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In many industrial applications, nonwoven fibre networks are facilitated to operate under partly saturated conditions, allowing for filtration, liquid absorption and liquid transport. Resolving the governing liquid distribution in loaded polyamide-6 (PA6) fibre networks using X-ray computed micro-tomography is a challenge due to the similar X-ray attenuation coefficients of water and PA6 and limitations in using background subtraction techniques if the network is deformed, which will be the case if subjected to compression. In this work, we developed a method using a potassium iodide solution in water to enhance the liquid's attenuation coefficient without modifying the water's rheological properties. Therefore, we studied the evolving liquid distribution in loaded and partly saturated PA6 fibre networks on the microscale. Increasing the external load applied to the network, we observed an exponential decrease in air content while the liquid content was constant, increasing the overall saturation with increasing network strain. Furthermore, the microstructural properties created by the punch-needle process in the manufacturing of the network significantly influenced the out-of-plane liquid distribution. The method has been proven helpful in understanding the results of adaptions in both the fibre network design and manufacturing process, allowing for investigating the resulting liquid distribution on a microscale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A voltammetric method for determining itopride hydrochloride (ITP) based on titration of the analyte with a solution of photogenerated iodine obtained by irradiation of an auxiliary solution containing potassium iodide and a mixture of sensitizers (nsodium eosinate:nuranine = 1:1) at pH 5.68 was developed. Stabilization of the current in the amperometric unit circuit indicated the reaction of the titrant with ITP was complete and provided control of the ITP content in the preparation by the change in the current strength because the iodine content in the solution was controlled by a voltammetric method. Further irradiation of the solution and measurement of the generation time required to replenish the lost titrant also allowed regulation of the ITP content in the preparation. The dependence of the analytical signal on the ITP concentration was linear in the range 8.0 – 40.0 mg. The calculated limits of detection (LD) and quantification (LQ) were 33.0 and 11.0 mg by varying the current and generation time, respectively. The developed method met requirements given in the manual on validation of bioanalytical methods, was easy to use, and did not require expensive equipment and reagents. Therefore, it could be recommended for routine control of drug quality parameters in any analytical laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synthesis of a pectin biopolymer and ionic salt (KI)-incorporated biopolymer composite electrolyte system is reported in this communication for electrochemical device fabrication. The solution cast technique is used to create composite electrolyte films of synthesized pectin biopolymer with KI salt at different concentrations. The conductivity achieved for the pectin biopolymer-based electrolyte films is up to the order of 8.1 × 10−6 S/cm, which is an increase of three orders over the conductivity (2.7 × 10−9 S/cm) of pure pectin. Electrical, structural, and optical studies of the biopolymer electrolyte films are carried out and described. The optical properties are represented by polarized optical microscopy images which show the amorphous nature of the electrolytes films. The electrochemical stability window (ESW) presents a potential window of 1.82 V, which makes the electrolyte film suitable for device fabrication. The maximum cationic transference number reveals the ionic nature of the biopolymer electrolyte films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) for C-reactive protein (CRP) is a clinical tool to quantify CRP, a cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) marker, in human serum. Development of the Radioimmunoassay includes radioiodination of CRP with 125I radioisotope, where radioiodination is conducted following the Chloramine-T method. The present study standardizes the radiolabeling procedure and key reagent concentrations like chloramine-T (oxidizing reagent), sodium metabisulfite, and potassium iodide. The outcome of the standardized radioiodination includes a reaction time of 60 s, iodination analytical parameters like % Radiochemical purity was ~ 97% with specific activity ~ 17 µCi/µg, and the tracer was stable for the 60 days. The optimized radioiodination method is simple, reproducible, and has high tracer stability with high immunoreactivity to develop an RIA procedure to quantify CRP in human serum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial photosynthesis using carbon nitride (g-C3N4) holds a great promise for sustainable and cost-effective H2O2 production, but the high carrier recombination rate impedes its efficiency. To tackle this challenge, we propose an innovative method involving multispecies iodine mediators (I−/I3−) intercalation through a pre-photo-oxidation process using potassium iodide (suspected deteriorated "KI") within the g-C3N4 framework. Moreover, we introduce an external electric field by incorporating cationic methyl viologen ions to establish an auxiliary electron transfer channel. Such a unique design drastically improves the separation of photo-generated carriers, achieving an impressive H2O2 production rate of 46.40 mmol g−1 h−1 under visible light irradiation, surpassing the most visible-light H2O2-producing systems. Combining various advanced characterization techniques elucidates the inner photocatalytic mechanism, and the application potential of this photocatalytic system is validated with various simulation scenarios. This work presents a significative strategy for preparing and applying highly efficient g-C3N4-based catalysts in photochemical H2O2 production. H2O2 photosynthesis using g-C3N4 is considered an alternative to anthraquinone processes. Inspired by the optical instability of potassium iodide, the I− /I3− internal redox mediator and external electric field are integrated into the g-C3N4, achieving satisfactory H2O2 production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a fast and simple method has been developed for the determination of nitrite in different aqueous samples. The method, which can be applied for on-site as well as off-site analyses, is based on the reaction of nitrite with potassium iodide in an acid medium to liberate triiodide ions. These liberated triiodide ions react with starch adhesive to form a dark blue complex, which is quantified by digital imaging using an ordinary smartphone and a freely available mobile application. Image analysis was done in the RGB color space, and the B-channel values were used to obtain the analytical signal. Under the optimum conditions, the method showed a linear range of 0.05–1 mg/L and a detection limit of 0.013 mg/L. The relative standard deviation for the determination of 0.5 mg/L nitrite was found to be 2.2% (n = 6). The results obtained using the proposed method were evaluated by comparing them to those obtained by a commercial UV-Vis spectrophotometer and also by analyzing spiked samples to calculate recovery percentages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine whether adherence to a low-iodine diet (LID) enhances the therapeutic efficacy of radioiodine therapy (RAI) in Graves' hyperthyroidism (GH) in iodine-rich areas. