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The author discusses the paper by Ashley (2012), a review of the recent literature on sexual orientation, noting the lack of studies in ethnic minority populations on this topic. There is a discussion of the paper by Dudley (2012), which provides insights into black LGBT culture from the perspective of the history of the black LGBT community in New York City. Hill's paper (2012) questioning whether there is more homophobia in the black community is discussed and insights are provided. The paper by Gibbs and Jones (2012) on the role of behavioral scientists working with the LGBT members of the black community is reviewed. The author links these papers with the themes of stigma and homophobia, the intersection of multiple identities, and health and healthcare disparities. There is also a discussion focusing attention on youth as one of the most vulnerable populations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

One of the major tasks of educational psychologists is the writing of reports. Often, all involvement, assessment and intervention culminate in the production of a report. This paper explores critically the tensions involved in writing reports which are closed down in their conformity to requirements of different bodies, while looking for possibilities of openings in this closure. We acknowledge that report-writing is caught in the economies of exchange and the impossibility of gift-giving, based on the writing of Jacques Derrida. This paper will draw upon a small qualitative study of seven experienced school psychologists, and using a Derridian framework, it makes the familiar strange and the strange familiar [Biesta, G., J. Allan, and R. Edwards. 2011. “The Theory Question in Research Capacity Building in Education: Towards an Agenda for Research and Practice.” British Journal of Educational Studies, 59 (3): 225–239.] on the process of report-writing. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper is a reflection on the process of conducting research as part of a clinical psychology doctorate course. Specific attention is given to the author’s thoughts about the feasibility of being a scientist–practitioner, the importance of supervision and the range of emotions elicited during the research process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers a futures hedge strategy that minimizes the lower partial moments; such a strategy minimizes the downside risk and is consistent with the expected utility hypothesis. Two statistical methods are adopted to estimate the optimal hedge ratios: the empirical distribution function method and the kernel density estimation method. Both methods are applied to the Nikkei Stock Average (NSA) spot and futures markets. It is found that, for a hedger who is willing to absorb small losses but otherwise extremely cautious about large losses, the optimal hedge strategy that minimizes the lower partial moments may be sharply different from the minimum variance hedge strategy. If a hedger cares for downside-only risk, then the conventional minimum variance hedge strategy is inappropriate. The methods presented in this paper will be useful in these scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I review and discuss the articles in this issue by Walker, by Wanner, and by Heidtman et al. There are three main themes that appear in all three papers: these flow from the shared commitment among these authors to understanding and promoting "scientific theory construction" within sociology, and to dispelling some common misconceptions about scientific sociological theory. The common themes that run through the three papers can be put in the form of questions: 1) What is a theory? 2) How should we evaluate theory? 3) How does theory grow? In addition to discussing these three main themes. I discuss four sub-themes that emerged: 1) Sociology as a Scientific Endeavor; 2) Critiques of General Theory as Being Positivistic; 3) Unitary versus Multiple Forms of Theory Building; 4) Professional/Disciplinary Barriers to Theory Construction and Theory Building in Sociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lewin’s contribution to social science is extensive. This paper takes Lewin’s notion of defining the field at a given time and brings it into the arena of action research to make explicit links between attending and inquiring in the present tense and the collaborative dynamics of action research within the social space of a change process. Inquiring in the present tense in the field as it exists at a given time has hitherto not been explored explicitly. The paper highlights the unfolding and emergent nature of action research in terms of the inquiry process of first-, second- and third-person practices as they take place in the present tense. It advances a framework that can guide the action researcher in the practice of action research that enhances the integration of present tense into the collaborative effort. In doing so, it extends our knowledge of the richness of the Lewin legacy and elaborates a neglected and necessary mechanism in the field of organization development and action research. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In 2009 Woodman has recently challenged youth sociologists concerned with inequality to evolve from what he describes as a middling orthodoxy that misrepresents the work of Ulrich Beck in an effort to emphasise the continuing relevance of class. In 2010 Roberts forcefully responds to Woodman, arguing that Beck's own words and empirical evidence contradict his argument. Woodman responds to Roberts, reasserting his position and asks for the debate to move beyond mere 'quote wars'. This paper engages with this debate, taking Woodman's challenge seriously while maintaining that Beck's jettison of class is problematic, and that the concept of class itself is still vital. The paper concludes with suggestions as to what youth sociologists concerned with socio-economic inequality might want to focus upon in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A commentary on the Special Issue papers on the Scientist-Practitioner Model is presented. Based on the authors' recollections, a senior scholar uses a contextual approach to describe the historical and social sources of the evolution of the S-P model. It is recommended that the S-P perspective not be restricted to a philosophy of training nor a particular kind of scientific methodology, but include a historical and social understanding of the unfolding instantiations of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Society of Teachers of Family Medicine (STFM; www.stfm.org) is a community of physicians, educators, behavioral scientists, and