Search

The idea to take up the subject of services science in Germany and discuss it within the scientific community and in the political landscape of research can be traced back to a stimulus from the "Partners for Innovation" initiative. "Partners for Innovation" is an initiative originated by the former German Chancellor, Gerhard Schröder. It is a voluntary association of renowned personalities and institutions from the realms of science, politics and society with the common goal of contributing to strengthening innovation in Germany through joint activities (see http://www.innovationen-fuerdeutschland.de). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter highlights the recent call by the Institute of Medicine for the use of a cancer survivorship plan to be provided to patients and their primary care providers at the end of cancer treatment. The need for evidence-based guidance on surveillance regimens after cancer treatment, how best to communicate what cancer treatments were received, and what care should be provided after treatment, as well as mechanisms to share care between oncology specialists and primary care providers is discussed. With the expanding number of cancer survivors each year, oncologists must find creative ways to ensure that the gains obtained through successful cancer treatment are not lost when patients transition to this phase of their care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The employment and insurance concerns of cancer survivors have changed dramatically during the past generation. In the 1970s, fewer than one-half of those diagnosed with cancer survived more than 5 years. Treatment options were few, often disabling, and commonly ineffective. Myths about cancer prevailed. Consequently, many survivors experienced substantial problems obtaining and retaining employment and adequate health insurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thousands of individual citations using the expression cancer advocacy can be found in contemporary medical and scientific literature as well as in the popular press and on Internet websites. For purposes of this chapter, the term cancer advocacy is used to describe a skill set that has been documented in previously published work by Clark and Stovall.1 This chapter also includes specific examples of how self-described advocacy organizations are involved with research organizations and how they influence cancer research and related health policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter will review risk factors and management for three types of reproductive complications of cancer treatment: infertility, menopausal symptoms, and sexual dysfunction. Each problem area affects unique, albeit overlapping, populations of cancer patients and survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevalence data on psychosocial morbidity indicate that from 30% to 50% of cancer patients may experience distress significant enough to warrant professional intervention at some time during survivorship.1,2 These patients may require professional attention to manage the debilitating effects of diagnosis, treatment, and morbidity that can wax and wane over time depending upon a host of other variables. It is in this group that some form of psychosocial rehabilitation may be useful.3,4 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer survivors have been shown to have an increased risk for second malignant neoplasms (SMN). These increased risks result from genetic predisposition, harmful environmental exposures, or cancer treatment therapies. Regardless of their cause, SMNs now comprise the sixth most common group of malignancies after skin, prostate, breast, lung, and colorectal cancers.1 It is important to emphasize that the fear of SMN related to the treatment of the first cancer diagnosis should not outweigh the positive effects of curative therapy for the first cancer. Both physicians and patients should, however, be aware of the consequences of the cancer treatment regimens, specifically radiation therapy (RT) and chemotherapy, and consider them while devising follow-up plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancing age comes bundled with increased cancer incidence and mortality.1,2 Indeed, the median age at diagnosis of all cancers combined is 69 years for men and 67 years for women.3 Age-adjusted cancer incidence is ten times higher in the 65+ population compared to their younger counterparts (2,151.2 versus 208.8/100,000 persons).2 Similarly, age-adjusted cancer mortality is 15-fold higher in the 65+ population (1,068.2 versus 67.3/100,000 persons).2 Figures 16.1 and 16.2 illustrate the proportions of the commonest cancers incidence and mortality in the 65+ population.2 As a result, while the total US population is expected to grow by 9% between 1990 and 2010, the incidence of cancer is expected to increase by a disproportionate 32% in the same timeframe.4,5 These trends are mirrored in countries across the globe.6,7 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Survival rates for hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) have improved with advances in supportive care that have reduced acute, transplant-related mortality. More than 40,000 transplants were performed worldwide in 2002, mostly for the treatment of leukemia, lymphoma, or multiple myeloma.1 The probability of successful transplantation is generally greater