Search

The study investigated the relationships between individual and sociocultural factors and students' creativity based on a sociocultural perspective. The participants are 7,324 fifth graders from 242 schools obtained from the Korean Educational Longitudinal Study 2013. Through multilevel modeling, student gender, self-regulation behaviors, academic achievement, extrinsic motivation, and perceived parenting style at level 1, and school characteristics such as teacher's teaching methods, students' relationship with their teacher, and their teacher's academic pressure at level 2 were incorporated. The final model incorporating both level 1 and level 2 variables showed that the most significant variable related to students' creativity was self-regulation, followed by peer attachment, academic achievement, gender, relationship with their parents, academically supportive parenting style, and relationship with the teacher in the order listed. It is assumed that creativity is supported not only by elementary school children's cognitive ability but also by sociability in school, especially with peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parenting style has a profound effect on adolescents' creative development. This study identified the parenting style profiles perceived by Chinese adolescents and investigated the indirect role of regulatory focus in the relation between parenting style profiles and creativity. The participants were 514 Chinese elementary and middle school students (mean age 13.5 years; 263 boys, 251 girls) who completed the Short Parenting Style Scale, Regulatory Focus Questionnaire, Creativity Self-report Scale, and a task in Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. Latent profile analysis distinguished three parenting style profiles: supportive, disengaged, and harsh. An analysis of variance revealed differences in parenting styles, regulatory focus, and creativity across the three perceived parenting style profiles. Structural equation modeling revealed that, compared with the disengaged profile, the supportive profile was positively associated with both self-reported creativity and creative task performance via promotion focus, but negatively associated with self-reported creativity via prevention focus; the harsh profile was positively associated with self-reported creativity via prevention focus and directly positively associated with creative task performance. Using a person-centered approach, the study enriches the literature and promotes reflection on the association between parenting style, the development of creativity, and its internal pathways. This study also demonstrates the practical value of developing adolescents' creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to investigate the role of attachment styles as intermediaries in the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and parenting styles among Iranian women. Methods: Data for this study was collected between September and December 2020. The participants consisted of 102 women who had been referred to Social Emergency Centers in Isfahan due to their experiences with domestic violence. Participants filled out the Haj-Yahia Violence Questionnaire, Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire (BPSQ), and the Attachment Styles Questionnaire (AAQ). To examine the hypothesized relationships, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used. Results: Economic IPV victimization was negatively related to secure attachment (β = − 0.309, p = 0.019) and positively related with authoritative parenting (β = 0.422, p = 0.019) and avoidant attachment style (β = 0.563, p = 0.000). There was a significant, positive relationship between sexual IPV victimization with secure and avoidant attachment styles (β = 0.351, p = 0.011; β = 0.407, p = 0.000). Authoritative parenting style was related to avoidant attachment (β = − 0.524, p = 0.015) and secure attachment (β = 0.371, p = 0.000). Conclusions: Iranian IPV victims with secure attachment style were more likely to utilize authoritative parenting and those who have avoidant attachment were less likely to use authoritative parenting. Attachment styles may influence the relationship between IPV and parenting styles in Iranian women who have experienced IPV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mathematical performance, a competitive edge for children, has received ample attention from stakeholders, especially from parents. However, the association between parenting style and children's mathematics performance remains open to debate, and longitudinal studies are lacking. Therefore, this study used longitudinal data from four waves of surveys (2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018), with an initial sample of 1042 children (51.5% girls) aged 11, 13, and 15 years. Positive associations between supportive parenting style and higher mathematics scores were observed across all waves, both in unadjusted and adjusted generalized linear regression models, with all p < 0.05. Even after running five sets of sensitivity analyses (e.g., controlling counting skills in toddlerhood, imputing key covariates), the positive association remained robust. Ultimately, we found that supportive parenting style was positively associated with improved mathematical performance in adolescents measured up to six years later. This finding underscores the importance of supportive parenting in enhancing adolescents' mathematical performance and suggests that integrating supportive parenting strategies into family-based approaches may effectively improve children's mathematical achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk behaviors frequently co-occur in adolescence and may share the same risk and protective factors, including parental factors. However, few longitudinal studies analyze this relationship with an approach that considers that adolescents may engage in more than one risk behavior simultaneously, especially in low-and-middle-income countries. Therefore, the present study aimed to extend existing knowledge by (1) identifying different latent patterns of risk behaviors; (2) evaluating whether parental factors (such as parenting styles, parental alcohol use, and parental living status) predicted these patterns of risk behaviors in a sample of Brazilian students. Seventy-two public schools with 6,391 seventh and eighth grade students participated in this longitudinal study. Measures used were collected at baseline and 21 months later. Four latent classes of adolescent risk behaviors (drug use, bullying, and unprotected sex) were identified through latent class analyses: "low-risk behaviors," "high bullying," "high alcohol use and bullying," and "high-risk behaviors." We found that authoritative parenting style is a protective factor for all risk behavior classes, and an indulgent parenting style seems to protect against the "high bullying" group. In addition, maternal drunkenness is a risk factor for adolescents' likelihood of belonging to the "high alcohol use and bullying" and "high-risk behavior" classes. Thus, prevention programs should focus on building positive parenting skills and raising awareness of the parental alcohol abuse effects once they seem to act as a protective factor to different types of risk behaviors simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Eating disorders (EDs) typically emerge during adolescence. Parental bonding has a lasting impact on a child's mental health during those developmentally critical years. There remains uncertainty over whether parental bonding is a risk factor for developing or maintaining specifically EDs or, rather, general psychopathology and the associated underlying brain function. Methods: Forty-one young adult healthy control individuals (HC, 26.6 ± 3.5 years) and 46 individuals with EDs (25 with anorexia nervosa, AN, 22.8 ± 6.4 years, and 21 with bulimia nervosa, BN, 23.5 ± 4.2 years) completed the parental bonding instrument (PBI), assessments for anxiety, depression, and ED behaviors, and underwent a conditioning paradigm during brain imaging. Results: In both groups, perceived parental care and overprotection were correlated with state and trait anxiety and interpersonal alienation, and in HC only, with body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness. Individuals with an ED reported lower self-perceived parental care, but higher overprotection compared to the HC group. Nucleus accumbens (NAc) response was related to bonding measures in both groups and right NAc response mediated the relationship between maternal care and trait anxiety in HC. Conclusions: Perceived parental bonding is associated with general psychopathology, including elevated anxiety and interpersonal difficulties across HC and ED groups. Lower perceived parental care and higher overprotection could predispose healthy individuals to develop problems with body shape or weight; however, other, maybe biological factors may determine whether a person will develop an ED. The link between perceived parental bonding, NAc valence processing and anxiety implicates dopaminergic circuits that should be studied further. Level of Evidence: Level III: Case–control analytic study [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the association between parenting style and child's dental caries. Parents presenting with their children to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at Tufts University School of Dental Medicine for an initial exam or re-care appointment completed a demographic survey and the parenting styles and dimensions questionnaire. Recruitment of subjects started in May 2019 and ended in February of 2020. Child's decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft) index, diet score, sex, and age were recorded, as were parent's race, education level, and form of payment. Adjustment for confounders was done using multivariable negative binomial regression. The sample size was 210 parent/child dyads. In the multivariable analysis, parenting style and child's dmft were not significantly associated (p > 0.05). Parents with an education level less than high school (p = 0.02) and at the high school graduate level (p = 0.008) were significantly associated with children who had higher dmft, compared to parents with a college degree or higher. Children with excellent diet scores had significantly lower dmft than children with a diet score in the "needs improvement" category (p = 0.003). There was no significant evidence that parenting style is associated with child's dental caries. Parent's education level and child's diet score were significantly associated with child's dmft, less than high school (p = 0.02) and at the level of high school graduate (p = 0.008). Pediatric dental professionals should be aware of these risk indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parents may develop burnout when they chronically lack the resources to handle parenting stressors. Although the relationship between parental burnout and child-related variables has been explored, its impact on adolescents' development remains unknown. This study investigates the effect of mothers' parental burnout on social adaptation and security in adolescents, and the mediating roles of