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The present study addresses the issue of varying fault locations within a distribution system, which leads to fluctuations in short-circuit currents and requires the implementation of adaptive protection strategies for network reliability. This paper presents a novel adaptive protection scheme that specifically considers these fault location variations using directional overcurrent relays (DOCRs). Unlike previous research on adaptive protection, which does not adequately account for fault location variations, this method employs deep neural networks (DNNs) for online fault location detection. In the verification process, the effectiveness of the proposed methodologies was assessed by analyzing the time derivative of a trained machine learning model for fault identification. This approach enables the immediate detection of fault locations within the distribution system and facilitates the transmission of the setting group index to activate preset optimal coordination parameter values for the system relays. Crucially, the proposed method ensures that the coordination constraints remain intact across various adaptive settings, relying on precise fault identification through machine learning. The practical significance of this approach lies in its applicability to real-world systems because the proposed solutions and protective settings can be easily implemented using commercially available relays. To evaluate its effectiveness, the adaptive protection scheme was tested on three distribution networks: IEEE 14-Bus, 15-Bus and 30-Bus. The comparative test results highlight that the proposed method significantly improves the speed of the protection system for distribution networks when compared to existing studies, making it a valuable contribution to enhancing network reliability and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-step photon upconversion solar cells (TPU-SCs) based on III–V semiconductors can achieve enhanced sub-bandgap photon absorption because of intraband transitions at the heterointerface. From a technological aspect, the question arose whether similar intraband transitions can be realized by using perovskite/III–V semiconductor heterointerfaces. In this article, we demonstrate a TPU-SC based on a CsPbBr3/GaAs heterointerface. Such a solar cell can ideally achieve an energy conversion efficiency of 48.5% under 1-sun illumination. This is 2.1% higher than the theoretical efficiency of an Al0.3Ga0.7As/GaAs-based TPU-SC. Experimental results of the CsPbBr3/GaAs-based TPU-SC show that both the short-circuit current JSC and the open-circuit voltage VOC increase with additional illumination of sub-bandgap photons. We analyze the excitation power dependence of JSC for different excitation conditions to discuss the mechanisms behind the enhancement. In addition, the observed voltage-boost clarifies that the JSC enhancement is caused by an adiabatic optical process at the CsPbBr3/GaAs heterointerface, where sub-bandgap photons efficiently pump the electrons accumulated at the heterointerface to the conduction band of CsPbBr3. Besides the exceptional optoelectronic properties of CsPbBr3 and GaAs, the availability of a CsPbBr3/GaAs heterointerface for two-step photon upconversion paves the way for the development of high-efficiency perovskite/III–V semiconductor-based single-junction solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript presents a comprehensive evaluation of Cs3Sb2I9 (Eg = 1.95 eV) as a potential absorber for indoor photovoltaic (IPV) applications. Using computational modeling, we developed a baseline model of the device structure (FTO/TiO2/Cs3Sb2I9/PolyTPD(poly(N,N'-bis-4-butylphenyl-N,N'-bisphenyl)benzidine)/Au), which experimentally achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.7% under white light-emitting diode (WLED) illumination at 3.2 W m−2 (1000 lx). By increasing the source transmission power density from 3.2 W m−2 (6%) to 53.31 W m−2 (100%), we significantly enhanced the device's performance. Key parameters such as absorber layer thickness and defect density, along with parameters of the electron transport layer (ETL) and hole transport layer (HTL), were optimized, such as doping concentration, electron affinity (χ), and bandgap (Eg), were optimized. Our simulations demonstrated that the optimized device can achieve a remarkable PCE of 38.77%, with an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.47 V, a short-circuit current density (JSC) of 1.55 mA cm−2, and an excellent fill factor (FF) of 89.09%. Additionally, we proposed a new device architecture, AZO/TNT/Cs3Sb2I9/SrCu2O2/Ni, capable of delivering 38.77% PCE under WLED illumination. This study highlights the critical role of computational modeling in optimizing device design, offering a cost-effective and efficient alternative to experimental methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid bilayer nano-heterojunction (NiPcTs) thin films, with a p-type active donor layer and n-type silicon (Si) acceptor, were manufactured at substrate temperatures of 300 K and 400 K. Using a thermal evaporation technique under vacuum conditions of 10−5 mbar and a deposition rate of 12 nm/min, these films were deposited onto two aluminum (Al) electrodes to construct the hydride bilayer photovoltaic solar cell (PVSC). The electrical characteristics of the Al/NiPcTs/Si/Al hybrid nano-heterojunction thin layer were investigated. The findings demonstrated an open-circuit voltage (Vm) of 0.25 V, a short-circuit current density (Im) of 2.77 mA/cm2 and a fill factor (FF) of 0.391. Under illumination with a halogen lamp at an intensity of 55 mW/cm2, the conversion efficiency (η) was 5.03% at a substrate temperature of 400 K. Theoretical calculations indicated that the optical energy gap of the NiPcTs thin layers depends on the annealing temperature. The optical band gap narrows as the annealing temperature rises but then widens as the temperature increases to 400 K. Comparing theoretical and experimental calculations of the electronic and electrical properties showed that the best model for solar cell applications was achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates a carbon-based all-perovskite tandem solar cell (AP-TSC) with the structure ITO, SnO₂, Cs₀.₂FA₀.₈Pb(I₀.₇Br₀.₃)₃, WS₂, MoO₃, ITO, C₆₀, MAPb₀.₅Sn₀.₅I₃, PEDOT: PSS, Carbon. The bandgap configuration of the cell is 1.75 eV/1.17 eV, which is theoretically limited to 36% efficiency. The effectiveness of embedding cubic plasmonic metallic nanoparticles (NPs) made of Gold (Au) and Silver (Ag) within the absorber layers to eliminate the requirement for thicker absorber layers, decrease manufacturing costs and Pb toxicity is demonstrated in our analysis. This analysis was conducted using 3D Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations for both optical and electrical calculations. Prior to delving into the primary investigation of the tandem structure, a validation simulation was conducted to demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of the simulations. Notably, the efficiency mismatch observed during the validation simulation, specifically in relation to the incorporation of metallic nanoparticles (NPs), amounted to a mere 0.01%. To mitigate the potential issues of direct contact between metallic NPs and perovskite materials, such as increased thermal and chemical instability and recombination at the NP surface, a 5 nm dielectric shell was applied to the NPs. The incorporation of cubic core-shell Ag NPs resulted in a 15.32% enhancement in short-circuit current density, from 16.39 mA/cm² to 18.90 mA/cm², and a 15.68% increase in overall efficiency, from 26.9 to 31.12%. This research paves the way for the integration of core-shell metallic NPs in AP-TSCs, highlighting a significant potential for efficiency and stability improvements. In a dedicated section the band alignment of the sub-cell was addressed. Additionally, a thermal investigation of the proposed tandem structure was conducted, demonstrating the robustness of the proposed AP-TSC. Finally, the sensitivity analyses related to input parameters and the challenges associated with large-scale fabrication of the proposed AP-TSC were extensively discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-radiative recombination of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) will increase as a result of the numerous crystallographic defects that the solution-grown perovskite films will cause, particularly at the grain boundary and film surface. As a result, it negatively influences the performance of the device. Consequently, lowering perovskite film defects is a useful strategy for raising the efficiency of PSCs. This study reports a grain regeneration and passivation approach that can decrease the recombination