particular emphasis on green spaces, food services, and educational facilities and services. This GIS-based approach seeks to achieve sustainable levels of access to multiple land uses by evaluating their accessibility and identifying areas of overlap between them. The study endeavors to increase access and density of service standards when planning the placement of new facilities based on these standards in new locations. The method developed in this study represents a critical stride toward achieving these key objectives. The findings reveal that only 47% of city population blocks enjoy high service accessibility, while 40% have moderate accessibility, and 2.6% experience poor accessibility. These insights are of significant value to urban planners, researchers, and policymakers striving to reduce energy shortages and promote sustainable energy and transportation strategies to mitigate environmental impact in urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high-voltage oxygen redox activity of Li-rich layered oxides enables additional capacity beyond conventional transition metal (TM) redox contributions and drives the development of positive electrode active materials in secondary Li-based batteries. However, Li-rich layered oxides often face voltage decay during battery operation. In particular, although Li-rich positive electrode active materials with a high nickel content demonstrate improved voltage stability, they suffer from poor discharge capacity. Here, via physicochemical and electrochemical measurements, we investigate the correlation between oxygen redox activity and superstructure units in Li-rich layered oxides, specifically the fractions of LiMn6 and Ni4+-stabilized LiNiMn5 within the TM layer. We prove that an excess of LiNiMn5 hinders the extraction/insertion of lithium ions during Li metal coin cell charging/discharging, resulting in incomplete oxygen redox activity at a cell potential of about 3.3 V. We also demonstrate that lithium content adjustment could be a beneficial approach to tailor the superstructure units. Indeed, we report an improved oxygen redox reversibility for an optimized Li-rich layered oxide with fewer LiNiMn5 units. The high-voltage oxygen redox activity of Li-rich layered oxides enables additional capacity beyond conventional transition metal redox contributions. Here, authors investigate the correlation between oxygen redox activity and superstructure units. They prove that an excess of LiNiMn5 hinders the extraction/insertion of lithium ions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crawling robots are becoming increasingly prevalent in both industrial and private applications. Despite their many advantages over other robot types, they have complex movement mechanics. Artificial intelligence can simplify this by reinforcement learning. This process requires configuring the training environment and defining input parameters, including a robot model for movement training. To translate the virtual results into real-world scenarios, a 3D model with appropriate mechanical parameters must be developed.These parameters can vary significantly between multiple mechanical configurations, which will further impact the reinforcement learning process of such a robot. For this reason, it was decided to test which limb configurations would work best in this process. Initially, various kinematic types of walking robots were analysed, drawing on the anatomy of mammals, reptiles, and insects for the biological model. The reptilian model was chosen for its balance of stability, dynamics, and energy efficiency. The article reviews the preparation of robot models and the configuration of the Unity3D development environment using the ML-Agents toolkit. The experiment examined how different limb lengths affect training, resulting in movement algorithms for various quadruped robot configurations using artificial neural networks. Based on the numerical results, the best configuration was the default, with the same length of the tibia as the thigh, achieving a reward function value of 883.9 and an episode length of 245.5. Taking into account the same criteria, the least efficient configuration was definitely the one characterised by the shortest thigh and the longest tibia among those considered. In its case, the reward function reached a value of only 526.2 with an episode lasting 999.0, which means that it never achieved the intended goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To describe pneumatization and topographic position of the posterior clinoid process (PCP) in healthy children when approaching the anterior and middle fossae. Methods: The study consisted of computed tomography images of 180 pediatric patients (90 males / 90 females), aged 1–18 years. The presence or absence of PCP pneumatization was noted, and the