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Background: Squamous cell carcinoma of the lip (LSCC) and oral cavity can be life-threatening if not diagnosed early. Precancerous lesions like actinic cheilitis (AC), can transform into LSCC. Laminin is a fundamental component for basement membrane (BM) and its integrity may prevent neoplastic invasion. Therefore, laminin immunostaining of BM may be useful in identifying early invasion in actinic cheilitis and thus in the differential diagnosis between AC and invasive LSCC or high-grade epithelial dysplasia (ED). Materials and methods: Biopsies from 46 patients with oral lesions were histologically analyzed and immunohistochemically stained for laminin-1. Results: AC was diagnosed in 34 patients and LSCC in 12 patients, including 3 patients with AC and concomitant high-grade ED/in situ carcinoma. Laminin-1 immunostaining revealed intense and linear expression of the BM in AC with low-grade ED. Loss of laminin expression was observed in LSCC. Intracellular laminin expression in parabasal cells was noted in AC with high-grade ED/in situ carcinoma. Conclusion: Laminin immunostaining could be useful in identifying AC cases suspected of early invasion. It could also contribute to the histopathological differential diagnosis between AC with low- and high-grade ED and between AC and invasive LSCC. The findings of this study provide new insights into the mechanism involved in the progression process of AC into LSCC, encouraging preclinical studies that may document the stochastic role of laminin in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the expression of miR-181b, miR-21, miR-31, and miR-345 in actinic cheilitis with and without epithelial dysplasia and lower lip squamous cell carcinomas, and to verify if the deregulated expression of these miRNAs would be indicative of malignant transformation. Materials and methods: The sample was selected from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues of 19 actinic cheilitis without epithelial dysplasia, 32 actinic cheilitis with epithelial dysplasia, 42 lower lip squamous cell carcinomas, and 10 nonaltered oral mucosa of the lip. The microRNA (miR, miRNA) expression was quantified by real-time RT-PCR and the expression of the selected miRNAs among the groups of actinic cheilitis and lower lip cancer was compared by chi-square. Results: A higher expression of miR-181b, miR-31, and miR-345 was found in actinic cheilitis without epithelial dysplasia in comparison to that in actinic cheilitis with epithelial dysplasia and with lower lip cancer. There were no differences in miR-21 expression between actinic cheilitis and lower lip cancer. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed a tendency for a downregulation of miR-181b, miR-21, miR-31, and miR-345 in most patients with lower lip cancers. Conclusions: The upregulation of miR-181b, miR-31, and miR-345 expression in actinic cheilitis without epithelial dysplasia and the decrease in the expression of these miRNAs in actinic cheilitis with epithelial dysplasia and in lower lip cancer are potential biomarkers of malignant progression. Clinical relevance: This miRNA signature can help to identify actinic cheilitis with potential to progress to lip cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this work was to evaluate the expression of the cancer stem cell (CSC) markers CD44, ALDH1 and p75NTR in the ultraviolet-induced lesions actinic cheilitis (AC) and lip squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC), and to correlate it with p53 expression.Methods: Immunohistochemistry was performed in 4 cases of normal lip (NL), 43 of AC and 20 of LSCC.Results: All cases were positive for CD44, showing a membranous staining without differences between the groups. ALDH1 showed cytoplasmic staining and it was invariable amongst the grades of epithelial dysplasia and between AC and LSCC. p75NTR presented membranous/cytoplasmic staining in the basal and parabasal layer of NL and AC, while LSCC presented cytoplasmic staining in the peripheral layers of the tumor islands. p75NTR showed different expression amongst the dysplasia grades (p < 0.001) but no differences between AC and LSCC. p53 expression was similar amongst the dysplasia grades and between AC and LSCC. CD44, ALDH1 and p75NTR were unrelated amongst themselves and to p53 expression.Conclusions: CSC markers are expressed in potentially malignant and malignant lesions of the lip. Their expressions were invariable between AC and LSCC and unrelated to p53. p75NTR expression increased with the worsening of epithelial dysplasia grade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the use of a phototoxic drug which is activated by low powered laser light to destroy neoplastic cells. Multiple photosensitizers have been studied and tumors have been treated in a variety of head and neck sites over the last 30 years. PDT can effectively treat head and neck tumors, particularly those of the superficial spreading type, and the classic application of this technology has been in the patient with a wide field of dysplastic