researchers devoted to teaching family medicine through undergraduate, graduate, and continuing medical education, with the mission of improving the health of all people through education, research, patient care, and advocacy. STFM holds an Annual Conference each spring and a Predoctoral Education Conference each winter. STFM held its 31st Annual Predoctoral Education Conference in Albuquerque, New Mexico, from January 27 to January 30, 2005. Plenary speakers included Robert Graham, MD; Patricia Carney, PhD; and Lori Alvord, MD (author of the Scalpel and the Silver Bear) with Thomas Hatathli, a Native American traditional healer. Participants shared ideas and learned new skills attending over 70 workshops, seminars, and discussions, and 40 educational research and evaluation-paper presentations. Common themes included professionalism, community medicine, cultural competency, and learner and program evaluation. A subcommittee of the STFM Education Committee selected the best completed undergraduate medical educational research or curriculum evaluation papers for inclusion in the Proceedings. Also selected for inclusion in Proceedings are 2 papers now in press in Family Medicine: DeHaven MJ and Chen LL. "Teaching Medical Students Research While Reaching the Underserved" and Alper B and Vinson D. "Experiential Curriculum Improves Medical Students' Ability to Answer Clinical Questions Using the Internet." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the information contained in the author's paper "Soviet Psychology and Psychiatry" discussed at a symposium on Soviet Science. It is in the context of Pavlonian principles that psychology as a major discipline in Soviet Union should stand on, a move which abrogated the concepts of psychology contained in Rubenshtein's book "Bases of General Psychology". The Pavlonian session was a step towards institutionalizing the Pavlovian psychology, however, the result of the discussions was not deemed satisfactory to grant it authority and acceptance in the medical field particularly in Soviet psychiatry.

The author reflects on the purpose of the reports on the study of the self that are being submitted. He notes that the study of the self is unusual among social psychology's area of research in that the self was a well-originated topic of scholarly query prior psychologists accepted it and their particular research methods. Likewise, it suggests that the study of the self is not a develop research enterprise in psychology and he believes that it is simply too very far advanced.

The Society for Teachers of Family Medicine (STFM; http://www.stfm.org) is a community of professionals devoted to teaching family medicine through undergraduate, graduate, and continuing medical education. This multidisciplinary group of physicians, educators, behavioral scientists, and researchers works to further STFM's mission of improving the health of all people through education, research, patient care, and advocacy. STFM holds an annual conference each spring and a predoctoral education conference each winter. STFM held its 33rd annual Predoctoral Education Conference in Memphis, Tennessee, from January 25 to 28, 2007. Elizabeth Garrett, MD, MSPH, professor and predoctoral director in the Department of Family and Community Medicine at the University of Missouri, Columbia, opened the conference with a stirring plenary about the direction of family medicine and the legacy we, as predoctoral educators, must create in the future of our students. Thomas Schwenk, MD, chair of the Department of Family Medicine at the University of Michigan, discussed the implications of training students in the era of new technologies and innovative approaches to delivering family medical care. Laurence Bauer, MSW, MEd, clinical associate professor in the Department of Family Medicine at Wright State University, delivered a motivating talk about funding opportunities from private foundations. Participants shared ideas and learned new skills in more than 65 workshops, seminars, and discussions as well as 38 education research and evaluation papers. Unifying themes included LCME ED2 (Educational Directive) requirements, community medicine, technology in medical education, preceptor development and learner and program evaluation. From the educational research or curriculum evaluation papers presented at the conference, a subcommittee of the STFM Education Committee selected 12 papers that we felt would be of interest to readers of Teaching and Learning in Medicine. These papers represent completed studies involving undergraduate medical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at describing a method of analysis unused in social sciences in general and in physical and sports practices in particular, namely the prosopographical method. The paper first outlines the prosopographical thought processes as a method of historical investigation. Then it describes the main patterns into which French sports elite between 1945 and 1972 can be grouped (following Pierre Bourdieu's sociological theory). Finally, it proposes ways of refining the prosopographical framework and suggests areas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper questions how an earlier generation of British social analysts (sociologists, anthropologists, political scientists and others) identified cultural characteristics of post-war minorities, valuing some and derogating others, and using such valuations to assess or measure these groups’ differential rates of success or failure in integrating into British society. Through a critical review of some influential texts in British social studies over the last four or so decades, this paper suggests that analysts today as in the past run the risk of their work being seen, perhaps mistakenly, as attempts to apportion praise and blame with regard to new communities’ contributions to a tolerant and inclusive social order in post-imperial Britain. It is implied that representations of cultural and social capital — where ethnic identities, families and kinship networks are concerned — demand a far more sensitive, intellectually rigorous and honest, and empirically and theoretically informed treatment than some influential members of a past generation bequeathed. Cet article questionne l'approche de la précédente génération des chercheurs en sciences sociales britanniques (sociologues, ethnologues, politologues et autres) concernant les caractéristiques culturelles des minorités présentes après la deuxième guerre mondiale dans la société britannique, certains étant valorisés plus que d'autres. Ces chercheurs avaient par la suite utilisé ces évaluations pour estimer ou mesurer l'intégration plus ou moins réussie de ces groupes à la société