mothers' parenting styles. Questionnaires were distributed to adolescents and their mothers at three time points with an interval of six weeks. In the first survey, 916 mothers completed a parental burnout assessment. In the second, 1054 adolescents completed maternal rejection and maternal autonomy support scales, and a Harsh Parenting assessment. In the third, 1053 adolescents completed Children and Adolescent Social Adaptation and Security Questionnaires. In total, 411 paired data points were matched (mothers' age: M = 42.1, SD = 4.65; adolescents' age: M = 13.1, SD = 0.52). The results of bootstrapping indicated the following: (1) Mothers' parental burnout negatively predicted adolescents' social adaptation and security. (2) Mothers' parenting styles of rejection, harsh parenting, and autonomy support mediated the relationship between parental burnout and social adaptation and security. These findings confirmed the importance of mothers' influence on adolescents' parenting activities. Therefore, the enrichment of parenting resources and a decrease in the use of negative parenting styles may promote the healthy psychological development of the children of mothers facing parental burnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stigma surrounding mental illness is pervasive among athletes competing at the highest levels, and the adolescent athlete's parenting style, self-esteem, and mental toughness are intimately linked to this stigma. These factors are particularly influential in determining the future career trajectory and athletic pursuits of young athletes. The objective of this study is to examine the correlation between parenting style and the stigma of mental toughness in adolescent athletes, while also confirming the intermediary influence of self-esteem and mental toughness in the relationship between the two variables. A survey was initiated on randomly selected 386 athletes at or above Level I in Guangdong Province through standardized questionnaires based on a parenting assessment scale, self-stigma scale, self-esteem scale, and mental toughness scale. The analysis and experimentation show that parenting style has a significant negative predictive impact on the self-esteem, mental toughness, and mental illness stigma of adolescent athletes. The impact of age and gender on the above factors are also explored. Furthermore, parenting style was also found to indirectly predict mental illness stigma through a chain mediation effect of self-esteem and mental toughness. These results highlight the importance of considering parenting style in improving the self-esteem and mental toughness of adolescent athletes, with the ultimate goal of reducing the stigma of mental illness among this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined temperament development from early to middle adolescence and the roles of parenting styles and parent temperament in this development. The sample consisted of 842 adolescents (n = 842 in Grade 6; 54% girls) and their parents (N = 707). Adolescents assessed their temperament in Grades 6 and 9 and parents assessed their temperament and parenting styles when adolescents were in Grade 6. The results showed that adolescent affiliativeness increased and effortful control decreased from early to middle adolescence. High parental warmth was related to higher adolescent affiliativeness and higher effortful control, but also to a decrease in adolescent negative affectivity. High parental behavioral control, in turn, was related to adolescents' initially higher, but subsequently decreasing surgency. Further, high parental psychological control was related to lower adolescent effortful control. Parent temperament was also related to adolescent temperament, and parenting styles partially mediated several associations between parents' and adolescents' temperament. The results suggest that parents' temperament and parenting styles are related to adolescents' temperament development in a complex manner, even as adolescents seek to gain independence from parents. Understanding the roles of parental temperament and parenting in adolescent temperament development is important in order to support adolescents in their development towards a stable adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Childhood and adolescence are critical periods for physical and mental development. For that, sounding the alarm for the warning signs and red flags of children's mental health disorders is important to promote good health and mental wellness throughout the lifespan. The aim of the study was to assess children's and adolescents' mental health in relation to parenting styles. Methods: This study used a descriptive cross-sectional design. From early May 2022 until late October 2022, Zagazig University in Egypt hosted this investigation. Subjects: For this study, 400 parents of Zagazig University staff, employees, and workers who agreed to engage in the current study were gathered as a convenience sample. Tools: In order to get the required data, three tools were utilized. Tool I: A questionnaire for interviews to gather demographic information about the participating parents and their children. Tool II: Adapted Ontario Child Health Study Emotional Behavioural Scale: Parent Version (for children 4–17 years). Tool III: Parenting style scale. Results: It was found that criteria for conduct disorder constituted the highest followed by criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and major depression disorder with a mean and standard deviation of 15.10 ± 3.7, 12.83 ± 3.4, and 11.9 ± 2.8. Also, 66% of the participating parents practiced a permissive parenting style while 18% of them practiced the authoritative style and 16% for the authoritarian style. Conclusion: It was determined that criteria of conduct disorder were the most prevalent, followed by criteria of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and major depressive disorder. Additionally, there was high statistical significance between mental health disorders, parenting styles, and parental educational level. In order to protect children's and adolescents' mental health, this study recommended alerting parents and teachers about red flags and warning signs of mental health disorders for early detection and management. Additionally, educate parents about effective parenting methods and how to behave correctly with their children. Psychological counseling centers for seeking help should be available everywhere and announced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parents and teachers play a key role in developing students' self-regulated learning (SRL), which is closely linked to academic achievement and acts as a protective factor for students from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Research has shown that authoritative parenting style, parental responsiveness, emotional warmth, behavioural control, and autonomy support are associated with better academic performance. In addition, studies have shown that the quality of the teacher-student relationship plays an important role in the development of SRL. However, there is limited research on the relationship between school and home environmental factors, student characteristics, and SRL, especially in primary school. The present study examined the relationship between parenting styles, teaching styles, student characteristics, and SRL. The sample included 328 ninth-grade students in Slovenian primary schools. SRL, parenting styles, and teaching styles were assessed using student self-reports. Using latent profile analysis, three subtypes of parenting styles (discipline-oriented parenting, democratic parenting, and responsive parenting) and three subtypes of teaching styles (autonomy-supportive teaching, diverse teaching, and directive teaching) were identified. Results indicate that students who perceive autonomy-supportive teaching and responsive parenting styles exhibit higher levels of SRL. Autonomy-supportive teaching was positively associated with student achievement. This study highlights the importance of an authoritative parenting and teaching style for the development of SRL in primary school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to analyze the influence of parenting styles on the emergence of emotional competencies, which influence moral disengagement mechanisms. We hypothesized that empathy and emotional regulation skills would mediate between parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive styles) and moral disengagement mechanisms. The study involved 501 young people (aged 19–25), and the dimensions examined were: parenting styles, alexithymia, difficulties in emotion regulation strategies, and moral disengagement. Similarity Structure Analysis (SSA) showed a significant relationship between parenting style, emotional skills and moral disengagement measures. Moreover, mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect effect of authoritative style on moral disengagement through alexithymia and emotional dysregulation. The results revealed a significant indirect effect of authoritative style on moral disengagement through emotional dysregulation but not alexithymia. Finally, the results showed a significant indirect effect of permissive style on moral disengagement through alexithymia and emotional dysregulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the relationship between parenting stress, parenting style, parenting quality, and young children's executive function. In total, 243 firstborns aged 2–9 years old (SD = 3.82) and their parents from two-child families in Beijing participated in the study, which used executive function tasks and parenting questionnaires. The results found that (1) parenting stress negatively predicted parenting quality; (2) parenting style partially mediated the relationship between parenting stress and parenting quality; (3) children's executive function partially mediated the relationship between parenting stress and parenting quality; and (4) the spoiled, democratic, permissive, and authoritarian parenting styles each play a chain mediating role with young children's executive function between parenting stress and parenting quality. Taken together, these findings provide implications for scientific parenting of children with different psychological characteristics (such as executive function) in multiple-child families under Parenting stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has found that parenting style influences academic resilience. Nonetheless, few studies have focused on the mechanism underlying the relationship between parenting style and academic resilience. This study aims to examine the relationship between adolescents' parenting style and academic resilience, drawing upon the framework of Social Cognitive Theory. Specifically, it wants to explore the mediating roles of self-efficacy and academic motivation in this relationship. The participants were 518 students chosen at random from educational institutions in the Chinese provinces of Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Jiangsu. Social Cognitive Theory was the theoretical foundation for the study, and the Parental Authority Questionnaire was used to measure parenting style. Out of