Search

The history of physiotherapy can be seen as a history of boundary conflict, as the profession sought to first establish, then maintain, its distinctive professional identity. Traditional approaches to the sociology of the professions support this, seeing professionalization as an ongoing process of enclosure, encroachment, and conflict. Recent work, however, has emphasized the fluidity and collaborative nature of professionalization projects, and placed more emphasis on inter-professional negotiations and disciplinary coexistence. In this paper, we draw on this work to analyze the harmonization of the independent Mensendieck System of medical gymnastics in Norway, and the emerging state-sponsored physiotherapy system. Our contention is that over the course of the middle decades of the 20th century, advocates of the Mensendieck System and providers of orthodox, biomedically informed physiotherapy, came together and found a way to work collaboratively in a shared space without compromising their distinctive professional identities. We argue that this approach both points to ways we might revisit traditional conflict-based analyses of the history of physiotherapy, while also suggesting new ways of imagining how the profession might change in the years to come. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shipping industry has been called 'the first globalised industry'. In this paper we analyse how domestic regulations have shaped the adaptations of ship owners in Norway, one of the leading providers of international shipping services for more than 150 years. The paper deals with the interaction between the international and domestic aspects of the shipping industry, with particular emphasis on demand (the market for shipping services), labour and capital. In particular, we discuss the relationship between international developments and the Norwegian regulatory regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the national reputation programmes of Denmark and Norway in the period 2005–2010. The first section demonstrates how national reputation management emerged as a part of the globalization discourse and illustrates its hybrid character. The paper then gives a short overview of the two approaches, nation branding and public diplomacy. In the next section, national reputation management efforts in Denmark and Norway are compared according to three variables: how they were launched in response to globalization, the role of consultants, and the countries’ different institutional settings. The article concludes with a discussion of how the elements of national reputation management interact in the initiatives of the two countries and how this relates to the general change in the relationship between nation-states on the global scene. The paper concludes that Norway and Denmark represent two different variations of a new, hybrid national reputation management. In the Norwegian case, the political and cultural spheres infiltrated the commercial sphere, while in Denmark, the commercial sphere infiltrated the cultural and political spheres [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the author examines the role Hans Nielsen Hauge (1771–1824) played in encouraging literacy in Norwegian peasant society in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, an aspect of his ministry rarely discussed. This poorly educated son of a peasant broke the unwritten rule of never publishing texts for a large readership without the necessary educational skills. Thus he opened up a new literate space where the common person could express him-or herself on paper. Hauge printed around 40 different texts, 14 of them books, in a language the peasants could understand. This inspired his followers not only to read, but also to write, mainly letters to Hauge and to Haugeans in other parts of Norway. Some even became authors. Women played a central role in this wave of literacy spreading throughout the country. Based on Hauge’s original texts, the author presents some crucial aspects of his mentality and shows how his ministry served as a catalyst to the growth of literacy among peasants during the period. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this article the author discusses a paper by archaeologist Håkon Glørstad on the important role of boats, specifically log boats, in the colonization of Norway. He suggests that other factors have contributed to the colonization of Norway, including knowledge of tides, weather and potentially hazardous marine conditions. He also examines the notion that archaeology has an inferior position compared to sociology and anthropology.

In this article the author discusses a paper by archaeologist Håkon Glørstad on the important role of boats, specifically log boats, in the colonization of Norway following the retreat of the Weichselian glacier. She suggests that a more advanced boat-building technology existed during the Mesolithic period which was used in plank-built boats. She also cites the need to consider the role of population density in the colonization process.

The eighteenth century saw a development of a stratified system of institutions for the poor in different social classes in Norwegian cities. This paper analyses its foundation through a cooperation of private donations and city authorities' management and it argues that donations to private almshouses aimed at safeguarding the social position of special groups in the city, while the city's poorhouse was responsible for the paupers from the lower classes. While charity to please God and secure a place in the afterlife was an old motive, the wish to protect the social group, relatives or personal servants is a striking phenomenon at the end of the eighteenth century. Citizens with burgher rights by virtue of their craft or commerce defended their position against non-skilled workers. Private gifts to supplement the public poorhouses helped securing this aim. The paper shows that donations to institutions in Trondheim fall into a general picture of social stratification, not only in society at large, but among the poorer parts of the population as well. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The author comments on a paper by archaeologist Håkon Glørstad on the important role of boats, specifically log boats, in the colonization of Norway. He criticizes the failure of Glørstad to tackle the fact that boats were more than a floating device between destinations. He also compares the functions and features of log and skin boats.