for patients transplanted early in their disease course, for younger patients, and for patients who receive stem cells from donors whose human leukocyte antigens (HLA) match the patient's. For survivors who receive HCT for acute leukemia or chronic myeloid leukemia and who remain free of disease after 2 years, the probability of living 5 or more years is 89%.2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colon and rectal cancers (CRC) are among the most common adult malignancies worldwide, and for a variety of reasons, the numbers of survivors of colorectal cancer are likely to increase in coming years. The incidence of these cancers doubles with each successive decade of life beyond 50 years, and with the expansion of the older population in the coming years, the absolute numbers of CRC patients in the United States will grow substantially.1 It is estimated that by the year 2030 the number of persons over the age of 65 years will have doubled and the number of persons over the age of 85 years will have quadrupled (see Chapter 16).2 Given this expanding and aging population, projections suggest that the numbers of CRC patients may increase by as much as 30%.3 Thus, with these profound demographic changes, it will be imperative to have a better understanding of the late effects and health care needs of long-term CRC survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer emerged during the 20th century as an epidemic of enormous proportions.1 A rare disease at the beginning of the past century, lung cancer continues to be one of the most common cancers in the world, affecting 174,470 Americans (92,700 men and 81,770 women) in 2006.2 Mirroring changes in smoking patterns, the incidence of lung cancer among men continues to decline. Large-scale smoking among women occurred almost 20 years after men in the United States, with a subsequent delay in increased cases, peaking in the 1990s. Encouragingly, the most recent evidence demonstrates that lung cancer incidence among women is declining, as are death rates.3 In 2000, approximately 13% of men and 17% of women (age-adjusted, 15% overall) diagnosed with lung cancer were expected to survive at least 5 years (an estimated 26,065 Americans each year).2 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of the more than 200,000 men diagnosed each year with prostate cancer in the United States,1 most live with their disease or the effects of treatment for many years.2 Although many men remain asymptomatic throughout their lives, others face a multitude of physical and psychosocial challenges. Because the duration of survival is typically long, patients and their families are particularly interested in optimizing their quality of life. At the generic level, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) encompasses an individual's perceptions of his or her own health and ability to function in the physical, emotional, and social domains.3,4 In prostate cancer survivors, the medical outcomes of urinary, bowel, and sexual impairments that result from treatment will influence the rest of the patient's life. The psychosocial aspects of HRQOL are impacted by the intimate nature of these medical side effects. Urinary leakage and erectile dysfunction may cause both private and public social embarrassment. In addition, such treatment-related complications may be compounded by the additional stressors associated with aging, such as retirement or death of peers.5 Nearly onethird of men diagnosed with prostate cancer in a genitourinary clinic had levels of psychologic distress that met criteria for anxiety disorder.6 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Women with breast cancer account for the largest group of female cancer survivors. It is estimated that there are currently 10.5 million cancer survivors in the United States; 40% of the female survivors are breast cancer survivors.1 The growing number of breast cancer survivors reflects increasing incidence of the disease, diagnosis at earlier stages when outcome is better, and widespread adoption of effective adjuvant treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An emerging body of research has documented the quality of life of women with gynecologic cancer around the time of diagnosis and during treatment. However, we know much less about the quality of life and psychosocial and medical needs of gynecologic cancer survivors after treatment.1,2 In particular, there are very few studies documenting the risk of possible late medical effects of gynecologic cancer treatment such as osteoporosis and second primary cancers. More is known about self-reported symptoms and psychosocial sequelae, such as sexual functioning and psychologic distress, but even these studies rarely focus on survivors more than 5 years after diagnosis. Additionally, much of the extant research has limitations such as small sample sizes, nonstandardized measures, and cross-sectional designs, often without appropriate comparison groups. Finally, there is a dearth of research testing interventions to ameliorate problems experienced by gynecologic cancer survivors. While in some areas additional research is needed to better describe the sequelae and determine who is at risk for adverse late effects, in others areas (e.g., sexual functioning), adequate data describing the problem are available, and a stronger focus on treatment interventions is needed (see also Chapter 19). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Testicular cancer (TC) is the most frequent malignancy in men between 20 and 40 years of age, and the annual incidence rates are continuously increasing in the Western world.1 Since the introduction of cisplatin-based chemotherapy, at least 90% of the patients are cured,2 and testicular cancer survivors (TCSs) currently have a life expectancy similar to that of age-matched normal men, with posttreatment life spans of 30 to 50 years. Thus, an increasing number of TCSs experience survivorship problems related to the malignancy, its treatment, or both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first attempts to treat Hodgkin's disease by radiotherapy were conducted at the beginning of the last century. The prognosis for survival was poor but slowly improved by the use of radiotherapy and some chemotherapy until 1960. For example, in 1939 a 20-year survival rate of 17% was reported.1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 12,000 children and adolescents younger than 20 years are diagnosed with cancer each year in the United States.1 With the use of risk-based therapies, the overall 5-year survival rate is approaching 80%, resulting in a growing population of childhood cancer survivors.1 In 1997, there were an estimated 270,000 survivors of childhood cancer; over two-thirds of these were older than 20 years of age.2 This figure translates into 1 in 810 individuals under the age of 20 and 1 in 640 individuals between the ages of 20 and 39 years having successfully survived childhood cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With continued advances in strategies to detect cancer early and treat it effectively, along with the aging of the population, the number of individuals living years beyond a cancer diagnosis can be expected to continue to increase. Statistical trends show that, in the absence of other competing causes of death, 64% of adults diagnosed with cancer today can expect to be alive in 5 years.1-4 Relative 5-year survival rates for those diagnosed as children (age less than 19 years) are even higher, with almost 79% of childhood cancer survivors estimated to be alive at 5 years and 75% at 10 years.5 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary treatment for cancer is often a very regimented experience, with schedules and protocols. These provide comfort to patients because of their certainty. Constant contact with the medical staff helps patients feel that everything must be under control for now, and that if anything develops, someone will notice it. Yet as the end of treatment approaches, it is not uncommon for anxiety levels of patients to rise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1884, an official ceremony was held and the cornerstone laid for an ornate and turreted building in New York City that would for many years house the first cancer treatment center in the country. The site, located on the upper west side of Central Park, then a virtual wilderness area on the larger island of Manhattan, was selected because the belief at the time was that cancer was contagious. The rounded design of the towers, where patient beds were to be located, was intended to discourage the risk of germs, which were thought to lurk in corners. Named The New York Cancer Hospital, this institution would later be moved in 1948 to its current east side location where it was, until 1960, called the Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases. The history of this leading center for cancer care and research, known today as the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, a sprawling multisite enterprise, is illustrative of where we have come in viewing cancer.1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cancer survivorship movement became part of the American scene in the 1980s with cancer patients and a physician survivor leading the way.1-5 Cancer survivorship became a force as a result of medicine's focus on finding solutions to the problems of cancer following World War II. These solutions included the success of chemotherapy treatment in the 1960s, research into late effects and psychosocial research following cancer treatment (1970s), and the patient activist movement beginning in the 1980s. Oncology social workers have played a major role, being on the scene since the early days, delivering supportive services to cancer survivors, participating as team members in psychosocial research, and serving as members and leaders in survivorship organizations.6 This chapter examines survivorship from the perspective of a cancer survivor and oncology social worker, one who enjoys both clinical work and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When asked to write about cancer survivors from a nursing perspective, I realized how daunting this task could be. Could I be objective in representing my profession and colleagues? Should I share my personal perspective and why I became an oncology nurse? Would I look at the role of oncology nursing in relation to survivors, or would I focus on other areas of nursing that care for survivors in nononcology settings? From whose perspective would cancer survivor be defined? And where does survivorship fit into the continuum of care? Since there is little agreement as to the definitions of these terms and where responsibilities for survivorship care lie, I must be right upfront with