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Participatory diagnosis is the methodological process through which society participates to undertake and achieve sustainable development with the contribution of science and collective knowledge. The objective of this research is to analyze the current situation of the Sierra de Guadalupe State Park (SGSP) in Mexico from the natural, historical, economic, and social aspects, through participatory research and thus influence the selection of trees and shrubs of multiple uses for reforestation that have the potential to establish agroforestry and silvopastoral systems. This study was carried out with the help of the following tools that are commonly used in a participatory diagnosis: participant observation and transects, SWOT analysis, timeline, and identification and classification of natural resources. To determine the current problems of the state park (SGSP), the "problem tree" method was used. A participatory workshop was held to identify solutions to these problems, assigning positive actions to negative conditions. In addition, 141 interviews were conducted with social actors involved in the study area using the "snowball" methodology. There are 72 and 44 species of wildlife and plants, respectively. Through participatory mapping, changes in the landscape and land use in the pre-Hispanic, colonial, and modern periods were identified, which allowed for the construction of a timeline. The priority forest species considered to initiate the restoration actions were: Prosopis laevigata, Vachellia schaffneri, and Quercus rugosa. The shrub species were: Opuntia tomentosa, Opuntia hyptiacantha, and Agave salmiana. In conclusion, with this study, reliable technical knowledge was generated with the participation of society, which will be used to carry out actions of protection, restoration, conservation, and productive reconversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dynamic arterial elastance (Eadyn) has been investigated for its ability to predict hypotension during the weaning of vasopressors. Our study focused on assessing Eadyn's performance in the context of critically ill adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit, regardless of diagnosis. Main body: Our study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis checklist. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023421462) on May 26, 2023. We included prospective observational studies from the MEDLINE and Embase databases through May 2023. Five studies involving 183 patients were included in the quantitative analysis. We extracted data related to patient clinical characteristics, and information about Eadyn measurement methods, results, and norepinephrine dose. Most patients (76%) were diagnosed with septic shock, while the remaining patients required norepinephrine for other reasons. The average pressure responsiveness rate was 36.20%. The synthesized results yielded an area under the curve of 0.85, with a sensitivity of 0.87 (95% CI 0.74–0.93), specificity of 0.76 (95% CI 0.68–0.83), and diagnostic odds ratio of 19.07 (95% CI 8.47–42.92). Subgroup analyses indicated no variations in the Eadyn based on norepinephrine dosage, the Eadyn measurement device, or the Eadyn diagnostic cutoff to predict cessation of vasopressor support. Conclusions: Eadyn, evaluated through subgroup analyses, demonstrated good predictive ability for the discontinuation of vasopressor support in critically ill patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spain reached the fifth position of citrus production and the first of fresh fruit exporter worldwide. Pre-harvest diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens can limit citrus crop production. Phytophthora spp. are considered the most serious soil-borne pathogens of citrus crops worldwide, but their management strategies are highly developed. Conversely, Rosellinia necatrix is another soil-borne pathogen with polyphagous behavior, including citrus trees, and without fully-effective control tools. In this sense, the aim of this study was to characterize the susceptibility of several commercial citrus rootstocks to R. necatrix disease. Potted plants from 10 different rootstocks were artificial inoculated with an isolate of R. necatrix. Plant physiological measurements of above-ground symptoms, chlorophyll content, biomass and leaf area were obtained. Flying Dragon and Forner-Alcaide 517 citrus rootstocks displayed the lowest disease incidence of SAUDPC, whereas Citrus macrophylla the highest symptoms rate. The highest chlorophyll content was found in Forner-Alcaide 517, and the lowest in Citrus macrophylla and Bitters C-22. Additionally, this last rootstock reached the highest reduction of biomass and the lowest leaf area rate. In conclusion, Forner-Alcaide 517 could be an interesting choice for those orchards with R. necatrix problems; contrarily, Citrus macrophylla and Bitters C-22 were the most sensitive candidates to this pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase envelopes are routinely employed by reservoir engineers for fluid characterisation. These envelopes are controlled by reservoir fluid composition, pressure and temperature. As a result of increasing source-rock maturation, fluids with decreasing molecular weights and densities and increasing gas-to-oil ratios (and hence different phase envelopes) are generated, which are thus linked to fluid history. In addition to their importance for exploration, charge models can play a key role in constraining reservoir models and optimising field