britannique. Par l'examen critique de leurs textes forts influents dans les quarante années qui viennent de s’écouler cet article suggère qu'aujourd'hui, tout comme pour le passé, les spécialistes (actuels, comme leurs prédécesseurs) courent le risque de voir leurs travaux assimilés à une tentative de distribution de blâmes et louanges à ces communautés nouvelles, au vu de leurs contributions à un ordre social tolérant et intégrateur dans la Grande Bretagne post-impériale. Vis-à-vis de l'héritage reçu, la représentation du capital social et culturel — en ce qui concernes les identités ethniques, les familles et les réseaux de parenté — ne demanderaient-elle pas maintenant un traitement plus sensible, plus rigoureux et honnête au plan intellectuel ainsi qu'un traitement empirique mieux informé théoriquement? minorités, communautés, capital social, valeurs, subjectivité, le chercheur et son objet, cultures, intégration et exclusion [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on the vocation or 'calling' of the researcher in the sociology of religion in the light of his experiences of researching transformations in English Catholicism in the last quarter of the twentieth century. It takes as its starting point Weber's two essays. A consideration of religious perspectives on the lay vocation leads to an evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of insider research. The paper reflects on research mistakes, threats and attempts to co-opt the researcher, unexpected surprises and serendipity, and the need for the social scientist to retain control of his/her research. It concludes with inspiration from Havel that the calling of the sociological researcher is socially important and urges renewed commitment to seeking with integrity the extension of certified knowledge and the demystification of powerful institutional structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines in some detail the technological innovations which have helped women overcome the physical disabilities of being female, i.e., their pregnancies and the subsequent need to nurse their babies. It was probably these aspects of being female that led Freud and others to proclaim that "biology is destiny." By 1900 in general and certainly in all particulars by 1920, technological breakthroughs lessened these disadvantages. Still psychologists, psychiatrists, and others have tended to look backwards in their assessment of women's role rather than forward. As a result the cultural lag between innovation and change was prolonged, and this has led to criticism of Yair and others by modern feminists. The result is a reassessment of the psychological evaluation of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between expensive drug use and criminal behavior has been the subject of continuing debate among social and behavioral scientists. One focus of this debate concerns the extent to which addicts are criminal specialists. This paper attempts to explore the basis for the "main hustle," a concept familiar to street heroin users. The main hustle implies that while addicts may engage in various and sundry crimes from time to time, most addicts have one or two crimes with which they are skilled and on which they rely for most of their criminal income. The main hustle is examined here with data from 768 regular-active heroin users. These data provide strong evidence for the main hustle. Moreover, contrary to much of the literature in the area, there is no evidence that women are more criminally indiscriminate than men. The data do suggest that daily users may engage in a broader variety of crimes than do less-than-daily users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a meta-analytic integration that summarizes American research by psychologists on the effects of group size on the permeability of group boundaries. Results indicate that the tendency for larger groups to have less permeable boundaries is highly significant but of small magnitude. This impermeability generally increases as a function of the relative size of the larger group and decreases as a function of the interpersonal distance between members of the group. However, the tendency to skirt around the boundary of a larger group was significantly greater when real behavior in real group settings was measured as compared with when paper-and-pencil measures were obtained in imaginary group settings. Moreover, impermeability was greater for real groups when group members stood closer together, whereas it was greater for imaginary groups when they stood farther apart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

in this area. A radical re-tooling of some of his earlier definitions and concepts seems to be needed, if these are to become more appreciated and useful in future research. In short, while he undoubtedly knew his empirical evidence very well, Weber, like many other scientists, experienced some painful difficulties in attempting to classify and label it. The major modification tentatively suggested in this paper is that it is necessary to pay close attention to an extremely sharp contrast between the two variants of the traditionalist concept of domination, patrimonialism vs. feudalism. This basic contrast, crucial in his scientific investigation of cultural differentiations, runs most consistently through an unbelievable wealth of research material accumulated by him. It is an empirical typology of two sets of contradictory historical experiences concerning the origin and development of domination and legitimacy. There is another rather significant and frequently overlooked scientific contribution of Max Weber within the context of this paper. Albert Salomon's witty comment from the 1930's on the Me-long dialogue of Max Weber with the ghost of Karl Marx is now very popular among many radical, establishment, and the-rest-of-us sociologists. In spite of being fashionable to refer to it through the 1960's, no serious attempts were made to account for this many-faceted dialogue. This paper will try to settle one of the very much alive aspects of the same dialogue— hopefully to the lasting satisfaction of all. One morning numerous and valuable conceptual tools suggested by Max Weber, a typological dichotomy of patrimonialism vs. feudalism, has not been sufficiently utilized in modem research and obviously for good reasons. But the theoretical potentialities of this dichotomy seem to be imperative and still go begging particularly in an ever-increasing number of fascinating comparative analyses of durable and large political systems in time as well as in space. A consensus seems to be growing that the former is indispensable for the understanding of the latter, because the durability of patterning, found