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 185 patients with GH from Aichi (n = 114) and Hokkaido (n = 71) Prefectures. Patients aged ≥ 18 years with GH who underwent RAI between December 2012 and March 2022 were divided into subgroups based on pretreatment with anti-thyroid drug (ATD) or potassium iodide (KI). Patients were followed up with LID from 18 days (group A) or 7 days (group H) before RAI to 3 days after RAI. The dose of radioactive iodine 131 (131I) was adjusted to deliver > 100 Gy to the thyroid. The associations between urinary iodine concentration on UIC2 vs. 24hRU and UIC2 vs. the 1-year RAI success rate (SR) were investigated. Results: Compared with UIC1, UIC2 was significantly decreased in all subgroups (P < 0.01). An inverse correlation between UIC2 and 24hRU was observed in the four groups; however, the difference was insignificant. The SR in groups A and H was 85% and 89%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed no association between UIC2 and SR in each group. Additionally, stratification of the 185 patients into quartiles using UIC2 yielded no significant differences in SR (p = 0.79). Conclusions: LID sufficiently reduced UIC in patients undergoing RAI. Although a lower UIC2 may increase 24hRU, it did not increase the success of RAI. The benefit of LID in enhancing the efficacy of RAI in GH treatment remains uncertain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) can be a viable option for management of intranasal infections. However, there are light delivery, fluence, and photosensitizer-related challenges. We report in vitro effectiveness of an easily fabricated, low-cost, portable, LED device and a formulation comprising methylene blue (MB) and potassium iodide (KI) for photoinactivation of pathogens of the nasal cavity, namely, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, multi-antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida spp., and SARS-CoV-2. In a 96-well plate, microbial suspensions incubated with 0.005% MB alone or MB and KI formulation were exposed to different red light (~ 660 ± 25 nm) fluence using the LED device fitted to each well. Survival loss in bacteria and fungi was quantified using colony-forming unit assay, and SARS-CoV-2 photodamage was assessed by RT-PCR. The results suggest that KI addition to MB leads to KI concentration-dependent potentiation (up to ~ 5 log10) of photoinactivation in bacteria and fungi. aPDT in the presence of 25 or 50 mM KI shows the following photoinactivation trend; Gm + ve bacteria > Gm − ve bacteria > fungi > virus. aPDT in the presence of 100 mM KI, using 3- or 5-min red light exposure, results in complete eradication of bacteria or fungi, respectively. For SARS-CoV-2, aPDT using MB-KI leads to a ~ 6.5 increase in cycle threshold value. The results demonstrate the photoinactivation effectiveness of the device and MB-KI formulation, which may be helpful in designing of an optimized protocol for future intranasal photoinactivation studies in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To investigate the response of pulp cells to the application of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) and potassium iodide (KI) on demineralized dentin. Materials and methods: The occlusal surfaces of human dentin discs (0.4 mm thick) with similar permeability were subjected to an artificial caries protocol, and then the discs were adapted into artificial pulp chambers. MDPC-23 cells were seeded on the healthy pulp dentin surface, while the demineralized surface was treated with SDF, KI, SDF + KI, or hydrogen peroxide (positive control—PC) (n = 8). The negative control (NC) received ultrapure water. After 24 h, cell viability (alamarBlue) and morphology (SEM) were evaluated. The extracts were then applied to new MDPC-23 cells seeded in culture plates to assess their viability and the formation of mineralized nodules (MN; Alizarin Red) after seven days. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance/Tukey or Games-Howell tests (α = 5%). Results: SDF and PC significantly reduced the viability of cells seeded on discs (45.6% and 71.0%, respectively). Only cells treated with SDF or PC detached from the dentin substrate, while the remaining cells showed altered morphology. Cells in contact with extracts showed less reduction in viability, but it was still more toxic compared to NC. Only PC reduced MN deposition. SDF + KI or KI alone did not affect the cell response. Conclusions: SDF applied alone showed a mild to moderate transdentinal cytotoxic effect on pulp cells. However, the combination of SDF + KI reduced the cytotoxic effects. Both materials used alone or in combination did not affect the mineralization ability of pulp cells. Clinical relevance: Besides improving esthetic results, associating potassium iodide with silver diamine fluoride may reduce the transdentinal cytotoxic effects of this cariostatic agent on pulp cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) fundamentally relies on local generation of PDT precursor states in added photosensitizers (PS), particularly triplet and photo-radical states. Monitoring these states in situ can provide important feedback but is difficult in practice. The states are strongly influenced by local oxygenation, pH and redox conditions, often varying significantly at PDT treatment sites. To overcome this problem, we followed local PDT precursor state populations of PS compounds, via their fluorescence intensity response to systematically varied excitation light modulation. Thereby, we could demonstrate local monitoring of PDT precursor states of methylene blue (MB) and IRdye700DX (IR700), and determined their transitions rates under different oxygenation, pH and redox conditions. By fiber-optics, using one fiber for both excitation and fluorescence detection, the triplet and photo-radical state kinetics of locally applied MB and IR700 could then be monitored in a tissue sample. Finally, potassium iodide and ascorbate were added as possible PDT adjuvants, enhancing intersystem crossing and photoreduction, respectively, and their effects on the PDT precursor states of MB and IR700 could be locally monitored. Taken together, the presented procedure overcomes current methodological limitations and can offer feedback, guiding both excitation and PDT adjuvant application, and thereby more efficient and targeted PDT treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we discuss general trends in the IR luminescence of colloidal PbS quantum dots 3 nm in average size, capped with thioglycolic acid molecules (PbS/TGA QDs). Treatment of the PbS/TGA QDs with a KI solution has been shown to cause a shift of a composite luminescence band peaking at 1120 nm to shorter wavelengths, to 1060 nm; an increase in the quantum yield of its shorter wavelength component, related to excitonic emission, from 1 to 10%; and quenching of its longer wavelength component, due to radiative recombination at defect levels. In this process, the cubic structure of PbS undergoes no changes. The average size of the PbS/TGA QDs has been shown to decrease slightly, by 0.2–0.3 nm. The conclusion has been drawn that the increase in the quantum yield of excitonic emission from the PbS/TGA QDs as a result of KI treatment is due to the more efficient passivation of interfacial defects, which act as both recombination luminescence and nonradiative carrier recombination channels. Using thermoluminescence in the temperature range from 80 to 350 K, we have demonstrated the presence of two types of shallow localized states, at 0.17- and 0.25-eV depths, whose density is only slightly sensitive to treatment of the PbS/TGA QDs with a KI solution. We assume that some of the traps identified are due to native defects in the nanocrystals—interstitial lead and sulfur ions—rather than to dangling bonds of surface lead and sulfur atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable development goal 12 advocates the production and consumption of green and sustainable commodities. As such, pressure is mounting on the oil and gas industries for a paradigm shift. This work explores the potential of aspartame (a derivative of aspartic acid and phenylalanine) based formulation as a green inhibitor. The inhibiting effect of aspartame alone and in combination with potassium iodide (KI) or sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) or both on T95 steel in 15 wt% HCl solution at 60–90 °C is investigated using weight loss, electrochemical, and surface analysis techniques. The results show severe metal corrosion especially at 90 °C with a corrosion rate (v) of 186.37 mm/y. Aspartame inhibits corrosion and its inhibition