my biases and explain how and why I am interested in this timely topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past three decades since the declaration of a war on cancer with the National Cancer Act of 1971, we have been exposed to a very public display of both the challenges and triumphs in this war. As a young medical oncologist, I anxiously awaited each annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), expecting to hear the latest small advances in the treatment of leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and then breast cancer (the first solid tumor that seemed to respond to multiagent chemotherapy), gradually seeing plateaus in the survival curves suggesting cure. With the phase II trials of cisplatinum, there were rumors of young men with advanced testicular cancer rising from their deathbeds after a single course of treatment. Soon thereafter, the Einhorn regimen1 of vinblastine, bleomycin and cisplatin, brought about high cure rates in this rare but devastating cancer of young men. And of course, three decades later we all know the story of Lance Armstrong, one of the world's most famous testicular cancer survivors. However, as the breast cancer activists reminded us in the early 1990s, there were still more American women dying each year from breast cancer than U.S. deaths during the entire Vietnam War.2* [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Report Application Server (RAS) is both a server that manages the delivery of reports (and as such handles its own page caching) and an SDK that allows you to create and modify reports at runtime. There are two types of RAS SDK models available. One ships with the Crystal Reports Advanced Edition and is known as the unmanaged RAS, and the other ships with BusinessObjects XI and is called the managed RAS. Unmanaged refers to the direct access the programming language provides to Crystal report files on disk. Managed refers to reports that are managed within the InfoStore. The unmanaged RAS is covered in Chapter 7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BusinessObjects Enterprise XI is a server-based, middleware product that allows you to distribute your Crystal and BusinessObjects reports throughout your organization. In addition to reports, you can also register compiled EXEs that can run customized business logic. You can upload static documents—Excel, Acrobat, Word, and text files, and so on—so as to publish them to the enterprise. BO XI is a scalable tool that can be deployed across multiple servers so as to handle high-volume report access. With its FTP functionality, you can even use BO XI as a conduit to other computer systems. It offers scheduling, report history, notifications, events, a security model, server management, and much more. Most of the features offered by BusinessObjects XI are exposed through APIs contained in a set of SDKs. Regardless of how you use BO XI, you'll likely take advantage of this object model to develop some kind of a customized front end. These object models and how to develop enterprise solutions with them is the subject of this book. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BusinessObjects XI offers a built-in security model to enable you to control access to its features and individual objects. You can use the security classes to Create users.Assign access privileges to those users.Assign users to groups.Create subgroups within groups.Determine what users and groups can access individual objects.Determine how many instances or for how long a given report history will be maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While this book is aimed at BusinessObjects XI development and not Crystal Reports, there is still a bit of overlap between the two products. This chapter will focus mostly on integrating your desktop-based applications with BusinessObjects XI and running reports locally without using the server tool. We'll discuss the Crystal Reports viewer control, accessing reports from BusinessObjects XI, embedded reports, accessing disk-based reports, the CrystalDecisions. CrystalReports. Engine object model, and how to integrate with Crystal Reports web services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BusinessObjects XI is a multifaceted product that has become entrenched in the marketplace over the years. During this time, a plethora of third-party tools that enhance BO XI's functionality have evolved in a thriving third-party market. In this chapter, we'll examine some of these products. This is not intended to be a series of product reviews; I will not compare one product to another nor will I offer pricing information or my own personal opinion on their individual merits. Personally, I have never used most of the tools described here. The goal of this chapter is to make you aware of the existence of these tools and to examine their features to see whether they may be of some help to you in your BusinessObjects XI deployments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The BusinessObjects Unified Web Services SDK allows you to accomplish most of what you can with the .NET SDK. What it doesn't do is allow you to create and modify reports as you can with the RAS. As you would expect, both object models are structurally similar, but they are certainly not syntactical mirror images of one another. Still, knowledge of one certainly expedites the learning path for the other. This