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The article offers information on the 10th European Neuro-Ophthalmology Society (EUNOS) meeting which was held in Barcelona, Spain from June 18-21, 2011. The event was attended by around 400 participants from across Europe and overseas. The meeting began with five instructional courses mainly aimed at junior ophthalmologists and neurologists. It is noted that around 36 oral papers were presented at the meeting.

Urban life is full of interpersonal connections which encourage local culture, creativity and innovation. According to the UNCTAD report (2010), UNESCO's Creative Cities project aims to promote these connections through culture and diversity, generating the development of cultural groups, facilitating the exchange of ideas, practices and knowledge, enabling the growth and development of the local economy. The creative city label is a credential to integrate the Network that dialogues about urban planning and sustainable and inclusive development with emphasis on culture, knowledge and innovation. It is also an instrument that creates a brand for the city, encouraging tourism, among other industries. Considering these requirements, this paper intends to analyze the impacts of application process in two cities: Barcelona (literature) and Glasgow (music). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fifteenth century witnessed the birth of the first European public banks, amongst them, the Taula de Canvi of Barcelona, founded in 1401. Its almost immediate success is undeniable: the Taula soon had many and powerful clients, and the deposits made in it grew steadily. But some decades later, Barcelona was shattered by the outbreak of the Catalan Civil War (1462–1472), which had a great impact on the Taula. This paper focuses on the analysis of this crisis, as well as on how the city council of Barcelona dealt with the problems of its bank during this period of unrest, which ultimately led to the strengthening of the Taula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is one of the activities most urgently in need of innovation and creativity to keep the boom going. This paper seeks to understand how mature destinations and tourism managers devise innovative and sustainable solutions in everyday practice. Current trends in demand call for active experiences that generate emotions, stir up feelings, present content, and provide a dose of pleasure. The case study presented here is an innovative street art project called Pinacoteca a Cel Obert (Open-Air Art Gallery), a clear example of reactivation, recovery and urban development that involves the local population and associations as part of the local government's drive to encourage community participation and empower change with regard to urban issues. The viability and sustainability of this commendable example are analysed through in-depth interviews with the respective project managers, the guides who run the tours and the visitors who have participated in the tour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the evolvement of the 'movement of the squares' following the end of the more visible cycles of mobilization of the squares´ occupations. We argue that a crucial aspect of this evolution lies in the creation of a social infrastructure of alternative (re)productive projects in the form of commons. We call this type of outcomes 'social' in order to distinguish them from the cultural, political and biographical outcomes underlined in typologies on the consequences of social movements. Bridging social movement studies with the literature on the commons, we build a conceptual framework of their relationship. Through a comparative analysis of the movements in Athens and Barcelona, we show how the commoning practices of the square encampments gave rise to more endurable commons disseminated across cities´ social fabrics. We identify both direct and indirect mechanisms of movements´ transmutation into commons, and distinguish the former into transplantation, ideation, and breeding processes. Our second aim is to scrutinize the political dimension of these commons in relation to what has been framed as the 'post-political condition'. We maintain that the post-square commons constitute political and politicizing actions for activists and users for their effects on everyday life, for their capacity to link their practices with broader, structural dynamics of injustice, inequality and exclusion, and for their selective engagement with counter-austerity politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brand management has become a key element in museum differentiation and competitiveness. When a museum's brand is associated with a particular artist, the artist is a brand in themselves, bestowing the museum added value and shaping its personality. In recent years there has been a growing trend in museum management towards strengthening their brands. The aim of this work is to determine the elements of transmission of brand identity in museums associated with an artist based on the model proposed by Aaker [1996. Construir Marcas Poderosas. Barcelona: Gestión 2000]. A qualitative methodology based on thematic analysis has been employed to draw the main conclusions from the in-depth interviews of the directors and heads of Communication and Marketing of the Picasso museums in Spain. The results reflect that the link between brand, artist and museum is not only transmitted through the product, symbolism and organisation but also through its connection with the territory and its digital sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the making of urban sustainable food provisioning through the case of Barcelona. Barcelona is seeking to develop a more sustainable food