development, particularly when pressure–volume-temperature (PVT) data are properly integrated with fluid geochemistry. Two contrasting scenarios of fluid phase evolution from two different fields are presented, and their relations to charge analysis and reservoir models are discussed. The first example discusses the identification, based on hydrocarbon geochemistry complemented by overlapping modeled phase envelopes, of compartmentalised filling cycles in what was initially considered a single oil-rimmed gas accumulation. The second example presents an opposite scenario where two wet gas accumulations 20-km apart laterally and 400-feet average depth difference appear to represent a single more-expansive accumulation spread over areas of variable PVT conditions and reservoir qualities. The wet gas across both accumulations is characterised by a continuous phase evolution pattern that shrinks systematically (cricondentherm shifts to lower temperature and cricondenbar to lower pressure), suggestive of phase fractionation of a charge of single maturity. The proposed gas distribution model represents a discovery of a hybrid conventional and unconventional (tight sand) system, with potential for basin-centered gas. These findings provided better understanding of observed and projected fluids, impacting the development and completion plans by locating new gas producers. A recent well drilled midway between the two accumulations indeed tested wet gas, confirming fluid connectivity. Future work will attempt to link the gas distribution model with seismic attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The floral nectar of angiosperms harbors a variety of microorganisms that depend predominantly on animal visitors for their dispersal. Although some members of the genus Acinetobacter and all currently known species of Rosenbergiella are thought to be adapted to thrive in nectar, there is limited information about the response of these bacteria to variation in the chemical characteristics of floral nectar. We investigated the growth performance of a diverse collection of Acinetobacter (n = 43) and Rosenbergiella (n = 45) isolates obtained from floral nectar and the digestive tract of flower-visiting bees in a set of 12 artificial nectars differing in sugar content (15% w/v or 50% w/v), nitrogen content (3.48/1.67 ppm or 348/167 ppm of total nitrogen/amino nitrogen), and sugar composition (only sucrose, 1/3 sucrose + 1/3 glucose + 1/3 fructose, or 1/2 glucose + 1/2 fructose). Growth was only observed in four of the 12 artificial nectars. Those containing elevated sugar concentration (50% w/v) and low nitrogen content (3.48/1.67 ppm) were limiting for bacterial growth. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses revealed that the ability of the bacteria to grow in different types of nectar is highly conserved between closely related isolates and genotypes, but this conservatism rapidly vanishes deeper in phylogeny. Overall, these results demonstrate that the ability of Acinetobacter spp. and Rosenbergiella spp. to grow in floral nectar largely depends on nectar chemistry and bacterial phylogeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identify risk factors associated with mortality in HIV patients admitted to an ICU in the city of Bogotá. Retrospective cohort study of patients treated in an ICU during the years 2017–2019. The analysis included descriptive statistics, association tests, and a logistic regression model. A predictive model of mortality at the time of admission to the ICU was developed. 110 HIV patients were identified. Association was found between a Charlson index ≥ 6 and mortality (OR = 2.3, 95% CI 1.0–5.1) and an increase in mortality in the first 21 days of ICU stay (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.0–4.9). In the logistic regression analysis, the absence of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) upon admission to the ICU (OR = 2.5 95% CI 1.0–6.1) and the first 21 days of ICU stay (OR = 2.3 95% CI 1.0–5.4) were associated with an increase in mortality. The predictive mortality model established that mortality was higher in patients admitted to the ICU without having previously received HAART than in those who did receive therapy at the time of admission to the ICU. In patients with HIV admitted to the ICU, the absence of HAART will negatively impact mortality during their hospital stay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New food sources are urgently needed due to population growth. The production of microalgae biomass with high protein content is particularly of interest. Galdieria sulphuraria is an extremophilic red microalgae that can grow in acidic environments (pH 0 to 4) and above 40 °C. The aim of this work was to study the photoautotrophic growth and the biochemical composition of five G. sulphuraria strains to potentially produce single-cell protein. A kinetic study of cell growth and macromolecule content was performed in batch mode under controlled conditions: 42 °C, pH 2, constant illumination at 100 μmol photons m−2 s−1, 150 rpm, 0.5 vvm, and atmospheric CO2 (0.04%). The G. sulphuraria CCMEE 5587.1 reached 2.33 g L−1 of dry cell weight (DCW) (~ 9 × 107 cells mL−1) in 20 days, i.e., a productivity of ~ 110 mgDCW L−1 day−1 was achieved. The biomass from this strain shows a high protein content (~ 44% w/wDCW), 42.7% of essential amino acids, 4.7% (w/wDCW) of phycocyanin, 5.9% (w/wDCW) total carbohydrates, and 14.1% (w/wDCW) total lipids. A productivity of 21 t ha−1 year−1 could be attained assuming a straightforward scale-up in open ponds and reaching half the protein productivities obtained in the laboratory. This biomass composition is suitable for food purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Several preoperation prognosis models used on the treatment of metastatic bone disease on appendicular skeleton have been devised. The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of different survival prognostic models on patients with metastatic bone disease in long bones in a Chilean population. Methods: This is a multicentric retrospective study. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 136 patients who were confirmed with metastatic bone disease of the appendicular skeleton and who were treated surgically from 2016 to 2019. The minimum follow-up time was 12 months. All patients were assessed using four appendicular metastatic bone disease scoring systems. A preoperative predicted survival time for all 136 patients was retrospectively calculated making use of the revised Katagiri, PathFx, Optimodel and IOR score model. Results: The PathFx model demonstrated an accuracy at predicting 3 (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.61) and 6-month (AUC = 0.65) survival time after surgical management. IOR score model demonstrated an accuracy at predicting 12-month survival time (AUC = 0.64). The survival rate reached the 44% in a year. The median survival time to death or last follow-up time was 14.9 months (SD ± 15). Conclusion: PathFx score model demonstrated the highest accuracy at predicting a survival time of 3 and 6 months. IOR score model was the most accurate measure at predicting a survival time of 12-months. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting a comparative analysis of metastatic bone disease with predicting models in a country located in Latin America. PathFx's and IOR score models are the ones to be used in the Chilean population as the predictive models in metastatic bone disease of the appendicular skeleton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the concept of conditioning in integer programming is extended to the concept of a complexity index. A complexity index is a measure through which the execution time of an exact algorithm can be predicted. We consider the multidimensional knapsack problem with instances taken from the OR-library and MIPLIB. The complexity indices we developed correspond to the eigenvalues of a Dikin matrix placed in the center of a polyhedron defined by the constraints of the problem relaxed from its binary variable formulation. The lower and higher eigenvalues, as well as their ratio, which we have defined as the slenderness, are used as complexity indices. The experiments performed show a good linear correlation between these indices and a low execution time of the Branch and Bound algorithm using the standard version of CPLEX® 12.2. The correlation coefficient obtained ranges between 39 and 60% for the various data regressions, which proves a medium to strong correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Floral nectar is commonly colonized by yeasts and bacteria, whose growth largely depends on their capacity to assimilate nutrient resources, withstand high osmotic pressures, and cope with unbalanced carbon-to-nitrogen ratios. Although the basis of the ecological success of these microbes in the harsh environment of nectar is still poorly understood, it is reasonable to assume that they are efficient nitrogen scavengers that can consume a wide range of nitrogen sources in nectar. Furthermore, it can be hypothesized that phylogenetically closely related strains have more similar phenotypic characteristics than distant relatives. We tested these hypotheses by investigating the growth performance on different nitrogen-rich substrates of a collection of 82 acinetobacters isolated from nectar and honeybees, representing members of five species (Acinetobacter nectaris, A. boissieri, A. apis, and the recently described taxa A. bareti and A. pollinis). We also analyzed possible links between growth performance and phylogenetic affiliation of the isolates, while taking into account their geographical origin. Results demonstrated that the studied isolates could utilize a wide variety of nitrogen sources, including common metabolic by-products of yeasts (e.g., ammonium and urea), and that phylogenetic relatedness was associated with the variation in nitrogen assimilation among the studied acinetobacters. Finally, nutrient source and the origin (sample type and country) of isolates also predicted the ability of the acinetobacters to assimilate nitrogen-rich compounds. Overall, these results demonstrate inter-clade variation in the potential of the acinetobacters as nitrogen scavengers and suggest that nutritional dependences might influence interactions between bacteria and yeasts in floral nectar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Class I PI3K are heterodimers composed of a p85 regulatory subunit and a p110 catalytic subunit involved in multiple cellular functions. Recently, the catalytic subunit p110β has emerged as a class I PI3K isoform playing a major role in tumorigenesis. Understanding its regulation is crucial for the control of the PI3K pathway in p110β-driven cancers. Here we sought to evaluate the putative regulation of p110β by SUMO. Our data show that p110β can be modified by SUMO1 and SUMO2 in vitro, in transfected cells and under completely endogenous conditions, supporting the physiological relevance of p110β SUMOylation. We identify lysine residue 952, located at the activation