distances of certain landmarks to PCP were measured. Results: The distances of the foramen ovale, foramen rotundum, superior orbital fissure, anterior clinoid process (ACP), foramen magnum and crista galli to PCP were measured as 18.59 ± 3.36 mm, 15.37 ± 3.45 mm, 14.60 ± 3.05 mm, 5.27 ± 3.24 mm, 32.03 ± 3.27 mm, and 30.45 ± 3.93 mm, respectively. These parameters increased with growth (between 1–18 years), but the distance between PCP and ACP decreased with an irregular pattern. In 11 sides (3.10%), a fusion between PCP and ACP was determined. PCP pneumatization was identified in 32 sides (8.9%). Its pneumatization correlated with pediatric ages (p < 0.001), but not gender (p = 0.459) or side (p = 0.711). Most of PCP pneumatization appeared after late childhood period (i.e., between 10–18 years). Conclusion: Our study provides beneficial data for neurosurgeons to use PCP as a reference point for creating a skull base map in children, because of the incomparable position of PCP in the skull base center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel, compact, and a dual-port MIMO antenna designed for ultrawideband, Sub-6 GHz, Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band, and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The antenna uses a stretchable jeans textile substrate embedded with elastomeric materials, enhancing its dielectric properties and flexibility. The innovation in this design stems from the introduction of defects (slots) on the stubs connected to a partially etched ground plane, which significantly improves isolation, achieving a port isolation of 47.5 dB which is superior to conventional designs. Operating across a wide frequency range of 2.82–14.23 GHz, it supports critical bands including WLAN, WiMAX, RAS, N79, C-band, and Sub-6 GHz, making it ideal for next-generation wireless systems. The antenna, with its compact footprint of 50 × 35 mm2, also covers ISM applications (2.4 GHz/5.8 GHz), making it versatile for medical and industrial communication needs. It delivers excellent performance, including a return loss (S11) below −10 dB, diversity gain above 9.95, and channel capacity loss below 0.25 bits/s/Hz. Additionally, it maintains a mean effective gain below 0.16 dB, an envelope correlation coefficient under 0.054, and a peak gain of 3.97 dB with over 82.45% radiation efficiency. These features make the proposed antenna a significant advancement, suited for future communication systems, wearable devices, and IoT-based Sub-6 GHz and ISM band applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Numerous studies demonstrate that modifiable lifestyle risk factors can influence patient outcomes including survivability, quality of life, and postoperative complications following orthopaedic surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of modifiable lifestyle risk factors on postoperative medical and surgical complications following a total joint arthroplasty (TJA) in a large national healthcare system. Methods: A retrospective chart review of a large national health system database was performed to identify patients who underwent TJA between 2017 and 2021. TJA included total knee arthroplasty, total hip arthroplasty, and total shoulder arthroplasty. Modifiable lifestyle risk factors were defined as tobacco use, narcotic drug abuse, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Postoperative medical complications and postoperative surgical complications were collected. Logistic regression and odds ratio point estimate analysis were conducted to assess for associations between postoperative complications and modifiable lifestyle risk factors. Results: Of the 16,940 patients identified, the mean age was 71 years, mean BMI was 29.7 kg/m2, and 62% were women. We found that 3.5% had used narcotics, 8.7% were past or current smokers, 24% had diabetes, and 61% had hypertension; in addition, 5.4% experienced postoperative medical complications and 6.4% experienced postoperative surgical complications. Patients who used narcotics were 90% more likely to have postoperative complications (p < 0.0001) and 105% more likely to experience prosthetic complications (p < 0.0001). Similarly, patients with tobacco use were 65% more likely to have postoperative complications (p < 0.0001) and 27% more likely to experience prosthetic complications. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate critical rates of increased postoperative medical and surgical complications after TJA for patients with narcotic abuse, tobacco use, or diabetes mellitus. Furthermore, adopting preoperative interventions and optimization programs informed by our findings on specific modifiable risk factors could aid orthopaedic surgeons in optimizing patient health. Level of evidence: III; Retrospective study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Charge density wave (CDW) in kagome materials with the geometric frustration is able to carry unconventional characteristics. Recently, a CDW has been observed below the antiferromagnetic order in kagome FeGe, in which magnetism and CDW are intertwined to form an emergent quantum ground state. However, the CDW is only short-ranged and the structural modulation originating from it has yet to be determined experimentally. Here we realize a long-range CDW order by post-annealing process, and resolve the structure model through single crystal X-ray diffraction. Occupational disorder of Ge resulting from short-range CDW correlations above TCDW is identified from structure refinements. The partial dimerization of Ge along the c axis is unveiled to be the dominant distortion for the CDW. Occupational disorder of Ge is also proved to exist in the CDW phase due to the random selection of partially dimerized Ge sites. Our work provides useful insights for understanding the unconventional nature of the CDW in FeGe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanostructured thin films on a silicon substrate were obtained by the action of high-frequency repetitively pulsed f ~ 10–13 kHz laser radiation with wavelength λ = 1.064 μm and power density q = 57 MW/cm2 on an La0.13Bi0.87FeO3 target at a pressure in the vacuum chamber p = 4.6 Pa. The morphology of the La0.13Bi0.87FeO3 thin films was studied using atomic force microscopy. Transmission spectra of the films in the visible and near- and mid-IR regions were obtained. The electrophysical characteristics of the La0.13Bi0.87FeO3 structures were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dapagliflozin (DPG) is a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor and is used in the treatment of diabetes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of DPG on cardiotoxicity caused by systemic inflammation via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and autophagy. Methods and results: Four groups of thirty-two Wistar Albino rats were created: Control (1 ml oral physiological saline for five days and intraperitoneal saline on the 5th day), LPS (1 ml oral physiological saline for five days and intraperitoneal 5 mg/kg of LPS on the 5th day), LPS + DPG (10 mg/kg of DPG orally for five days and 5 mg/kg of LPS intraperitoneally on the 5th day), and DPG (10 mg/kg of DPG orally for five days and 5 mg/kg of SF intraperitoneally on the 5th day). Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed on heart and aorta tissues. ER stress and autophagy gene markers in heart tissues were evaluated by RT-qPCR. Oxidative stress in heart tissues and serum cardiac enzymes were analyzed by spectrophotometric method. The heart and aortic tissues of the LPS group showed increased expressions of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and Caspase-3 (Cas-3), along with mild hyperemia, slight inflammatory cell infiltrations, and myocardial cell damage. The heart tissues also showed genetically increased expressions of include binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP/ GRP78), protein kinase RNA-like ER Kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE-1), activating transcription factors 4 (ATF-4), activating transcription factors 4 (ATF6), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and BECLIN 1. Furthermore, Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in blood tissue significantly increased, according to biochemical analysis. With DPG therapy, all of these findings were reversed. Conclusion: In conclusion, DPG protects against the cardiotoxic effect of systemic inflammation with its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties by regulating ER stress and autophagy pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular diagnosis of inborn errors of immunity (IEI) plays a critical role in determining patients’ long-term prognosis, treatment options, and genetic counseling. Over the past decade, the broader utilization of next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques in both research and clinical settings has facilitated the evaluation of a significant proportion of patients for gene variants associated with IEI. In addition to its role in diagnosing known gene defects, the application of high-throughput techniques such as targeted, exome, and genome sequencing has led to the identification of novel disease-causing genes. However, the results obtained from these different methods can vary depending on disease phenotypes or patient characteristics. In this study, we conducted whole-exome sequencing (WES) in a sizable cohort of IEI patients, consisting of 303 individuals from 21 different clinical immunology centers in Türkiye. Our analysis resulted in likely genetic diagnoses for 41.1% of the patients (122 out of 297), revealing 52 novel variants