loss of the perovskite layer/charge transfer layer interface and the grain border. Guanidine iodide (GAI) treatment of perovskite films is the means by which this objective is accomplished. Unlike most methods that use GAI to post-treatment the perovskite layer or add GAI into the perovskite precursor solution, this work uses GAI for pre-treatment before spin coating the perovskite layer. It can effectively passivate surface defects and increase the grain size of perovskite films by controlling the crystallization process. The water stability of devices was enhanced, the short-circuit current (Jsc), filling factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs were markedly improved, and non-radiative recombination was successfully reduced. The best efficiency of PSCs was 20.56% after the additional GAI treatment was applied to the perovskite layer, an 11.9% increase over the efficiency of the control device without GAI treatment. This method has the advantage of being simple and straightforward, providing a feasible pathway for the low-cost preparation and commercialization of PSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) made from biocompatible materials serve as promising integrated power sources for portable wearable electronics due to many advantages such as lightweight, high flexibility, simple technique, and excellent breathability. In this work, we report the fabrication of electrospun polycaprolactone micro-nanofiber films (s-PCL) and convex-microdome-patterned polydimethylsiloxane (c-PDMS) utilizing electrospinning and micromolding techniques. These materials, s-PCL and c-PDMS, are utilized as positively and negatively charged tribosurfaces, respectively, in the development of a bioTENG device. The developed TENG device can generate a superior power output of 2 mW with an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 188 V and short-circuit current (ISC) of 18.5 µA, even under a low triggering frequency of 5 Hz. In addition, TENG possesses outstanding durability and output performance stability over a continuous operation of nearly 16,000 cycles. Furthermore, the TENG demonstrates its capacity to harvest mechanical energy and convert it into electricity, capable of directly illuminating more than 100 LEDs. The electrospun s-PCL- and c-PDMS-based TENG can be considered for self-powdered wearable devices attached to fingers, wrists, feet, and other human body parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) primarily depends upon many factors, such as the thickness of the semiconductor layer at the working electrode, dye/sensitizer concentration, and electrolyte. A methodical study is required in one place to deliberate the impact of all these factors on DSSC performance for better understanding and further advancement of the technology. This work emphasizes optimizing the absorption layer, specifically investigating the relationship between the thickness of the TiO2 layer and the concentration of N719 dye. The objective is to elucidate the interconnected effects of these parameters on the overall performance of the device. Additionally, the optimization of electrolyte composition was done with varying concentrations of additives, such as iodine, 4-tert-butyl-pyridine (TBP), guanidinium thiocyanate (GuNCS), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide (BMII) of electrolyte. Initially, the devices with varying TiO2 absorption layers were fabricated. The efficiency, fill factor (FF), open-circuit voltage (VOC), and short-circuit current (ISC) of devices were studied. The drop in open-circuit voltage (VOC) was noticed with the increase in thickness of the TiO2 layer. The highest efficiency was observed at 7.17% with the device fabricated using 6 absorption layer (17.46 μm) of TiO2, 0.7 mM concentration of N719 dye, and 0.03-M iodine, 0.1-M GuNCS, 0.5-M TBP, and 0.6-M BMII in electrolyte. Future developments in this research could focus on further fine-tuning these parameters for improved efficiency and exploring additional innovations in DSSC technology, ultimately contributing to the advancement of sustainable and efficient solar energy conversion systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a significant advancement in tandem dye-sensitized solar cells (T-DSSCs) through the strategic synthesis of novel triazatruxene (TAT) sensitizers MS-1 and MS-2. These organic sensitizers demonstrate exceptional light-harvesting capacity and overall performance, pushing the boundaries of power conversion efficiency (PCE) in DSSCs. The MS-1-based DSSCs achieved an impressive PCE of 12.81%, while MS-2 sensitizers reached a notable 10.92%. These efficiencies represent significant improvements over the conventional N719 dye (7.60%), demonstrating the potential of metal-free organic sensitizers in DSSC technology. The key to these noteworthy results lies in the molecular design of the organic sensitizers. The triazatruxene donor segment in the MS-1 and MS-2 dyes, featuring a rigid structure and efficient intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), proved to be a game-changer for photovoltaic properties. Building on these results, we explored an innovative parallel tandem cell (PT-DSSC) configuration. By connecting separate cells containing N719 and MS-1 sensitizers, we achieved a record efficiency of 12.89% with enhanced short-circuit current density (JSC) and open-circuit voltage (VOC)compared to single-dye cells. This study highlights the potential of molecular engineering in organic sensitizers and device optimization to enhance DSSC performance, paving the way for further advancements in solar cell technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy harvesting from ambient sources present in the environment is essential to replace traditional energy sources. These strategies can diversify the energy sources, reduce maintenance, lower costs, and provide near-perpetual operation of the devices. In this work, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) based on silane-coupled Linde type A/polydimethylsiloxane (LTA/PDMS) is developed for harsh environmental conditions. The silane-coupled LTA/PDMS-based TENG can produce a high output power density of 42.6 µW/cm2 at a load resistance of 10 MΩ and operates at an open-circuit voltage of 120 V and a short-circuit current of 15 µA under a damping frequency of 14 Hz. Furthermore, the device shows ultra-robust and stable cyclic repeatability for more than 30 k cycles. The fabricated TENG is used for the physiological monitoring and charging of commercial capacitors to drive low-power electronic devices. Hence, these results suggest that the silane-coupled LTA/PDMS approach can be used to fabricate ultra-robust TENGs for harsh environmental conditions and also provides an effective path toward wearable self-powered microelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (SSDSSCs) are part of the thin-film solar cell category, garnering substantial research attention for over two decades. This enduring interest is fuelled by their cost-effectiveness, straightforward preparation techniques, minimal toxicity and manufacturability. The device is depicted using SCAPS-1D simulation. SSDSSCs employing X60, also known as octakis (4-methoxyphenyl) spiro [fluorene-9,9′xanthene]-2,2′7,7′-tetraamine, as the hole transport layer (HTL) are introduced. The initial outcomes of the study demonstrated an efficacy of 7.34%, a fill factor (FF) of 81.19%, a short-circuit current (Jsc) 6.778 mA/cm2 and an open-circuit voltage (Voc) 1.335 V. Various electron transport layers (ETLs; ZnO, PCBM, SnO2 and CdS) are simulated in conjunction with the proposed device configuration to determine the optimal power conversion efficiency (PCE). Results show that utilizing ZnO as the ETL for SSDSSC yields superior performance compared with alternative ETLs such as PCBM, SnO2 and CdS. Through the optimization of thickness, donor and acceptor doping density, defect density, temperature and back contact, the PCE, FF, Jsc and Voc were optimized to 9.60%, 84.83%, 7.318 mA/cm2 and 1.5457 V, respectively. ZnO was used as ETL, N719 dye as absorber and X60 as HTL for enhanced performance. The fluorine-doped tin oxide/ZnO/N719 dye/X60/Au device structure enhances the advancement and manufacturing of SSDSSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-toxic and organic–inorganic double perovskite material (FA)2BiCuI6, has garnered significant curiosity as a double perovskites solar cell (DPSC) absorber layer owing to its exceptional optoelectronic characteristics, making it well-suited for photovoltaic (PV) applications. To assess the viability of (FA)2BiCuI6 as a prospective material for the solar cell absorption layer, the SCAPS-1D simulation tool is used to explore the optimal configuration of solar cell involving the different electron