efficiency (η) increases with an increase in temperature. At 6.80 mM, η of 86% is obtained at 90 °C. The addition of SDS to aspartame produces an antagonistic effect. A KI-aspartame mixture produces an antagonistic effect at 60 °C and 70 °C but a synergistic effect at 80 °C and 90 °C. There is a strong synergy when aspartame (6.80 mM), KI (1 mM), and SDS (1 mM) are mixed especially at higher temperatures. The mixture reduces v from 186.37 to 14.35 mm/y, protecting the metal surface by 92% at 90 °C. The mixture can be considered an acidizing corrosion inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion of 10Cr18Ni10Ti and 10Cr17Ni13Mo2Ti austenitic constructional steels in 5% hydrochloric acid containing an inhibitor based on aqueous extracts of aspen (ABE), spruce (SBE), and pine (PBE) bark was studied by gravimetric and electrochemical methods. Such solutions are used for washing and chemical cleaning of cooking and heat-exchange equipment. The influence of temperature and composition of inhibitors on the process was examined. New data on the kinetics of the acid corrosion of the steels were obtained and analyzed. At equal concentration of 1 g L–1, the inhibiting effect of water-extractable substances (WESs) of wood bark on the acid corrosion of steels increases in the order PBE < SBE < ABE. The inhibiting effect also increases with an increase in the WES concentration to 3.8 g L–1 and in the temperature from 20 to 50°С, on mixing extracts of different kinds of bark, and to a still greater extent on introducing a synergistic agent, hexamethylenetetramine or potassium iodide, into the extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study evaluated whether the presence of the salivary acquired pellicle (AP) had any effect on the dentin's darkening and on the caries arresting effect after the use of SDF + KI, in a cariogenic challenge. Methods: Human dentin specimens were standardised, submitted to artificial caries lesion formation, and divided into five groups (n = 20): C: control group—no treatment, SDF: 38% SDF, APSDF: SDF 38% and AP, KISDF: 38% SDF and KI, and APKISDF: 38% SDF, KI and AP, that were submitted to pH cycling. Colour evaluation (CIE L*a*b* system) and surface hardness were performed before and after the treatments/pH cycling. Results: SDF and APSDF groups showed no difference in colour. KISDF and APKISDF groups showed significantly different colours than the groups without KI. SDF, APSDF, and APKISDF groups had less mineral loss than C and KISDF. SDF, APSDF, and APKISDF revealed significantly greater mineral recovery, compared to KISDF and C. Conclusion: The AP did not influence the dentin´s colour after SDF + KI, but had a protective role in modulating the dentin´s mineral gain/loss. KI used after SDF decreased the dentin´s darkening, and did not interfere with the dentin de/remineralization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the effects of exogenous metabolic intermediates and antioxidant on Nannochloropsis oculata microalgae strain, the growth performance, biomass productivity, photosynthetic efficiency, and total lipid content were investigated by lab-scale cultivation experiments. Specifically, N. oculata was cultured in f/2 medium supplemented with different concentrations of citric acid or malic acid (0.050, 0.150, 0.750 g L−1) and KI (0.025, 0.050, 0.100, and 0.500 g L−1) to examine the physiological and biochemical effects on the widely distributed marine algae N. oculata. Results showed that the biomass and photosynthetic efficiency showed a downward trend with increasing citric acid and malic acid concentrations, and the low concentrations of metabolic intermediate treatments could enhance the lipid accumulation. The highest lipid content (0.295 or 0.245 g total lipid per gram of dry biomass) was found in cells treated with 0.15 g L-1 of citric acid and malic acid, which was about 28.45% and 6.99% higher than that growing in the culture lacking metabolic intermediates. Compared with malic acid, citric acid had better effect. Furthermore, potassium iodide (KI), an antioxidant, could also boost the lipid content of N. oculata with slight declining biomass productivity, and the highest lipid content (0.300 g total lipid per gram of dry biomass) was found in cells treated with 0.100 g L-1 of KI, which was about 28.08% higher than that growing in the culture lacking KI, indicating that KI may be a potential factor to increase the lipid content of algae cells. These findings not only provide insight into the response mechanism of N. oculata to exogenous metabolic intermediates and antioxidant but also help further broaden the key regulatory factors involved in the lipid accumulation within algal cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structure, longitudinal elasticity, and electronic properties of endohedral assembled composites of single-walled carbon nanotubes and a one-dimensional crystal KI - KI@CNT - are studied by the density functional theory method. It is established that electronic properties of defect-free composites KI@CNT are predetermined by the electronic properties of the parent nanotube. The introduction of K or I vacancies stimulates the charge transfer between the encapsulate and the nanotube, accompanied by increasing concentration of electron or hole charge carriers in the nanotube. Young′s moduli of KI@CNT are 20-50% lower than those of parent nanotubes, irrespective of their chirality type and presence of atomic vacancies in the KI encapsulate. These results approve the preservation of high strength of carbon nanotubes within their composites with halides and provide a helpful guideline for applications of nanotubes as delivery agents, nanoreactors, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for accelerated determination of diphenhydramine hydrochloride (dimedrol, DPH) in liquid and solid dosage forms (DFs) that is based on titration of the analytical form with a solution of photogenerated iodine obtained by irradiation of an auxiliary solution containing potassium iodide and uranine at pH 6.0 has been developed. Stabilization of the current in the amperometric circuit indicated that the reaction was complete and; therefore, provided control of the DPH content in the DF because the titrant content in the solution was controlled by a voltammetric method (amperometric titration with two polarized electrodes). Further irradiation of the solution and measurement of the time required to regenerate the lost titrant also made it possible to regulate the DPH content in the DF. The technique was tested on a solid DF and sterile solutions of DPH intended for intramuscular and intravenous administration. Stabilizers (HCl, lactose monohydrate) present in the DF had insignificant effects on photogeneration of the titrant. The dependence of the analytical signal on DPH concentration was linear in the range 0.1 – 20.0 mg for the drug "Diphenhydramine, tablets 50 mg." The limits of detection (DL) and quantitation (LOQ) for this drug that were calculated from the changes in the current and regeneration time were (1.26; 0.108) mg and (0.382; 0.329) mg, respectively. The developed photochemical method of determination complies with the requirements in the guidelines for validation of bioanalytical methods. The method is easy to use and does not require expensive equipment. Therefore, it can be recommended for routine control of the quality indicators under control or analytical laboratory conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Subarachnoid hemorrhage and thyroid storm are similar in their clinical symptomatology, and diagnosis of these conditions, when they occur simultaneously, is difficult. Here, we report a rare case of concurrent subarachnoid hemorrhage and thyroid storm we encountered at our hospital. Case presentation: The patient was a 52-year-old woman. While bathing at home, the patient experienced a sudden disturbance of consciousness and was brought to our hospital. The main physical findings upon admittance were Glasgow Coma Scale score of E1V2M4, elevated blood pressure (208/145 mmHg), and tachycardia with atrial fibrillation (180 bpm) along