This paper discusses media history as an academic discipline, and how it may be linked to the study of media systems. Firstly, it starts with a discussion of the value of the concept of the 'media system'. The paper then looks at how historical studies of media systems have developed. There follows a discussion of methodology, using chronology and periodization as important analytical tools. This is illustrated by a discussion of how Norwegian media history from the end of the seventeenth century to the present has been analysed using the concept of the 'media system', thereby dividing that history into seven broad periods. Using the 'media system' approach has facilitated the development of an analysis of the complex interchanges between different media over a 300-year period. The paper concludes by arguing that analysing national media histories in such a way should be a central task for media historians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses Norwegian nineteenth-century patentees. A special focus is on the affiliation or relationship of patentees to the manufacturing industries, business and the wider economy. A central question is whether the inventors were what might be called ‘amateurs’ working independently or ‘professionals’ working closer to firms or institutions. The main finding is that even the individual patentees, who comprised the majority of all patentees, had strong associations with industry, and the distinction between ‘professionals’ and ‘amateurs’ is not very useful. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The author comments on a paper by archaeologist Håkon Glørstad on the important role of boats, specifically log boats, in the colonization of Norway. He argues against the use of recent umiak-equipped Inuit and upper Palaeolithic cultures with no surviving coastlines as a reference for the colonization of Norway. He also discusses boatbuilding technology and kinship and demography during the Mesolithic period.

The authors comment on a paper by archaeologist Håkon Glørstad on the important role of boats, specifically log boats, in the colonization of Norway. They compare the similarities between the climate, physical features, and general coastal environment of western Scotland and south-west Norway. They argue that the exploitation of coastal resources does not require boats per se.

Based on a theoretical approach of diaspora theory and the use of ethnographical comparative analysis, it is argued that the early settlement of South Norway probably brought about diasporic conditions. Archaeological and natural science records are applied to discuss the migrations of mobile hunter-gatherers with a shamanistic reindeer culture from the Continent, after deglaciation of the Weichselian ice cap. This paper discusses the diasporic people's identity, their survival as a group, their adaptation to the new environment and the development of an independent reindeer culture characterized by relics and meeting places, after the break in the regular contact between people in the area of origin and South Norway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the various ways that patents and standards framed a challenger's opportunities. It recounts the history of the Bull punched card system, both in Norway in the 1920s and France in the 1930s, as it developed and became a challenger to IBM's monopoly. Bull faced the first mover's patents and standards differently. Standards paved the way for the challenger's actions, while patents hampered certain facilities for their duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author comments on a paper by archaeologist Håkon Glørstad on the important role of boats, specifically log boats, in the colonization of Norway. He applauds the willingness of Glørstad to tackle an intricate issue and deconstruct established archaeological agreements in Norway. He also emphasizes the importance of analyzing the situation during the colonizing phase.

The article presents the author's response to comments on his article on the important role of boats, specifically log boats, in the colonization of Norway. He argues that his article was aimed at creating a renewed debate on the difficult questions about history and initial colonization of a new area and landscape. He claims that almost all mesolithic axes are found along the coast or the major waterways and that they were used in boat production.

Comments on the historiography of Svalbard, Norway. Identification of Svalbard as the site of whaling and hunting activities by several European nation-states; Interpretation of documents and archaeological data relevant to the Russian Pomor hunting activities on the islands; Political debate over the right to exercise sovereignty over the islands.

The authors comment on a paper by archaeologist Håkon Glørstad on the important role of boats, specifically log boats, in the colonization of Norway. They argue that both log boats and skin boats existed during the Mesolithic period. They claim that the early Mesolithic flake axe and the Nøstvet axe were not in the same environments.

In this article the author discusses a paper by archaeologist Håkon Glørstad on the important role of boats, specifically log boats, in the colonization of Norway. She discusses the main problem with the use of a late Mesolithic analogy in an early Mesolithic context. She also argues that a development normally seen to start in the middle Mesolithic probably started in the late early Mesolithic.