only in the comparison of things in time, is one of the most crucial prerequisites for contemporary studies of comparing things in space. Wesson (1967) and Eisenstadt (1963) in their admirable generalizing sweep of great historical empires, Blum (1964) and Jacobs (1958) in their specialized areas, could have immensely facilitated their formidable tasks if Weber's dichotomy had been available to them, thus only increasing the welldeserved impact of their contributions. Indeed, this dichotomy of Weber's, similarly to some others, does need just about a total rescue if not resurrection, and no student should be blamed for not digging for it for his own needs. Patrimonial-feudal dichotomy is buried in Webers extremely rough-draft writings on the traditionalist type of domination. In addition to being by necessity a residual type—whatever did not qualify for charismatic or legal-rational types was hastily located here perhaps for the time being—the traditionalist type, as presented by Weber, is one of the most mettled and confusing segments of Ms writings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of the kind of social organization necessary to bring about radical social change was raised by Marx in 1843-1844 in his essay on Hegel's philosophy of law. In this essay Marx specified the kind of social organization capable of bringing about the total, socialist revolution as the proletariat, a class, in society but not of it, conscious of itself and of its enemies, and organized as a party. (See also Marx and Engels, 1848). In the historical development of Marxism, Marx' answer was reinforced, but also narrowed and specified, by Lenin's classical (1902) formulation of the revolutionary cadre party. In a world in which many now talk of revolution, both in the "Third World," and even in modem industrialized countries, it may be of some use to re-examine the question of the kind of social organization involved in generating radical social change, and to reexamine the Marxist answer. My strategy in this paper is to attack the problem indirectly, by reexamining Max Weber's discussion of the role of certain kinds of Protestant groups in the rise of the capitalist world. I shall try to justify this indirect strategy at the paper's conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the name suggests, social-psychology is a bastard field. It consists of such a variety of peoples doing so many different things in different ways, that it defies definition—at least for me. In spite of the neat delineations which are made in textbooks and the scholarly historical treatments which appear in encyclopediae and symposia, I find it difficult to grasp a concept of "social-psychology" which is anything more than the operational definition: "Social psychology is what people who call themselves social-psychologists, do." That is not much help, but it is all we have got. I mention my own confusion in this matter, not with the aim of confusing others, but by way of explanation: some of the issues I will touch upon in this paper may infringe upon what readers consider to be other areas of sociology. I regret such territorial invasions. But in my own quest for understanding why people act as they do, I have increasingly found that the traditional "fields" in the discipline and the traditional courses in the catalogue do not provide appropriate categories with which I can explain to colleagues and students what it is I am discovering. Having said all of this, let us get down to business. It is a decade since Dennis Wrong published the paper in which he challenged "The oversocialized conception of man in modern society" (1961). Reacting to a determinism which pervaded the social sciences and which seemed to be seeping into popular currency, Wrong asked if man were in fact as constrained by a monolithic culture as we social scientists would have it. A few years later Harold Garfinkel referred more bluntly to the models of men constructed by the various social sciences: he called them "judgmental dopes." The cultural dope and the psychological dope are, respectively, the man in the sociologist's society and the man in the psychologist's society (1967:67-68). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most people's intuitive reaction after considering Nozick's experience machine thought-experiment seems to be just like his: we feel very little inclination to plug in to a virtual reality machine capable of providing us with pleasurable experiences. Many philosophers take this empirical fact as sufficient reason to believe that, more than pleasurable experiences, people care about “living in contact with reality.” Such claim, however, assumes that people's reaction to the experience machine thought-experiment is due to the fact that they value reality over virtual experiences—an assumption that has seldom (if ever) been questioned. This paper challenges that very assumption. I report some experimental evidence suggesting that the intuition elicited by the thought-experiment may be explainable by the fact that people are averse to abandon the life they have been experiencing so far, regardless of whether such life is virtual or real. I use then an explanatory model, derived from what behavioral economists and psychologists call the status quo bias, to make sense of these results. Finally, I argue that since this explanation also accounts for people's reaction toward Nozick's thought-experiment, it would be wrong to take such intuition as evidence that people value being in touch with reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main drawbacks of computer-assisted psychology tools developed up to now is related to the real time customisation and adaptation of the content to each patient depending on his/her activity. In this paper we propose a new approach for mental e-health treatments named Intelligent e-Therapy (eIT) with capabilities for ambient intelligence and ubiquitous computing. From a technical point of view, an eIT system is based on four fundamental axes: ambient intelligence for capturing physiological, psychological and contextual information of the patient; persuasive computing for changing/reinforcing behaviours; ubiquitous computing for using the system at any place, and at any time; and multiple technological platforms support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the study by psychologists Mario Mikulincer and Phillip R. Shaver on the positive effects of security-enhancing interventions. The Mikulincer and Shaver target paper convincingly makes the point that a sense of felt security has a profound impact on adult social behavior in important social contexts. The research described is groundbreaking in at least three major ways.