with body temperature of 36.1 °C. Brain computed tomography revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with a ruptured aneurysm of the posterior communicating artery branching from the left internal carotid artery, and aneurysm clipping was performed. Blood tests upon admission revealed high levels of free T3 and free T4 and low levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone. Upon determining that the patient had hyperthyroidism, thiamazole was administered. However, due to continuous impaired consciousness, fever, and persistence of tachycardia, the patient was diagnosed with thyroid storm. Oral potassium iodide and hydrocortisone were added to the treatment. The treatment was successful as the patient's symptoms improved, and she became lucid. In this case, we believe that in the presence of untreated hyperthyroidism, the onset of subarachnoid hemorrhage induced thyroid storm. Tachycardia of 130 bpm or higher, which is the diagnostic criterion for thyroid storm, rarely occurs with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Therefore, we believe it is an important factor for recognizing the presence of the thyroid storm. In this case, clipping surgery was prioritized which resulted in a favorable outcome. However, it is possible that invasive surgery may have exacerbated thyroid storm, suggesting that treatment should be tailored as per patient's condition. Conclusion: If a pulse rate of 130 bpm or higher is observed alongside subarachnoid hemorrhage, we recommend considering the possibility of concomitant thyroid storm and testing for thyroid hormone. If concomitant thyroid storm is present, we believe that a treatment plan tailored to the patient's condition is critical, and early diagnosis will lead to a favorable outcome for the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine the protective properties of imidazoline corrosion inhibitors with added thiourea and potassium iodide. A model of reservoir water saturated with carbon dioxide as well as hydrochloric and sulfamic acids were taken as aggressive media. The corrosion inhibition efficiency was evaluated using a gravimetric method under dynamic and static conditions in the carbon dioxide‑rich and acidic environments, respectively. The effect of individual compounds on the inhibition mechanism for metal was determined experimentally in media with different properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel nonlinear optical (NLO) single crystal of L-histidine phthalic potassium iodide (LHPPI) with dimensions of 8 × 8 × 3 mm3 was obtained from aqueous solution by slow solvent evaporation method. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) results showed that the grown LHPPI crystal belongs to the orthorhombic crystal system with noncentrosymmetric space group P212121. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) spectrum, the hkl plane orientations show the phase identity of the LHPPI crystal. The elemental composition of the grown LHPPI crystal was confirmed by EDS analysis. The functional groups were identified by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) study. The optical quality of the LHPPI crystal was studied using UV–Vis DRS spectrum analysis. The chemical etching studies were carried out to estimate the dislocation density. Vicker's microhardness study revealed that the LHPPI crystal exhibits reverse indentation size effect (RISE) and belongs to soft category. The dielectric constant (εr) and dielectric loss (ε') as a function of frequency were measured. The thermal properties of the LHPPI crystal were investigated by TG/DTA studies. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of the LHPPI crystal was measured by Kurtz–perry powder method. Thus, the results suggest that the LHPPI single crystal is of particular interest for NLO device application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (eAOPs) such as the current advanced oxidation system (AOS) are a type of electrochemical wastewater treatment that creates oxidative species, such as iodide species, chloride species, and hydroxyl radicals, that can treat even the most recalcitrant contaminants. It is important to determine the concentrations and locations of oxidative species in eAOPs for optimization of the wastewater treatment process. In this study, a spectrophotometric methodology was used to determine concentrations of iodide and chloride oxidative species (starting at 10, 25, and 50 ppm) within an AOS under various input voltages (6, 12, and 24 V). Overall, it was found that iodate and chlorite were the dominant species created in their respective treatments. Additionally, the concentration of iodide oxidative species increased with increasing voltage, whereas the chloride species decreased with increasing voltage. The optimal conditions for the efficient creation of AOS oxidative species were 12 V and 10 ppm potassium iodide and 6 V and 10 ppm sodium chloride, respectively. In addition, the use of iodide is recommended for wastewater treatment using the AOS to effectively create oxidative species. Following optimization, the AOS performance was tested for synthetic stormwater. Results indicated that the AOS performed well for reduction of Escherichia coli; however, reduction of other contaminants was inconsistent as would be expected given the AOS was optimized for disinfection, not decontamination. Further AOS optimization for decontamination would be expected to result in improved decontamination performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effective magnetic moments (µeff) of the prepared solid mixtures are used to determine the presence of monovalent thulium in the reaction products. Potassium does not react with thulium diiodide TmI2 on heating to 680°C. Under the same conditions, the backward reaction of thulium with KI occurs easily to form metallic potassium and a mixture of thulium iodides TmIx (x = 1, 2). For the product obtained after heating Tm and KI for 1 h, µeff corresponds to a mixture of 70% Tm (metal), 20% TmI2, and 10% TmI. The reduction of TmI2 to TmI occurs in the reaction with NdI2. For a mixture of iodides obtained at 700°C, µeff (3.2 μB) corresponds to the following contents: 10% Tm (metal), 1% TmI2, 44% TmI, 44% NdI3, and 1% NdI2. Iodide TmI cannot be isolated from the obtained mixtures. However, the presence of highly reactive species in the products is confirmed by the reaction of tetrahydrofuran (THF) with the product of the reaction of thulium with potassium iodide. The reaction occurs at room temperature and is accompanied by the release of hydrogen and formation of unidentified derivatives of cleaved THF. The initial substances (Tm, KI) and possible products (TmI2, TmI3, and metallic K), except for TmI, do not react with THF under the conditions used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of small cations on improving conductivity and efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The work includes preparation and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol-based gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) containing tetramethyl ammonium iodide (TMAI) and potassium iodide (KI) salts. The degree of crystallinity of the GPEs has been determined from x-ray diffraction (XRD). From electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), the gel polymer electrolyte with only TMAI salt exhibits a conductivity of 1.72 mS cm−1. On addition of KI salt, conductivity increased up to a maximum of 7.87 mS cm−1 for the GPE comprising 70 wt. % KI. The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with GPE comprising 100 wt. % TMAI – 0 wt. % KI exhibits a short-current density, Jsc of 6.60 mA cm−2 and open-circuit voltage, Voc of 0.56 V. The fill factor, ff, and efficiency, η, obtained are 79% and 2.92%, respectively. The existence of a small cation K+ in the GPE enhances DSSCs performance with GPE consisting of a 3:7 weight ratio between TMAI and KI exhibits Jsc of 11.30 mA cm−2 and Voc of 0.60 V. The acquired fill factor, ff, and efficiency, η, are 74% and 5.02%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is global interest in cultivating