The article considers the story of the Norwegian sports strike during the Second World War. What kind of resistance does the story reveal? What was the effect of a boycott of leisure activities like sports? The Norwegian sports organizations, unlike other international sports organizations, came to see themselves as part of the resistance movement against the Nazi regime during the German occupation from 1940 to 1945, using non-violent, civil disobedience as their weapon. Unprecedented historically and internationally, this meant that Norwegian sportsmen and women, for four and a half years, stopped participating in any way in sport. The boycott comprised sportsmen and spectators, regardless of whether the contestants were friends or foes, Allies or Nazis, Norwegians or German. Based upon previous and recent research the article contends that the sports strike can be considered an effective act of civil disobedience. It demonstrated in a visible way that civil resistance was possible, while the German and Nazi authorities sought to promote sports as a means of creating an impression of normality. Finally, the story of the sports strike can be read as a tale of the limitations of totalitarian regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many functional, organizational and ideational similarities between the labour services in Germany, the Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD) and in Norway, Arbeidstjenesten (AT). There were numerous conduits for transnational transfers of ideas and practices, especially as the RAD oversaw the creation of the Norwegian obligatory service during the occupation. Although the German conception of labour service inevitably influenced the development of the AT, the AT was not simply a copy of a German model. Norway had its own history of voluntary labour services and the labour service idea resonated with existing structures in Norwegian society and politics. This article discusses what elements of the model were adopted and rejected. Contingencies, context and continuities also played a decisive role in shaping the Norwegian service, for which the German RAD served as an example of what a labour service should look like, but also what it should not look like. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The question of the co-location of different kinds of assembly, such as Old Norse things, churches, games and markets, is a familiar debate in archaeology and history. A close connection between thing and church sites is recognized in Scandinavia suggesting that law and religion were closely connected. While the location of different assemblies seems to have been determined by logistical practicalities and the choice of certain kinds of topographic feature, power relations may also have played a crucial part in dictating their setting. After the eleventh/twelfth centuries in Norway, royal regulation of things and markets increased. The locations of many types of gathering remained consistent, however, but the thing system in particular seems to have offered a mechanism for consolidating royal power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Which women authors were read at the ebb of the nineteenth century and around the start of the twentieth? Research on historical readership groups reveals a strikingly different picture from the one transmitted through literary histories and textbooks. Empirical data from the catalogues of Norwegian reading societies from this period form the basis of the proposed conclusions. From a feminist, scholarly point of view, it is doubly interesting to investigate the fate of female authors among female readers; hence, the main emphasis is on the book collection of the women’s reading society based in Oslo from 1874. The collections of other societies, whether male or open to both sexes, are consulted for comparison. Although the material is Norwegian, the results turn out to be comparable to those seen in other countries, not least Finland. The data presented here serve to modify the received canon of European literary history, and to invite future revisions in the reception of female authorship and of women’s place in world literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By analysing five separate OECD reviews of evaluation and assessment practices with Norway and Sweden as cases, our study illustrates different ways in which a specific international educational reasoning is blended into more context-based national education policies and, as such, works in parallel with internal reforms and agendas. It is evident that an overarching narrative promotes the importance of coherent and integrated systems of evaluation and assessment in order to strengthen social and political endeavours for equity, quality and achievements. The parallel mix of OECD discourses and national discourses creates a combined narrative in which evaluations and assessments appear natural, self-evident and rational as well as highly adaptable to national settings. The study shows that national vertical and/or horizontal developments are intertwined with the OECD policy recommendations, which are quite general in character. In a continuing process of uploading and downloading, within different contexts, policies are elaborated and recontextualised. Evaluations and assessments are part of a contemporary rational paradigm for mapping and promoting performance in national educational systems – what we identify as a comparative curriculum code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Norway has been a firm supporter of, and contributor to, UN peacekeeping operations. However, while increasing its financial support since the end of the Cold War, Norway has significantly downscaled its troop contributions to the UN, focusing on NATO operations. Rather than interpreting this as lessened interest in the UN, we point out that support and commitment cannot be measured solely in numbers of troops deployed. Norway’s commitment to UN peacekeeping should be understood as part of its strategic culture, here read as a synthesis between self-interest and solidarity, and between the UN and NATO. This article details the institutional, political and material challenges and opportunities for renewed engagement in UN peacekeeping. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Resilience strategies aim to build “resilience” before disasters strike; utilizing preemptive techniques to predict emergencies and prepare systems to manage their consequences. But what can we learn about resilience from responses to disasters that have already happened? This article draws on fieldwork at postterrorist sites in Norway: the Oslo Government Quarter and Utøya island. While resilience policy develops plans for infrastructural recovery after the next disaster, the curators of postterrorist sites rebuild and reclaim existing disaster space. They apply a retrospective framing of recovery. The article explores this work and questions its absence from policy understandings of resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Norwegians of African descent often find themselves at the centre of debates regarding the ‘problem’ of immigrant integration, the challenge of self-identification and the elusive nature of the multicultural promise. This essay examines how Norwegians of African descent perceive and (re)construct the ideological processes through which they are incorporated into understandings of the nation. Based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted between 2005 and 2011, I analyse two extended interviews that represent key questions raised during discussions with forty interviewees. How does one engage the presumption of solidarity and universal goodness, common to characterizations of the Nordic region, which nevertheless render certain bodies and identities illegible and ‘impossible’? How is race ascribed meaning in the Norwegian context? My interlocutors invoke a particular moral vocabulary of belonging when describing experiences with implicit and explicit forms of racism. These ‘encounter narratives’ reveal national anxieties about race and cultural belonging, situated within historical preoccupations with identity and ‘sameness’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The Norwegian tradition of historiography on the invasion of Norway on 9 April 1940 was first and foremost established by Professor Magne Skodvin (1915–2004) with his doctoral thesis in 1956, numerous books and articles, and through his teaching at the University of Oslo, which inspired many students. In this article, four of Skodvin’s positions are reviewed with arguments that demand a revision of the historical validity of these viewpoints. The four positions consist of Skodvin’s opinion concerning the role of Quisling in the events leading up to 9 April 1940, his view of Quisling’s role in Norway on 9 April 1940, his presentation of the Allied invasion plans before 9 April 1940, and his claim that Quisling had next to no followers amongst Norwegian military officers. Finally, this criticism is placed in context by looking at the historical directions of the development of the Nasjonal Samling (NS), both prior to these events and in the aftermath. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