system. It aims to green its municipal food markets by reducing the distances from which the food is sourced from. This has been labelled by the city of Barcelona as "proximity food". We shed light on how, and to what extent, proximity food contributes to making the city more sustainable. To frame our analysis, we employ concepts from networks and flows as developed in sociology by Manuel Castells. We examine the provisioning processes that proximity food goes through before they enter retail markets. This includes an analysis of connections with urban energy and water flows. This so-called water, energy and food Urban Nexus, which we argue to be a key factor in the greening of urban food systems. This means that sustainability of food is not just determined by physical distances between its provisioning processes per se but by the specific ways in which food flows relate to connections (both physical and social) with energy and water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of the 20th century, analyses of local cultural policies have sought to highlight their instrumentalisation in projects for urban renewal and/or city branding. In general, the spotlight has been put on the waning Cultural Democratisation Model and its flagging commitment to social cohesion and redistribution. This might lead us to see cultural policy and political management as having little bearing on the construction of The Creative City Model (henceforth CCM). However, this would be a mistake, as this paper will show. It compares two cities, Barcelona and Valencia, whose local cultural policies are strongly conditioned by the CCM. The contrasting political orientation of the two cities, the way each applies the CCM, their differing management models, and the different long-term trends in their cultural facilities end up shaping social and cultural outcomes, the sustainability of these results, and their redistributive impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve neighbourhood liveability and urban sustainability, Barcelona is seeking to re-organize its urban structure into superblocks, designed to discourage cut-through traffic and promote multiple uses of street space. Despite its potential, this approach is not without its limits, that should be properly taken into account. The implementation of the Supermanzana model in the Poblenou neighbourhood is explored in this paper to analyse its potentialities and constraints. Temporal synchronization between the urban level and the neighbourhood level turns out to be particularly important to reduce conflicts and criticalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practice of busking and street music performance is becoming key to the identity of cities. However, although the spatial configuration and acoustics of historic city centres are interrelated, few rigorous studies have been undertaken on this area. The paper presents the results of a quantitative and comparative analysis of the space syntax configuration and on-site sound recordings in four main open environments within the inner core of Barcelona. The aim of this work is to highlight the conflict points between outdoor acoustics and movement flows in order to inform future designs and management of those public spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of the paper is to analyse the evolution of house prices in Barcelona using a theoretical and empirical framework. Housing is a durable good which involves both consumption and investment components. We develop a model that explains the long-run equilibrium relationship between prices to buy and to rent (time of rent to buy) as well as dynamics of deviations from this equilibrium. Empirical studies of the housing market show significant low-frequency fluctuations over time. We test the model with the data for Barcelona for several periods between 1970 and 2002. The general evolution of both house prices and rental price exhibits the pattern of long wave, but the ratio of these prices is not constant over time. We argue that the periods of relatively high housing prices with respect to rental prices correspond to additional demand for housing coming from investors. The conclusion of the paper includes a detection of complex non-random dynamics of the prices for housing in Barcelona and explanation of this effect with the proposed theoretical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the ways in which heritage sites at the crux of neighbourhood renewal and redevelopment initiatives in Barcelona have been manipulated to advance Catalan separatist agendas. We focus specifically on El Born Cultural Centre which was officially opened in September 2013 amid heightened calls for Catalan independence from Spain. A former market site, the centre’s key attraction is its archaeology which has been re-imagined and presented to communicate the horrors of war inflicted on the citizens of Barcelona following the War of Succession in 1714. Narratives that emphasise the historical degradation of Catalan political or cultural identity and/or work to reaffirm the distinct and separate nature of Catalan nationalism resonated strongly with the political reawakening of Catalonians in the run up to the 2014 November referendum on independence. The referendum which was subsequently deemed illegal by the Spanish government, and subsequent regional elections were held in 2015. In considering the negotiation of El Born during this drive for independence, this paper suggests that an examination of heritage sites and the ways in which they engage with, or are received by multiple stakeholders, can offer insights into the complexity of separatist campaigns in ethno-nationalist societies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Arts and