the red alga Asparagopsis taxiformis due to its efficacy as a potent anti-methanogenic feed supplement and as a biofilter for the bioremediation of nutrient-enriched waters. However, the development of A. taxiformis cultivation is currently hindered by a lack of information about the conditions required to maximise tetraspore release and thus secure a reliable source of germlings for out-planting. In this study, we examined the effects of temperature, irradiance, and standard nutrient supplementation (F/8, potassium iodide (KI) and arsenic trioxide (As2O3)) on the number of germlings produced per tetrasporophyte, using a strain of A. taxiformis widespread within the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Temperature, irradiance and nutrient supplementation played a pivotal role in germling numbers, which was optimised at 22 °C under 7 µmol photons m−2 s−1 and with supplementation of F/8 nutrient media, arsenic trioxide (As2O3; 98 µg L−1) and potassium iodide (KI; 166 µg L−1). Once tetrasporophytes were removed from these inducing conditions, tetrasporogenesis ceased within 12 days. In a further five-week experiment investigating the effect of separate supplementation of As2O3 and KI, germling numbers were maximised under supplementation with either As2O3 or As2O3 + KI, with the relative growth rate of tetrasporophytes maximised under supplementation with F/8 + As2O3 + KI. Under optimum conditions, an average of 3,261 ± 826 (SD) germlings were produced per tetrasporophyte over a five-week period. Our results provide a strong starting point for developing hatchery protocols for generating a reliable supply of germlings for nursery cultivation in tropical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic dehydrogenative coupling of thiols with amines to produce sulfenamides and disulfides is an important reaction in the industry. Classical synthesis of sulfenamides involves the reaction between amine nucleophiles and sulfonyl chlorides, which are not widely available, toxic and unstable, and the reaction requires a combination of oxidizing and chlorinating reagents. Here we decribe an environmentally benign protocol for the efficient electrochemical dehydrogenative coupling of thiols with amines or thiols to form compounds possessing S–N or S–S bonds. We used potassium iodide as electrocatalyst in methanol for a greener reaction. The reaction operates under ambient conditions in the absence of oxidants, acids/bases or toxic/explosive electrolytes. Results show that most produced sulfenamides and disulfides are generated in yields up to 99%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hexazinone, a globally applied broad-spectrum triazine herbicide, has not been mechanistically investigated previously under advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and adsorption on activated carbon. In this study, its fate during UV-based oxidation with/without hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and adsorption on coconut shell–based granular activated carbon (CSGAC) in water matrices was investigated. A comparison between various irradiation sources (visible, UVA, UVB, and UVC) revealed the highest degradation rate under UVC. More than 98% degradation of hexazinone was observed under 3 J cm−2 UVC fluence in the presence of 0.5 mM H2O2 at pH 7. Moreover, the degradation rate enhanced significantly with an increase in the initial dosage of H2O2, UV fluence, and contact time in the UV/H2O2 process. The rate of degradation was lower using secondary effluent than that of Milli-Q water due to the presence of dissolved organics in wastewater. However, the reactions in both matrices obeyed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The effect of different scavengers, including methanol, potassium iodide (KI), and tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), showed that hydroxyl radicals (•OH) played a dominant role in hexazinone degradation in the UV/H2O2 process. Hexazinone was effectively adsorbed by CSGAC through π-π electron donor–acceptor interactions between hexazinone's triazine ring and CSGAC's surface functional groups. The isotherm and kinetic studies showed that the adsorption followed the Freundlich model and pseudo-second-order reaction, respectively, suggesting chemisorption. This study provided mechanistic insights on the removal of hexazinone at the tertiary stage of wastewater treatment or the advanced treatment of wastewater reuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for accelerated determination of amoxicillin (AMO) in a solid dosage form (DF) that is based on preliminary extraction separation of the drug components [clavulanic acid (CLA) and AMO] followed by titration of its aqueous extract with a solution of photogenerated iodine obtained via irradiation of an auxiliary solution containing potassium iodide, a mixture of sensitizers (sodium eosinate–fluorescein–auramine taken in a 1:1:1 mole ratio), and acetate buffer solution (pH 5.6) was developed. Stabilization of the current in the amperometric setup circuit indicated the reaction was complete and; therefore, made it possible to regulate the AMO content in the DF because the content of titrant in the solution was controlled by a voltammetric method (amperometric titration with two polarized electrodes). Further irradiation of the solution and measurement of the generation time (required to replenish the lost titrant) also made it possible to regulate the antibiotic content in the DF. Extraction separation of the components made it possible to isolate from the model solution up to 94.5 and 98.0% of CLA and AMO, respectively. Lactulose present in the DF had an insignificant influence on photogeneration of the titrant. The amount of antibiotic found in the DF fell in the interval recommended by GPM.1.4.2.0009.15, which indicated that the quality of the drug met GMP standards. The analytical signal was observed to be linearly dependent on AMO concentration in the range 2.0 – 15.0 mg for the drug Augmentin (film-coated tablets 875 mg + 125 mg). The calculated limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for this drug were 2.17 and 0.72 mg based on the change of current and generation time, respectively. The developed determination method met the requirements set forth in the guidelines for validation of bioanalytical methods, was simple to implement, did not require expensive equipment, and, therefore, could be recommended for routine monitoring of the AMO content in the DF under the conditions of any control and analytical laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the microhardness of caries-affected dentin and color stability of teeth restored after treatments with silver diamine fluoride (SDF) associated to potassium iodide (KI) and Biosilicate. Material and methods: Different samples from bovine teeth were obtained. For color readings, 80 cavities (6 mm × 6 mm × 2 mm) were prepared, and for microhardness, teeth were flattened into dentine to obtain 40 samples. All samples were submitted to cariogenic challenge and separated in 4 groups, according to the treatment used: 12% SDF + KI; 38% SDF; Biosilicate and control (no treatment). Cavities were restored with resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (RMGIC, Vitremer, 3 M ESPE) or composite resin (CR, Z350, 3 M ESPE). After restoration, the samples were submitted to thermo-mechanical cycling (TMC) for 1,200,000 cycles. Color readings (EasyShade, Vita) were performed after restorations, after TMC, and 30 days after TMC. Knoop microhardness was evaluated on the planned samples before and after cariogenic challenge, after treatments, and after 30 days. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluated the dentine surface after treatments. Data were analyzed (ANOVA, Bonferroni, p <.05). Results: The results showed a higher color alteration for RMGIC than CR. The time of analysis was significant (p <.05) for the 12% SDF + KI and control group. There was no difference (p <.05) in microhardness between groups. However, there was evidence of dentin remineralization after treatments. Conclusions: It was concluded that the samples treated with Biosilicate resulted in a color alteration similar to control. The treatments presented dentin remineralizing potential for microhardness, below the demineralization level, caused by the cariogenic challenge. Clinical relevance: Considering the remineralizing potential presented by Biosilicate, this agent is a promising alternative that overcomes the SDF adverse effects such as tooth staining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequency dispersion of dielectric permittivity ε1(ν) and dielectric loss ε2(ν) dynamic coefficients is studied; temperature T, density ρ, and concentration C dependences of these coefficients are calculated; and Cole–Cole diagrams are constructed using analytic expressions derived previously for these coefficients from kinetic equations of electrolyte solutions for potassium iodide solutions while considering the contributions of the generalized potential of the interaction of ion-molecular systems. The calculation results agree well with the experimental data for KI solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The viscosity of different concentrations of sunflower oil + DMF and corn oil + DMF solvents in the presence of potassium iodide was measured at temperatures of 303.15–323.15 K in steps of 5.0 K. The viscosity increased with the increase in the concentration of potassium iodide and oil, while an increase in temperature decreased the viscosity. The change in the viscosity was used to evaluate the structural changes and electrostatic interactions produced by the addition of potassium iodide to the oil + DMF solvent. The structure-breaking or structure-promoting behavior of potassium iodide was evaluated by applying the Jones–Dole, Vand, and Breslau–Miller equations. The increase in viscosity B-coefficients with the temperature confirmed the structure-breaking behavior of potassium iodide in the oil + DMF solvent. The ionic B-coefficients were evaluated by subjecting the experimental data to the mathematical approximations available in the literature. The Moulik and Einstein relations were also found applicable to the viscosity of the oil + DMF solvent while deviations were observed from the Thomas relation. The thermodynamic parameters of the viscous flow also supported the obtained results about the ionic interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New estrone Schiff bases were designed and synthesized, and their structures and cytotoxicity were evaluated. Initial reagents estrone and 4'-bromomethyl-2-cyanobiphenyl react in the presence of potassium carbonate and potassium iodide in anhydrous acetone with 4'-(-3-yloxymethyl)-estrone-biphenyl-2-carbonitrile ether formation, which on sequential condensation with hydrazine hydrate and aromatic aldehydes gives steroidal Schiff bases in significant yield. Their structures were confirmed by elemental (C, H, N) analysis, mass spectroscopy, IR spectrophotometry, and 1H and 13C NMR spectrometry. The newly synthesized Schiff bases show cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line with IC50 values on μM/mL level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The surface tension of the KF–KCl–KI salt melts with an unchanged KF/KCl molar ratio is measured as a function of the KI content using a platinum cylinder detachment method. The measurements are performed in an inert atmosphere using structural materials stable against the melts under study. The surface tension of the (66KF–34KCl)–KI (mol %) melts with KI/(KCl + KF) molar ratios of 0–100% is measured in a temperature range of 863–1083 K. KI added to the KF–KCl melt is found to decrease the surface tension. The temperature dependences of the surface tension of the melts are described by linear functions. An increase in the KI concentration is shown to decrease the coefficient of the temperature dependence of the surface tension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arapid method for determining captopril in solid dosage forms (DFs) was developed based on titration of the analyte with a solution of photogenerated iodine obtained by irradiation of potassium iodide in the presence of a mixture of sensitizers (sodium eosinate:fluorescein:auramine in a 1:1:1 mole ratio) at pH 5.6. Because the iodine content in the vessel was voltametrically controlled, stabilization of the current in the amperometric circuit indicated completion of the reaction of the titrant with captopril and; therefore, made it possible to regulate the drug content in the preparation. Further irradiation of the solution and measurement of the generation time required to replenish the lost titrant also made it possible to regulate the content of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in the DF. The API content was slightly underestimated when more than 20.0 mmol of stearic acid and 5.0 mmol of lactose monohydrate were introduced into the cell, which had to be taken into account when performing routine analyses. The captopril contents found in the solid DFs varied in the ranges 49.1 – 50.2 and 24.2 – 25.1 mg, which fell in the interval established by Order No. 751N dated Oct. 26, 2015, of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (45.0 – 55.0 and 22.5 – 27.5 mg, respectively), which indicated compliance of the drug quality with the requirements set forth in the regulations. The dependence of the analytical signal on the API concentration was linear in the range 20.0 – 200.0 mg for the formulation Captopril, 25-mg tablets (Ozon LLC, Russia). The calculated limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) of the proposed method were 10.4 and 34.7 – 34.5 mg depending on the change of current and generation time, respectively. The developed rapid method for determining captopril in solid DFs met the requirements established in the guideline for validation of bioanalytical methods, was simple to perform, and did not require expensive equipment. Therefore, it could be recommended for determining the compliance of the drug quality in any analytical control laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information regarding efficient pollen viability testing methods and the most favourable pollen storage conditions for internationally important date palm cultivars is limited. No such information has been reported on Australian male selections. The in vitro pollen germination of three elite Australian male selections, "Big pod", "Campbell" and "Tanunda", was estimated using a modified Brewbaker and Kwack (BK) medium with combinations of various chemicals. Germination was maximized when 75 mg/l H3BO4, 400 mg/l Ca (NO3)2.4H2O, 100 mg/l KNO3, 50 mg/l MgSO4.7H2O and 15% (w/v) sucrose were used in a medium at pH 5.4. The viability of pollen of these three genotypes following storage in a refrigerator at 4°C was tested every 3 mo for 12 mo. Significant pollen viability was maintained after 9 mo of storage and the highest germinability (60.3%) was observed for the genotype "Tanunda". Six tests for determining viability, including TTC (2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride), IKI (iodine potassium iodide), lactophenol cotton blue (LPCB), acetocarmine, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) and Alexander's differential stain were evaluated and correlations between these pollen viability tests and in vitro germination were determined. A highly positive correlation between in vitro germination and the FDA viability test was observed. The metaxenic effect induced by pollinating the cultivar "Barhee" with three sources of pollen was investigated by assessing changes in the levels of malic acid, citric acid, fructose, glucose, sucrose, l-proline and myo-inositol during fruit development. The pollen source had a significant influence on the concentrations of these chemicals (metaxenic effect). Pollen of the genotype "Tanunda" significantly increased fruit size, fresh weight and seed size in comparison with other pollen sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for accelerated determination of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in Tetralgin combined preparation was developed based on preliminary extraction