This paper introduces the Special Issue on counselling psychologists as scientist-practitioners. The primary goal of the Special Issue is to examine the evolving nature and current status of the scientist-practitioner (S-P) model in counselling psychology from the perspectives of four early career counselling psychologists who illustrate the implementation of the S-P identity in their particular work settings. A concluding commentary by a senior counselling psychologist describes the evolution of the model throughout his career and highlights the role of context in defining scientist-practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to create narratives of autistic experience that are not restricted by a primary consideration of impairments or deficits but rather related to ideas about ‘assets’ as a means of developing professional practice. It is argued that children's rights legislation (UN Convention on Children's Rights, 1989, and in the UK, the Special Educational Needs and Disability Act, 2001) can encourage professionals working with autistic young people to search imaginatively for ways of conceptualising and accessing not only those assets but also the thoughts and feelings of their clients. Examples are taken from the author's own casework as well as from autistic ‘insider’ accounts which, it is argued, are providing insights into the inherently social contexts for the development of human feelings, thinking and meaning. While primarily directed at professionals, the intention is to encourage theories and the development of practices which are responsive to the wishes and views of disabled people and as such assist in their ‘fight for full equality and social inclusion’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Community, Work & Family is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper briefly discusses problems of the present legal system in dealing with child custody cases and proposes two alternative modes for deciding custody disputes. Part One presents problems involved in the present process of deciding legal custody. It is argued that the adversarial process is often unresponsive to the child's best interests. Part Two describes two traditional roles of behavioral scientists: witness/consultant for the mother or father and expert to the court in child custody decision-making. Part Three discusses two proposed alternative roles for behavioral scientists involving greater collaboration with lawyers. Called for are (1) team representation of the child by both a lawyer and a psychologist, and (2) a process of counseling and mediation among all parties to a case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores Israeli professionals' knowledge about and attitudes towards AIDS. While AIDS in Israel is not generally considered to be a pressing crisis, the aim of the research is to document and analyze what professionals in the helping professions know and how they feel about AIDS. The study also explores thoughts and feelings concerning AIDS-related education and training. The study sample consists of 370 professionals, including social workers, nurses, occupational therapists, psychologists, and special education teachers and counselors. Results indicate that professionals' knowledge scores were significantly higher than their attitude scores. Significant differences were found according to nationality and perception of adequate training. Jews were more knowledgeable than Arabs, and those who perceived their AIDS-related training as adequate were more knowledgeable than those who did not. The attitude scores related to both gender and nationality. Women scored higher than men, and again Jews scored higher than Arabs. Two regression models predicting both knowledge and attitude are presented and their implications are discussed. As far as differences among the various professional groups, no differences appear in their knowledge scores; however, nurses scored significantly lower on the attitude scale than did the other groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rationality that guides the sociological community has generated principles to evaluate members' work. Under the sway of these principles, Georg Simmel surfaces either as a peripheral member of the community or as an outright failure. His critics have argued that his work is "fragmented," that he begins without having formulated "guiding statements," that he is "unsystematic" and "undisciplined." Yet we can discover in Simmel's writings a distinct rationality that upsets this criticism by its transcendence of it. Had these particular critics read his work more carefully they might have discovered that Simmel had anticipated their criticism and had carefully reevaluated its source of authority. In this paper 1 address the problems of discipline and systematic unity in sociological writing in order to unmask the rationality held within the sociological community and to formulate Simmel's unique contribution as a member of that community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of work alienation is often considered a central issue in many sociological and psychological analyses of organizational effectiveness in postindustrial societies (e.g., Seeman, 1971; Walton, 1972). More recently, organizational theorists and management practitioners have shown a strong interest in improving the quality of working life of employees both within and outside organizations. Such an interest stems from a concern for improving organizational effectiveness through reducing worker alienation. Although there is an extensive literature on work alienation (see Kanungo, 1979, 1982, for critical reviews), no attempt has been made so far to see how the two concepts work alienation and quality of working life (QWL) are related. Furthermore, in the literature one finds