change and superficial carcinomatosis. Interstitial treatment has been used to treat more invasive cancer. Data is available from case series and institutional experiences, but very little randomized data is available. We review the mechanisms of action, historical development, available data, and current knowledge regarding PDT for the various head and neck subsites, and discuss possible future directions, with an emphasis on clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Podoplanin and ezrin connection through Rho-A phosphorylation have been suggested as part of the activation pathway, in the process of tumor invasion and cell movement in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation among podoplanin, ezrin, and Rho-A immunoexpressions in 91 squamous cells carcinomas of the lower lip and their influence in patient's prognosis. Material and methods: The immunoexpressions of podoplanin, ezrin, and Rho-A were evaluated through a semi-quantitative score method, based on the capture of 10 microscopic fields at the front of tumor invasion. The association and correlation of these proteins with the clinicopathological features were verified by Fischer's exact test and Spearman's test. The prognostic values were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test. Results: A statistically significant association between strong cytoplasmic podoplanin expression and alcohol ( p = 0.024), loco-regional recurrences ( p = 0.028), and lymph node metastasis (pN+) ( p = 0.010) was found. The membranous ( p = 0.000 and r = 0.384) and cytoplasmic ( p = 0.000 and r = 0.344) podoplanin expression was statistically correlated with ezrin expression. Also, membranous podoplanin was significantly correlated with Rho-A expression ( p = 0.006 and r = 0.282). The expressions of podoplanin, ezrin, and Rho-A were not significant prognostic factors for patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the lower lip. Conclusions: Therefore, our results confirm a correlation among podoplanin, ezrin, and Rho-A expressions in squamous cell carcinoma of the lip suggesting a cooperative participation of these proteins in cell movement and invasion. Clinical relevance: Furthermore, strong cytoplasmic podoplanin expression could be helpful to identify patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lip and lower risk of loco-regional recurrences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neck dissection leaves behind an aesthetically unacceptable scar over front of the neck. Various techniques, both endoscopic and robotic, have been tried to avoid this scar. Though comparatively more cases of robotic surgery are reported than endoscopic neck dissection, the cost and availability of robot precludes many patients from getting the benefit of minimally invasive neck dissection (MIND). We performed minimally invasive neck dissection for two carefully selected patients with early oral cancer and cN0. We used standard endoscopic equipment and ubiquitously available laparoscopic ports. We used gas insufflation to create the working space. Our results show that MIND is feasible and oncologically safe. The scars produced are aesthetically better than that of conventional open neck dissection. This procedure leaves no scars in the anterior aspect of the neck. This technique can be replicated at any center with endoscopic equipments without need for purchasing specialised retractors or a robot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reconstruction of the lip defects following wide excision of the squamous cell cancer is challenging for the surgeon. Our aim was to define the role of the inferiorly based nasolabial flap for lip reconstruction in such cases with moderate to large size defects. Methods: Lip defects were reconstructed with a unilateral or bilateral subcutaneous nasolabial flaps depending on the size of the defect following wide resection of their lip cancers. Results: All the defects were reconstructed in a single stage. We achieved good lip seal and at least good function in eating and speaking. There was no entropion of the lip, and all the reconstructed lips preserved their height. Conclusion: Simplicity of dissection, robust blood supply, best color match, short procedure time, and minimal donor site morbidity reinforce this flap as a useful adjunct in lip reconstruction. Level of Evidence: IV, therapeutic study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship the expression of cytokeratins (CK10 and CK13) and the cell proliferation index determined by Ki-67 of lip squamous cell carcinoma and actinic cheilitis with different degrees of dysplasia. Materials and methods: Forty-five paraffin-embedded actinic cheilitis with and without dysplasia and 20 lip squamous cell carcinoma were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using anti-human anti-CK10, anti-CK13, and anti-Ki-67 antibodies. Results: The majority of actinic cheilitis showed immunopositivity for CK10 and CK13 with decrease or loss of expression in dysplastic areas. In lip squamous cell carcinoma of the lip, heterogeneous expression