museum management analysis usually classifies art museums and cultural institutions as a public or private non-for-profit. However, budget and analysis management, as Mark J. Schuster stated, reveals that the majority of museums and cultural institutions cannot be classified neither public nor private non-profit, because they are hybrids. This paper analyses with a multidimensional methodology the different degrees of hybridization of Barcelona's museums and cultural institutions. Finally, we explain its phenomenon as the emergence of a new hybrid local model of museums and cultural institutions, which Barcelona is a singular and advanced case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses how young, unmarried Indian men of Punjabi origin from an ex-untouchable caste negotiate masculinity in a first-generation migration context in Barcelona, Spain. Based on fieldwork carried out over a two-year period, the paper explores how men assert their masculinity through economics, moral leadership, caste pride and the exaltation of Indian gender norms. It discusses how the majority of young Punjabi men in Spain adhere ideologically to a breadwinning, hegemonic form of masculinity. It finds that Dalit men, in response to the devaluation of their masculinity by upper caste and Spanish men, respond by valuing their masculinity as superior and investing in upward mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The existence of works proving the possible relationship empirically that Airbnb lodgings could have with crime in Spain is not known. This research analyzes the relationship between Airbnb lodgings and crimes against the properties and people in Barcelona's neighbourhoods. To achieve this, we use an ordinary least squares regression model and a geographically weighted regression model. The results show a significant and positive relationship between the higher density of Airbnb lodgings and the higher crime rates in the neighbourhoods, especially of patrimonial nature. Divided by type of leased space, the Airbnb homes, in which the guest shares a room with other guests, show a higher relationship with crimes against property and people. The results of the local model show a spatial heterogeneity in all variables used, indicating the need to address non-stationary spatial processes that reveal hidden patterns. However, the only variable that shows statistically significant local variability is the total Airbnb lodgings variable. Finally, we discussed some unexpected results, proposing some future lines of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing upon 4 initiatives of social innovation embedded in two disenfranchised neighbourhoods: Nou Barris Nord and Sants in Barcelona (Spain), we illustrate different ways in which bottom-up processes can contribute to neighbourhood resilience. The paper explores the nature of social change by bringing together systemic approaches to social innovation and relational theories of collective leadership. In this vein, it is argued that both contextual neighbourhood features and collective leadership practices dialectically explain not only how and why social innovation initiatives emerge but also their social impact in terms of effectiveness and scalability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on some results of a broader research project, this paper aims to discuss the relation between urban design and creative dynamics in cultural districts. Appropriation and production of public spaces in three ‘creative quarters’ are analyzed, through a photographic approach, covering material aspects, human appropriation and symbolic dimensions in these areas. Discussing the boundaries of public spaces and their relevance for creative activity (through the conviviality and sociability they promote), it is argued that urban design characteristics and specific place morphologies significantly influence the appropriation of these areas and the development of specific creative dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designed and implemented by public servants and NGO workers, local inclusion programmes in Barcelona result in the exclusion of illegalized migrants. Access to city provisions is gained by means of a 'work plan' applied by the local authorities. Bureaucratic processes divide potential clients between those who 'deserve' to access rights and those who do not. Much of the legal framework provides leeway to practitioners to decide the fate of those left 'here, but nowhere' (Fieldwork 2019). Bureaucrats, acting as 'gatekeepers', often become 'annoyed' with their 'users'. This annoyance has the potential to illustrate how banal but resourceful emotions end up playing a key part in the exclusion of migrants from the city, strengthening institutional cohesion and a moral order. Focusing on bureaucratic processes and street-level interventions, this article tries to shed light on how borders inside the city are created not only by municipal regulations, but also by bureaucrats´ emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-level athletes are accorded deferential treatment by the French state. They enjoy the status of ‘high-performance athletes', which entitles them to assistance from the state and a set of special provisions. This paper provides an overview of the political circumstances in which this status was originated and developed, from its initial recognition under the 1975 Sports Law to the paradoxical social effects that this state policy has had on its beneficiaries: the athletes themselves. The first part of the paper is based largely on a search of parliamentary archives relating to the adoption of this law, known as the Mazeaud law, while the second part is based on a survey and interviews conducted with a number of French athletes who were selected for the 1972 and 1992 Olympic Games in Munich and Barcelona respectively. In addressing these two key phases in the recognition of athlete status, its political development and its subsequent reception, the article illustrates the changes in both status and condition of high-performance athlete, based on very different time scales and inspired by fairly different expectations. Given that the present system aims to improve the position of athletes in terms of their post-competitive lives, the long-term benefit of representing France under these circumstances remains questionable. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Royuela V., Moreno R. and Vaya E. Influence of quality-of-life on urban growth: a case study of Barcelona, Spain, Regional Studies. There are several determinants that influence household location decisions. More concretely, the recent economic literature assigns an increasingly important role to the variables governing quality-of-life. Nevertheless, the spatial stationarity of the parameters is implicitly assumed in most studies. The paper analyses the role of quality-of-life in urban economics and tests for the spatial stationarity of the relationship between city growth and quality-of-life. [image omitted] Royuela V., Moreno R. et Vaya E. L'impact de la qualite de la vie sur la croissance urbaine, Regional Studies. Nombreuses sont les determinants du choix d'emplacement des menages. Essentiellement, la documentation economique recente accorde un role de plus en plus important aux variables qui determinent la qualite de la vie. Neanmoins, la plupart des etudes supposent implicitement une geographie stationnaire des parametres. On cherche a analyser le role de la qualite de la vie dans l'economie urbaine et on fait des analyses pour deceler la geographie stationnaire du rapport entre la croissance urbaine et la qualite de la vie. Qualite de la vie Economie urbaine Croissance urbaine Regressions geographiques ponderees Royuela V., Moreno R. und Vaya E. Der Einfluss der Lebensqualitat auf das Wachstum von Stadten. Eine Fallstudie von Barcelona, Regional Studies. Die Entscheidung fur den Standort von Haushalten wird von mehreren Determinanten beeinflusst. Insbesondere wird in der aktuellen Wirtschaftsliteratur den fur die Lebensqualitat ausschlaggebenden Variablen ein zunehmend hoher Stellenwert eingeraumt. Allerdings wird in den meisten Studien fur diese Parameter implizit eine raumliche Unveranderlichkeit angenommen. In diesem Beitrag analysieren wir die Rolle der Lebensqualitat in der Okonomie von Stadten und uberprufen die raumliche Unveranderlichkeit der Beziehung zwischen Stadtwachstum und Lebensqualitat. Lebensqualitat Okonomie von Stadten Stadtwachstum Geografisch gewichtete Regressionen Royuela V., Moreno R. y Vaya E. La influencia de la calidad de vida en el crecimiento urbano. Estudio del caso de Barcelona, Regional Studies. La decision de elegir el lugar de la vivienda depende de varios factores determinantes. En concreto, la reciente literatura economica asigna un papel cada vez mas importante a las variables que gobiernan la calidad de vida. Sin embargo, en la mayoria de estudios se supone implicitamente la estacionalidad espacial de los parametros. Aqui analizamos el papel de la calidad de vida en la economia urbana y comprobamos la estacionalidad espacial de la relacion entre el crecimiento de las ciudades y la calidad de vida. Calidad de vida Economia urbana Crecimiento de las ciudades Regresiones ponderadas geograficamente [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the mid-1990s, a proposal for a World of Language museum was planned in London. This paper discusses the motivation behind the proposal, outlines its content, and explains the strategy behind it – as well as the reasons for its failure. Initiatives of a similar kind in other countries are briefly reviewed, and the principles underlying the Linguamón House of Languages in Barcelona explained and compared to the London project. The paper concludes with a reflection on the possible future for such a project in the UK in the 2000s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In July 2004 the fourth Parliament of the World's Religions took place in Barcelona. As with previous modern sessions, the Barcelona event was inspired by the original Parliament, which famously took place in Chicago in 1893. This paper examines the idea of the Parliament as a significant forum for the public representation of religious identity in global context. One way this was expressed in 2004 was in relation to political violence. As one delegate exclaimed rhetorically, 'Bin Laden is one of us!' This anxious rhetoric highlighted the problem of how to represent religious identity in the contemporary world. Who is included and who excluded from the global community of the religious? By drawing comparison with the 1893 Parliament, the paper argues that representational strategies deployed at the 2004 Parliament demonstrate the tensions and potential ruptures that confront the idea of religious identity in the context of late modernity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monuments and monumental architecture are established vehicles for communicating capital city status. The need to reduce complex cities into simplified images also means they can be very effective destination marketing tools. This paper assesses the relationship between monuments, capital city status and tourism marketing. Monumental developments in Barcelona during two periods, 1888-1929 and 1982-present, are used to explore this relationship. Barcelona provides an interesting example, because of the city's attempts to reassert its historic status as the capital of Catalunya and of