several theoretical models and measurement techniques for the study of work alienation, but these models and instruments have limited validity and cross-cultural applicability because of some inherent cultural bias in them. What one needs, therefore, is a pancultural formulation of the work-alienation issue. The purpose of this paper is threefold: (1) to suggest that QWL is intimately linked to work alienation or work involvement and that, consequently, our understanding of the QWL within any organization can be enhanced through study of worker alienation or involvement; (2) to argue that the dominant work-alienation models proposed and practiced in the industrially developed Western world have strong cultural bias and limited applicability for many developing Third World countries; and (3) to present an alternative model, called the motivational approach, that provides a pancultural perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is part of a larger analysis of data collected in the summer of 1970 in the city of Cairo. In Cairo, a conclusion is reached. On the average, a small family norm evidently exists. The number of children considered ideal by wives lay between two and four. About 91 % of wives expressed an ideal of two, three, or four children. Wives over 45 years of age were considered as having completed childbearing. For those under 45 years old, expected completed family size is defined as the actual number of children ever born plus the number expected by the end of the wife's childbearing period. Socio-economic status has been considered of prime importance in studies of differential fertility. Some economists and demographers emphasize economic factors in determining fertility and treat fertility entirely within the framework of economic theory. They intentionally ignore social and psychological factors. On the other hand, some sociologists take the other extreme view and emphasize social factors such as religion, farm background, education, social mobility, and the like. Women's status as an indicator of modernization is measured by their exposure to the world of modern ideas. Status is indicated by whether the husband permits his wife to do certain things, namely, leaving the home by herself, working in an economically gainful occupation outside home, accompanying her husband to the movies or other social events, spending a summer vacation with the family on a beach.

The article presents a note on the effect of explicit instructions on prestige suggestion. This paper will concern itself with a methodological aspect of many of the experiments performed on the problem of prestige suggestion, namely, the problem of the instructions given to the subjects. The phenomenon of suggestion has been of great interest to both social psychologists and psychologists in general. In the three decades numerous experiments have been conducted in this field. The usual procedure in many of these experiments has been to give some questionnaire twice with, perhaps, a month between administrations. The first time the subjects are given the questionnaire with no special instructions. However, upon the second administration or shortly beforehand, the experimental group is subjected to some type of suggestion. For example, they might be told that the majority of their group or that a certain "prestige" group answered the questionnaire in such and such a way with the expectation that this time the subjects would shift their answers to conform more closely with the rest of their group, or with the "prestige" group. The effect of suggestion is usually evaluated by comparing the subjects' responses on the first and second administrations.

The article focuses on justification for religious attitudes and habits. In some of the early analyses of religious behavior a common procedure was to gather information concerning the amount of participation in church affairs and from the findings to infer that the attitudes and habits of the persons involved. During the last few years the social psychologists have been using rating scales and standardized questionnaires to measure verbalized attitudes more directly. The present paper is an attempt to carry this statistical analysis one step further, in order to obtain, among other things, the students' reasons and rationalizations for their attitudes. To obtain these justifications, the short interview method was used. Persons submitting to an interview for scientific purposes are quite differently motivated toward cooperation with the interviewer than persons who come seeking aid in order to make a better personality adjustment. Well over 90% of those selected gave their consent to be interviewed. It was explained that the results would be kept anonymous.

The article presents a discussion related to the homing behavior of bees. For a great many years biologists and psychologists have been interested in the homing behavior of insects. A great number of isolated facts were collected. In most of these cases no particular experiments were made to determine the factors that give insects the ability to find their way home after having collected food far away from their nests. It was necessary to find an animal for which the experimental conditions might easily be controlled, and which could be handled by the experimenter in an easy manner. The insect with which most of the experimental work about homing has been done is the honeybee. There are two reasons for it. First of all, it is easy to keep these insects in sufficient number and under similar conditions; secondly, people knew a great many facts concerning their conduct, so that no preliminary studies in this respect had to be made. Bees accustomed to find their hive in a certain place, on coming home from the fields, go straight to the opening of the hive without any hesitation.