1814 is the ‘year of miracles’ in Norwegian history. The transition from Danish to Swedish rule was transformed into a union between a Norwegian kingdom and the Swedish one. Seen in a contemporary and regional perspective, the outcome of 1814 seems less of a Norwegian victory, but even less of a Danish tragedy or a Swedish triumph. It was a geopolitical and geographical adjustment from one set of imagined ‘natural’ borders – in which Sweden/Finland were tied together by the Baltic Sea, and the Kattegat and the North Sea tied together the Danish composite state from the Danish islands and the Jutland peninsula to Norway and the North Atlantic islands – towards a new definition of ‘natural borders’, in which the Baltic and the Kattegat were the enemy areas. The Scandinavian state system became split between two peninsula states that turned their backs on one another. Denmark was banished southwards; Sweden gravitated northwards. She was compensated with Norway in a twin union, explained as geographically ‘natural’, held together by the Scandinavian mountain range that had been nature’s own fortification wall for centuries. The renegotiation processes of ‘natural’ borders in connection with the upheavals in 1814 shows the predominance of politics over nature in region formation. 1814 is, in the Scandinavian region-building history, a manifestation of the political changeability of constructed state borders. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A correction to the article "Where Are the Missing Boats? The Pioneer Settlement of Norway as Long-Term History" that was published in Vol. 46 of the journal is presented.