the SW Mediterranean. Despite some noted variances in the scope of, and rationale for, monumentality, the paper concludes that in both eras, attempts to monumentalise the city has assisted political and tourism ambitions. Operational implications are also identified. doi:10.1300/J073v22n03_07 [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The point of departure of this article is the contrast drawn by Giorgio Piccinato between ‘Anglo‐Saxon’ town planning and ‘Latin’ urbanism, one based on rational method and theory of planning as intervention, the other on architecture, urban morphology and project‐based action. Gordon Cherry and Oriol Bohigas represent the two poles of the dichotomy – Cherry because of the emphasis he placed on separation from architecture in the professional emergence of the UK’s Royal Town Planning Institute, Bohigas because of his equally insistent emphasis on reintegrating planning with its mother discipline. The paper sets Bohigas and the regeneration of Barcelona into the wider context of a postmodern urbanism troubled by the neighbouring internecine rivalry between modernist and traditionalist architects. It is argued that Barcelona’s most distinctive contribution is less the replacement of ‘plans’ by ‘projects’ than its reconciliation of modernism and contextualism, a lesson duly acknowledged in the Anglo‐Saxon planning world through an award of the RIBA Gold Medal. This narrative of the triumph of urbanism ends with the RTPI’s acceptance that making place and mediating space are at the heart of town planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the determinants of travel mode choice for suburbanised commuters in Barcelona, Spain. After describing the importance of residential suburbanisation and the parallel increase in the share of private car use by commuters into the city centre, a nested logit model of transport mode choice is estimated. The results reveal low elasticities, particularly in the case of car commuters. Values of travel time savings are high, although within the ranges obtained in the literature. It is observed that continuing suburbanisation will result in increasing the market share of rail at the expense of the private car use and, mainly, the bus, provided that accessibility to the public transport network is maintained at present levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photography has a long history in geographical fieldwork. This paper reports on a student project that recovers this history and uses photography and commentary to represent the city of Barcelona. The place of the project within the broader (second-year undergraduate) fieldcourse and curriculum is described. The paper concludes with considerations of the way that photography lends itself to raise issues of representation evident in contemporary human geography. Since it is accessible to students, and offers practical examples, photography is a good way to approach and introduce more complex questions of method, epistemology and representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spanish cities have suffered increasing social inequality after the 2008 economic crisis and austerity policies. However, harshening social conditions have also led to ‘acts of citizenship’. Against the background of Marshallian and Tocquevillean takes on citizenship and civil society this paper analyses the emergence of the political confluence that gained office in the municipal elections of May 2015 in Barcelona incorporating citizens’ organisations and advocacy groups.Barcelona en Comúclaims a radical change in policy orientation with a renewed citizenship agenda. We argue that this is an example of urban citizenship that requires historical contextualisation. We see continuities and discontinuities between the current local governance model and agenda and the democratic local governance model established during the 1980s when civil society provided significant input. However, it is a challenge to implement an urban citizenship agenda in a globalised city with resources controlled elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we document and analyse the recent decline (2007–2013) in domestic water consumption in Barcelona. The postulates of ecological modernisation and market environmentalism celebrate these declines as an example of sustainable development, thanks to the combination of more efficient technologies and economic incentives. However, these interpretations ignore the new framework of social relations introduced by technologies and markets and take environmental improvements as homogeneous and universal regardless of distributional issues. Therefore, it would be perfectly possible to achieve optimal environmental situations in the context of deteriorating social conditions, particularly in terms of access to basic resources by the most disadvantaged. We explored the relationships between declining domestic water consumption and the uneven impact of the economic crisis on Barcelona’s urban geography. We found that the alleged increase in environmental sustainability that follows decline in resource use translates into highly uneven social impacts in terms of both accessibility and consumption. These results show that water flows have profound political dimensions and that water justice in terms of distributional costs and benefits but also in terms of recognition and participation of the less well-off should be a fundamental component of future urban water policies in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The ethnographic research presented in this paper consists of two parts developed chronologically. The first part is based on a study (Corona, V., Nussbaum, L., & Unamuno, V. [2012]. The emergence of new linguistic repertoires