In this paper a general social-psychological model has been presented, which is believed to be useful in sociological theory. It was shown that some existing models can be expressed as special cases of this scheme. Also that some empirical data can be interpreted within its framework. It is hoped that if a considerable number of existing models are expressed within the same frame of reference some clues will be offered in the formulation of less abstract, more realistic models. The formulation of empirical evidence within the same frame of reference should provide additional valuable guidance in the search for reliable and realistic sociological theories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its introduction on 1 November 2006 the Better Access initiative has improved the access and affordability to psychological services. The enthusiastic response by Australians has resulted in the production of a large and growing dataset about the way in which psychological treatments are delivered by different professionals in routine clinical practice. Given the importance of evidence-based decisions in psychological treatment service delivery there is now an opportunity to use the Better Access data to make a significant and sustained contribution to the evidence base. In this paper the features of the Better Access initiative and the Australian context that potentially place Australia as a unique and key contributor to the evidence-base movement on a global scale, are described. Areas are then suggested in which improvements to the evidence base are needed, and some of the ways in which the Better Access data might clarify these issues are outlined (including the evidence to support the $AUD27,650,523.80 of higher Medicare rebate to clinical psychologists) as well as the research opportunities the Better Access initiative has created through the rapid growth in services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents obituaries for several notable people including psychologists Hadyn E. Ellis and John C. Marshall.

Developments in LGBT psychotherapy are best understood by taking stock of the past while preparing for the future. Using a personal and historical perspective, the last forty years of psychology is assessed. This is a personal history of key events in the removal of homosexuality from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, as well as the evolution of gay-affirmative mental health practices. doi:10.1300/J236v11 n03_02 [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

I decided while an undergraduate that I wanted to be a psychologist. Beyond that, I'm still not sure what I'll do when I grow up. This brief autobiography maps the shifting sands of my professional identity: from psychotherapist to developmental psychopathologist and then to primary concerns with education and training, from psychologist to academic administrator and then back again, to forensic psychologist and on to whatever may come next. Through all of these shifts in focus, however, there has been one recurring theme—the appeal of being an assessment psychologist. The events that kept bringing me back to assessment, whatever else my focus at the time, are recorded in the story that follows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of accounts on observers' perceptions was assessed in a questionnaire mailed to a random sample of psychologists. Subjects read a fictitious description either of a researcher who had plagiarized a paper or of one who had fabricated data. The researcher's account of his action was quoted following the scenario; the accounts consisted of excuses, justifications, or denials. Subjects responded to questions calling for their evaluations of the researcher's character, the act itself, and the appropriate sanctions. Denials produced the most positive evaluations of the act and the researcher's character, whereas justifications produced the worst evaluations. These results demonstrate the problematic nature of attempting to justify one's behavior following serious offenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Couples often seek counselling in the first year following the birth of a baby. The role and image of active fatherhood has affected women's expectations that their male partners will engage in baby/child care and other domestic activities. This pilot study of women undergoing the transition to motherhood within a heterosexual couple relationship indicates that women's expectations and men's "promises' and media images of fatherhood do not coincide with behaviour and that this causes and amplifies stress in the relationship. Counselling psychologists often focus upon the woman's involvement with the baby or lack of partner support as the main problematic dimension in the couple's well-being. It is suggested here, from the findings summarized, that more research needs to be done on the mismatch between changing attitudes to fathering and the impact of the consequent, apparently false expectations of men's behaviour in the early years of parenthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While it is quite clear that there IS a theoretical and empirical accumulation of knowledge in the area of the sociological study of deviance which supports the viability of the notion of "positive deviance," it also seems that the overwhelming majority of socthlogists of deviance reject this possible paradigmatic shift. Hence, the voices "pushing" this shift are generally quiet, typically hesitant and the debate is made on the margins of the acceptable in deviance research. What we may be witnessing here is an attempt to introduce a change into the boundaries of a specific scientific paradigm (to the extent that such a paradigm indeed exists), and the typical reaction in the form of "resistance to innovation." Once accepted, it is quite clear that sociologists of deviance, as well as others, will have to think in different terms, to develop different research strategies and to acquire new skills methodological and analytical. In this respect, the position of sociologists of deviance is better than that of criminologists because the latter really work with those acts that were defined by society as negatives ("crimes"). Sociologists of deviance are not limited by this self imposed barricade, hence, they can broaden their view and break new grounds. Grappling with the concept of "positive deviance" is one possible and exciting route. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses structure and change in causes of death. The purpose of the present paper is to establish a model of the cause-structure of mortality at various levels of mortality from all causes combined, to use the model to make statements about typical patterns of mortality change, and to identify and interpret regional and temporal differences in the cause structure of mortality. The initial model will be based upon data for 165 populations, undifferentiated by period or region. When researchers speak of a change or decline in mortality level, they will refer to changing the value of a variable in the model, rather than to events in an actual population. Thus, their constructions provide a model of the cause structure of mortality change in exactly the same sense that model life tables offer an indication of the age-pattern of mortality change. This analysis is built upon a data collection and tabulation which the authors carried out in collaboration with sociologists Nathan Keyfitz and Robert Schoen. Data on causes of death by age and sex were processed and published for 180 national populations, representing 48 nations in the period 1861 to 1964.