separation of the components followed by preparation of their aqueous extracts and voltammetric titration by a solution of photogenerated iodine obtained via irradiation of an auxiliary solution containing potassium iodide, a mixture of sensitizers (sodium eosinate:fluorescein:auramine, 1:1:1 mole ratio), and acetate buffer (pH 5.6). Extraction (CHCl3) separation of the drug components allowed extraction from a model solution of up to 97% caffeine (pH 11.0 – 12.0) and 98% phenobarbital (pH 4.0 – 5.0). The found contents of Tetralgin APIs were within the range recommended by GPM 1.4.2.0009.15 so that the quality of the drug met GMP standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Agronomic biofortification of fruit with iodine (I) has become an innovative approach in contemporary agriculture. In this study, we evaluated the influence of soil- and foliar I applications on absorption of this nutrient by apple (Malus domestica Borth.) trees, as well as on growth and yield responses of the plants. Methods: In 2018–2019, 'Red Jonaprince' apple trees, grown on sandy loam soil, were treated with potassium iodide (KI) or K-iodate (KIO3) through soil application (at a rate of 4 kg, 8 kg or 12 kg I ha−1) or preharvest sprays (at a rate of 0.5 kg, 1 kg or 1.5 kg I ha−1). Results: The I sprays increased apple I contents to the targeted range of 50–100 µg 100 g−1 fresh weight and even to the recommended daily intake of I for adults (the KI sprays at rates of 1 kg and 1.5 kg I ha−1). Although the I sprays caused leaf injuries, they did not affect tree growth and yield. However, the spray of KI and KIO3 at the highest rate decreased the soluble solid concentration in fruit. For soil-supplied trees with I, an increase in apple I concentration was found only in the first year of the study. Conclusions: Apple tree is a suitable target plant for agronomic I biofortification, and from the economic point of view, the spray of KI or KIO3 at a rate of 0.5 kg I ha−1 should be recommended in orchards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reactions of KI with the KF–KCl–K2SiF6 and KF–KCl–K2SiF6–SiO2 salt systems are studied. The KF–KCl and KF–KCl–KI systems containing both K2SiF6 and SiO2 are studied by Raman spectroscopy. The addition of KI to the KF–KCl–K2SiF6 and KF–KCl–K2SiF6–SiO2 melts induces groups containing Si–I bonds in the molten solid samples. A significant portion of silicon dioxide from the KF–KCl–K2SiF6–SiO2 and KF–KCl–KI–K2SiF6–SiO2 melts crystallizes in the form of silicate structures characteristic of the K2SiO3 phase (K2O·SiO2). The results of Raman spectroscopy are consistent with the X-ray diffraction data for the KF–KCl and KF–KCl–KI melts containing both K2SiF6 and SiO2. The crystallization field of K3SiF7 is retained upon the addition of KI to the KF–KCl–K2SiF6 and KF–KCl–K2SiF6–SiO2 melts. KI introduced into the melt precipitates to form an individual phase during crystallization. Low-intensity peaks corresponding to the crystallization of the α-SiO2 phase are detected for the KF–KCl–K2SiF6–SiO2 and KF–KCl–KI–K2SiF6–SiO2 systems. The KF–KCl–KI–K2SiF6 and KF–KCl–KI–K2SiF6–SiO2 melts are studied by synchronous thermal analysis. Phase transitions probably associated with the transformation of -structures into structures containing are observed at temperatures up to 473 K, which is consistent with the data on the thermal stability of mixed silicon halides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Homogeneous earth-abundant metal catalysis based on well-defined molecular complexes has achieved great advance in synthetic methodologies. However, sophisticated ligand, hazardous activator and multistep synthesis starting from base metal salts are generally required for the generation of active molecular catalysts, which may hinder their broad application in large scale organic synthesis. Therefore, the development of metal cluster catalysts formed in situ from simple earth-abundant metal salts is of importance for the practical utilization of base metal resource, yet it is still in its infancy. Herein, a mixture of catalytic amounts of cobalt (II) iodide and potassium tert-butoxide is discovered to be highly active for selective hydroboration of vinylarenes and dihydroboration of nitriles, affording a good yield of diversified hydroboration products that without isolation can readily undergo further one pot transformations. It should be highlighted that the alkoxide-pinacolborane combination acts as an efficient activation strategy to activate cobalt (II) iodide for the generation of metastable heterotopic cobalt catalysts in situ, which is proposed to be catalytically active species. Homogeneous earth-abundant metal catalysis based on well-defined metal complexes is of interest for organic synthesis, but typically employs expensive catalysts, air sensitive or synthetically challenging chemicals. Here, the authors report an efficient and regio-selective catalytic system for hydroboration of vinylarenes and organic nitriles with HBPin, using commercially available CoI2 and KOtBu under ligand-free conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis and study of the physicochemical properties of silsesquioxanes modified with 3-aminopropyl, 2-aminoethyl-3-aminopropyl, and dithiooxamide groups was carried out. The obtained sorbents were characterized by thermal stability, porosity, and a high degree of functionalization; the concentration of groups grafted to the particle surface reached 2.80 mmol g−1. Modified silsesquioxanes were used as an electroactive substance for the development of indicator carbon paste electrodes (CPEs). When using a CPE with a 5% dithiooxamidated silsesquioxane content, the conditions selected for potentiometric titration of aqueous solutions containing silveri were pH 3–4, the titrant was potassium iodide. The designed sensor was successfully tested by analyzing a standard sample and a drug for silver ion content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: simple, sensitive, free of organic solvents, kinetic spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of Clindamycin Hydrochloride, both in pure form and Capsules. Method is based on reaction of Clindamycin with potassium iodide and potassium iodate in an aqueous medium at (25 ± 2 °C) to produce yellow-coloured tri iodide ions (I3−). The reaction is followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance at wavelength 350 nm during 40 min. Results: the effects of analytical parameters on reported kinetic methods were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the initial rate and fixed time (at 10 min) methods were used for constructing the calibration graphs. The graphs were linear in concentration ranges 1–20 μg ml−1 with limit of detection of 0.12 and 0.22 μg ml−1for the initial rate and fixed time methods, respectively. The results were satisfactory and the analytical performance for both methods was validated. Conclusion: The proposed methods have been applied to determine the components in capsules with an average recovery of 98.25–102.00% and the results are in good agreement with those found by the reference method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, we propose the synthesis of novel nicotinamide subsituted phthlocyanine photosensitizer (PS) and characterized by FTIR, UV–visible, H-NMR and MALDI Toff spectroscopy. Nicotinamide plays a vital rule in the central nervous system and its potential as a therapeutic for neurodegenerative disease. Nicotinamide substituted PS (3) efficiently produced ROS via type-1 process as measured by DCF assay. We observed that our PS after red light illumination (22 J/cm2) killed gram positive S. aureus upto 3 log reduction. Furher the addition of Potassium Iodide (100 mM) significantly potentiated PS at lower concentrations and enhanced the bacterial killing upto 6 log reduction against the S. aureus. We further found that the synergistic effect of PS and KI also eradicated the gram negative E. coli strain at lower concentraion of PS and found to killed E. coli upto 5 log reduction under the red light illumination at 22 J/cm2 of light dose. The conjugation