and uncovering potential new IEI genes in six patients. The significance of understanding outcomes across various IEI cohorts cannot be overstated, and we believe that our findings will make a valuable contribution to the existing literature and foster collaborative research between clinicians and basic science researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The phenolic composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial activity, enzyme inhibition activity, and cytotoxic activity potentials of the plant Rumex acetosella L. (R. acetosella) were examined in this study. Materials and Methods: The chemical composition of R. acetosella methanol extract was identified by the LC–MS/MS method. The antioxidant activity was tested using β-carotene/linoleic acid, DPPH free radical scavenging, ABTS cation radical scavenging, CUPRAC reducing power, and metal chelating activity methods. The cytotoxic activity was determined by the MTT assay using human ovarian adenocarcinoma (Skov-3), glioblastoma (U87), human dermal fibroblasts (HDF), and human colorectal adenocarcinoma (CaCo-2) cell lines. The antimicrobial activity of methanolic extracts was tested on gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeuriginosa) and gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) using the in vitro minimum inhibition concentration method (MIC). Enzyme inhibition activity of R. acetosella methanol extract was measured spectrophotometrically against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes. Results: The findings showed that the major components of the methanol extract content were luteolin-7-O-glucoside (1.599 m/L), polydatin (91,024 m/L), and shikimic acid (0.773 m/L). It was determined that the extract and standard antioxidant (a-tocopherol) results in DPPH•, and ABTS• + tests performed to determine the antioxidant activity were close to each other, and this value was more effective than the standard antioxidant (α-tocopherol) in the CUPRAC test. These results suggested that the plant's antioxidant potential was higher when compared with reference antioxidant compounds. It was determined that the methanol extract of R. acetosella had a weaker effect on the growth of the tested microorganisms than the antibiotics used as standard. The activity of the GST and AChE enzymes was found to be severely inhibited by the methanol extract of R. acetosella. Conclusion: Based on these findings, R. acetosella L. is a medicinal and commercially beneficial plant that warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have potentially therapeutic properties as they are synthesized via biomolecules as reducing and stabilizing agent(s). The aim of this study is to develop an easy and eco-friendly method for the synthesis of Au NPs using extracts from the Allium cepa (AC) red peel (skin) extract and investigate the antibacterial and antioxidant activity and also inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzymes. UV–Vis peak at ~ 564 nm confirmed the Au NPs absorbance. TEM images revealed the formation of Au NPs with mostly spherical shapes and sizes between 6.08 and 54.20 nm. FTIR analysis confirmed the important biological compounds responsible for the reduction of gold. The strong absorption property of Au NPs was studied by EDX. The produced Au NPs demonstrated significant antibacterial and antifungal activity against the bacterial and fungal strains tested, as well as efficient inhibitory activity against both AChE and BChE enzymes. The highest antimicrobial activities were found against Staphylococcus aureus (0.06° mg/ml) and Candida albicans (0.06° mg/ml). The antioxidant test findings revealed that AC-Au NPs had lesser activity when compared to normal antioxidants. The Au NPs showed excellent inhibitory efficacy against AChE and BChE. The proposed green technique could encourage the innocuous generation of Au NPs, implying therapeutic possibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intratumoral heterogeneity is an important clinical challenge because low burden clones expressing specific genetic alterations drive therapeutic resistance mechanisms. We have developed CAVE (cancer-associated variant enrichment), a gene-agnostic computational tool to identify specific enrichment of low-burden cancer driver variants in next-generation sequencing (NGS) data. For this study, CAVE was applied to TP53 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) as a cancer model. Indeed, as TP53 mutations are part of treatment decision-making algorithms and low-burden variants are frequent, there is a need to distinguish true variants from background noise. Recommendations have been published for reliable calling of low-VAF variants of TP53 in CLL and the assessment of the background noise for each platform is essential for the quality of the