loop of p110β, as essential for SUMOylation. SUMOylation of p110β stabilizes the protein increasing its activation of AKT which promotes cell growth and oncogenic transformation. Finally, we show that the regulatory subunit p85β counteracts the conjugation of SUMO to p110β. In summary, our data reveal that SUMO is a novel p110β interacting partner with a positive effect on the activation of the PI3K pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosellinia necatrix Prill. the causal agent of white root rot diseases causes major losses in avocado crops in Spain. To study the biocontrol of this disease, 31 antagonistic isolates were collected from the avocado rhizosphere and identified as Entoleuca sp. Studies were carried out in mycovirus detection, in vitro optimal growth temperature, mycelial compatibility groups of these isolates, and their inhibition of R. necatrix growth. The pathogenicity of these antagonistic isolates and their biocontrol of white root rot on avocado plants were also studied. The presence of mycoviruses was detected in all 31 Entoleuca sp. isolates studied and the optimal growth temperature for almost all the isolates (> 80%) was 25 °C. Dual culture showed different responses, with some isolates compatible and others incompatible with each other, showing inhibition halos and black lines. Twenty-five of the 31 isolates showed significant growth inhibition to a virulent R. necatrix isolate in in vitro conditions. In addition, none of the Entoleuca sp. isolates produced any symptoms on inoculated avocado plants and in 24 of them, symptoms of avocado white root rot were reduced, with significant differences among the Entoleuca sp. isolates when they were used as biocontrol agents. New virus-carrying Entoleuca sp. isolates were obtained, which are capable of controlling avocado white root rot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Mediteranean isolates of Rosellinia necatrix, causing root rot in avocado, have previously been screened for viruses. Among them is isolate Rn459 that has been shown to be infected by at least three viruses such as Rosellinia necatrix partitivirus 10 (RnPV10), Rosellinia necatrix hypovirus 2 (RnHV2), Rosellinia necatrix fusagravirus 1 (RnFGV1), and Rosellinia necatrix virga-like virus (RnVLV). Here, we attempted to eliminate the viruses by hyphal tip cultures to examine their effect on colony growth in vitro and virulence on avocado plants. The obtained fungal strain termed, Rn459_PV10F/VLVF, which was confirmed to be cured of RnPV10 and RnVLV, but still retaining RnHV2, manifested a phenotype different from the original Rn459. Colony growth comparison showed that Rn459_PV10F/VLVF grew faster than the original Rn459 isolate and the virulence on avocado plants of this Rn459_PV10F/VLVF strain was higher than the original Rn459 strain. These combined results suggest that RnPV10 and RnVLV, alone or together, contribute to confer hypovirulence on the R. necatrix isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different studies to control the Rosellinia necatrix growth in vitro and avocado white root rot in vivo were performed, using two non-pathogenic R. necatrix isolates (Rn12 and Rn29) combined with fluazinam. The application of non-pathogenic isolates alone showed significant growth reduction as compared to R. necatrix pathogenic isolates in a PDA growth medium. The combination of both non-pathogenic isolates plus fluazinam at 0.01 mg l−1 significantly increased the reduction of the pathogen growth in vitro. Additionally, the combination of the lowest fluazinam concentration (0.001%) plus Rn12 improved control of the disease as compared when either the same fungicide rate was used alone or this isolate was applied alone on plants, showing a similar response to the use of the highest concentration of fluazinam applied alone (0.01%). In this work, we have obtained a new, integrated biological control method against this avocado disease using non-pathogenic R. necatrix isolates combined with low doses of fluazinam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Studies focusing on enchondroma and atypical cartilaginous tumour (ACT) of the pelvis are lacking. The purpose of this study was to verify possible clinical and radiological findings with regard to distinguishing enchondromas from ACT of the pelvis. In addition, this study analysed functional and oncological outcomes in patients with enchondromas or ACT of the pelvis treated with curettage or resection. Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 21 patients with confirmed enchondroma or ACT of the pelvis treated by curettage or resection from 1985 to 2018. The minimum follow-up was 18 months. The relationship between clinical and radiological factors and tumour type or local recurrence was assessed using Fisher exact test and Mann–Whitney U test. Results: Endosteal scalloping (p = 0.039), tumour size (0.005) and age (0.006) were shown to statistically favour ACT over enchondroma; by contrast, enchondroma and ACT patients had no difference in pain frequency (p = 0.5528). All patients with enchondroma had no local recurrence; in contrast, local recurrence occurred in one patient with ACT, initially treated with resection. The patient with local recurrence had a disease progression with a higher histological grade than the original tumour. Patients treated with curettage had better functional outcomes than patients treated with resection (p = 0.001). Discussion: Endosteal scalloping, tumour size and age could be helpful in the differential diagnosis between enchondroma