of such biologically important form of vitamin B3 with PS would be a great addition and could pav the way for the novel photodynamic agent in the treatement of cancer and infectious diseases. A new symmetrical Nicotinamide tetrasubstituted zinc phthalocyanine (3) was synthesized. Upon addition of potassium Iodide with PS, the PS exhibited significant photodynamic activity with 5-6 logs reduction in bacterial load was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel amphiphilic photosensitizing agent based on a tricationic fullerene C60 (DMC603+) was efficiently synthesized from its non-charged analogue MMC60. These fullerenes presented strong UV absorptions, with a broad range of less intense absorption up to 710 nm. Both compounds showed low fluorescence emission and were able to photosensitize the production of reactive oxygen species. Furthermore, photodecomposition of l-tryptophan sensitized by both fullerenes indicated an involvement of type II pathway. DMC603+ was an effective agent to produce the photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Mechanistic insight indicated that the photodynamic action sensitized by DMC603+ was mainly mediated by both photoprocesses in bacteria, while a greater preponderance of the type II pathway was found in C. albicans. In presence of potassium iodide, a potentiation of PDI was observed due to the formation of reactive iodine species. Therefore, the amphiphilic DMC603+ can be used as an effective potential broad-spectrum antimicrobial photosensitizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work is an attempt to investigate the heavy atom effect imparted by halide ions, especially iodide (I−) ions on the fluorescence behavior of carbon dots (CDs). Here two different types of CDs viz. nitrogen doped carbon dots (NCDs) from Citric Acid (CA) & Urea and Sulfur and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots (S,N-CDs) from CA & L-Cysteine were synthesized and the fluorescence of both CDs were quenched by heavy atom effect on adding potassium iodide (KI). The large difference in average lifetime was obtained in time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) analysis suggests the dynamic quenching and heavy atom effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A photochemical method for determination of water-soluble antioxidants was developed based on titration of the analyte by photogenerated iodine obtained by irradiating an auxiliary solution containing potassium iodide and a sensitizer at pH 5.6. Stabilization of the current in the cell indicated that the reaction went to completion because the content of titrant in the solution was monitored by voltammetry. The technique satisfied the validation criteria for linearity, precision, and accuracy. Application of the proposed method in analytical practice reduced not only the time for a single determination because solutions did not need to be standardized and routine analyses were avoided but also the cost of a single analysis because expensive equipment and reagents were not required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of mediated diaphragmless electrosynthesis (platinum anode, nickel cathode) of diphenylphosphate from diphenylphosphite with alkali metal halides (KI, LiBr) used as the mediator is studied in water‑organic (acetonitrile, benzene) medium. It is found that after passing 2 F per mole of diphenylphosphite through the electrolyte, two phosphorus-containing compounds are detected in the reaction mixture: original diphenylphosphite and target diphenylphosphate. The highest content of diphenylphosphate is observed when the electrosynthesis is carried out in the water‑acetonitrile‑benzene mixture. It is found that the excess of protons in the electrolyte accelerates the hydrolysis of original diphenylphosphite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photodynamic inactivation of bacterial and fungal pathogens is a promising alternative to the extensive use of conventional single-target antibiotics and antifungal agents. The combination of photosensitizers and adjuvants can improve the photodynamic inactivation efficiency. In this regard, it has been shown that the use of potassium iodide (KI) as adjuvant increases pathogen killing. Following our interest in this topic, we performed the co-encapsulation of a neutral porphyrin photosensitizer (designated as P1) and KI into micelles and tested the obtained nanoformulations against the human pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. The results of this study showed that the micelles containing P1 and KI displayed a better photodynamic performance towards C. albicans than P1 and KI in solution. It is noteworthy that higher concentrations of KI within the micelles resulted in increased killing of C. albicans. Subcellular localization studies by confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed that P1 was localized in the cell cytoplasm, but not in the nuclei or mitochondria. Overall, our results show that a nanoformulation containing a photosensitizer plus an adjuvant is a promising approach for increasing the efficiency of photodynamic treatment. Actually, the use of this strategy allows a considerable decrease in the amount of both photosensitizer and adjuvant required to achieve pathogen killing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The densities of the KF–KCl–KI melts with KF/KCl molar ratios of 0.8 and 2 are measured as a function of the KI content by hydrostatic weighing. The measurements were performed in an inert atmosphere using structural materials resistant against the melts. The densities of the 45 mol % KF–55 mol % KCl–KI and 66.6 mol % KF–33.4 mol % KCl–KI melts with KI contents of from 0 to 100% were measured in a temperature range of 973–1073 K. KI additions to the KF–KCl melt were found to increase the density. The temperature dependences of the densities of the melts are described by linear functions. KI is found to increase the coefficient of temperature dependence of the density. Data on the densities of the KF–KCl–KI melts are used to calculate the molar volumes. Dependences of variations in the molar volume on the temperature and the melt composition are given. The molar volumes of the melts are shown to be close to those calculated by the additivity rule, which indicates that the initial salts are mixed without marked chemical interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to study the dynamics between the matrix of a contaminated marine sediment, its contaminants and various desorbing solutions by means of equilibrium tests, sedimentation trials and zeta potential, with the focus on assessing optimum enhancing solutions for decontamination purposes. Materials and methods: The sediment samples were analysed to determine their physico-chemical characteristics: particle size distribution, solids concentration, total organic carbon (TOC), content of heavy metals, organic contaminants, mineralogical phases, zeta potential and buffer capacity. Twelve extracting solutions of different nature were used for equilibrium tests, in which the dynamic behaviour of the sediment was evaluated. Elemental analysis was carried out for the sediment samples and the solutions before and after the tests. Results and discussion: The sediment was mainly composed of clay and lime, with a high content of iron, which has a strong influence on sorption-desorption processes. The sediment had a considerable buffer capacity at low and high pH values. The desorption of the metals was not proportional to pH. The highest decrease in the concentration of metals from the sediment was obtained with 0.2 M ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and 1 M nitric acid, while the lowest degree of metal extraction occurred in pure water and potassium iodide (KI). Conclusions: The most important parameters for contaminant release were complexation ability of the solution for the sediment components and pH of the solution. A promising design for the remediation treatment for the investigated sediment includes complexation and strong acid agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]