The use of skis has a long history in the core Sámi areas of Inner Finnmark in the north of Norway. It played a central role in the lives of nomadic Sámi communities for centuries. However, as an organised sport, skiing has a much shorter history in this area. The first sport club was established in 1927, almost 60 years after the first sport club was established in Finnmark. The integration and consolidation of sport in Inner Finnmark was also a slow process not concluded until the mid-1960s; some 40 years after its breakthrough along the coast of Finnmark. The organising of sport in the Sámi villages happened during a time of radical change in society. Until 1950s, Norwegian minority policies towards the Sámi population were characterised as strict assimilationist, or Norwegianisation, policy. This gradually changed towards a policy that emphasised cultural plurality, integration and greater political and cultural rights for the Sámi. At the same time, a state-driven modernisation process radically changed all aspects of the Sámi society. Even though sport had been a central element to Norwegian nation building throughout the twentieth century and despite the important role sport has played in many states' assimilationist strategies towards their indigenous populations, Norwegian authorities never used sport consciously in its minority policy. Despite this, sport helped in shaping modern Sámi society, and in shaping and reshaping ethnic and local identities in Inner Finnmark. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article closely examines the development of the trade in timber between Norway and the Baltic region with Britain in the period 1780–1830. It looks also at the scale of the trade and its role in the economic development of the countries involved, as well as how it became a global trade. Moreover, it discusses the balance of power between what is commonly understood as centres and peripheries at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article is about the Labour Movement and the Winter Olympic Games in 1952. Rolf Hofmo was a key member of the organisation committee for the games and perhaps Norway's foremost political thinker on sport at the time. I ask what his intentions were for his involvement and whether the Winter Games in 1952 were in accordance with the strategies of Norway's sports policy in 1952. Winter Olympic Games have been and still are an arena for the sporting elite. There are many indications, however, that Hofmo saw the games as an opportunity to exploit the prestige of this sporting event to also promote the idea of sport for all. Hofmo was a tireless campaigner against the cultivation of sporting elite. After the games in 1952, however, Hofmo's influence over sport in Norway rapidly declined. After 1952, elite sport and specialisation came more and more to the fore in relation to such events. Arthur Ruud, who was chairman of the Norwegian Olympic Committee at the time, came to support individual sports federations, elite sport and specialisation in the early 1950s. And it was Ruud's line that emerged victorious. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article begins with an outline of how the Norwegian government in exile perceived its position towards its great power allies in the final year of the war: a feeling of uncertainty if not outright abandonment, as Britain and the United States failed to understand or share Norwegian concerns at being left alone to face a possible Soviet ‘liberation’ of northern Norway. After the end of the war Norway's interim solution to its security dilemma was to put its trust in the United Nations while seeking to develop practical military cooperation with the United Kingdom. Seeking to avoid provoking the Soviet Union, Norway tried to stall Molotov's claims for shared sovereignty over Svalbard before finally rejecting the proposals in February 1947. That combination of formal non-alignment and informal ties with the United Kingdom broke down under the pressure of events beginning with the coup in Czechoslovakia in February 1948. Initial moves to seek reassurance of Western support, in parallel with ultimately unsuccessful attempts to construct a Swedish-inspired Nordic defence alliance, ended with Norway joining the Atlantic Pact in April 1949. The documentary evidence now at hand, in the volume just published, suggests that it took quite some time before the British government came to understand and share Norway's concerns. Initially swayed by the self-fulfilling prophecy of a Norwegian return to isolationism and pacifism, a realization of Norway's determination to stand and be counted against the Soviet challenge only gradually began to emerge through 1947. Yet Britain's own inability to offer substantial security assistance to the Scandinavian region meant that any reassurance of Western support had to await a political commitment from the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Psychiatry as a professional and scientific enterprise developed in Norway in the middle of the 19th century. During the last part of this century, four state asylums were erected, followed by several county asylums during the first part of the 20th century. From the 1870s, institutions for private care were established, usually in the vicinity of the asylums. During the middle of the 19th century, psychiatry in Norway was influenced by 'moral treatment', but during the end of the century somatic ideas prevailed. After the Second World War, Norwegian psychiatry was influenced by Dutch and British social psychiatry, followed by American psychoanalytic-oriented psychiatry during the 1960-70s. Since the 1980s, the climate changed, with more emphasis on classification and drug therapy. The new American DSM-III also influenced Norwegian psychiatry, and cognitive-behavioral therapies became more prevalent. Norwegian psychiatric research has during the last few decades been characterized by epidemiological studies, clinical follow-ups and twin research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Horseradish with its pungent taste and aroma has a long tradition of use as a spice and medicinal plant. It is most known to cure scurvy, due to its high vitamin C content. In the seventeenth century, utilization of horseradish changed from therapeutics to culinary. Today, consumption of horseradish has decreased even more since less time is spent on traditional cooking and preserving and new areas of use have developed. Its richness in glucosinolates makes it a possible cancer-preventive component in the diet and also a fungicide or pesticide. Horseradish peroxidase is used in medical research and analytical techniques and in detoxification of industrial wastewaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work of the Consumer Council, established in 1953, can be regarded as the first overall attempt in Norway to organise the capitalist marketplace from the consumers' point of view. As a source of counter-information to seductive commercial marketing techniques that appealed to people's hidden desires, the Council aimed to enlighten the consumer with objective expert advice on buying the best value-for-money goods according to their 'true needs'. The idea of the good and functional market was based neither on planning nor on the complete autonomy of market forces, nor was it opposed to an abundant commodity culture as such. In fact, publishing results from scientific product tests for certain items could be seen as a major contribution to the spread and legitimisation of a modern consumer culture. The article discusses this attempt to organise affluence through the construction of a context-free, objective reality by a scientific bureaucracy of consumption and looks into the historical roots of such practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with a local incident that took