transport layer (ETL) and hole transport layer (HTL). ETLs such as PCBM, Ag2S, ZnO0.3S0.7, C60, Nb2O5, and ZnSe, along with HTLs like Mg-CuCrO2, CBTS, CFTS, GO, SWCNT, and CuI, are thoroughly considered for integration with the absorber layer. Each ETL is methodically examined in combination with each HTL to identify the optimal pairing with (FA)2BiCuI6. This analysis leads to the identification of a champion DPSC configuration, which is then further optimized to achieve higher efficiency. The champion device structured as FTO/Nb2O5/(FA)2BiCuI6/Mg-CuCrO2/Se demonstrates highest power conversion efficiency approximately 24.42%, open-circuit voltage = 1.077 V, short-circuit current density = 26.03 mA/cm2 and fill factor of 87.12% are observed after optimization of various solar cell parameters. This proposed configuration aims to optimize light absorption, charge carrier transport, and extraction efficiency to achieve high solar cell performance. This work proposes the most suitable DPSC configurations for PV applications, analysing on the basis of variables such as absorber layer thickness, shallow acceptor density, defect density, and interfacial defect density. Additionally, the investigation delves into the influence of series and shunt resistances on proposed DPSC structures. To gain deeper insights, the analysis incorporates JV curves and quantum efficiency plots for the proposed champion configuration. Device performance is stable with temperature at 300 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-voltage and high-frequency stresses comprising of AC and DC components are encountered across the surge arresters at various nodes in HVDC stations. There is a need to generate these stresses to evaluate surge arresters employed at different locations in the HVDC networks. In the present work, an attempt is made to develop complex waveforms using a novel single-stage DC–AC converter. The presented switched-mode converter is based on a coupled inductor which gives an extra degree of freedom to obtain a higher gain with the modulation in the duty ratio. Fixing the turns ratio of the coupled inductor, the duty ratio is appropriately modulated to generate the complex waveform of high frequency and high amplitude. The proposed converter offers a single-stage solution for DC–AC inversion using pulse width modulation, with fewer components, higher power density, and the ability to generate a frequency of 600 Hz. The detailed converter and controller design analysis is discussed in the present investigation. The breakdown operation of the surge arrester demands a massive short-circuit current from the source side, which may be difficult to obtain if a high-gain amplifier is used without proper protection. The presented switched-mode converter-based approach rectifies the issue of the short-circuit current during the insulator breakdown. A simulation study is performed to validate the circuit for both positive and negative buck-boost regions. Further, a hardware setup is developed to verify the generation of high-frequency and high-voltage complex waveforms. The developed converter could be widely used for insulation evaluation and condition monitoring of various high-voltage equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the design, simulation, and evaluation of photovoltaic (PV) parameters for a solar cell structure (Au/CuBi2O4/PCBM/ITO/Ag) with copper bismuth oxide (CuBi2O4) as the absorber layer and PCBM as the electron transport layer (ETL), using SCAPS-1D software. The PV parameters of the cell were evaluated with varying thicknesses of CuBi2O4 and PCBM layers from 0.1 µm to 2 µm, and 100 nm to 500 nm, respectively. The effects of the variations in doping concentrations, the defect density of the absorber and ETL (1012–1020 cm−3), series resistance (Rs), shunt resistance (Rsh), the band gap of the absorber layer (1.3–1.8 eV), and operating temperature on the PV parameters were also evaluated. The optimized cell exhibited photoconversion efficiency (PCE) of 32.16% with open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.32 V, short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 27.46 mA/cm2, and fill factor (FF) of 88.69% with an optimum absorber layer thickness of 1 µm and ETL of 200 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A back-contact perovskite solar cell (BC-PSC) has been simulated. The J–V curves were calculated with different degrees of the interfacial recombination, and the characteristics of basic physical phenomena inside the device, including carrier concentration distribution, ion concentration distribution, electric potential change, and carrier recombination rate, have also been investigated. It was found that the effect of the perovskite layer's upper surface (US) interfacial recombination on the hysteresis phenomenon is greater than that of the perovskite layer's lower surface (LS) interfacial recombination. In addition, it has been found that the inverted hysteresis phenomenon occurs in the BC-PSC with the LS interfacial recombination. Moreover, the hysteresis loops corresponding to the US interfacial recombination of the perovskite layer were close to the short-circuit current side, and the hysteresis loops corresponding to the LS interfacial recombination of the perovskite layer were close to the open-circuit voltage side. These results indicate that both of the US and LS interface recombinations in the BC-PSC play a crucial role in the hysteresis phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most efficient way to mitigate the degradation of the environment and global warming is to generate clean, sustainable green energy. A hydroelectric cell (HEC) is a green energy device that employs oxygen-deficient, mesoporous metal oxides to produce electricity through water splitting at room temperature. In this work, carbon doping is explored to create oxygen vacancies in TiO2. The solid-state reaction method was used to process titanium dioxide (TiO2) with 0.1 wt.% and 0.5 wt.% of carbon (C). Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of microstructural defects and optical defects in the carbon-doped TiO2. The enhancement in microstrain and dislocation density due to the incorporation of carbon atoms in the TiO2 lattice was confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The HEC was fabricated by applying silver paste in a comb-like pattern to one face of the sample pellet and attaching a zinc sheet to the other face. The surface of the C-TiO2 pellet was moistened with water to generate voltage and current. The fabricated 2 × 2 cm2 TiO2 and 0.1 wt.% and 0.5 wt.% C-doped TiO2 HECs generated short-circuit current of 5.0 mA, 6.3 mA, and 7 mA with open-circuit voltage of 0.76 V, 0.81 V, and 0.74 V, respectively. The cells delivered off-load output power of 3.8 mW, 5.10 mW, and 5.2 mW, respectively. Nyquist curves obtained for the HECs in the wet state confirmed the ionic conduction process within the material and charge transfer to the electrodes. Carbon-doped TiO2 processed at low temperature generated enhanced power output in comparison to pure TiO2. Therefore, C-doped TiO2 is a cost-effective material for producing green electricity at a large scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, Ag nanoparticle-decorated TiO2 nanowire (ADT) photoanodes were prepared by varying the speed of the substrate rotation using the Glancing Angle Deposition Technique (GLAD) for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) applications. The High Resolution-Transmission Electron Microscopy analysis reveals the presence of TiO2 and Ag crystals, which is also confirmed by the Selected Area Electron Diffraction and XRD results. The optical absorption spectrum of the ADT photoanode sample deposited at 30 Revolutions per Minute (rpm) of GLAD rotation shows enhancement in the UV and visible regions as compared to other photoanode samples. It is also observed from the Tauc plot analysis that the band gap of TiO2 nanowire decreases after the incorporation of Ag nanoparticles, as well as when the speed of substrate rotation increases. Finally, the performance of the fabricated DSSCs based on bare TiO2-NW and ADT photoanodes deposited at different GLAD rpms was compared. It is interesting to observe that by increasing the speed of GLAD rpm, the efficiency of DSSC based on ADT deposited at 30 rpm (ADT@30 rpm) is enhanced by ~ 18.72% compared to ADT deposited at 15 rpm (ADT@15 rpm) based DSSC. The best result was achieved from DSSC based on ADT@30 rpm photoanode, which gives the maximum efficiency of ~ 2.79%, with corresponding open-circuit voltage (VOC) and short-circuit current (JSC) values of ~ 0.57 V and ~ 14.81 mA/cm2, respectively. Therefore, the proposed method of developing photoanodes using this simple GLAD technique may be applicable for