testing. CAVE is able to detect specific enrichment of low-burden variants starting at variant allele frequencies (VAFs) as low as 0.3%. In silico TP53 dependent and independent analyses confirmed the true driver nature of all these variants. Orthogonal validation using either ddPCR or NGS analyses of follow-up samples confirmed variant identification. CAVE can be easily deployed in any cancer-related NGS workflow to detect the enrichment of low-burden variants of clinical interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine collagen sources are potent alternatives due to abundant yield, low pathogen infection risk, high biocompatibility, and any religious and ethical restrictions compared to terrestrial collagen sources. In this research, we aim to investigate the biomaterials potential of the collagen from Aurelia aurita, which is a native jellyfish species in the Marmara Sea. Spectroscopic techniques were used to investigate the structure of jellyfish collagen (JCol) from acid-soluble fraction and compared to Jellagen® from Rhizostoma pulmo. MALDI-TOF showed the main peak of Jellagen® at 276,765.161 Da and jellyfish collagen at 276,761.687 Da. SDS-PAGE indicated α1 and α2 bands at about 122 kDa and 140 kDa, respectively. In FTIR and Raman spectra, the locations of amide bands of both species were almost the same. The pI of JCol was determined as 4.46. The particle size decreased abruptly at 43 oC from 890 to 290 nm. Water, organic and inorganic ratios of collagen were determined at 7.14%, 63.59, and 29.27 respectively. In DSC, the denaturation temperature (Td) of JCol was found at 43.7 oC and found to be higher than that of the collagens from jellyfishes that have been reported so far in the literature. Biocompatibility testing by metabolic assay revealed significantly higher fibroblast proliferation on collagen film than on the Tissue Culture Plate. To conclude, Aurelia aurita collagen would be a suitable source of collagen when biomaterials are needed to have high biocompatibility and unique macromolecular properties such as high denaturation temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging is a consequence of complex molecular changes, but whether a single microRNA (miRNA) can drive aging remains unclear. A miRNA known to be upregulated during both normal and premature aging is miR-29. We find miR-29 to also be among the top miRNAs predicted to drive aging-related gene expression changes. We show that partial loss of miR-29 extends the lifespan of Zmpste24-/- mice, an established model of progeria, indicating that miR-29 is functionally important in this accelerated aging model. To examine whether miR-29 alone is sufficient to promote aging-related phenotypes, we generated mice in which miR-29 can be conditionally overexpressed (miR-29TG). miR-29 overexpression is sufficient to drive many aging-related phenotypes and led to early lethality. Transcriptomic analysis of both young miR-29TG and old WT mice reveals shared downregulation of genes associated with extracellular matrix organization and fatty acid metabolism, and shared upregulation of genes in pathways linked to inflammation. These results highlight the functional importance of miR-29 in controlling a gene expression program that drives aging-related phenotypes. A miRNA screen identifies miR-29 as a driver for aging. Expression of miR-29 is sufficient to accelerate aging while its reduction delays aging in mouse models and transcriptomics reveals miR-29-regulated pathways associated with aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centrosomes are the canonical microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs) of most mammalian cells, including spermatocytes. Centrosomes comprise a centriole pair within a structurally ordered and dynamic pericentriolar matrix (PCM). Unlike in mitosis, where centrioles duplicate once per cycle, centrioles undergo two rounds of duplication during spermatogenesis. The first duplication is during early meiotic prophase I, and the second is during interkinesis. Using mouse mutants and chemical inhibition, we have blocked centriole duplication during spermatogenesis and determined that non-centrosomal MTOCs (ncMTOCs) can mediate chromosome segregation. This mechanism is different from the acentriolar MTOCs that form bipolar spindles in oocytes, which require PCM components, including gamma-tubulin and CEP192. From an in-depth analysis, we identified six microtubule-associated proteins, TPX2, KIF11, NuMA, and CAMSAP1-3, that localized to the non-centrosomal MTOC. These factors contribute to a mechanism that ensures bipolar MTOC formation and chromosome segregation during spermatogenesis when centriole duplication fails. However, despite the successful completion of meiosis and round spermatid formation, centriole inheritance and PLK4 function are