This article reports that there is considerable agreement among sociologists that a person's occupation is probably the single most reliable index of his socio-economic status. Considerable support for this assumption can be marshalled when the number of studies are noted in which occupation has been used as an index of social class placement. It is not surprising that researchers have attempted to classify occupations into categories as indices of individuals' socio-economic status. Another approach to the prestige ranking of occupations consists in determining the relative position given various occupations by a panel of judges. Since the North-Hatt scale has been used in about a dozen reported studies and since there is another scale designed to accomplish the same results as the North-Hatt scale, a logical question appeared in order. The North-Hatt ranking of occupational prestige was based on an average total of 2,900 interviews obtained by the National Opinion Research Center in the spring of 1947 from a nationwide sample of adults. A list of 90 occupations was read to the respondents who evaluated the occupations as "excellent," "good," "average," "somewhat below average," or "poor."

Social and behavioral scientists are increasingly employing technologies such as fMRI, smartphones, and gene sequencing, which yield 'high-dimensional' datasets with more columns than rows. There is increasing interest, but little substantive theory, in the role the variables in these data play in known processes. This necessitates exploratory mediation analysis, for which structural equation modeling is the benchmark method. However, this method cannot perform mediation analysis with more variables than observations. One option is to run a series of univariate mediation models, which incorrectly assumes independence of the mediators. Another option is regularization, but the available implementations may lead to high false-positive rates. In this article, we develop a hybrid approach which uses components of both filter and regularization: the 'Coordinate-wise Mediation Filter'. It performs filtering conditional on the other selected mediators. We show through simulation that it improves performance over existing methods. Finally, we provide an empirical example, showing how our method may be used for epigenetic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Performance scorecards are tools that measure staff performance across multiple criteria to produce a single, overall performance score, which can be used as feedback for employees. While scorecards are considered a low-cost and effective approach to improve performance, published research demonstrating the effectiveness of scorecards is limited. The current study attempted to first demonstrate the effectiveness of scorecard feedback to improve performance, then, evaluate the added effects of linking the scorecard feedback to a lottery. Current results suggest scorecard feedback can modestly improve average employee performance, and linking the scorecard to a lottery may result in further performance improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following consistently high demands for educational psychology services (EPSs) and recent influences upon the delivery of EPSs, the contribution of assistant educational psychologists (EPs) was explored via a multiple case study design. Participants included assistant psychologists, EPs and senior/principal psychologists from two local authority EPSs in England. Recorded focus groups and interviews were transcribed and a thematic analysis was conducted to produce a cross case analysis. It was found that the assistant EP role emerged from EP recruitment difficulties and that assistants work in diverse ways to enhance and extend the EPS offer to schools to improve outcomes for children; however, the role did not reduce EP workloads. Challenges to the successful deployment of assistant EPs were highlighted along with implications for their practice and future research. Benefits for the assistants themselves included career progression experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, a cultural history, attempts to answer the question of how John B. Watson's presence at J. Walter Thompson "made sense" from the standpoint of the actors involved. At the time Watson joined the agency, he had achieved a national reputation as a psychologist, a researcher, and the leader of behaviorist psychology. His doctrine, which recognized prediction and control as the goal of psychology, meshed well not only with broader Progressive concerns of social control, but more particularly with the goals of the business community, and at J. Walter Thompson, with the goals of Stanley B. Resor. Watson's presence at the agency became a "mechanism" through which Resor could implement his philosophy into advertising practice. Watson's work was to help rationalize the advertising process, but at the same time, spoke directly to the admirers of science, legitimating a reality in which decision making based upon "scientific" methods assumed a role of prominence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the message of the author as the outgoing editor of the journal "The Sociological Quarterly." The author acknowledges the opportunity that he was granted as the editor of this journal. Further, the author also thanks the members and readers of the journal for their support to him. The author found that during his tenure as the editor of this journal, he acquired knowledge on various facets of sociology as a discipline. Besides, he also came across the new developments that took place in the field of sociological research.