developing efficient DSSC and other optoelectronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a surge in interest surrounding the development of chitosan (CS)-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) for powering attachable/portable devices. Despite numerous strategies aimed at enhancing their efficiency, the selection of acid solvent has remained largely unexplored. In this study, various acids, including acetic (CH3COOH), succinic (C4H6O4), and citric (C6H8O7) acids, were investigated for their impact on mechanical and electrical output signals. Remarkably, the choice and concentration of acid were found to significantly influence performance. Specifically, employing citric acid rendered the CS solid film more pliable and yielded the highest output signal at optimal concentration levels. Under optimized conditions, the CS-TENG exhibited an open-circuit voltage output (VOC) of 157 V and short-circuit current output (ISC) of 53 µA—more than triple that of pristine CS-TENG. Mechanistic insights into electrical generation have been elucidated, underscoring the importance of solvent selection in CS TENG fabrication. These findings underscore the potential for tailored acid solvent selection to advance specialized applications in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hole transport materials (HTMs) are indispensable for achieving high-performance perovskite optoelectronic devices. We have designed hole transport layer materials, and the geometries, electronic properties, excited state properties, and carrier mobilities of the promising experimental HTM molecule PCA-2 and designed molecules based on PCA-2 by substituting the core structures (named DMS, DMC, DMN and DMO) have been theoretically investigated by employing quantum chemistry methods. Our results show that all the HTMs exhibit excellent planarity and light absorption properties, which are beneficial for facilitating intramolecular charge transfer and enhancing device short-circuit current. The stability of all the studied HTMs was better than that of Spiro-OMeTAD. Additionally, the designed molecules exhibit good capability of hole injection, with DMC, DMN and DMO also displaying effective electron-blocking ability. The solubility of DMN surpasses that of all other molecules. Among the designed HTMs, the hole mobilities of all HTMs except for DMC, are improved compared with the experimental molecule PCA-2. Notably, DMN not only exhibits energy levels matching with perovskite but also has the largest hole mobility, which gives it the potential to be an ideal HTM. This comprehensive study will provide insights into charge transport materials for perovskite optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells have emerged as a promising frontier in the realm of renewable energy due to their notable attributes of high efficiency and cost-effectiveness. This study delves into the intricate domain of vapor-deposited perovskite solar cells with the primary objective of optimizing their performance through advanced predictive modeling. State-of-the-art machine learning techniques, including random forest, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and deep learning, were strategically employed to comprehensively explore critical parameters such as Voc, Jsc, fill factor, perovskite layer thickness, thin-film deposition methods, temperature, and power conversion efficiency. The research findings underscore the exceptional accuracy of deep learning models, revealing a coefficient of determination of 0.91 and minimal mean absolute errors of 0.91. This robustly emphasizes the precision and reliability of deep learning in predicting power conversion efficiency compared to conventional numerical methods. The study further identifies thin-film deposition methods and short-circuit current density as pivotal factors influencing power conversion efficiency, offering invaluable insights for performance enhancement. The advanced deep learning model successfully forecasted an impressive peak power conversion efficiency of 25.4%. This noteworthy achievement is complemented by a recommended device architecture meticulously achieved through high vacuum deposition techniques, specifically incorporating ITO/MoO3/TaTm/CsPbI2Br/C60/bathocuproine (BCP)/Ag. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of novel self-powered humidity sensors has attracted considerable attention in the fields of smart electronic devices and personal healthcare. Herein, self-powered humidity sensors have been fabricated using a moisture-driven energy generation (MEG) device based on asymmetric tubular graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) films prepared on anodized aluminum (AAO) template. At a relative humidity (RH) of 96%, the MEG device can provide an open-circuit voltage of 0.47 V and a short-circuit current of 3.51 µA, with a maximum output power of 0.08 µW. With inherent self-powered ability and humidity response via current variation, an extraordinary response of 1.78 × 106% (41%–96% RH) can be gained from the MEG device. The possible power generation mechanism is that g-CN/AAO heterostructure can form ion gradient and diffusion under the action of moisture to convert chemical potential into electrical potential, evoking a connaturally sensitive response to humidity. Self-powered respiration monitoring device based on the sensor is designed to monitor human movement (sitting, warming up, and running) and sleep status (normal, snoring, and apnea), maintaining excellent stability during cumulative 12-h respiration monitoring. This self-powered humidity sensing technology has promising potential for extensive integration into smart electronic and round-the-clock health monitoring devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerical simulation of heating of the vicinity of contact spots of closed copper high-current contacts by short-circuit currents of various shapes is carried out. The relationship between the parameters of thermal and mechanical fields when heated to temperatures exceeding the recrystallization temperature of the material is established. The dynamics of changes in the sizes of elastic and plastic deformations and their localization is shown. It is revealed in which cases the results of heating the contact surroundings may differ significantly with the flow of thermally equivalent currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc telluride (ZnTe) is considered as a favorable photovoltaic (PV) material for its desirable absorption coefficient, improved conversion efficiency, and consequently inexpensive production material requirements. The principal objective of this research is to improve the performance of newly designed Al/ZnO/CdS/ZnTe/In2Te3/Pt solar cell and to investigate the influence of the Indium telluride (In2Te3) back surface field (BSF) layer on the performance parameters of open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current density (Jsc), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE). This simulation analyses the performance of the baseline structure Al/ZnO/CdS/ZnTe/Pt which is considered as without BSF and the proposed structure Al/ZnO/CdS/ZnTe/In2Te3/Pt with BSF. The thicknesses and doping density have been used are 30, 30, 500, and 100 nm and 1019, 1018, 1019, and 1021 cm−3 for ZnO, CdS, ZnTe, and In2Te3 layer, respectively, with bulk defect density of 1014 cm−3 for each layer of the proposed cell. The PCE has been achieved 18.40 and 20.20% with VOC of 1.860 and 2.008 V, JSC of 10.79 and 10.99 mA cm−2, as well as FF of 91.87 and 91.92% for the baseline and proposed solar cell, correspondingly. The present study provides the guidelines for the realization of high efficiency and thin ZnTe-based solar cell in cost-effective way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The identification of more efficient, clean, secure, and competitive energy supply is necessary to align with the needs of sustainable devices. For this reason, a study for developing innovative dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on microbial pigments is reported starting from Talaromyces atroroseus GH2. The fungus was cultivated by fermentation and the extracellular pigment extract was characterized by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS analyses. The most abundant compound among the 22 azaphilone-type pigments identified was represented by PP-O. The device's behavior was investigated in relation to electrolyte and pH for verifying the stability on time and the photovoltaic performance. Devices obtained were characterized by UV–vis measurements to verify the absorbance intensity and transmittance percentage. Moreover, photovoltaic parameters through photo-electrochemical measurements (I–V curves) and impedance characteristics