place in Norway in 1987. Then doctors and hospitals were contacted by parents with sick children. Samples taken from the children showed that they were infected by salmonella. Since these bacteria are rare in Norway, and because they can be fatal, the National Food Agency and the City Veterinarian immediately took action and started tracking the source of the contamination. One week later, the agencies reported that the bacteria had been detected in chocolate, produced by the local confectioner company. The incident, a potential threat to public health as well as the company's reputation and business, initiated a series of measures that had as its final goal to restore public trust. The article examines what happened and how various actors, institutions and the company worked to restore trust in the suspicious products. The main aim of the article is to show whether and how a broken trust regime was rebuilt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Norwegian policy vis-a-vis the United Nations (UN) through the end of 1945. From here it will become clear that framing foreign policy orientations of the 1940s along conventional lines exaggerates the commitment of Norwegian politicians to two grand ideas. The novel idea of Atlantic alignment, developed by Norwegian circles in London exile, was more ambiguous than generally acknowledged and left room for universal extension. By contrast, the alleged turn in the mid-1940s toward support of the UN was in the form of lip-service as opposed to action that would have engaged actors from Norway. The government outsourced policy-making on the issue to a small circle of experts and made no attempt to exert leadership in regard to UN matters. Norway's indifference toward the UN in the 1940s stands in marked contrast to the country's later reputation as a faithful supporter of the world organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the German occupation of Denmark the arch-rivalry on the football field between Denmark and Sweden was transformed into an atmosphere of fraternal neighbourliness from 1940 to 1943 because of the pressure of occupation and war. However, the intense Swedish-Danish sports cooperation during the first years of the Second World War was not just a neutral exchange but was embedded in a close triangular collaboration with Germany. Attempts by the Danish Sport Federation (DIF) to avoid sports encounters with Nazified Norwegian sport were not effective, as the DIF would not challenge the German authorities by issuing an outright ban on collaboration with Norwegian sport. After the war sport was again heavily politicized, but now to demonstrate Danish inclusion in Allied circles. The DIF now permitted unrestricted politicization, with marches on the pitch by resistance fighters, sabotage team matches, English military bands, the exclusion of German spectators and Danish competitions against foreign soldiers - but of English, not German origin this time. The political symbolic value of the Danish encounter with world-famous British players was evidenced when a select team of British professionals would play at the national stadium in Copenhagen against a select Danish team in July 1945 in the presence of the British commanding officer, Major General Dewing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die Institutionalisierung und Entwicklung von Padagogik als professionellem und akademischem Wissensgebiet in Norwegen in der ersten Halfte des 20. Jahrhunderts ist Thema dieses Beitrags. Die Reformpadagogik in Norwegen hatte eine starke Verankerung in Lehrerschaft und Lehrerorganisationen und entwickelte eine offene, korporative Zusammenarbeit mit Politik und Verwaltung. In der Periode von 1931 bis Anfang der zweiten Weltkrieges pragte diese Zusammenarbeit die Entwicklung von Padagogik und Ausbildungspolitik in einem derartigen Umfang, dass man von einer reformpadagogischen Hegemonie in Schulentwicklung, Forschung und Politik reden kann. In diesem Artikel werden Aktivitaten und Wissensprofil von den drei Padagogen Bernhof Ribsskog, Erling Kristvik und Helga Eng als Beispiele fur verschiedene Orientierungen und Beitrage innerhalb der norwegischen Reformpadagogik der betreffenden Periode herangezogen. Eine zentrale Frage im letzten Teil ist, warum diese vitale padagogische Bewegung und dieses System sich so schnell andert und die Hegemonie in den Jahrzehnten nach dem Krieg verliert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This year it is 50 years since the first professional archaeologists set foot on Svalbard in the first of three inter-Nordic expeditions. Amateurs had been digging freely for a century because the historical monuments had no legal protection. Two more Nordic expeditions were mounted in 1958 and 1960. The next phase in archaeological exploration began in 1978. Over the next 15 years, archaeologists from several countries conducted extensive excavation programmes on many Pomor house sites and west European whaling sites, leading to a substantially raised level of interest in and knowledge about the history of Svalbard. Given the limited archaeological resource base, the high excavation rate had to be reduced. In recent years there have been very few excavations and this low field activity is a concern both for the cultural heritage management and scientific milieus concerned with research on Svalbard. An important question is how to stimulate research and at the same time ensure sustainable cultural heritage management on Svalbard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chronology of the earliest history of Svalbard (Spitsbergen) has been, and still is, a controversial issue in historiography, partly due to inconclusive evidence and lack of sources that open up for different interpretations, but also because of particular interests in this contested region. This survey of a dozen important works shows that historiography reflects the changing national interests in Svalbard over time and the variations in intensity of political debate. By 1920, three different history traditions had established themselves with regard to the question of discovery and early exploitation: the Norwegian “Viking hypothesis”, the Russian “Pomor hypothesis” and the nationally more neutral “Barentsz hypothesis”. While Barentsz’ discovery in 1596 is generally accepted as a historical fact, the hypotheses about earlier visits have proved strikingly resilient. The “archaeological turn” around 1970 introduced a fourth hypothesis, the possibility of a Stone Age settlement, and also hopes that new material evidence would finally solve the question of chronology. This has not happened; archaeological research has augmented historiography, but not caused a fundamental shift in positions and interpretations – national historical traditions remain influential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article is devoted to the enigmatic Bjarmaland of the Old Norse sources. Where was Bjarmaland situated? Was there only one Bjarmaland, or were there several Bjarmalands? The author approaches these questions by going through the historical sources mentioning Bjarmaland/Biarmonia/Biarmia. Second, she analyses the reception of Bjarmaland in Russian historical literature in the eighteenth to twentieth centuries, and finally, she gives her own opinion on the question of its localization, etymological origin and changing lexical content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comments on the article 'The Social Context of Settlement in Norway in the First Millennium AD,' by Dagfinn Skre which was published in the July 2001 edition of the 'Norwegian Archaeological Review.' Questions on the validity of some historiographical facts used; Use of historical analogies when interpreting archaeological source materials; Examination of the geographical-chronological aspects of settlement history.