the respondents, 55.5% were male and 45.5% female. The student allocation in the study sample was as follows: 62.34% undergraduate, 28.22% master's, and 9.44% PhD. More than 60% of participants were over 25 years old. Moreover, the findings revealed that parenting style was directly and positively related to academic resilience. Parenting style was also found to be indirectly and positively related to academic resilience via self-efficacy and academic motivation, respectively, and sequentially. More crucially, it was discovered that the direct association was far lower than the indirect effects, with self-efficacy being the most effective. The study indicates a relationship between parenting style and academic resilience in adolescents, with self-efficacy and academic motivation acting as the main mediators. These findings emphasize the significance of these intermediary elements, implying that they play a larger role than the direct influence of parenting style alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children and adolescents with externalizing disorders are at risk for suicidal ideation or behavior. Factors that put them at risk could be symptoms related or facilitated by their environment. We evaluated the links of symptoms profiles with suicidality, and the effects of family relationship characteristics on these links. Latent profile analysis was used to subgroup participants referred for ADHD assessment (n = 1249, aged 6–17) based on their externalizing and internalizing symptoms. Self- and parent-reported child suicidal ideation (S–SI, P-SI), and parent-reported self-harm behavior (P-SHB) were compared across profiles. The moderating effects of parent-reported marital conflict and parenting practices were examined. A four-profile model showed optimal fit. Participants of the Low Symptoms profile followed by the Inattentive-Hyperactive/Impulsive profile showed lower P-SI compared to those of the Irritable-Defiant and the Conduct Problems profiles. Low Symptoms participants also reported lower S–SI compared to those of the Inattentive-Hyperactive/Impulsive and the Irritable-Defiant profiles. Participants of the Irritable-Defiant and the Conduct Problems profiles had higher P-SHB compared to the Low Symptoms and the Inattentive-Hyperactive/Impulsive participants. Dysregulated marital conflict practices were associated with greater increase in P-SI in all profiles compared to the Low Symptoms profile. Aggressive marital conflict practices were associated with increased P-SHB in the Conduct Problems profile compared to the Inattentive-Hyperactive/Impulsive profile. Children and adolescents with irritability and defiance symptoms with or without conduct problems show higher risk for suicidal ideation and behavior compared to those with ADHD symptoms alone. Dysregulated and aggressive marital conflict practices might pose additional suicidality risk in children and adolescents with disruptive behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research on the relationship between parenting style and social anxiety in Chinese youth has been inconsistent, which has made it difficult to consider whether improving parenting may serve as a preventative intervention for social anxiety. The current study aimed to clarify these inconsistencies by examining the strength of the association between positive/negative parenting style and social anxiety among Chinese students and the role of certain moderators in those associations. A meta-analysis was conducted on 53 studies with a total sample of 26,024 Chinese mainland students. Separate analyses were conducted for positive parenting style and social anxiety (N = 24,081), and negative parenting style and social anxiety (N = 24,933). Findings suggest a small negative association exists between positive parenting style and social anxiety, and a small positive association exists between negative parenting style and child social anxiety. Analyses suggested type of social anxiety measures, developmental stage, and gender all moderated the relationships between parenting style and social anxiety. Results clarify the direction of the relationship between parenting and social anxiety amongst Chinese youth and point to particular implications and future directions for policy, practice, and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the developmental psychopathology of child conduct problems (CP) has been advanced by differentiating subtypes based on levels of internalizing problems (INT) and/or callous-unemotional (CU) traits (i.e., low empathy/guilt, poor motivation, shallow/deficient affect). The current study sought to elucidate prior inconsistencies in the role of warm/positive and harsh/negative parenting subcomponents in CP by differentiating subtypes on the basis of INT and CU traits. Parents of 135 young children (M age = 4.21 years, SD = 1.29) referred to specialty clinics for the treatment of CP completed pre-treatment measures of parenting and rated their child's levels of CP, INT, and CU traits. Results of planned comparisons revealed that mothers of children classified as secondary CU variants (high CU/ high INT) reported fewer overall warm attributions toward their child, compared with CP-only (low CU) children. They also reported a more negative dyadic relationship characterized by feelings of anger/hostility, active avoidance and/or a desire to do harm to their child relative to primary CU variants (high CU/ low INT). Mothers of primary CU variants attributed fewer good and altruistic intentions towards others in their child, relative to CP-only children. Subtypes were undifferentiated on observed positive and negative parenting behaviors, indicative of a disconnect between parenting behaviors and cognitions for mothers of children high on CU traits. Findings are discussed in relation to their theoretical and practice implications, and in guiding future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integrative model of parenting has highlighted the integral contributions of parental involvement (quantity) and parenting style (quality) to adolescent psychological adjustments. The first aim of this study was to adopt the person-centered approach to identify profiles of parental involvement (quantity) and parenting styles (quality). The second purpose was to examine the associations between different parenting profiles and adolescent psychological adjustments. A cross-sectional online survey with families (N = 930) that included fathers, mothers, and adolescents (50% female, Mage = 14.37 ± 2.31) was conducted in mainland China. The fathers and mothers reported their level of parental involvement; the adolescents rated fathers' and mothers' parenting styles, as well as their own levels of anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, and loneliness. Latent profile analysis was adopted to identify parenting profiles using the standardized scores of fathers' and mothers' involvement and style (warmth and rejection). The regression mixture model was used to examine the relationships between different parenting profiles and adolescent psychological adjustments. Four classes best characterized the parenting behaviors: warm involvement (52.6%), neglecting noninvolvement (21.4%), rejecting noninvolvement (21.4%), and rejecting involvement (4.6%). Adolescents in the warm involvement group scored lowest on anxiety symptoms, depression symptoms, and loneliness. Adolescents in rejecting involvement group scored highest on psychological adjustment indicators. Adolescents in neglecting noninvolvement group scored lower on anxiety symptoms than those in rejecting noninvolvement group. Adolescents in the warm involvement group adjusted best, while adolescents in the rejecting involvement group adjusted worst among all groups. To promote adolescents' mental health, intervention programs need to consider both parental involvement and parenting styles simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between maternal parenting style and locomotion fundamental skills (LFS) of male children with emphasis on body mass index (BMI). The statistical population of this study was 8- to 10-year-old boys of Kermanshah city in Iran. A random sample of 197 children (mean = 8.74 ± 0.53) and their parents participated in this study and using the Bamrind parenting style questionnaire, maternal parenting style was measured. Also, BMI of parents and children was calculated and using Ulrich test, LFS of children were measured. Data were analyzed using Kendall's tau and Kruskal–Wallis test at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that there was a significant positive relationship between permissive parenting style and BMI (r = + 0.391, p < 0.05), but the relationship between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles and BMI did not reach a significant level (r = + 0.197, p = 0.170 and r = 0.185, p = 0.068). Permissive and authoritarian parenting methods also had a significant negative relationship with LFS (r = − 0.516, p < 0.001 and r = − 0.339, p < 0.05, respectively) and authoritative parenting style had a significant positive relationship with LFS (r = + 0.229, p < 0.05). Maternal and paternal BMI was significantly positively correlated with boys' BMI (r = + 0.167, p < 0.05 and r = + 0.152, p < 0.05, respectively), but the relationship between maternal and paternal BMI and LFS did not reach a significant level (r = − 0.070, p = 0.329 and r = − 0.113, p = 0.115, respectively). According to these findings, maternal parenting styles can affect the boys' LFS and based on that, children's health and preparation strategies should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Caregiver responses are important in shaping how children, and later adolescents, engage in their own self-compassionate responding and uncompassionate self-responding. However, longitudinal research exploring the relationship between parenting style and adolescent self-compassion is limited. We examined the degree to which psychologically controlling and supportive parenting styles were linked to changes in compassionate self-responding (CSR) and uncompassionate self-responding (USR), both contemporaneously and longitudinally. We further explored the extent that any effects were heterogeneous: Does parenting influence self-compassion for some adolescents but not others? Method: We measured CSR, USR, parental support, and parental psychological control in a group of 2596 adolescents annually over 4 years (Grades 9 to 12 inclusive, Mages = 14.65 (T1) to 17.73 (T4) years). Results: The multi-level modelling analysis of individual relationships between parenting and self-compassion revealed relatively independent effects of perceived parenting on CSR and USR respectively. Individual changes in supportive parenting were more strongly associated with changes in CSR than with USR, and within-person changes in psychologically controlling parenting were more strongly associated with USR than with CSR. Further, the strength of these relationships was heterogeneous, with parenting having a larger effect on some than others. Longitudinally, controlling parenting predicted the development of USR. Conclusions: Overall, the link between parenting and adolescent self-compassion