by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were determined. The best microbial device showed a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 0.69 mA/cm2, an open-circuit photo-voltage (Voc) of 0.27 V and a Fill Factor (FF) of 0.60. Furthermore, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the device was 0.11%. Thus, the present study demonstrated the potential of microbial origin pigments for developing DSSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has a promising future in the field of energy harvesting and self-powered sensing due to their simplicity in structure, low cost, and efficient energy harvesting from the surrounding environment. The output electrical performance of TENG can be improved by doping the friction material with functional materials and modifying the surface of the friction material. However, the current method of adding functional materials to friction materials is costly and wasteful, and the method of modifying the surface structure of friction materials is cumbersome and not easy to operate. In this work, we present a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-MXene/gelatin triboelectric nanogenerator (PMMG-TENG) based on petal surface-microstructures, which has the advantages of low cost, simple preparation, high output performance, and ecological friendliness. By doping 0.03 wt.% of MXene in PDMS, the output electrical performance of TENG can be significantly improved, with an output current increase of up to 139.7%. Four different petals are used as natural molds to prepare PMMG-TENG. The results show that PMMG-TENG with peony petal surface microstructure has the best electrical performance, and the output current increase of up to 228.17% compared with PMMG-TENG without structure. The PMMG-TENG with peony petal surface-microstructure exhibits excellent electrical performance, demonstrating a maximum open-circuit voltage of 417.39 V and a maximum short-circuit current of 12.01 µA at a size of 3 cm × 3 cm, and a maximum power density of 170 µW/cm2 at a load resistance of 107 Ω. The PMMG-TENG's output performance after 10,000 cycles is consistent with the initial state, highlighting excellent output stability. The PMMG-TENG can easily light up at least 100 light emitting diodes (LEDs). (operating voltage 3V.) Gelatin film exhibits excellent degradation performance, with complete degradation time of only 150 s in water at a constant temperature of 75 °C. PMMG-TENG not only shows excellent performance in the field of energy harvesting, but also has a broad application prospect in the field of self-powered sensing. This work provides a simple, low cost, natural and green method to significantly improve the output electrical performance of TENG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In organic solar cells (OSCs), it is an effective way to improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) by adding a guest component with appropriate absorption and energy levels in the host system. Herein, a new nonfullerene acceptor (NFA) named TBF-2Cl was developed by the strategy of expanding the π conjugated core of 2,2′-(((4,4,9,9-tetrahexyl-4,9-dihydro-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]dithiophene-2,7-diyl)bis(methaneylylidene))bis(5,6-dichloro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile (IDT-4Cl) with two benzene rings. With increase of benzene units, TBF-2Cl exhibits higher lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level of −3.75 eV than that of one benzene unit based NFA IDT-4Cl and fluorene core based NFA F-2Cl, which facilitates enhancing the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of ternary devices. Moreover, TBF-2Cl film shows a medium optical bandgap with the absorption range from 500–800 nm, being well complementary with the wide bandgap polymer donor D18 and narrow bandgap NFA CH-6F. Accordingly, a remarkable PCE of 18.92% with a high short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 27.40 mA·cm−2, a fill factor (FF) of 0.749, especially an outstanding Voc of 0.922 V was achieved for the optimal ternary device based on D18:TBF-2Cl:CH-6F, surpassing the binary counterpart (17.08%). The findings provide insight into the development of new guest acceptors for obtaining more efficient OSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moisture-electric generators (MEGs) has emerged as promising green technology to achieve carbon neutrality in next-generation energy suppliers, especially combined with ecofriendly materials. Hitherto, challenges remain for MEGs as direct power source in practical applications due to low and intermittent electric output. Here we design a green MEG with high direct-current electricity by introducing polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate-based supramolecular hydrogel as active material. A single unit can generate an improved power density of ca. 0.11 mW cm−2, a milliamp-scale short-circuit current density of ca. 1.31 mA cm−2 and an open-circuit voltage of ca. 1.30 V. Such excellent electricity is mainly attributed to enhanced moisture absorption and remained water gradient to initiate ample ions transport within hydrogel by theoretical calculation and experiments. Notably, an enlarged current of ca. 65 mA is achieved by a parallel-integrated MEG bank. The scalable MEGs can directly power many commercial electronics in real-life scenarios, such as charging smart watch, illuminating a household bulb, driving a digital clock for one month. This work provides new insight into constructing green, high-performance and scalable energy source for Internet-of-Things and wearable applications. The emerging moisture-electric harvester suffers from insufficient power output. Here, the authors report a green, efficient, and scalable moisture-electric generator by introducing polyvinyl alcohol-sodium alginate hydrogel as active material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of the softening process of contact spots of closed high-current copper contacts caused by recrystallization of the material during short-circuit shock currents has been carried out. An original method has been developed for calculating the magnitude of the pulse current, which initiates the welding of contacts, which does not require preliminary experimental measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose has shown great potential in the development of green triboelectric nanogenerators. Particularly, regenerated cellulose (R-cellulose) has shown remarkably high output power density but the structural features and key parameters that explain such superior performance remain unexplored. In this work, wood cellulose fibers were dissolved in a LiOH(aq)-based solvent to produce a series of R-cellulose films. Regeneration in different alcohols (from methanol to n-pentanol) was performed and the films' structural features and triboelectric performance were assessed. Nonsolvents of increased hydrophobicity led to R-cellulose films with a more pronounced (1–10) diffraction peak. An open-circuit voltage (VOC) of up to ca. 260 V and a short-circuit current (ISC) of up to ca. 150 µA were measured for R-cellulose against polytetrafluoroethylene (as negative counter-layer). However, R-cellulose showed an increased VOC of 175% (from 88.1 V) against polydimethylsiloxane when increasing the alcohol hydrocarbon chain length from methanol to n-pentanol. The corresponding ISC and output power also increased by 76% (from 89.9 µA) and by 382% (from 8.8 W m–2), respectively. The higher R-cellulose hydrophilicity, combined with soft counter-tribolayer that follow the surface structures increasing the effective contact area, are the leading reasons for a superior triboelectric performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporation of siloxane-functionalized units into polymers backbone has proven to be an efficient strategy to improve photovoltaic performance. In this work, a low-cost siloxane-containing unit was developed to construct a series of terpolymers, and the effects of siloxane on the polymer performance were systematically studied. Different contents of thiophene containing siloxane-functionalized side chain were introduced into PM6 to obtain a series of polymers (PM6, PM6-SiO-10, PM6-SiO-20 and PM6-SiO-30). The siloxane-functionalized side chains in polymers have only a slight effect on the absorption behavior and frontier molecular orbitals. However, when the siloxane content increased, the terpolymers' aggregation property decreased and the temperature-dependency increased, leading to improved donor-acceptor compatibility. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) based on PM6:Y6, PM6-SiO-20:Y6 and PM6-SiO-30:Y6 devices was 15.64%, 16.03% and 15.82%, respectively. In comparison, the active layer based on PM6-SiO-10:Y6 exhibits the most appropriate phase separation morphology, resulting in effective exciton dissociation, more balanced hole-electron transport and less recombination. Consequently, the highest PCE of 16.69% with an outstanding short-circuit current density of 26.96 mA·cm−2 was obtained, which are one of the highest values for siloxane-functionalized polymer-based devices. This work demonstrates that finely controlling the content of siloxane-functionalized thiophene is beneficial for obtaining high-performance terpolymer donors and provides a novel and low-cost method to improve photovoltaic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been an exponential rush toward the optimization of solar cell (SC) performance utilizing novel materials. Overcoming the previous drawbacks of the SCs became possible through the special merits of the new materials, considering their high carrier mobility, environmental stability, and fabrication compatibility. In this study, two solar cell structures with Cs 2 TiBr 6 metal halide perovskite (PVK) as an absorber layer are proposed and compared. The proposed device structures utilize molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ), a 2D material with a thickness of 100 nm as a hole transport layer (HTL). (MoS 2 ) offers several useful properties such as high carrier mobility and great chemical and thermal stability. As a comparative result, two SC structures, TiO 2 /Cs 2 TiBr 6 /MoS 2 /PEDOT:PSS and TiO 2 /Cs 2 TiBr 6 /MoS 2 , were investigated. The Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator in One Dimension (SCAPS-1D) is utilized to perform numerical simulations of the proposed SC structures. The simulation results indicate a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.39% and 19.29% for the structure in the presence and absence of the PEDOT:PSS layer, respectively. This study investigated factors concerning absorber layer thickness, trap density, doping density, temperature, series resistance, and shunt resistance. Furthermore, the simulation results thoroughly scrutinized the nature of phenomena influencing the short-circuit current density (J sc ), open circuit voltage (V oc ), fill factor (FF), and PCE. The power conversion efficiency of the structure with an optimum 357.9-nm-thick absorber layer with only MoS 2 as the HTL was 19.77%, while the device with a hybrid HTL has 18.78% efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaics (OPVs), non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) have lately surpassed their fullerene counterparts in photovoltaic performance. This progress in NFA OPVs may encourage the exploration of varied OPV device architectures, either deviating from or expanding upon the fundamental BHJ structure. This study employs numerical simulations on PBDB-T:NCBDT OPVs using graphene oxide (GO) as the hole transport layer (HTL) to examine the influence of thickness, defect density, and interface defects on device performance. Following optimization, the device exhibits short-circuit current (JSC) of 27.92 mA cm−2, open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.08 V, fill factor (FF) of 72.57%, and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.84%. These findings support the further development of NFA-OPVs employing GO as the HTL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, via electrophoretic deposition, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles with different sizes were used to fabricate ZnO photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Results showed that the ZnO layer fabricated by the large-size ZnO particles was better for electron transport and light scattering but unsuitable for dye loading, while the ZnO layer originating from small-size ZnO particles showed contrary results. DSSC devices with single-layer and double-layer ZnO photoanodes were both built. It was found that compared to single-layer ZnO devices, the short-circuit current density of double-layer devices increased up to 34.8% (from 14.09 to 18.99 mA cm−2), which is supposedly due to the balance of electron transport and dye loading, as well as the enhancement of light scattering in the double-layer ZnO photoanode. In the optimal DSSC device, the power conversion efficiency with N719 dye achieves 5.87%, which is among the high values in the DSSC device with ZnO photoanode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well-known that co-ordination of protective devices and fault localization techniques in active distribution networks require results of various short-circuit (SC) analyses in the time domain. Accordingly, the main aim of this paper is to calculate the three-phase bolted SC current in the time domain for a radial medium voltage (MV) feeder, which is connected to a MV distribution network, and which has one induction generator (IG) and one synchronous generator (SG) at two different locations. The SC analysis of this concrete case study can be regarded as a novelty. The SC analysis is based on the well-known equivalent circuit models for the MV distribution network, IG and SG, as well as the applications of Kirchhoff's laws and the theorem of superposition. In addition, the proposed analysis method enables calculation of the SC current in the cases where the arc resistance at the fault location cannot be neglected. Finally, the results showed that there are no limitations on the application of the proposed method to the task of calculating asymmetrical SC currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In non-conventional energy system, a grid-linked inverter is a crucial component. Grid disruptions, like imbalances and asymmetrical short-circuit failures, have a negative impact on the inverters' performance. Therefore, the inverter's functioning must be improved in such a case. For grid-connected inverters, an improved technique has been suggested in this study for minimizing imbalance current at the time of asymmetrical and symmetrical short-circuit faults. The proposed current limitation technique has three primary features: (i) reactive current injection in accordance with the necessities of the Indian grid code, (ii) removal of second-order harmonics from the instantaneous real power pumped into the grid, and (iii) always maintaining constant inverter current irrespective of the nature and severity of the fault. The proposed grid-linked PV system has been designed and tested in various platforms under both asymmetrical and symmetrical short-circuit fault scenario. The behaviour of the proposed current limiting strategy is investigated and compared with a contemporary method to confirm the efficacy of the suggested technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research concentrates on enhancing TENGs via nylon/TiO2 nanocomposites. The integration of TiO2 nanoparticles into nylon enhances triboelectric characteristics, promoting charge transfer during mechanical deformation. Experiments demonstrate that introducing TiO2 nanoparticles to nylon by a simple spray coating method enhances dielectric permeability, favorably impacting TENG's performance. A TENG with nylon and polysiloxane layers initially achieved 30.36 V in open-circuit voltage and 1.82 μA in short-circuit current. The introduction of TiO2 nanoparticles significantly improved performance, reaching peak values of 41.38 V and 2.5 μA after 15 spray-coating cycles. Nonetheless, excessive TiO2 incorporation diminished TENG performance by reducing the active contact area between nylon and polysiloxane layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating levels of fault currents resulting from short circuits, particularly in the context of distribution generators, have presented a critical need for the widespread implementation of fault current limiters (FCLs) in power systems. Despite their evident advantages, the extensive adoption of FCLs has been hindered by the high production costs associated with these devices. To address this challenge, a comprehensive study was conducted to develop a cost-effective FCL tailored specifically for three-phase power systems. This paper proposes a novel approach based on a single commutation circuit for the FCL and offers detailed insights into the construction of the FCL circuit, with a particular focus on efficient current interruption. Additionally, the study comprehensively discusses the logic controller and measurement system employed in conjunction with the proposed FCL, ensuring precise fault detection and rapid response to disturbances within the power grid. The integration of an artificial zero-crossing circuit within the FCL design further enhances its capability to limit short-circuit currents proactively, even before the occurrence of the first peak, thereby bolstering overall system reliability and stability. The study's significant contribution lies in