of CK13 and immunonegativity for CK10 were observed. There was a statistically significant difference between CK10 expression in lip squamous cell carcinoma and in actinic cheilitis with or without dysplasia ( p < 0.001). The cell proliferation index was higher in actinic cheilitis with dysplasia and lip squamous cell carcinoma than in actinic cheilitis without epithelial dysplasia. A significant correlation was found between the intensity of the epithelial dysplasia and the cell proliferation index ( p < 0.001). Conclusion: These results provide evidence that there is a downregulation of CK10 expression in dysplastic areas of patients with actinic cheilitis and in those with lip squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and that the index of cell proliferation, determined by Ki-67, is directly correlated with the intensity of the epithelial dysplasia. Clinical relevance: Altogether, these results suggest that CK10 expression and the epithelial cell proliferation index can help to identify malignant transformation in the lip region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate and verify the relationship between the immunoexpression of hMSH2, p53 and p21 in actinic cheilitis (AC) and lower lip squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cases. Forty AC and 40 SCC cases were submitted to immunoperoxidase method and quantitatively analyzed. Expression was compared by Mann-Whitney test, Student t test or one-way ANOVA. To correlate the variables, Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated. The expression of p53 and p21 showed no significant differences between histopathological grades of AC or lower lip SCC ( p > 0.05). Immunoexpression of p53 was higher in SCC than in AC ( p < 0.001), while p21 expression was more observed in AC when compared to SCC group ( p = 0.006). The AC group revealed an inverse correlation between p53 and hMSH2 expression ( r = −0.30, p = 0.006). Alterations in p53 and p21 expression suggest that these proteins are involved in lower lip carcinogenesis. Moreover, p53 and hMSH2 seem to be interrelated in early events of this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first aim of this study was to evaluate the survival of the patients who underwent surgery due to lip squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Furthermore, the predictive value of the prognostic factors regarding overall outcome was also assessed. The secondary objective was to justify the need of a prophylactic neck dissection according to the tumor size. One hundred and one cases with lip SCC were included in this study. The data regarding prognostic factors and survival were retrospectively collected. The 5-year survival rate was found to be 82.1 %. Among the multiple prognostic factors, only age and disease stage had significant impact on survival ( p < 0.05). Lymph nodes were positive in two (3.0 %) T1, 3 (11.5 %) T2, one (16.6 %) T3 and 3 (100 %) T4 patients. In Turkish population, the 5-year survival rate was found to be 82.1 %. Age and disease stage were independent factors which have significant impact on survival. In geriatric population, the 5-year survival rate was 69.6 %. There was an increased prevalence of the disease among women in the geriatric population. We suggest elective neck dissection and aggressive treatment for T2 tumors especially if the patient has multiple risk factors such as high tumor thickness and poor prognostic indicators such as increased age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip represents a common type of cancer with a favourable prognosis. Different types of defect reconstruction after ablative surgery are described for maintenance of patients' quality of life. Materials and methods: The study retrospectively evaluates the outcome of 105 patients treated for lower lip cancer. Oncological data as well as individual quality of life were investigated. Results: Cervical lymph node metastases rarely occurred (7.6 %) and were correlated to larger-sized tumours ( p = 0.041). Only five patients (4.8) died related to the tumour disease, especially after lymph node metastasis and tumour recurrence ( p < 0.001). The 5-year rates for recurrence-free, overall and disease-specific survival were 84.5, 61.2 and 93.9 %. Tumour recurrence correlated with a resection margin of less than 0.75 cm ( p = 0.089). With view to postoperative quality of life, the modified Bernard-Fries technique showed the most unfavourable results, particularly referring to sensibility, paraesthesia, lip pursing and mouth opening compared to a stair-step and/or Abbe reconstructions. Conclusions: Squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip shows a very favourable prognosis. Neck dissection seems often negligible particularly in small tumours. Patients' functional quality of life after lip surgery depends on the size of the primary and the used technique. Stair-step and/or Abbe reconstructions should be preferred to a Bernard-Fries technique in comparable defect sizes. Clinical relevance: Proper treatment of lower lip cancer provides favourable prognosis