significantly varied, with some adolescents reporting a large change in self-compassion in years when parenting changed, and some reporting little to no change in self-compassion in years when parenting practices changed. The present study therefore highlights the importance of parenting in understanding self-compassion and the need for further research that seeks to identify factors that moderate the link between parenting and self-compassion. Preregistration: This study is not preregistered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whilst there is a large evidence base demonstrating the impact of maternal depression on the development of adolescent internalising problems, less is known about the association between paternal depression and adolescent internalising problems, and the mechanisms through which risk is conferred. This study examined the association between paternal depression and adolescent internalising problems, investigating parenting style as a pathway through which this association may be mediated. Participants included 4048 families taking part in the Growing Up in Ireland child cohort study. Self-report measures of paternal depression were completed when the study child was aged 9. Adolescents assessed paternal demandingness, responsiveness and autonomy granting at the age of 13. Adolescent internalising symptoms were measured at the age of 17/18 by the primary caregiver. A parallel multiple mediator model was used to test the total and specific indirect effects of the three parenting styles, whilst controlling for covariates and other mediators in the model. A direct effect of paternal depression on adolescent internalising problems was found (B =.051, 95% CI: 0.020, 0.083). However, no support for mediation via any of the paternal parenting styles (i.e., responsiveness, demandingness, or autonomy-granting) were found. These findings build on an emerging evidence-base demonstrating a specific direct association between paternal depression and adolescent internalising problems, and suggest that interventions ought to also target fathers suffering from depression to help reduce the risk of adolescent internalising problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on different susceptibility models, the current study constructed a moderated mediation model to explore the influence of parenting style on college students' depressive symptoms. A total of 301 college students (74 boys and 227 girls) participated in this study. Subjective well-being played a mediating role in the effect of parenting style on depressive symptoms. The DRD2 Taq1A polymorphism moderated the direct pathway in the PPS (positive parenting style) model and the second half of the mediating pathway in the NPS (negative parenting style) model. The findings suggest that the Taq1A polymorphism allele A2 is the plasticity gene for depression, and the A2A2 homozygous gene is the most sensitive to environmental stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many factors can influence children's sense of security, little research has examined the role of empathy ability in the association between parenting style and sense of security. The present study aims to examine whether empathy ability mediates the relationship between parenting style and sense of security among 3–6-year-old Chinese children. The participants in this study included 242 3–6-year-old Chinese children with their parents from three public kindergartens of China. The Parent Behavior Inventory (PBI), 3–6-year-old Children's Psychological Security Scale and Empathy Questionnaire were used to collect the data. The results indicate that two different parenting styles have significant differences for children's empathy ability and sense of security. This, supportive/engaged, has positive impact on empathy ability and sense of security. In turn, hostile/coercive has a negative impact on empathy ability and sense of security. We further test the indirect effect of empathy ability using bias-corrected bootstrap confidence intervals of mediation analysis in the SEM framework. Our results showed that empathy ability as a mediator has significant effect between the supportive/engaged and sense of security, as well as hostile/coercive and sense of security. The current findings provide useful information for understanding the interactions of relationship between parenting style, empathy ability, and sense of security in children. Résumé: Alors que de nombreux facteurs peuvent influencer le sentiment de sécurité des enfants, peu de recherches ont examiné le rôle de la capacité d'empathie dans l'association entre le style parental et le sentiment de sécurité. La présente étude vise à examiner si la capacité d'empathie médie la relation entre le style parental et le sentiment de sécurité chez les enfants chinois de 3 à 6 ans. Les participants à cette étude comprenaient 242 enfants chinois de 3 à 6 ans avec leurs parents de trois jardins d'enfants publics de Chine. Le Parent Behavior Inventory (PBI), l'échelle de sécurité psychologique des enfants de 3 à 6 ans et le questionnaire d'empathie ont été utilisés pour collecter les données. Les résultats indiquent que deux styles parentaux différents ont des différences significatives pour la capacité d'empathie et le sentiment de sécurité des enfants. Ceci, de soutien/engagement, a un impact positif sur la capacité d'empathie et le sentiment de sécurité. À son tour, hostile/coercitif a un impact négatif sur la capacité d'empathie et le sentiment de sécurité. Nous testons en outre l'effet indirect de la capacité d'empathie en utilisant des intervalles de confiance bootstrap corrigés des biais de l'analyse de médiation dans le cadre SEM. Nos résultats ont montré que la capacité d'empathie en tant que médiateur a un effet significatif entre le soutien/engagement et le sentiment de sécurité, ainsi qu'hostile/coercitif et le sentiment de sécurité. Les résultats actuels fournissent des informations utiles pour comprendre les interactions de la relation entre le style parental, la capacité d'empathie et le sentiment de sécurité chez les enfants. Resumen: Si bien muchos factores pueden influir en la sensación de seguridad de los niños, pocas investigaciones han examinado el papel de la capacidad de empatía en la asociación entre el estilo de crianza y la sensación de seguridad. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo examinar si la capacidad de empatía media la relación entre el estilo de crianza y la sensación de seguridad entre los niños chinos de 3 a 6 años. Los participantes en este estudio incluyeron a 242 niños chinos de 3 a 6 años con sus padres de tres jardines de infancia públicos de China. Se utilizaron el Inventario de Comportamiento de los Padres (PBI), la Escala de Seguridad Psicológica Infantil de 3 a 6 años y el Cuestionario de Empatía para recopilar los datos. Los resultados indican que dos estilos de crianza diferentes tienen diferencias significativas en la capacidad de empatía y el sentido de seguridad de los niños. Esto, de apoyo / compromiso, tiene un impacto positivo en la capacidad de empatía y la sensación de seguridad. A su vez, hostil / coercitivo tiene un impacto negativo en la capacidad de empatía y la sensación de seguridad. Además, probamos el efecto indirecto de la capacidad de empatía utilizando intervalos de confianza de arranque corregidos por sesgo del análisis de mediación en el marco SEM. Nuestros resultados mostraron que la capacidad de empatía como mediador tiene un efecto significativo entre la sensación de apoyo / compromiso y la seguridad, así como la sensación hostil / coercitiva y de seguridad. Los hallazgos actuales brindan información útil para comprender las interacciones de la relación entre el estilo de crianza, la capacidad de empatía y el sentido de seguridad en los niños. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to complete the cycle of recognizing these relationships. In this regard, the effect of parenting styles, attachment styles, and the mediating variable of addiction was investigated on child abuse (CA). Multi-stage random sampling and sample size were selected based on the sample size estimation software (510 people) and according to the 20% probability of a drop in the number of subjects, 530 people (265 boys and 265 girls) and 1060 parents were selected. The available method was selected from a sample of 530 people who were selected based on the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) and answered Baumrind's Parenting Styles Questionnaire (PSQ), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and Adult Attachment Scale (AAS). Data were assessed by analysis of variance, mediator analysis, and path analysis. The results showed that differences in parenting styles cause differences in their attachment styles. The results supported only the relationship between the two components of parental affection and control with the attachment avoidance index, and no relationship was observed between these components and the anxiety index. Perceived emotional abuse, mediates the relationship between parental parenting components and the child attachment avoidance index. Finally, it was achieved to a model that shows how the two factors of affection and control simultaneously affect the avoidance index, mediated by parental addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Basic Psychological Needs Theory posits that satisfaction of basic psychological needs (autonomy, relatedness, competence) is a prerequisite for many positive outcomes, especially the psychological well-being of adolescents. The present study tested the three social context factors (parenting style, friendship quality, and school climate) on the satisfaction of basic psychological needs of adolescents and examined which factors are more unique to Indonesian adolescents. In this cross-sectional survey, we included 1500 junior high school students (boys = 717, girls = 783). We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to analyze the data. The current study revealed that parenting style, friendship quality, and school climate all predict the basic psychological needs satisfaction. Parenting style and friendship quality are likely to become stronger contributors to better satisfaction of the three basic psychological needs than school climate. This finding was consistent for gender and type of school categories. The current study will contribute to in-depth analysis on designing an effective future intervention program in improving adolescents' psychological needs satisfaction that can improve adolescent's psychological well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a vignette approach, two studies examined the impact of three factors on judgments of parental competence: target parents' sexual orientation, gender, and parenting behavior. According to the aversive prejudice framework, people should express their subtle prejudice against lesbian and gay parents when the latter show detrimental parenting behavior––that is, when devaluation is easy to rationalize. Samples of 170 and 290 German heterosexual participants each were presented with a parent-child conflict situation. In Study 1, the child threw a public tantrum during a restaurant visit; in Study 2, the