and ACT of the pelvis. In addition, our study showed that ACT of the pelvis can be safely treated with curettage due to a low risk of local recurrence and better functional results compared with resection. In case of recurrence, we suggest to treat these patients with resection for the risk of disease progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genetic variation in reproductive phenology among clones in a seed orchard affects the genetic efficiency of the orchard. Our objective was to evaluate genetic variation in reproductive phenology of Pinus patula clones in a seed orchard and the amount of overlap with pollen dispersal in natural stands. In 2014 and 2015, phenology of female and male strobili was recorded on 31 clones in the orchard, and phenology of male strobili was measured on 10 trees in each of four nearby natural stands along an elevational transect. Onset and end dates, and length of female receptivity (F_onset, F_end and F_length) and pollen dispersal (M_onset, M_end and M_length) were calculated, and genetic parameters were estimated. Differences between years in M_onset were larger in the natural stands than in the orchard, but there was a large overlap between the orchard and natural stands. A negative linear relationship with elevation was found for M_end and M_length in natural stands along the elevation transect. Genetic variation was detected for most reproductive phenology traits in the orchard. Genetic control was stronger for M_onset and M_length ( H c 2 ≥ 0.54) than for female receptivity traits ( H c 2 ≤ 0.38). Most phenological traits showed high genetic stability in both years (rB ≥ 0.76). We found a positive genetic correlation (r = 0.67) between F_onset and M_onset, suggesting there is a risk of selfing among clonal ramets. Moreover, the overlap between female receptivity in the orchard and pollen dispersal in neighboring natural stands indicates a risk of genetic contamination in the orchard, particularly for late-phenology clones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This study aims to develop and validate a new molecular method of detection and quantification of Rosellinia necatrix fungus in soil samples and compare it with conventional methods. Methods: We collected 40 soil and root samples (one as negative control) from the soil around avocado trees. The root samples were checked for typical symptoms of R. necatrix and the pathogen was identified using the conventional method of plate culture. These results were then corroborated using a new molecular method of detection and quantification of R. necatrix in soil samples, and a duplex TaqMan qPCR protocol was designed that included an internal positive control to avoid the detection of false negatives. Results: The molecular detection and quantification method was effective, sensitive and reliable for all 40 soil samples analysed, whereas, with traditional methods, the fungus was isolated in only 24 out of the 26 symptomatic roots from 40 avocado trees sampled. This improved methodology reduces the sample preparation time compared with previous studies, and provides a molecular tool for the reliable and accurate detection and quantification of R. necatrix in naturally infested avocado soils. Conclusions: This technique could be applied for the rapid assessment of R. necatrix in soils at the pre-planting stage and evaluation of the efficacy of physical, chemical or biological control treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Southern European columbines (genus Aquilegia) are involved in active processes of diversification, and the Iberian Peninsula offers a privileged observatory to witness the process. Studies on Iberian columbines have provided significant advances on species diversification, but we still lack a complete perspective of the genetic diversification in the Iberian scenario. This work explores how genetic diversity of the genus Aquilegia is geographically structured across the Iberian Peninsula. We used Bayesian clustering methods, principal coordinates analyses, and NJ phenograms to assess the genetic relationships among 285 individuals from 62 locations and detect the main lineages. Genetic diversity of Iberian columbines consists of five geographically structured lineages, corresponding to different Iberian taxa. Differentiation among lineages shows particularly complex admixture patterns at Northeast and highly homogeneous toward Northwest and Southeast. This geographic genetic structure suggests the existence of incomplete lineage sorting and interspecific hybridization as could be expected in recent processes of diversification under the influence of quaternary postglacial migrations. This scenario is consistent with what is proposed by the most recent studies on European and Iberian columbines, which point to geographic isolation and divergent selection by habitat specialization as the main diversification drivers of the Iberian Aquilegia complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Acromegaly is a rare disease with a large burden due its associated comorbidities and the life-long management required. Since the occurrence and severity of associated complications are related to length of exposure to the excess growth hormone seen in acromegaly, early diagnosis is imperative. The delay in diagnosis, however, can be long, and may be the result of a lack of disease awareness and screening programs. Since acromegaly is an uncommon disease, finding ways to increase recognition and diagnosis that would permit early detection in a logical and cost-effective manner