among Barcelona's youth of Latin American origin.International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism,16(2), 182–194) conducted between the years 2005 and 2008 that shows how ‘lo Latino’ in Barcelona is closely linked to an identity that is tied to certain linguistic varieties, with a particular fashion outfit, and a set of school attitudes and styles specific to youth such as hip-hop. The second part is based on data collected more recently (2013) by recording the discussion, six years later, with three adolescents who participated in the previous stage of the study. The analysis allows us to observe how their attitudes towards ‘lo Latino’ have changed during this time after having lived different experiences outside the school. It is especially interesting to see how these young people construct their personal paths with a view towards what, in their opinion, means to be Latino in the context of Barcelona. In contrast to the previous study, ‘Latino’ becomes important not only in the youth and school context, but it is also related to other social issues, such as the labour market and job insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The context of Special Education is a privileged space to study participation. Most professionals and teachers have long assumed the participation and collaboration with families as a central tenet of their interventions. On the other hand, parents with children with Special Educational Needs (SEN) have also been described as being permanently under a ‘constant state of vulnerability’, facing an uncertain future for their children and trapped in a highly professionalised context. This paper discusses how the case of children of immigrant families identified as having SEN further amplifies the contradictions that permeate the labelling and referral processes, whereby the way teachers perceive immigrant parents prompt and justify children’s needs and interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Recently, the application of rooftop greenhouses (RTGs) to integrate agriculture into cities has increased, although the area where they can be potentially implemented has not been quantified yet. Consequently, this paper aims to design a guide to evaluate the potential implementation of RTGs in industrial and logistics parks and to apply the guide to the case study of Zona Franca Park (Barcelona, Spain). Eight percent of the rooftops were identified as feasible for a short-term implementation of RTG, according to the defined technical, economic, legal, and agricultural criteria. Estimations indicated that the annual tomato production in this area could account for almost 2,000 tons, which is equivalent to the yearly tomato demand of 150,000 people. Besides, this production could substitute imported tomatoes, and avoiding their distribution would represent savings of 65.25 t of CO2eq·m−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water consumption in Barcelona in Spain, and the corresponding water imprint, followed a path resembling an Environmental Kuznets Curve. They grew slowly from the mid-19th century before reaching a peak in 1967–70, and a downward trend followed up to 2010. This paper uses a decomposition analysis to assess the role played by population growth, income increase and water intensity as determinants of these trends. It is stressed that water intensity does not express technical change alone, but includes social inequalities, consumer habits and cultural perceptions as well. It can be explained by taking into account the social conflicts and public policies of each period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban social movements, alliances and organisations use a range of strategies to contest injustice and inequality by making urban authority accountable to the 'power of the people'. While there is irrepressible diversity in the strategies used to build and enact people power across global urban contexts, movement participants rarely start from scratch in developing these strategies. There are patterns of contestation that resonate and circulate between urban movements. This article outlines an approach to analysing the patterning, diffusion and translation of commonly used urban people power strategies in and between cities. To track these strategies, we mapped hundreds of examples of urban people power, conducted field research across a range of cities, and co-designed findings and frameworks at a two week gathering of urban activists from a diverse group of cities. We identified five strategies of people power that are commonly repeated across different urban contexts—playing by the rules, mobilising, organising, prefiguring, and running for office. We outline the key characteristics of these different strategies, and discuss the different channels and forms of diffusion that facilitate their exchange across diverse urban contexts. All forms of diffusion involve the hard work of translation and learning, but this work takes different forms for different strategies. We find that where people power takes on a more visible and modular form it is more able to spread through weak ties and digital channels. However, where people power practices are more practice-based and harder to see, strong ties and personal relationships are often needed to spread the strategy. This is illustrated with a case study of the diffusion and translation of an organising strategy between housing activists in Cape Town and Barcelona. Our research and modelling of people power strategies and diffusion is offered as a contribution to on-going work of movement translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As racing vehicles become more complex, optimising the interaction between subsystems becomes critical for