children wanted to play outside instead of doing their homework. Irrespective of target gender, lesbian and gay parents were judged as equally or even somewhat more competent than heterosexual parents. In both studies, parents who responded in an authoritative way received the most positive evaluation of parental competence, whereas parents who responded in an authoritarian way received the most negative evaluation. In neither study, however, there was a significant interaction between parents' sexual orientation and parenting behavior. That is, contrary to hypothesis, lesbian and gay parents did not receive more negative evaluation than heterosexual parents when responding in a comparatively negative, authoritarian or permissive way. Such interaction could also not be found when additionally considering participants' levels of homonegativity or social desirability. The discussion centers on the increasing acceptance of same-sex parenthood as well as the high appreciation of authoritative parenting in contemporary Germany. Highlights: How do parents' sexual orientation, gender, and parenting style influence judgments of parental competence? Study participants did not express overt or subtle prejudice against lesbian or gay parents. Irrespective of sexual orientation or gender, authoritative parents were judged most positively. Permissive parents ranked middle, authoritarian parents were judged most negatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a general decrease of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms during adolescence, these may persist in some individuals but not in others. Prior cross-sectional studies have shown that parenting style and their interaction with candidate genes are associated with ADHD symptoms. However, there is a lack of longitudinal research examining the independent and interactive effects of parenting and plasticity genes in predicting the course of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms across adolescence. Here, we investigated how children perceived their parents' parenting style (i.e., rejection, overprotection, and emotional warmth) at the age of 11, and their interaction with DRD4,MAOA, and 5-HTTLPR genotypes on parent-reported ADHD symptoms at three time points (mean ages 11.1, 13.4, and 16.2 years) in 1730 adolescents from the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS). Growth Mixture Modeling in Mplus identified four ADHD symptom trajectories: low, moderate stable, high decreasing, and high persistent. Perceived parental rejection predicted class membership in the high persistent trajectory compared to the other classes (p < 0.001, odds ratios between 2.14 and 3.74). Gene-environment interactions were not significantly related to class membership. Our results indicate a role of perceived parental rejection in the persistence of ADHD symptoms. Perceived parental rejection should, therefore, be taken into consideration during prevention and treatment of ADHD in young adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contemporary parenting challenge of regulating children's screen time became even more difficult during the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). The current research addresses the characteristics of this challenge and explores mothers' perceptions regarding their children's screen use, through two consecutive studies. Study 1 included 299 mothers of elementary school children, who were asked to complete questionnaires regarding their children's screen habits. Mothers were also asked about their own attitudes towards screens, as parents, and about their personal feelings of frustration and guilt. Study 2 replicated this procedure among a new sample of 283 mothers who also completed validated scales assessing their sense of parental competence and authority style. Retrospective reports of mothers indicated that, during the lockdown, entertainment use of screens increased by 73% among 4th–6th graders and by 108% among 1st–3rd graders. Educational use increased by 86% in both age groups. Mothers' guilt increased as well and was predicted by children's entertainment use (but not educational use), after accounting for demographic variables and mothers' attitudes. Other factors, such as parenting style and having at-least one child with a diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), were associated with entertainment use (regardless of the COVID-19 lockdown). Factors that were found to moderate the lockdown effect were mothers' attitudes towards screens and parental confidence. The findings are discussed in the context of parents' efforts to regulate their children's screen use. Highlights: Children's screen time is a major parenting challenge today. Children's screen use for entertainment and educational purposes increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Mothers' guilt also increased but was associated only with entertainment use of screens. The increase in entertainment use was moderated by mothers' attitudes and parental confidence. Parents may derive insights from this study regarding their own parental approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to identify factors, particularly positive parenting styles, associated with unmet dental needs, defined as no dental visit for the past 12 months, in children with developmental disabilities (DD). Participants included 263 primary caregivers of children with DD. Children exposed to less positive parenting styles were more than two times (aOR, 2.19, 95%CI, 1.12–4.32) more likely to have unmet dental needs. Children who were male (aOR, 1.88, 95%CI, 1.04–3.41), aged < 4 years (aOR, 2.95, 95%CI, 1.2–7.27) or aged ≥ 11 years (aOR, 2.65, 95%CI, 1.25–5.64), had higher illness severity (aOR, 2.04, 95%CI, 1.09–3.81), had primary caregivers with less than or equal to high school education (aOR, 2.45, 95%CI, 1.13–5.30) were also more likely to have unmet dental needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a community sample of parents attending free 7-week Positive Discipline parenting workshops were recruited, as well as a non-randomized community control. Both samples consisted of primarily Hispanic parents with similar demographic information and attrition rates (initial N = 91), as well as children of similar age (mean age 6.89 and 6.95 years) and gender. Parenting stress, parenting style, and parent-reported child adaptive behavior were assessed at baseline and after three months. Longitudinal analysis was performed using mixed-effects regression modeling. Results indicate that attendance in Positive Discipline parenting workshops was related to a decrease in authoritarian parenting style, a decrease in permissive parenting style, and a decrease in parental stress. It was also related to an increase in child academic competence, and a decrease in externalizing-hyperactive behavior (both parent-report). These results suggest that positive discipline parenting workshops may alter parenting style and may positively impact children of parents who attend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this Lebanese, cross-sectional, multi-centric study is to examine the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among adult patients with substance use disorder and their parents along with the predominant parenting style. A total of 100 patients suffering from a substance use disorder, and their parents (N = 127) were administered the translated Arabic version of the MINI to diagnose lifetime psychiatric disorders. The Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) in its translated validated Arabic version was filled by patients to detect the predominant parenting style. The least common parenting style reported was authoritative (25%). The parents' prevalence of nicotine dependence, alcohol abuse and dependence, and illicit substance abuse and dependence were considerably higher than the general population. Mood and anxiety disorders were more prevalent among patients and their parents compared to the Lebanese general population. In the bivariate analysis, no significant association was found between the perceived parenting style (authoritative and non-authoritative) and parents' economic (p = 0.545) and civil status (p = 0.231), patient's gender (p = 0.390), birth order (p = 0.084), and parents' and offspring psychiatric disorder. Hence, an underlying genetic and environmental mechanism could potentially explain our findings rather than a rearing problem; however, further studies with larger sample size are needed to confirm this hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helicopter Parenting (HP) refers to parenting behaviors such as overinvolvement and developmentally inappropriate support during late adolescence and emerging adulthood. To date, this construct has mainly been examined in Western cultures. This research developed and validated a multi-dimensional HP measure for mothers and late-adolescent children in Mainland China. Study 1 explored initial factor structure of HP with an online sample of Mainland Chinese mothers (N = 433; Mage = 43.63 years). Study 2 confirmed this structure with a new online sample of mothers (N = 461; Mage = 44.39 years), and assessed construct invariance between mothers of high school and college students. Study 3 confirmed this HP structure with mother-adolescent dyads (N = 248; Mothers: Mage = 44.29 years; Adolescents: Mage = 17.37 years) and assessed construct invariance and construct validity between dyad members. Across the three studies, results suggested a 16-item measure with four factors (advice/affect management, anticipatory problem solving, information-seeking, and emphasis on academic performance), which also loaded on a higher-order HP factor. The measure had good internal consistencies (αs ≥ 0.844). Fits for mother-reported high school and college student measurement invariance model, and mother-adolescent invariance model were acceptable when constraining all factor loadings. Mother and adolescent HP reports were modestly positively correlated. Within-respondent correlations in Studies 2 and 3 showed that the total HP scores were positively correlated with behavioral control and emotional support. However, mother-reported HP was negatively correlated with adolescent-reported emotional support, suggesting discrepant views about which parenting behaviors are helpful vs. overbearing. Mother- and adolescent-reported HP scores were not related to adolescent-reported psychological control or self-efficacy. This study offers a concise, multidimensional Chinese HP measure which is useful to examine Chinese mother-adolescent reporter discrepancies, as well as associations between Chinese HP and youth's psychological functioning. Highlights: This research developed a 16-item measure of HP, with four factors, that was invariant between mothers' and adolescents' reports in Mainland China. Results suggested that Chinese mothers and their adolescent children differed in views of the extent to which parenting behaviors were supportive vs. overbearing. In contrast to Western studies, HP was not associated with youth perceptions of psychological control or self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extensive research, in Western countries, links