and preserves patients' functional and aesthetic quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actinic cheilitis exhibits a potential of malignant transformation in 10-20 % of cases. The objective of this study was to compare the expression of MDM2 and SUMO-1 proteins between actinic cheilitis (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lip. The sample consisted of lower lip mucosa specimens obtained from cases with a clinical and histopathological diagnosis of AC ( n = 26) and SCC ( n = 25) and specimens of labial semi-mucosa ( n = 15) without clinical alterations or inflammation. The tissue samples were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and anti-MDM2 and anti-SUMO-1 antibodies. Data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests (5 %). The median expression of MDM2 (kW = 36.8565; df = 3−1 = 2; p = 0.0001) and SUMO-1 (kW = 32.7080; df = 3−1 = 2; p = 0.0001) was similar in cases of AC and SCC of the lip, but differed significantly from that observed for normal labial semi-mucosa. Despite the limitations of the present study, immunohistochemistry demonstrated the overexpression of important proteins (MDM2 and SUMO-1) related to regulatory mechanisms of apoptosis in AC and SCC of the lip, but further studies are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral cancer is a world health problem, and one of the highest incidence rates of oral cancer worldwide occurs in Brazil. STAG2 is part of the cohesin complex which is responsible for sister chromatid cohesion. STAG2 loss of expression was reported in a range of tumors, and STAG2 loss was found to cause chromosomal instability and aneuploidy in cancer cells. On the basis of these findings, we investigated STAG2 expression in oral cancer and potentially malignant lesions. We investigated STAG2 immunoexpression in oral cancer, lip cancer, oral leukoplakia, and actinic cheilitis, including complete clinical information. Normal oral mucosa samples were included as normal controls. STAG2 protein was highly expressed in all samples. We further tested STAG2 expression in gastric adenocarcinomas and glioblastomas, as these tumor types were previously shown to lose STAG2 expression. We found homogenous expression of STAG2 by these tumor cells. Our results suggest that STAG2 loss of expression is not a common event in oral carcinogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoothing risks is one of the main goals in disease mapping as classical measures, such as standardized mortality ratios, can be extremely variable. However, smoothing risks might hinder the detection of high risk areas, since these two objectives are somewhat contradictory. Most of the work on smoothing risks and detection of high risk areas has been derived using conditional autoregressive (CAR) models. In this work, penalized splines (P-splines) models are also investigated. Confidence intervals for the log-relative risk predictor will be derived as a tool to detect high-risk areas. The performance of P-spline and CAR models will be compared in terms of smoothing (relative bias), sensitivity (ability to detect high risk areas), and specificity (ability to discard false patterns created by noise) through a simulation study based on the well-known Scottish lip cancer data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examined the association between outdoor work and the risks of non-melanoma skin cancer, cutaneous malignant melanoma, and lip cancer in a population-based case–control study. Among all male wage earners in Denmark, 42,542 cases of non-melanoma skin cancer, 7,690 cases of cutaneous malignant melanoma, and 2,341 cases of lip cancer were identified in the nationwide Danish Cancer Registry. Population controls matched on sex and year of birth were selected at random among wage earners by incidence density sampling. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios for risks of non-melanoma skin cancer, malignant melanoma, and lip cancer in relation to outdoor work after adjusting for covariates. For outdoor workers employed more than 10 years, the adjusted odds ratios were 0.83 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77–0.88) for non-melanoma skin cancer and 1.67 (95% CI 1.38–2.03) for lip cancer. Significantly reduced risk of basal cell cancers on the head, trunk, upper, or lower extremities were observed (range of odds ratios, 0.36 to 0.86). The results support the hypothesis of a decreased risk of non-melanoma skin cancer and an increased risk of lip cancer among outdoor workers in the Northern Hemisphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemokine stromal cell-derived factor (SDF-1/CXCL12) and its specific receptor, CXCR4, have been implicated in the regulation of tumor growth and organ-specific spread. The aim of this study was to determine the expression of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in samples obtained from primary squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity (OCSCC) and of the lip (LSCC) and in metastatic and non-metastatic lymph node tissues. The relationship of