A comparative approach towards understanding the character of the Scandinavian societies in the First Millennium AD is argued for in this article. A comparison with the other Germanic cultures north of the Alps, with their more diverse source material, allows for a thematically broader and more developed understanding of the specific and varying social formations in Scandinavia. The challenge of involving the archaeological record in this kind of analysis is more readily overcome if the Scandinavian written sources from the 11th century onwards are also included. A study along these lines, an analysis of the social context of settlement history in the region of Romerike, central eastern Norway, is presented. The settlement expansion in the First Millennium AD seems to have taken place in two main waves, one in the Late Roman Iron Age and one in the Viking Age, both of them brought about by the aristocracy whose control of the land was one component in their dominion. The aristocracy set their men, some of whom were slaves, to cultivate new farms on the land that was in their dominion. The rapid growth in the number of these unfree, half-free and free men made manpower abundant, while good arable land at that time was scarce. This situation reduced the need for forced labour, which is probably one of the main reasons why serfdom of the Continental type never developed in Norway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Responds to comments made on the article 'The Social Context of Settlement in Norway in the First Millennium AD,' published in the July 2001 edition of the 'Norwegian Archaeological Review' periodical. Stability of political dominion within each tribal area from 500-900 AD; Interpretations of settlement history; Use of written sources from the high middle ages to dominate the interpretations of the society.

Focuses on the status of geography in Norway. Factor affecting the appearance of geography as a university discipline from 1871 on at the University of Oslo; Combination of history and geography in the school system; Consideration of school teaching as the main job market for geographers; Accounts on the establishment of the first geography department at the University of Oslo in 1917.