racing performance. In this work, we incorporate two such subsystems into a vehicle model. We investigate the performance benefits of a four-wheel-drive vehicle with independent control over its in-hub motors and active control on the rear wing flap rotation. The performance is evaluated by solving minimum lap time optimal control problems (OCP) for various vehicle configurations. The OCP is transformed into a nonlinear programming problem through direct collocation and is solved by an interior point method. The four-wheel-drive configuration performs better than rear-wheel drive in terms of lap time, finishing the Barcelona circuit 4 % faster. The benefits come mainly from higher longitudinal accelerations. Active aerodynamic control improves performance regardless of the propulsion configuration, leading to another 1 % of lap time improvement on the Barcelona circuit. The optimal aerodynamic control strategy is different between propulsion configurations, particularly on corner exits. This model enables the exploration of optimal torque vectoring controls and their interaction with a vehicle's active aerodynamics. This is needed to guide the design of the increasingly complex racing vehicle controllers of the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ALBA is a low-emittance, 3 GeV synchrotron light source located near Barcelona. It is funded equally by the Spanish central and the Catalan autonomous governments. Seven state-of-the-art beamlines (BL), comprising soft and hard X-rays, are in operation to satisfy the requirements of the user community. This paper updates the status of the facility, focusing on its transition from commissioning to user operation, which has taken place during the last two years. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Student-led teaching and learning is an innovative form of active learning that empowers students with direct ownership of the learning experience. Reporting on a final-year undergraduate field trip to Barcelona, Spain, peer-to-peer teaching is used to facilitate the acquisition of knowledge and uncover the processes that help create a sense of place. Students experience the issues that academics face when leading activities in the field. This paper explores the benefits and limitations of this approach which can potentially challenge the power relationship between student and tutor to the extent that the student is elevated to that of scholar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within urban design there is increasing interest in the close relationship between social, economic and political processes and the production of public spaces. This relationship, however, often remains abstract and is rarely illustrated in empirical studies. This paper introduces an institutionalist understanding to the production of public spaces, whereby emphasis is placed on the analysis of structuring forces and actors as a way to apprehend the complexity of the social processes guiding and influencing the planning, design and management of public spaces. The institutionalist understanding is illustrated in the case study of an urban renewal project in Barcelona. The results of the case study show the contrasts and tensions between the structuring forces and the different actors operating in the project, how structuring forces favoured the interest and claims of some actors over those of others, and the potential risks and challenges that this has for the use and value of the public spaces produced by the project. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper presents a number of examples from ethnographic fieldwork with a group of amateur photographers in Barcelona. Based on Practice Theory approach, as a theoretical framework, the article stands as an example of the study of photography that moves away from a representational or semiotic approach towards a performative one. The examples described show how different practices enable and enhance mediations that are material, visual and digital at the same time and how these practices are performed by the group while they shape their collective identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban drainage systems have two different drainage layers, one superficial and another underground, that are connected through drain inlets and manholes. Specifically, a collection system is formed by inlets distributed throughout a basin, with the function of collecting and directing the surface runoff into sewers. Generally, the hydraulic characterisation of the inlet system considers the grates in an ideal state, free of dirt and debris obstructions, although often this is not the case. In these cases, clogging effects should be considered as a reduction in terms of hydraulic efficiency. The aim of this paper is to present a methodology to determine, quantitatively, the hydraulic efficiency reduction of partially clogged grated inlets. With this aim, clogging patterns for the most common grated inlets operating in Barcelona (Spain) were defined and experimental tests at real scale were carried out in order to determine the hydraulic efficiency reduction due to clogging phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