SDK is a new developer feature that was only released with BusinessObjects XI Release 2. The intention is to allow developers to implement a service-oriented architecture for their BO XI deployments that will allow applications throughout the enterprise to consume reporting services. In this chapter, we'll look at how to connect to the InfoStore; the new "path" format of the query language; how to extract, view, and add reports; and how to manage servers and security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If you already have experience programming the BusinessObjects XI SDK, this may well be the chapter you turn to first. Here we'll build on what was discussed in the previous chapters to create real-world solutions using the BO XI object model. The material covered in this chapter is adapted from real-world solutions running in production environments. Much of what is described here should be provided by Business Objects as part of an out-of-the-box solution but, unfortunately, is not. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BusinessObjects XI offers a set of administration tools that allow you to manage your deployment. These tools offer a visual interface to your reports, report instances, schedules, and servers. Some of these tools, such as the Central Management Console and InfoView, are front ends to the InfoStore and FileStore, and their functionality can largely be replicated by using the SDK. Other tools such as the Import Wizard are utilities designed for a very narrow purpose (such as the BusinessObjects XI migration example listed later in this chapter), and their functionality is not intended to be replicated programmatically. In this chapter, we'll examine these tools and utilities, and you'll learn how you can leverage them in your daily administrative responsibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the previous chapter, we examined the fundamentals of the BusinessObjects XI object model and how the query language works. The examples showed how to extract information from the InfoStore and how to programmatically manipulate Folder and Report objects. In this chapter, we'll build on that knowledge and look at some more advanced topics such as scheduling, notifications, export formats, destinations, printing, calendars, events, data access techniques, and the BO XI web server controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a system administrator, the first place you'll head to do anything with BusinessObjects XI is the Central Management Console (formerly the Crystal Management Console), commonly known as the CMC. It is here that you'll manage such things as folders, reports, servers, schedules, and users. Use of the tool is rather intuitive and highly navigable through the use of breadcrumbs, which are a series of hyperlinks that allow you to navigate back to any point you came from. This chapter will discuss how it is used to administer your BO XI installation. The tasks that you'll learn how to perform here will be shown programmatically in the Chapters 5, 6, and 9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BusinessObjects XI is a multitier, server-based product that comprises a number of logical servers. These servers run as Windows services, and they can all be installed on one machine or distributed across multiple machines, each running multiple processors as your needs demand. In this chapter, we'll examine how to manage those servers, command them programmatically, and extract information about them. We'll look at programming examples of how to work with servers and server groups. If you are unfamiliar with the basics of programming with the SDK, see Chapter 5 for an introduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residual acetabular dysplasia is known as the most frequent cause of early osteoarthritis of the hip. The degeneration starts with overload of the rim, leading to a variety of pathologies. This change may cause the femoral head to migrate further out of the socket, resulting in a loss of congruity and generating even higher pressure point loading, which finally leads to rapid destruction of the joint. It is well accepted today that the surgical increase of the load transmission area can slow down this process of destruction and postpone total hip replacement (THR) substantially. Among the different techniques available, reorientation procedures allow for the most physiological correction of the joint mechanics. Our proposition is a reorientation procedure, which was first executed in 1984. Techniques and results have been published on several occasions. Under the name of the Bernese periacetabular osteotomy, the technique has gained popularity, especially in North America. Our 20 years' experience performing this osteotomy through a modified Smith-Peterson approach without dissection of the abductors has clearly shown that confound appreciation of joint mechanics is the key to a successful result. Addressing acetabular retroversion and an insufficient femoral head/neck offset has helped to avoid postosteotomy impingement and significantly improved our results. Today, in our armentarium of surgical techniques to preserve the natural hip joint, the periacetabular osteotomy leads to the most predictable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepcidin is a cationic amphipathic peptide made in the liver, released into plasma and excreted in