required for normal spermiogenesis and flagella assembly, which are critical to ensure fertility. Synopsis: PLK4 is required for centriole duplication and maturation during mammalian spermatogenesis. However, when duplication and maturation fail, spermatocytes form non-centrosomal microtubule organizing centers to complete chromosome segregation during meiosis I and II. PLK4 is the master regulator of centriole duplication and maturation during mammalian spermatogenesis. Spermatocytes are essential for the formation of mature spermatozoa that harbor a flagella. Spermatocytes can rely on a non-centrosomal microtubule organizing center (ncMTOC) to mediate chromosome segregation during meiosis I and II. PLK4 is required for centriole duplication and maturation during mammalian spermatogenesis. However, when duplication and maturation fail, spermatocytes form non-centrosomal microtubule organizing centers to complete chromosome segregation during meiosis I and II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce a polynomial extremal function Φ (E , F , z) which is one of possible generalizations of the classical Siciak extremal function, restricted to subspaces F of the linear space of all polynomials of N variables that are invariant under differentiation. We show that the so-called HCP condition in this situation: log Φ (E , F , z) ≤ A dist (z , E) s , z ∈ C N is equivalent to a generalization of the classical V. Markov's inequality: | | D α P | | E ≤ A 1 | α | (deg P) m | α | (| α | !) m - 1 | | P | | E , P ∈ F with dependence m = 1 / s . The situation is similar to the basic case (cf. [8]) F = K [ z 1 , ⋯ , z N ] , where a V. Markov's type inequality was introduced and the above-mentioned equivalence was proved. As a byproduct, we prove new results related to V. Markov's inequality for an important class of subsets of R N , which are then applied to obtain the first versions of this inequality for some thin sets, such as spheres in R N + 1 and Euclidean spheres in particular. Furthermore, we prove an interesting fact on the polynomial convex hull of the circle S 1 , as a subset of R 2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To describe the relation of the sphenoid ridge (SR) with the surrounding anatomical structures in healthy children when approaching the anterior and middle fossae. Methods: Computed tomography of 180 pediatric patients (90 males / 90 females), aged 1–18 years were included the study. The size of the lesser wing (LW) and the distances of the LW to certain landmarks were measured. Results: The LW length was 28.48 ± 8.15 mm. The LW widths at the midline and the midpoint and lateral point of the SR were 7.78 ± 1.74 mm, 2.84 ± 0.81 mm, and 1.91 ± 0.64 mm, respectively. The distance between the midpoint of the SR and the crista galli was 28.22 ± 5.56 mm, and the distance between the crista alaris and internal auditory meatus was 51.73 ± 5.79 mm. The linear function was calculated as y = 18.748 + 1.024 × age for SR length, y = 6.046 + 0.182 × age for the midline width of SR, y = 2.367 + 0.050 × age for the midpoint width of SR, y = 1.249 + 0.069 × age for the crista alaris width, y = 21.727 + 0.683 × age for the distance between the SR midpoint and the crista galli, and y = 43.614 + 0.855 × age for the distance between the crista alaris and internal auditory meatus. Conclusion: All measured parameters increased irregularly with advancing age. Furthermore, our regression equations representing the growth dynamics of SR may be used to estimate these parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many modification methods are applied to produce Ti-based biomedical materials. In this study, the structural, mechanical and tribological properties of unreinforced Ti13Nb13Zr alloy and Ti13Nb13Zr/HA composites with different contents of hydroxyapatite (HA) reinforcement were investigated by friction stir processing (FSP) to Ti13Nb13Zr alloy. SEM, FTIR and EDS analyzes were performed to determine the structural properties. Surface roughness values were determined using a 3D optical microscope. Surface wettability properties were investigated with a contact angle. Microhardness and wear test devices were used to determine the mechanical and tribological properties, respectively. Wear tests were carried out in a dry environment and phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS). The wear tracks were analyzed by SEM and 3D optical microscope. As a result of FTIR analysis, HA has PO43−, HPO42−, CO32− and OH− bonds. All samples exhibited hydrophilic surfaces suitable for cell adhesion. The FSP process increased the hardness and wear resistance of the Ti13Nb13Zr alloy in both atmospheres. In addition, Ti13Nb13Zr/HA composites significantly increased the hardness and wear resistance of Ti13Nb13Zr alloy and Ti13Nb13Zr alloy modified by