CXCL12/CXCR4 with clinical and microscopic parameters was also evaluated. The analysis of mRNA expression revealed a higher expression of CXCR4 in oral SCC compared with healthy oral mucosa (p = 0.006). The density of CXCR4+ cells was higher in parenchyma of OCSCC with lymph node metastases than in LSCC. With regard to the stroma, OCSCC showed a greater CXCR4+ and CXCL12+ cell percentage in relation to LSCC. Furthermore, the density of CXCL12+ and CXCR4+ nodal cells was higher in metastatic than non-metastatic lymph nodes in the same patients. Considering clinical and microscopic parameters, we found a positive association between the percentages of CXCL12+ and CXCR4+ stromal cells and the tumor proliferation index. Our findings suggest that the CXCL12/CXCR4 system may play a role in tumor cell spread to lymph nodes and also in neoplastic development. Copyright © 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stage T1 through T3 lip cancers can be treated primarily by brachytherapy (BRTX), with or without external radiotherapy (ERT), with adequate safety margins and good results. In this study, the outcomes of BRTX were reviewed for patients treated at the Brachytherapy Department of the Istanbul University Oncology Institute (IUOE). The medical records of 41 patients registered at IUOE with a diagnosis of lip cancer between 1988 and 2003 were reviewed. The median follow-up time was 88 months (24–160 mo). Among these patients, 21 patients with a primary tumor, 14 with tumors arising postoperatively, and 6 with postoperative recurrence of tumor were treated using BRTX. A total of 33 patients (80%) received BRTX alone and 8 (20%) received BRTX and ERT. The 10-year local control rate was 100%, 93%, and 67% for patients treated with BRTX alone, BRTX and surgery, and those treated for postoperative recurrence, respectively (P < .02). For patients treated with BRTX only and BRTX plus surgery, specific disease-free survival was 95% and 94%, respectively, and overall survival was 93% and 100%, respectively; these differences were not statistically significant. One patient with a postoperative recurrence who had been treated with BRTX died as a result of lip cancer. No patients developed any ulcerations, intra-oral complications, or mandibular necrosis. In the BRTX only group, 83% had excellent or good cosmetic results. In the surgery group, 62% had a contour deformity. In lip cancer management, BRTX results were comparable for local control, survival, and minimal late effects in normal tissue. This is in accordance with current reports in the medical literature. Satisfactory results were observed in patients with stage T1 and T2 lesions who had been treated with BRTX only and in patients with stage T3 lesions who had been treated with BRTX plus ERT, without a need for additional treatment modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we derive score tests for spatial independence in mortality or incidence risk in the framework of hierarchical spatial models where different Gaussian Markov random field (MRF) priors are given for modelling the area random effects (specifically, two non-intrinsic Gaussian priors and a convolution Gaussian prior). The techniques used to test the practically relevant and important simplifying hypotheses of an absence of spatial variation in risk will provide a guidance for practitioners to select an adequate model (i.e., a model with an exchangeable-independent-prior, an intrinsic prior, a convolution prior or a non-intrinsic prior, for the area-specific random effects distribution). The proposed methodology is illustrated by analyzing the well-known data set of lip cancer in Scotland and female mortality due to cerebrovascular disease in Navarra, Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lip carcinomas are generally treated by surgery. A reconstruction is often required if the resected segment exceeds one-third of the lip. Meyer’s plasty is an alternate way of reconstructing the lower or upper lip. The aim of this study is to describe the technique, its indications and results. A retrospective review of all patients who underwent a Meyer’s plasty in our institution is presented. Twenty-four consecutive patients were treated in Lausanne for T1 and T2 lip carcinomas between 1983 and 2001. Primary surgery associated with Meyer’s plasty was performed in all cases. Data were collected from the medical records, and eight patients were recalled for clinical evaluation. The oncological, functional and aesthetic results were analyzed. The 5-year local control was 100%. Three patients developed metachronous lymph node metastasis. No patient died from the disease. A hindering microstomy was found in three cases, and two patients suffered from temporary oral leakage. No speech difficulty was encountered. The aesthetics was described as satisfying or good in 87% of the patients. Meyer’s plasty following lip surgery of the upper or lower lip allows an aesthetic and functional one-stage reconstruction without compromising the oncological outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to identify factors related to lip cancer (LC) considering individual characteristics and sociodemographic factors. A case-control study was carried out in the province of Granada (Andalusia, southern Spain). The cases were 105 males with squamous-cell carcinoma of the lip, diagnosed between 1987 and 1989 (aged 20-70 years) and identified by means of a population-based Cancer Registry. As controls, a randomised populational sample of 239 males, stratified by age, was used. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that risk factors are lifetime cumulative tobacco consumption and alcohol consumption. An interaction was found between alcohol consumption and the smoking habit (leaving the cigarette on the lip): OR=23.6; 95% CI: 3.9-142.0. Other risk factors identified are clear eyes (OR=3.5; CI: 95% 1.5-8.0), sun exposure early in life and cumulative sun exposure during outdoor work (OR=11.9; 95%: CI: 1.3-108.9), and skin reaction to sun exposure (Fitzpatrick levels). Another interaction was found between skin reaction and a previous history of common sporadic warts (OR=4.4; 95% CI: 1.01-19.1). We conclude that LC is related to phenotype, skin reaction to sun exposure, cumulative and early sunlight exposure, and tobacco and alcohol consumption, as well as a low educational level. Leaving the cigarette on the lip is predictive of LC risk irrespective of cumulative tobacco consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schwannoma (neurilemmona) is a benign nerve sheath composed of Schwann cells. This tumor represents 1 % of all benign tumor, usually observed in the head and neck region, and in, rare cases, this lesion may be observed in oral cavity. They are usually asymptomatic, do not recur, and malignant transformation is rare. We presented a case report of schwannoma in the lower lips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some squamous cell carcinomas of the lip develop superficially without deeply involving underlying structures. In such cases a full-thickness wedge resection can be inadvisable and the use of a nasolabial island flap to repair the resulting defect seems appropriate and reliable. The flap is harvested along the nasolabial fold and is distally based. It is then raised and rotated downward and medially in order to cover the labial defect. The use of this flap in selected cases of lip reconstruction leads to good results both from the functional and cosmetic point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Actinic cheilitis (AC) is a variant of actinic keratosis which is known to be a premalignant condition that could develop into squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Epimyoepithelial carcinoma (EC) is a very rare salivary gland (SG) neoplasm that has classical biphasic histologic findings of small tubules and glandular lumina surrounded by clear myoepithelial cells. Case presentation: We report a very rare case of AC occurring on the lower lip of a 70-year-old woman, which is developing to the EC later. Conclusions: Diverse appearances of AC include edematous reddish in the acute stage and grey-whitish or dried hyperkeratotic wrinkled lesions in the chronic stage for several months or even years. Accurate treatment of AC in its initial stage could be recommended to avoid further malignant transformation; proper management of clinically suspicious AC is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of people being diagnosed with mouth cancer (oral cancer) is increasing, with notable rises in incidence in younger people and in females. There are certain lifestyle habits that can increase the risk of mouth cancer, such as smoking or chewing tobacco, drinking alcohol above recommended levels (especially in those who also smoke), and chewing betel nut (areca nut). Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) increases the risk of some types of mouth cancer, and too much sun exposure may also raise the risk of lip cancers. The signs and symptoms of mouth cancer can often be seen or felt, and any red or white patch, ulcer or lump can be an early sign if it lasts for three or more weeks. If people notice any of these changes, they should seek help from their dentist, doctor, or another healthcare professional without delay, because if mouth cancer is diagnosed at an early stage, when the lesions are small, treatment is generally less complicated and more effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a research on the attribution of alcohol mostly to mouth cancers particularly in Great Britain. Study shows that oral cancers rates in the country that would include the cancer of the mouth, tongue, and lip, have increased by about a quarter in the past decade among the same aged group of people. Mouth cancer is said to likely affect far more people compared with cervical cancer.

Presents the abstracts of various papers in dentistry as of January 2001. Changing incidence and clinical characteristics of lip cancer; Clinical evaluation of ceramic inlay systems; Changes in dental caries prevalence in 12-year-old students in Mexico after nine years of salt fluoridation.