parental mood and parenting styles with child outcomes including emotional and behavioural adjustment. However, the effects of cultural differences, particularly between Australia and Indonesia on such linkages have not been adequately addressed in the existing literature. This cross-cultural study aims to examine the relationship between perceived parental mood, parenting styles, and child emotional and behavioural adjustment among both Australian and Indonesian parents. Using an online survey, a total of 436 parents (125 Australian and 311 Indonesian parents) with at least one typically developing child between the age of 3 and 9 years participated in this descriptive, exploratory study. Results indicated that in comparison to Australian parents, Indonesian participants reported greater anxiety symptoms, lower levels of depression, and more use of an authoritarian style in parenting. Similar patterns in the associations of observed variables were found between different cultural groups. High levels of parental stress and less use of authoritative parenting were revealed to be predictors of child emotional and behavioural problems while the authoritative parenting style was the predictor for child competencies within both cultures. This study provides evidence for the inconsistency between cultural preference in parenting style and the predicted factors for child outcomes. Highlights: This is one of the few studies that directly compares parenting across a Western (Australian) and an Asian (Indonesian) culture. Despite cultural differences, the high use of authoritative parenting and low use of authoritarian parenting styles were associated with higher child competencies in both Australia and Indonesia parenting. Indonesian parents were more likely to use authoritarian parenting than Australian parents but also reported lower levels of depressive symptomatology. This suggests a cultural difference in the association between parenting style and depressive symptoms. Parent's poor parental moods (depression and anxiety) are consistently associated with parenting styles and child adjustment within Western cultures; however, the links are less clear for Asian countries potentially due to cultural acceptance of and high use of authoritarian parenting. Culturally differences and norms play a role in parenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet use can be distinguished into different uses (e.g., leisure-related, learning-related), yet comprehensive studies on how different uses are associated with everyday parenting situations are still lacking. This study attempts to locate parental mediation within broader family contexts and simultaneously considers the relationships among general parenting style, media-specific parenting practices, and adolescents' amount and types of Internet use. Building on survey data collected from 1284 middle school students in China (mean age = 13, SD = 0.79, 48.60% girls), the Latent Profile Analysis identified three child-perceived profiles of general parenting style: slight-engaged, supportive, and rejecting-controller. The subsequent regressions suggested that adolescents with supportive parents reported lower levels of time spent online as well as leisure-related use; more restrictive parental mediation was associated with reduced leisure-related use while more active mediation was associated with more learning-related use. Notably, associations between parental use of active mediation and youth's amount of Internet use and leisure-related use varied based on parenting style profiles. Only for the supportive parenting profile, more use of active mediation was associated with decreased amount of Internet use as well as leisure-related use. These findings have implications on how parents can be more effective in guiding youth's Internet use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The personality trait sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) is an established risk factor for the development of internalizing problems. Highly sensitive adolescents react stronger to environmental cues including parenting environment and stressful life events. The aim of the current study was to examine if the perceived impact of COVID-19, mediates the link between SPS and internalizing problems. In addition, it was tested if parenting style moderates the mediating effect of perceived COVID-19 impact between SPS and internalizing problems among adolescents. The study had a cross- sectional design and data were collected between April-July 2020 during the first lockdown in the Netherlands. Participants were 404 adolescents aged 9–18 years (Mage = 13.49). Questionnaires were administered online to assess SPS (Highly Sensitive Child Scale), parenting style (Parenting Style Inventory-II), internalizing problems (Patient Health Questionnaire-4) and COVID-19 pandemic impact (COVID-19 impact scale). The SPSS macro PROCESS was used to test the mediation model of perceived COVID-19 impact and the moderated mediation model with parenting style as a moderator. A relationship was found between SPS and internalizing problems which is partly mediated by the COVID-19 impact. The moderating effect of parenting style was not found. These findings provide insight into the effect the pandemic has had on highly sensitive adolescents. Further research is needed to develop and test interventions to support sensitive youth and thus possibly prevent the development of internalizing problems. Highlights: The relationship between sensory processing sensitivity (SPS) and internalizing problems in adolescents is partly mediated by the perceived COVID-19 impact (stressful life event). Parenting style has no moderating effect on the relationship between SPS and internalizing problems. Permissive parenting is related to less internalizing problems and less perceived negative COVID-19 impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexting (sending, receiving, and forwarding nude, semi-nude, or sexually explicit content) entails risks for adolescents; therefore, it is important for parents to be able to communicate with their children about its implications. The goal of the present study was to identify parental characteristics that lead to dysfunctional communication (lower quality of communication) about sexting, on a sample of 427 parents (336 mothers and 91 fathers) of Israeli adolescents aged 10-18 years and to determine whether parents' perceived severity of sexting and the degree to which they perceive their adolescent to be susceptible to sexting function as mediating factors. Parents completed a set of questionnaires online. Findings indicated that authoritarian and permissive parenting styles were positively associated with dysfunctional parent-child communication about sexting. Authoritative style was inversely related to dysfunctional communication and was mediated by positive attitudes toward sex education. Additionally, authoritative parents were capable of assessing the severity of their children's sexting activities, and the degree to which their children were susceptible to engage in sexting. The quality of the discussion initiated by authoritative parents appears to have enabled them to be aware of adolescent behaviors and to adjust their communication about the inherent risks. Findings suggest that the perception of sexting as too risky diminishes parents' ability to conduct a high-quality discussion about it. In conclusion, research findings emphasize parents' role in mediation of the online experiences of their children and conducting a constructive discussions with them about sexting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to examine whether a subject's emotional competence correlates to attachment styles and parenting styles in children and their parents. The study was conducted with fifty children (9–11 years old) and their parents, both of whose emotional competence (EKF) and parenting style (PAQ) were measured. The attachment styles of parents and children were measured with the Adult Attachment Scale (AAS) and the Bochumer Bindungstest (BoBiTe), respectively. The findings provide initial support to the assumption that attachment is related to emotional competence in parents. This relationship, however, was not significantly correlated in children. In addition, authoritative parenting and permissive parenting were significantly associated with emotional competence in parents. Emotional competence in children showed to be associated with an authoritative parenting style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: ADHD affects 7.8% of the school-aged population, making it one of the most common childhood brain illnesses. It is characterized by abnormally high levels of inattention, activity, and impulsivity at a young age. Being a parent of a child with ADHD is a real challenge, as the parents tend to be more disapproving, critical, and provide more impulse control directions; such parenting style can have an impact on the illnesses course, accentuate its signs and symptoms, and lead to secondary development of co-morbid psychiatric and behavioral problems. This makes the parent-child effect a matter of clinical importance that needs to be carefully assessed and managed. We aimed to estimate the sociodemographic and clinical correlates of parenting attitudes among parents having ADHD children. This cross-sectional study included 48 ADHD children from both sexes, aged from 6 to 12 years old, and their parents. In our study, we applied the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale 5th edition, the Conner's Parent Rating Scale-revised, the parenting style as perceived by children questionnaire, and the Fahmy and El-Sherbini questionnaire for the measurement of socioeconomic status. Results: Mothers of ADHD children had significantly lower scores of over-protections parenting style than the fathers; the current study showed a significant increase in total parenting scores and warmth/support in mild ADHD cases than in moderate and severe ones, and there is a significant increase in the mother's positive parenting style toward ADHD children with lower levels of social problems, mild cases, and older age. There is a significant increase of positive parenting style toward ADHD children exerted by post graduated, professionally working, and high social class fathers and by working mothers among rural residents and high social class mothers. There is a positive correlation between IQ and a mother's warmth/support. Conclusion: ADHD children with mild symptoms, higher social functioning of the child, high socioeconomic level of the family, better education, and professional occupations of parents were associated with positive parenting style. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite increasing knowledge of social and biological risk factors for callous-unemotional (CU) traits, relatively less is known about how these two sets of risk factors combine to affect these traits. The current longitudinal study investigated pathways from parenting style to CU traits via resting heart rate in a three-year project. Parents of 382 children completed the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire at Time 1 (children Mean age = 9.06, SD = 0.94, range = 7–11 years), with the heart rate data collected at Time 2 (M = 10.16, SD = 0.93, range = 8–13 years) and CU traits assessed at Time 3 (M = 11.06, SD = 0.94, range = 9–13 years). We found that parenting style and CU traits were associated with resting heart rate, and that structural equation modeling showed resting heart rate to partially mediate the effect of parenting style on CU traits. Specifically, higher levels of authoritarian parenting were associated with lower resting heart rate, which in turn was linked to higher level of CU traits. On the contrary, children in the context of authoritative parenting showed relatively higher resting heart rate, which was predictive of lower CU traits. Overall, findings have implications for understanding the etiology of CU traits in children and developing effective prevention programs for children with affective deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to explore whether the association between types of parenting styles and bullying and victimization are similar across White American, U.S.-born Asian, and foreign-born Asian adolescents. Authoritative parenting, which is characterized as being supportive and showing acceptance, is positively related to psychological well-being among White American youth. However, due to different cultural norms in parenting style, Asian parents whose parenting style appears to be controlling and lacking in warmth might differentially affect their children's behavior and socialization in school. Sample was drawn from the 2009–2010 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) U.S. study. The most recent data were collected in the United States from 2009 to 2010. HBSC consisted of adolescents, aged 11, 13, and 15 years. The sample for the present study includes 1438 adolescents who identified as White American, U.S.-born Asian, or foreign-born Asian. Univariate analyses, bivariate analyses, and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted. The regression analysis was conducted separately for bullying victimization and perpetration across foreign-born Asians, U.S.-born Asians, and White Americans. Among foreign-born Asians, mother's non-involvement was positively associated with bullying victimization. Among U.S.-born Asians, father's non-involvement was found to be positively associated with bullying victimization, and authoritarian parenting was positively associated with perpetration. Among White Americans, both authoritative parenting and mother's non-involvement were positively related to bullying perpetration. This study highlights the importance of understanding the association between types of parenting styles and adolescent bullying and victimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study analysed the relationship between parenting styles and academic performance of senior high school students in the Kumasi Metropolis. Convenience and simple random sampling techniques were used to select the schools and 376 respondents, respectively. Pearson's Correlation Coefficient Matrix and multiple ordinary least square were used to estimate the impact of parenting styles on academic performance. The study found that authoritative parenting style had greatest significant positive impact on academic performance of the students (β = 0.104, SE = 0.011, t = 9.539, p < 0.001), followed by authoritarian style (β = 0.044, SE = 0.011, t = 3.971, p < 0.001). However, permissive style had no significant impact on students' academic performance (β = 0.042, SE = 0.025, t = − 1.682, p = 0.093). Neglecting style had significant negative impact on students' academic performance (β = 0.072, SE = 0.011, t = − 6.740, p < 0.001). Following from the study findings, it is recommended that the Schools in collaboration with the Parent Teacher Association should organise guidance and counselling programs for parents to sensitise them on various parenting styles and their ramifications on academic performance of students. Also, Class Counsellors' professional capabilities to manage the psycho-social problems of students are imperative for an improved academic performance of the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the associations between parenting factors and adolescent weight related outcomes in African American adolescents with overweight and obesity. Baseline heights and weights were collected from 241 African American adolescents (11–16 years) with overweight and obesity. Self-reported adolescent perceptions of caregiver's parenting style (responsiveness, demandingness), parental feeding practices (monitoring, responsibility, weight related concerns, pressure-to-eat, and restriction), and their own dietary self-efficacy for healthy eating were assessed. Results demonstrated that greater parental responsiveness was significantly associated with lower adolescent body mass index (BMI) and higher adolescent dietary self-efficacy. In contrast, parental concern about adolescent weight was significantly associated with greater adolescent BMI, while greater parental responsibility for foods was associated with lower adolescent BMI. Although parental pressure-to-eat was significantly associated with higher dietary self-efficacy, greater parental restriction was associated with lower dietary self-efficacy. The results of this study highlight the importance of parental responsiveness and responsibility in understanding obesity related outcomes in African American adolescents with overweight and obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This short-term longitudinal study aimed to investigate the transactional relation between parenting behaviors and physical aggression in early childhood, employing both cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) and random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM).Using a stratified sampling strategy, parents of young children from 341 families (mean age mother = 33.64 years; mean age father = 35.69 years) were recruited from three kindergartens in Guangzhou, China. Data were collected in October 2019 (Time 1), February 2020 (Time 2), and June 2020 (Time 3). At each time point, parents completed a survey reporting their own parenting behavior and their child’s aggression.The results of CLPM identified a mother-to-child transactional pattern: maternal authoritarian parenting at Time 1 predicted more child aggression at Time 2, which in turn predicted less maternal authoritative parenting behavior at Time 3. The transactional relation was not evident in the paternal data. The results of RI-CLPM indicated that at the between-person level, both maternal and paternal authoritative parenting behaviors exhibited negative correlations with child aggression, whereas authoritarian parenting behaviors were positively correlated with it. At the within-person level, maternal authoritarian parenting at Time 1 was positively associated with child aggression at Time 2, while child aggression at Time 1 was negatively related to paternal authoritarian parenting at Time 2.The findings contribute to our understanding of the nuanced between- and within-person associations, and the variance between mothers and fathers, in the relation between parenting behavior and child aggression. Interventions aimed at reducing child aggression should provide individualized parenting guidance and take into account differences between families.Method: This short-term longitudinal study aimed to investigate the transactional relation between parenting behaviors and physical aggression in early childhood, employing both cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) and random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM).Using a stratified sampling strategy, parents of young children from 341 families (mean age mother = 33.64 years; mean age father = 35.69 years) were recruited from three kindergartens in Guangzhou, China. Data were collected in October 2019 (Time 1), February 2020 (Time 2), and June 2020 (Time 3). At each time point, parents completed a survey reporting their own parenting behavior and their child’s aggression.The results of CLPM identified a mother-to-child transactional pattern: maternal authoritarian parenting at Time 1 predicted more child aggression at Time 2, which in turn predicted less maternal authoritative parenting behavior at Time 3. The transactional relation was not evident in the paternal data. The results of RI-CLPM indicated that at the between-person level, both maternal and paternal authoritative parenting behaviors exhibited negative correlations with child aggression, whereas authoritarian parenting behaviors were positively correlated with it. At the within-person level, maternal authoritarian parenting at Time 1 was positively associated with child aggression at Time 2, while child aggression at Time 1 was negatively related to paternal authoritarian parenting at Time 2.The findings contribute to our understanding of the nuanced between- and within-person associations, and the variance between mothers and fathers, in the relation between parenting behavior and child aggression. Interventions aimed at reducing child aggression should provide individualized parenting guidance and take into account differences between families.Results: This short-term longitudinal study aimed to investigate the transactional relation between parenting behaviors and physical aggression in early childhood, employing both cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) and random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM).Using a stratified sampling strategy, parents of young children from 341 families (mean age mother = 33.64 years; mean age father = 35.69 years) were recruited from three kindergartens in Guangzhou, China. Data were collected in October 2019 (Time 1), February 2020 (Time 2), and June 2020 (Time 3). At each time point, parents completed a survey reporting their own parenting behavior and their child’s aggression.The results of CLPM identified a mother-to-child transactional pattern: maternal authoritarian parenting at Time 1 predicted more child aggression at Time 2, which in turn predicted less maternal authoritative parenting behavior at Time 3. The transactional relation was not evident in the paternal data. The results of RI-CLPM indicated that at the between-person level, both maternal and paternal authoritative parenting behaviors exhibited negative correlations with child aggression, whereas authoritarian parenting behaviors were positively correlated with it. At the within-person level, maternal authoritarian parenting at Time 1 was positively associated with child aggression at Time 2, while child aggression at Time 1 was negatively related to paternal authoritarian parenting at Time 2.The findings contribute to our understanding of the nuanced between- and within-person associations, and the variance between mothers and fathers, in the relation between parenting behavior and child aggression. Interventions aimed at reducing child aggression should provide individualized parenting guidance and take into account differences between families.Conclusions: This short-term longitudinal study aimed to investigate the transactional relation between parenting behaviors and physical aggression in early