FSP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This examination aimed to display the size and topographic position of the Vidian canal (VC) in normal children. Methods: 180 pediatric subjects aged 1–18 years were included this computed tomography examination. The distances of VC to certain landmarks, and VC length were measured. The locations of VC according to the sphenoid sinus, and the medial plate of pterygoid process were classified as three types, separately. Results: The distances of VC to the vomerine crest, midsagittal plane, round foramen, and the superior wall of sphenoid sinus were measured as 12.68 ± 3.17 mm, 10.76 ± 2.52 mm, 8.62 ± 2.35 mm, and 14.16 ± 5.00 mm, respectively. The length and angle of VC were measured as 12.00 ± 2.52 mm, and 16.60 ± 9.76°, respectively. According to the sphenoid bone, VC location was identified as Type 1 in 113 sides (47.5%), as Type 2 in 70 sides (29.4%), and as Type 3 in 55 sides (23.1%). According to the medial plate of pterygoid process, VC location was identified as Type A in 274 sides (76.1%), as Type B in 55 sides (15.3%), and as Type C in 31 sides (8.6%). VC location types correlated with pediatric ages, but not sex or side. Conclusion: With advancing pediatric age, the protrusion of VC into the sphenoid sinus increases, and VC shifts from medial to lateral side of the medial plate of pterygoid process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present work aimed to classify the pneumatization of the dorsum sellae (DS) in subjects aged 1–90 years. Methods: The study consisted of computed tomography images of 1080 subjects (582 males / 498 females), aged 1–90 years (mean age: 45.51 ± 26.06 years). Four different types regarding DS pneumatization were defined as follows: Type 0: no pneumatization, Type 1: pneumatization < 50%, Type 2: pneumatization > 50%, and Type 3: total pneumatization. Results: DS pneumatization was identified in 354 (32.8%) subjects (189 males and 165 females). Its pneumatization was identified in 51 (21.2%) out of 241 children, and 303 (36.1%) out of 839 adults. The frequency of DS pneumatization types was found as follows: Type 0 (no pneumatization in 726 subjects, 67.2%) > Type 1 (pneumatization < 50% in 234 subjects, 21.6%) > Type 2 (pneumatization > 50% in 87 subjects, 8.1%) > Type 3 (total pneumatization in 33 subjects, 3.1%). DS pneumatization incidence was affected by ages (p < 0.001), but not sex (p = 0.818). The pneumatization degrees of DS (i.e., the distributions of Types 1–3) were not affected by ages (p = 0.637) or sex (p = 0.391). Conclusion: The pneumatization incidence of DS increased significantly with advancing adult ages (especially in elderly people). DS pneumatization should be taken into account by neurosurgeons and neuroradiologists to decrease the risk of complications such as cerebrospinal fluid fistula during surgeries such as posterior clinoidectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autosomal dominant osteopetrosis type 2 (ADO2) is a rare inherited bone disorder characterised by dense but brittle bones. It displays striking phenotypic variability, with the most severe symptoms, including blindness and bone marrow failure. Disease management largely relies on symptomatic treatment since there is no safe and effective treatment. Most ADO2 cases are caused by heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the CLCN7 gene, which encodes an essential Cl−/H+ antiporter for proper bone resorption by osteoclasts. Thus, siRNA-mediated silencing of the mutant allele is a promising therapeutic approach, but targeting bone for first-in-human translation remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate the utility of silicon-stabilised hybrid lipid nanoparticles (sshLNPs) as a next-generation nucleic acid nanocarrier capable of delivering allele-specific siRNA to bone. Using a Clcn7G213R knock-in mouse model recapitulating one of the most common human ADO2 mutations and based on the 129S genetic background (which produces the most severe disease phenotype amongst current models), we show substantial knockdown of the mutant allele in femur when siRNA targeting the pathogenic variant is delivered by sshLNPs. We observed lower areal bone mineral density in femur and reduced trabecular thickness in femur and tibia, when siRNA-loaded sshLNPs were administered subcutaneously (representing the most relevant administration route for clinical adoption and patient adherence). Importantly, sshLNPs have improved stability over conventional LNPs and enable 'post hoc loading' for point-of-care formulation. The treatment was well tolerated, suggesting that sshLNP-enabled gene therapy might allow successful clinical translation of essential new treatments for ADO2 and potentially other rare genetic bone diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]