urine. Hepcidin is the homeostatic regulator of intestinal iron absorption, iron recycling by macrophages, and iron mobilization from hepatic stores, but it is also markedly induced during infections and inflammation. Under the influence of hepcidin, macrophages, hepatocytes, and enterocytes retain iron that would otherwise be released into plasma. Hepcidin acts by inhibiting the efflux of iron through ferroportin, the sole known iron exporter that is expressed in the small intestine, and in hepatocytes and macrophages. As befits an iron-regulatory hormone, hepcidin synthesis is increased by iron loading, and decreased by anemia and hypoxia. Hepcidin is also rapidly induced by cytokines, including IL-6. The resulting decrease in plasma iron levels eventually limits iron availability to erythropoiesis and contributes to the anemia associated with infection and inflammation. The decrease in extracellular iron concentrations due to hepcidin probably limits iron availability to invading microorganisms, thus contributing to host defense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colon and rectal cancers (CRC) are among the most common adult malignancies worldwide, and for a variety of reasons, the numbers of survivors of colorectal cancer are likely to increase in coming years. The incidence of these cancers doubles with each successive decade of life beyond 50 years, and with the expansion of the older population in the coming years, the absolute numbers of CRC patients in the United States will grow substantially.1 It is estimated that by the year 2030 the number of persons over the age of 65 years will have doubled and the number of persons over the age of 85 years will have quadrupled.2 Given this expanding and aging population, projections suggest that the numbers of CRC patients may increase by as much as 30%.3 Thus, with these profound demographic changes, it will be imperative to have a better understanding of the late effects and health care needs of longterm CRC survivors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer emerged during the 20th century as an epidemic of enormous proportions.1 A rare disease at the beginning of the past century, lung cancer continues to be one of the most common cancers in the world, affecting 173,700 Americans (93,110 men and 80,660 women) in 2004.2 Mirroring changes in smoking patterns, the incidence of lung cancer among men continues to decline. Large-scale smoking among women occurred almost 20 years after men in the United States, with a subsequent delay in increased cases, peaking in the 1990s. Encouragingly, the most recent evidence demonstrates that lung cancer incidence among women is declining, as are death rates.3 In 2000, approximately 13% of men and 17% of women (age-adjusted, 15% overall) diagnosed with lung cancer were expected to survive at least 5 years (an estimated 26,065 Americans each year). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer survivors have been shown to have an increased risk for second malignant neoplasms (SMN). These increased risks result from genetic predisposition, harmful environmental exposures, or cancer treatment therapies. Regardless of their cause, SMNs now comprise the sixth most common group of malignancies after skin, prostate, breast, lung, and colorectal cancers.1 It is important to emphasize that the fear of SMN related to the treatment of the first cancer diagnosis should not outweigh the positive effects of curative therapy for the first cancer. Both physicians and patients should, however, be aware of the consequences of the cancer treatment regimens, specifically radiation therapy (RT) and chemotherapy, and consider them while devising follow-up plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignancies most often produce symptoms by local tumor growth and invasion, or by metastatic spread. However, there are remote effects of the primary cancer termed paraneoplastic that can result in significant symptomatology and organ dysfunction.1 It is postulated that these syndromes result from the production of substances, such as hormones or their precursors, steroid metabolites, enzymes, and various cytokines.2 Neurologic syndromes associated with neoplasms may be the result of antibody production related to immunoaccessible antigens produced by the neoplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer cachexia is a complex syndrome clinically manifest by progressive involuntary weight loss and diminished food intake and characterized by a variety of biochemical alterations. Importantly, cancer cachexia has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality and decreased response to therapy. The impact of cancer cachexia on patient outcome and healthcare resources continues to be significant. It is therefore important to identify those cancer patients who are malnourished in an attempt to reverse or at least abate the progression of malnutrition. The goal of nutritional supplementation is to translate repletion into clinical benefit, thereby decreasing morbidity or mortality and increasing the response rate to treatment. The focus of this chapter is to review the etiology of cancer cachexia, summarize the biologic and clinical effects of nutrition, define specific indications for nutrition in the cancer patient population, and explore new therapies available to reverse cancer cachexia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]