childhood, employing both cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) and random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM).Using a stratified sampling strategy, parents of young children from 341 families (mean age mother = 33.64 years; mean age father = 35.69 years) were recruited from three kindergartens in Guangzhou, China. Data were collected in October 2019 (Time 1), February 2020 (Time 2), and June 2020 (Time 3). At each time point, parents completed a survey reporting their own parenting behavior and their child’s aggression.The results of CLPM identified a mother-to-child transactional pattern: maternal authoritarian parenting at Time 1 predicted more child aggression at Time 2, which in turn predicted less maternal authoritative parenting behavior at Time 3. The transactional relation was not evident in the paternal data. The results of RI-CLPM indicated that at the between-person level, both maternal and paternal authoritative parenting behaviors exhibited negative correlations with child aggression, whereas authoritarian parenting behaviors were positively correlated with it. At the within-person level, maternal authoritarian parenting at Time 1 was positively associated with child aggression at Time 2, while child aggression at Time 1 was negatively related to paternal authoritarian parenting at Time 2.The findings contribute to our understanding of the nuanced between- and within-person associations, and the variance between mothers and fathers, in the relation between parenting behavior and child aggression. Interventions aimed at reducing child aggression should provide individualized parenting guidance and take into account differences between families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective mutism (SM) is a poorly understood condition, and debate continues regarding its etiology and classification. Research suggests that a genetic vulnerability may play a role in the development of the disorder which may be compounded by anxious and over-protective parenting. While previous studies supported the role of parenting styles in the development of SM, most of them examined child and parent factors in isolation. The current study examined how the interactions between child internalizing and externalizing behaviors (anxiety and oppositionality, respectively) and parenting styles (authoritative, permissive, and authoritarian) are associated with SM diagnosis. The study included 285 children aged 3–7 years (57.2% females), and their parents (66 children with SM and 219 typically developed children). Parents completed questionnaires about child social anxiety, oppositional behavior, SM severity, and their parenting style. Results showed that parents of children with SM reported lower levels of authoritative practices than those of typically developed children. We also found that child social anxiety and oppositionality moderated the effects of authoritative and authoritarian parenting practices on SM diagnosis. Our results suggest that child anxiety and oppositionality may explain the different susceptibility of children to adaptive and maladaptive parenting styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examineed how parental investment and parental psychological well-being mediate the effects of family income on the intellectual development of children from low-income families in Hong Kong. The study followed a sample of 139 children from their final year of kindergarten (K3) through to their second year of primary education (P2) between 2015 and 2017. Path analysis was conducted to examine how family income was associated with children's cognitive and English language ability (Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-IV) through the parental investment and parental stress pathways. The results supported the hypothesis that parental investment and parental stress mediate the income effects on children's learning outcome in the Asian context. The negative effects of low family income on children's cognitive and English language abilities were mediated by the level of parental stress and the extent to which parents were authoritative in their parenting. Parental stress was also found to increase the likelihood of their children having behavioral problems, and that in turn undermined the cognitive development of the children. The level of money that parents invest in their children also mediated the negative effects of low family income on the children's English language ability. The results suggested that interventions that target the variables that mediate the effects of income on child development are an effective alternative to a direct cash transfer for children in low-income families in Hong Kong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore parenting style, child effortful control, parenting stress, and their associations with maternal use of pressure to eat among Asian U.S. immigrant families with preschoolers. One hundred and nine Asian immigrant mothers with 3-to-5-year-old children in Maryland, United States rated their authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles, frequency of pressuring their child to eat, perceived parenting stress, and child's effortful control. Two proposed moderated mediation models were tested using conditional process modeling. Effortful control mediated the association between authoritative parenting style and pressure to eat practices, αβ = −0.07, p < 0.05, and the association between authoritarian style and pressure to eat, αβ = 0.12, p < 0.05. Moreover, parenting stress moderated the association between child effortful control and maternal pressure to eat in the authoritarian style model, but not in the authoritative style model. Specifically, higher effortful control was associated with less use of pressure to eat at low and mean levels of parenting stress. Our findings revealed potential mechanisms underlying the associations between parenting styles and controlling feeding practices. Importantly, information learned from the present study may guide transdisciplinary efforts to design and implement culturally sensitive and family-based interventions targeting Asian immigrants' wellbeing and obesity in the United States. Highlights: This study examined the underlying mechanisms associated with the use of controlling feeding practices in Asian U.S. immigrant families with preschoolers. Child effortful control mediated the associations between parenting styles and pressure to eat. Parenting stress moderated the association between child effortful control and maternal pressure to eat in the authoritarian style model only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The parenting style is shifting universally. Children lack the skills needed to deal with life stressful situations like those present in dental setting. Previous studies showed a correlation between parenting style and the child's dental behaviour. No studies have been performed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) to relate parenting style to child's dental behaviour. The purpose of this study is to correlate parenting styles with the dental behaviour of their children, in Riyadh, KSA. Methodology: Two hundred and eighty-two healthy preschool children aged 3–6 years were recruited in their first dental visit, to a postgraduate Paediatric Dentistry Clinics of the Dental University Hospital at KSU, Riyadh, KSA. The Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire was completed by the primary caregiver/parents. The behaviour of the children was evaluated after dental prophylaxis and fluoride application in the dental chair using Frankl behavior rating scale. Family and child demographic data were evaluated through a questionnaire. Results: Two hundred and eighty-two healthy Saudi children participated in the study with their parents. Two parenting styles were identified among Saudi parents including authoritative (94%, n = 265) and permissive parenting styles (6%, n = 17). Most of the children behaved positively (n = 205, 72.7%). Significant correlations were detected between parenting style and parent's dental anxiety (P value 0.02) but not significantly correlated to a child's dental behaviuor. Conclusion: In the KSU sample studied, two parenting styles were identified among Saudi parents, authoritative and permissive parenting styles. Parenting style was correlated to parental dental anxiety and had an influence on a child's dental behaviour. Clinically, interesting correlations were identified regarding factors affecting child/s first dental visit behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The parental bonding instrument (PBI) is a self-report questionnaire that was initially designed to retrospectively assess perceived parenting style during childhood in adult respondents. Recent studies have used the PBI to assess current perception of parenting in children. However, few studies have evaluated the psychometric properties of the PBI in children. This study examined the factor structure and reliability of the PBI in a sample of Canadian children aged 7–18 years (n = 257). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted separately for the mother and father form of the PBI and composite reliability was used to determine internal consistency of the PBI. A four-factor model (care, overprotection, autonomy, indifference) showed the best fit to the data. The PBI exhibited good internal consistency but poor convergent validity. Configural invariance was not found for the PBI between two age groups (7–12 and 13–18 years), however these findings should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size in each age group. This study suggests the PBI may be a valid and reliable self-report measure of parental bonding in children but further research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined parenting style dimensions (demandingness and responsiveness) as predictors of adolescent drug use and also evaluated whether parenting styles dimensions moderate the effects of the implemented prevention program. 6.391 students in the 7th and 8th grades at 72 Brazilian public schools participated in a three-wave randomized controlled trial to evaluate a school drug-use prevention program. We used structural equation modeling to test if baseline parenting style dimensions (demandingness and responsiveness) would predict the use of drugs (alcohol, binge drinking, cannabis, inhalants, and tobacco) after 21 months. Additionally, we evaluated an interaction version of the above-described model to test if the effect of the prevention program would be moderated by either or both parenting style dimensions. Higher levels of parent demandingness predicted lower chances of adolescent drug use (e.g., Cigarette use OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.64–0.89); responsiveness on the five outcomes showed p value superior to 0.01. The effect of the #Tamojunto intervention is unlikely to be conditioned to either parenting style dimensions on the assessed outcomes. Clinical trial registration Brazilian Register of Clinical Trials (REBEC): #RBR-4mnv5g (https://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/?q=tamojunto). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]