achieving cost-effectiveness through the simplicity of the FCL's design, eliminating the need for extensive upgrades to various network components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In windy weather, overhead lines swing and collide with each other, often resulting in short-circuits and arc faults. The line is partially molten and produces numerous hot metal particles, which fall and may ignite the fuels on the ground. This paper developed an experimental system to obtain hot particle dimensions at different short-circuit current levels. Based on the results of this experiment, an ignition prediction method was developed. The particle parameters from the experiments were used as a bridge that to complete the prediction from short-circuit current to ignition risk. A neural network was trained according to the experimental and calculated results, then used to predict the risk of ignition. The overhead lines in a forest were used as an example application to perform thte investigation. The results show that copper lines in a forest with needles on the ground create a high risk of ignition hazard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents the design of a monolithic thin-film tandem solar cell (TSC), that comprises of a front perovskite (PVK) sub-cell along with a rear thin Si sub-cell. The study begins by calibrating the individual sub-cells versus experimental studies, resulting in a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.70% regarding the front cell and 24.47% regarding the rear cell. When combining the two sub-cells in a PVK/Si configuration, the initial tandem achieves an efficiency of 22.36% and a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 15.29 mA/cm2. To enhance the functionality of the proposed TSC, we design the top hole transport layer to achieve a suitable valence band offset and inspect the influence of altering the defect concentration of the front sub-cell absorber and the thicknesses of both absorbers to maximize the PCE. The optimized TSC, under the current matching circumstance, shows an improved Jsc of 19.25 mA/cm2 and a PCE of 32.25%. All performed simulations are conducted by employing a Silvaco Atlas device simulator with one Sun spectrum illumination (AM1.5G, 1000 W/m2). This TCAD simulation study offers potential ways to advance low-cost, efficient thin-film TSCs that are suitable for flexible applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single-stage centrifugation method is used for the precipitation and crystallization of a solution of a hybrid halide perovskite compound of the CH3NH3PbI3 composition. The perovskite films are annealed in the temperature range of 80–140°C, during which the excess of the N-methylpyrrolidone solvent was removed by evaporation. The X-ray phase analysis of the synthesized perovskite layer is carried out. The morphology of the surface of the layers after crystallization and the transmission spectra in the optical range are studied. The experiments and research results showed that the optimal temperature regime for the formation and crystallization of lead triiodide methylammonium perovskite films is 100–110°C. The perovskite layers obtained in these processing regimes have a surface morphology with a uniform granular crystal structure and are highly uniform. Moreover, in solar cells based on perovskite-like CH3NH3PbI3 structures with an annealing temperature of 100–110°C, the short-circuit currents reached 16.0 mA/cm2. At the same time, at annealing temperatures of perovskite layers above 120°С, the maximum value of the short-circuit currents did not exceed 14.0 mA/cm2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As lead halide perovskites face toxicity and stability issues, research on the eco-friendly double perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 has become increasingly popular. While the majority of research on this Cs2AgBiBr6 perovskite material has been concentrated on photovoltaic performance and promising applications, its enduring stability and degradation process have received far less attention. This article presents a thorough numerical analysis of an eco-friendly Cs2AgBiBr6 double perovskite solar cell (PSC) model with a standard n-i-p architecture FTO/C60/Cs2AgBiBr6/MoS2/Pt. In-depth research has been done on several device characteristics, including the defect density and the thickness of the electron transport layer (ETL), hole transport layer (HTL), and absorber layer, and back-contact electrode work function. Through parameter optimization, we were able to achieve an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.84 V, short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 32.28 mA/cm2, and fill factor (FF) of 85.77% with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.49% under AM1.5G illumination, which is significantly greater than the highest stated values identified in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the improvement of flexible self-powered ultra-violet light (UV) photodetectors (UPs) to maintain health and optimization of photovoltaic energy utilization has drawn immense attention. In this literature, a Polyaniline/Zinc oxide nanorods /Polyaniline heterojunction (PZP)-based self-powered UP (SZP) on a flexible substrate is constructed. The morphology, structure, and optical features of the synthesized materials and PZP were precisely examined. Upon examining the I-V-T plots for the SZP, the device exhibited nonlinear rectifying characteristics under forward-reverse bias voltages and different temperatures. The Richardson constant and mean built-in potential were found to be 29 A.cm2.K2 and 0.02 eV, respectively. The assessment of the I–V characteristic of the SZP under UV illumination at zero bias voltage offers a short-circuit current which proves that the device can generate an independent photocurrent from external bias voltage. Moreover, the SZP showed an outstanding maximum photocurrent (Iph,Max) of 71.96 µA and a response speed of 1.08 s at a light power density of 25.48 mW/cm2, while it displayed significant photoresponsivity of 50.38 mA/W under light power density of 1.02 mW/cm2 at zero bias voltage. The effect of external strain on the Iph,Max of the device was offered an increment of the relative Iph,Max up to 2.86% under a compressive strain of − 1.01% at UV illumination of 1.02 mW/cm2. Furthermore, our hand-made device presented less than 10% change in photoresponsivity over 5 months, which provides long-term performance with the correct accuracy and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose-based composites typically have poor water resistance because they are cross-linked through non-covalent bonds, such as hydrogen bonds. Herein, furan group was grafted onto sisal microcrystalline cellulose fiber (F-MSF) and a dynamic thermally reversible cross-linked network structure was formed with maleimide modified CaCu3Ti4O12 (D-CCTO) to obtain recyclable D-CCTO/F-MSF composites (DFF) through the Diels-Alder reaction. The results showed that the mechanical properties of DFF composites were improved due to the improvement of the cross-linked structure between D-CCTO and F-MSF. At 1 wt% D-CCTO content, the tensile strength of DFF was 5.53 MPa, which increased by 346% compared with that of pure MSF. At 5 wt% D-CCTO content, the short-circuit current, open circuit voltage, transferred charge of DFF-based triboelectric nanogenerators (DF-TENG) were 3.2 µA, 85 V and 26 nC, respectively. Additionally, the DF-TENG was able to maintain its electrical performance of more than 60% at an ambient humidity of 90% and was able to light up more than 30 LED bulbs. This research provides new insights into addressing the challenge of poor water resistance in conventional cellulose-based composites, while also designing a recyclable TENG device that can harvest energy in high humidity environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In CMOS inverters, the main part of the power supply is spent on charging the parasitic capacitance of the transistor gates and the load capacitance. Associated with this portion of energy is dynamic power consumption, which has two components—transient power consumption and capacitive-load power consumption. When the logic states of the inverter change in a short period of time, when the PMOS and NMOS transistors are switched simultaneously, a short-circuit current flows. Power losses from short-circuit current are only a small part of dynamic power consumption. For this reason, more attention is paid to reducing transient power consumption and capacitive-load power consumption. However, with the reduction in the size of the inverter transistors and the lowering of their threshold voltage, the short-circuit power losses must also be taken into account. Also, when the size of inverter transistors increases in powerful output buffers, the short-circuit current increases, which, in addition to increasing short-circuit power losses, can cause errors in the output logic. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to reduce short-circuit current and dynamic power consumption of the CMOS inverter. For this purpose, it is proposed to limit the short-circuit current by changing the state of additional PMOS and NMOS transistors included in the path of the short-circuit current. The state of additional transistors is changed by an additional clock signal with a special wave-form during the rising and falling edges of the main clock signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of moisture and heat are important challenges in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein we studied the performance of triple-cation PSCs in different operating environmental conditions. Humidified cells exhibited a hopeful character by increasing the open-circuit voltage (VOC) and short-circuit current density (JSC) to 940 mV and 22.85 mA cm−2 with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.34%. In addition, further analyses showed that hysteresis index and charge transfer resistance decrease down to 0.4% and 1.67 kΩ. The origin of superior stability is ion segregation to the interface, which removes the antisite defect states. Finally, the effect of operating temperature and trap density on structure and performance was also studied systematically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Degradation reduces the capability of solar photovoltaic (PV) production over time. Studies on PV module degradation are typically based on time-consuming and labor-intensive accelerated or field experiments. Understanding the modes and methodologies of degradation is critical to certifying PV module lifetimes of 25 years. Both technological and environmental conditions affect the PV module degradation rate. This paper investigates the degradation of 24 mono-crystalline silicon PV modules mounted on the rooftop of Egypt's electronics research institute (ERI) after 25 years of outdoor operation. Degradation rates were determined using the module's performance ratio, temperature losses, and energy yield. Visual inspection, I–V characteristic measurement, and degradation rate have all been calculated as part of the PV evaluation process. The results demonstrate that the modules' maximum power ( P max ) has decreased in an average manner by 23.3% over time. The degradation rates of short-circuit current ( I sc ) and maximum current ( I m ) are 12.16% and 7.2%, respectively. The open-circuit voltage ( V oc ), maximum voltage ( V m ), and fill factor ( FF ) degradation rates are 2.28%, 12.16%, and 15.3%, respectively. The overall performance ratio obtained for the PV system is 85.9%. After a long time of operation in outdoor conditions, the single diode model's five parameters are used for parameter identification of each module to study the effect of aging on PV module performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attitude information during transportation is important for navigation safety, driving status and cargo operation management. The development of an electromechanical integrated tilt sensor, which can work well under different environments is highly desirable. Herein, a self-powered tilt sensor was proposed and fabricated by a high-performance arch triboelectric nanogenerator (IF-TENG) composed of commercial fluorine release membrane and ion gel. The short-circuit current density, maximum energy per cycle, and maximum power density of IF-TENG are 12.56 mA/m2, 8839 nJ, and 3.31 W/m2, respectively. The self-powered pressure sensor based on IF-TENG demonstrated a sensitivity of 10.19 kPa−1 for low pressure and 1.98 kPa−1 for high pressure. It was able to generate a detectable output signal even at a pressure as low as 0.06 kPa. In addition, by incorporating tilt sensors onto moving vehicles and ships, the self-powered sensor has the potential to create a highly sensitive detection assay for determining the driving state of vehicles and the oscillation amplitude of ships. This advancement holds great practical significance in improving the automation and intelligence of ships and vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The remarkable electronic and optical properties of organic–inorganic halide perovskite materials has led to a significant increase in performance. In this study, we used the SCAPS-1D numerical modeling tool to describe the optimized performance of a perovskite solar cell device based on methylammonium tin iodide ( MASnI 3 ; MA = CH 3 NH 3 ) using graphene oxide (GO) as the hole transport layer. Herein, different parameters impacting the efficiency of the solar cell are analyzed, including the thickness for both the MASnI 3 active layer and the GO layer, the defect density at the GO/ MASnI 3 interface, the defects at the MASnI 3 /ETL interface, the series resistance R s and shunt resistance R SH , and the operating temperature of the solar cell. The glass/FTO/ETL/ MASnI 3 /GO/Au structure was found to have optimal performance with an open-circuit voltage ( V OC ) of 0.71 V, short-circuit current ( J SC ) of 34.83 mA cm - 2 , fill factor (FF) of 77.59%, and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.16%. The results show that by optimizing the device parameters, it is possible to experimentally obtain efficient lead-free perovskite solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an inverter was designed with high power, very low loss, and high accuracy with a steady power factor. Due to the use of ultrasonic pulse width modulation (PWM) with frequencies 20–500 kHz, com-pound splicing (CS), and connection to a three-phase dynamic load, this work is considered an innovation. The use of an oscillator circuit with a high frequency of 4 GHz as a microcontroller is a novelty; in addition, a designed ADC is utilized to increase accuracy and reduce losses by controlling the input of the voltage, as well as contributing to the reduction of loss brought on by the characteristics of the voltage source inverters (VSIs), such as dead time determined by the excess voltage or voltage drop in the inverter and abnormal circumstances for the load current, such as short-circuit current in the production phase. The innovation relates to the inverter's load sensing circuit, current smoothing during operation, reaction spontaneous power factor enhancement with the inverter, and compensation of active and reactive power of passive devices. This invention contributes to the advancement of DC-to-AC power converters through the achievement of extremely low losses, high precision, and lightweight construction. An accuracy of 99% was obtained, and the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the voltage and current was 0.1% → 0.8%. A power MOSFET (IXFX120N65X) was used along with an FPGA to improve control over the creation of ultrasonic PWM signals with the programmable peripheral interface (PPI) 8255A for regulatory work. The results serve as proof of this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, seven organic dyes were designed (M2–M7) to have the D-π1-Ai-π2-A structure from the reference dye M1, which has the D-π1-π2-A structure. By inserting different auxiliary acceptors Ai (i = 1–7) between the π1 and π2 onto the reference dye M1, we obtained the designed dyes to study their photovoltaic properties for use in DSSC devices. The geometrical structures, absorption spectrum properties, nonlinear optical properties (NLOs), energy levels, frontier molecular orbitals, and some photovoltaic parameters were theoretically investigated using density function theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) methods, with the aim of improving the DSSC performance of the designed dyes. The theoretical results reveal that the designed dyes would be used as potential sensitizers in DSSCs due to their very small energy gaps, broad absorption spectra, higher NLO properties, lower reorganization energy (λtot), lower regeneration driving force (ΔGreg), longer excited lifetime (τ), higher vertical dipole moment (µnormal), reasonable electron injection driving force (∆Ginj), and equally reasonable light-harvesting efficiency (LHE) compared to the reference dye M1. Furthermore, the designed dyes (M2–M8) have better charge transferability, the highest stabilization energy, and the highest ability of electron-donating and electron-accepting, resulting in a high short-circuit current and better power conversion energy (PCE) compared to reference dye M1. These results show that the introduction of different auxiliary acceptors Ai can most effectively improve the photovoltaic performance of our system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]