could be a challenge. Methods: We conducted a retrospective literature review for information relating to the screening and diagnosis of acromegaly using PubMed. The aim was to assess whether an acromegaly-screening program in Latin America (and elsewhere) would be both of use and be feasible. Findings and conclusions: An earlier diagnosis allows earlier initiation of treatment, such as surgery and/or drugs, which leads to more successful disease management (biochemical control) and better outcomes. Since the delay in diagnosis can be long, we believe that clear opportunities exist for earlier (and increased) detection of acromegaly. This can be achieved by increasing disease awareness for earlier recognition of symptoms and by using targeted screening (rather than mass screening) programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its NP-hard nature, it is still difficult to find an optimal solution for instances of the binary knapsack problem as small as 100 variables. In this paper, we developed a three-level hyper-heuristic framework to generate algorithms for the problem. From elementary components and multiple sets of problem instances, algorithms are generated. The best algorithms are selected to go through a second step process, where they are evaluated with problem instances that differ in size and difficulty. The problem instances are generated according to methods that are found in the literature. In all of the larger problem instances, the generated algorithms have less than 1 % error with respect to the optimal solution. Additionally, generated algorithms are efficient, taking on average fractions of a second to find a solution for any instance, with a standard deviation of 1 s. In terms of structure, hyper-heuristic algorithms are compact in size compared with those in the literature, allowing an in-depth analysis of their structure and their presentation to the scientific world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expression of antifungal genes from Trichoderma harzianum, mainly chitinases, has been used to confer plant resistance to fungal diseases. However, the biotechnological potential of glucanase genes from Trichoderma has been scarcely assessed. In this research, transgenic strawberry plants expressing the β-1,3-glucanase gene bgn13.1 from T. harzianum, under the control of the CaMV35S promoter, have been generated. After acclimatization, five out of 12 independent lines analysed showed a stunted phenotype when growing in the greenhouse. Moreover, most of the lines displayed a reduced yield due to both a reduction in the number of fruit per plant and a lower fruit size. Several transgenic lines showing higher glucanase activity in leaves than control plants were selected for pathogenicity tests. When inoculated with Colletotrichum acutatum, one of the most important strawberry pathogens, transgenic lines showed lower anthracnose symptoms in leaf and crown than control. In the three lines selected, the percentage of plants showing anthracnose symptoms in crown decreased from 61 % to a mean value of 16.5 %, in control and transgenic lines, respectively. Some transgenic lines also showed an enhanced resistance to Rosellinia necatrix, a soil-borne pathogen causing root and crown rot in strawberry. These results indicate that bgn13.1 from T. harzianum can be used to increase strawberry tolerance to crown rot diseases, although its constitutive expression affects plant growth and fruit yield. Alternative strategies such as the use of tissue specific promoters might avoid the negative effects of bgn13.1 expression in plant performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In classical distributed systems, each process has a unique identity. Today, new distributed systems have emerged where a unique identity is not always possible to be assigned to each process. For example, in many sensor networks a unique identity is not possible to be included in each device due to its small storage capacity, reduced computational power, or the huge number of devices to be identified. In these cases, we have to work with anonymous distributed systems where processes cannot be identified. Consensus cannot be solved in classical and anonymous asynchronous distributed systems where processes can crash. To bypass this impossibility result, failure detectors are added to these systems. It is known that $$\varOmega $$ is the weakest failure detector class for solving consensus in classical asynchronous systems when a majority of processes never crashes. Although $${ A }\varOmega $$ was introduced as an anonymous version of $$\varOmega ,$$ to find the weakest failure detector in anonymous systems to solve consensus when a majority of processes never crashes is nowadays an open question. Furthermore, $${ A }\varOmega $$ has the important drawback that it is not implementable. Very recently, $${ A }\varOmega '$$ has been introduced as a counterpart of $$\varOmega $$ for anonymous systems. In this paper, we show that the $${ A }\varOmega '$$ failure detector class is strictly weaker than $${ A }\varOmega $$ (i.e., $${ A }\varOmega '$$ provides less information about process crashes than $${ A }\varOmega $$ ). We also present in this paper the first implementation of $${ A }\varOmega '$$ (hence, we also show that $${ A }\varOmega '$$ is implementable), and, finally, we include the first implementation of consensus in anonymous asynchronous systems augmented with $${ A }\varOmega '$$ and where a majority of processes does not crash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]