March H., Perarnau J. and Saurí D. Exploring the links between immigration, ageing and domestic water consumption: the case of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, Regional Studies. Mediterranean urban environments are increasingly undergoing structural or temporary episodes of water stress, which may lead to decreases in the use of water. Taking the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (MAB) as a case study, this paper argues that socio-demographic factors may also contribute to explain decreases in per-capita urban consumption values. Using a generalized linear mixed model with panel data information for the period 2003–2007 for twenty-three municipalities of the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, including the ten districts of Barcelona, an attempt is made to examine the role of immigration and ageing in explaining these reduced average consumptions per capita. March H., Perarnau J. et Saurí D. Examiner les liens entre l'immigration, le vieillissement et la consommation ménagère de l'eau: étude de cas de la zone métropolitaine de Barcelone, Regional Studies. Dans les milieux urbains méditerranéens, l'eau est soumise de plus en plus à des efforts pour des raisons structurelles ou à des périodes passagères, ce qui peut amener à une baisse de la consommation de l'eau. Se servant de la zone métropolitaine de Barcelone comme étude de cas, cet article affirme que des facteurs socio-démographiques pourraient aussi expliquer les baisses de la consommation urbaine par tête. A partir d'un modèle mixte linéaire généralisé employant des données provenant d'une enquête à échantillon permanent pour la période allant de 2003 à 2007 sur vingt-trois municipalités de la zone métropolitaine de Barcelone, y compris les dix districts de Barcelone, on cherche à examiner le rôle de l'immigration et du vieillissement afin d'expliquer les baisses de la consommation moyenne par tête. Consomamtion ménagère de l'eau?Immigration?Vieillissement de la population?Zone métropolitaine de Barcelone Modèles mixtes linéaires généralisés March H., Perarnau J. und Saurí D. Untersuchung der Zusammenhänge zwischen Immigration, Alterung und privatem Wasserverbrauch: eine Fallstudie des Großraums Barcelona, Regional Studies. Die Stadtgebiete des Mittelmeerraums leiden immer häufiger unter strukturellen oder temporären Episoden von Wassermangel, die zu einem verringerten Wasserverbrauch führen können. Anhand einer Fallstudie des Großraums Barcelona wird in diesem Beitrag argumentiert, dass soziodemografische Faktoren ebenfalls zu einer Erklärung des Rückgangs des Pro-Kopf-Verbrauchs in der Stadt beitragen könnten. Mit Hilfe eines generalisierten linearen Mischmodells mit Paneldaten für die 23 Gemeinden des Großraums Barcelona (einschließlich der zehn Distrikte von Barcelona) aus dem Zeitraum von 2003 bis 2007 wird versucht, die Rolle der Immigration und Alterung bei der Erklärung des gesunkenen durchschnittlichen Wasserverbrauchs pro Einwohner zu untersuchen. Privater Wasserverbrauch?Immigration?Altern der Bevölkerung?Großraum Barcelona?Generalisierte lineare Mischmodelle March H., Perarnau J. y Saurí D. Explorando las conexiones entre inmigración, envejecimiento, y consumo doméstico de agua: el caso del Área Metropolitana de Barcelona, Regional Studies. Los ambientes urbanos mediterráneos están sufriendo periodos más recurrentes de estrés hídrico que pueden llevar a disminuciones en el uso de agua. Seleccionando el Área Metropolitana de Barcelona (AMB) como caso de estudio, el artículo argumenta que algunos factores socio-demográficos pueden explicar también la disminución en el consumo doméstico de agua por capita. En este sentido, mediante el uso de Modelos Lineales Generalizados Mixtos y datos de 23 municipios para el periodo 2003–2007, el artículo examina el rol que la inmigración y el envejecimiento pueden tener en estas reducciones de consumo. Consumo doméstico de agua?Inmigración?Envejecimiento de la población?Área Metropolitana de Barcelona (AMB) Modelos lineales generalizados mixtos [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The present paper summarizes a research project into integral safety in schools. The aims of this particular research are, firstly, to evaluate the degree of integral safety in schools, secondly, to propose means for improving prevention and integral safety systems and thirdly, to identify the characteristics of safety culture. The field work was undertaken in 20 schools in the Barcelona metropolitan area. Two instruments were applied: questionnaires and the focus group, with a methodological orientation of a qualitative nature. Results show that safety issues involve a high degree of responsibility on which management personnel spend a considerable amount of time, stating that they were less aware of the importance of the issue until they had been involved in school management for several years. Schools address safety issues in a reactive and anything but preventive way, for the most part designing involvement protocols in those schools that have already experienced accidents previously. The results obtained open up new possibilities for examination and should shape perceptions in schools by relating and incorporating the management of integral safety procedures, interpersonal relationships and the training of school managers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garcia J. and Raya J. M. Price and income elasticities of demand for housing characteristics in the city of Barcelona, Regional Studies. This paper estimates price and income elasticities of demand for housing characteristics using the information of properties appraised in the city of Barcelona (1998-2001). It employs a two-stage approach, estimating hedonic price equations for different districts in order to estimate subsequently the corresponding demand equations. The results allow an analysis to be made of the complementarity or substitutability relationships among the characteristics analysed, and also to catalogue these characteristics as goods. By knowing the price, cross and income elasticities of housing characteristics, policy recommendations can be made about the type of housing units that are the most desirable to be subsidized. [image omitted] Garcia J. et Raya J. M. Les elasticites par rapport au prix et au revenu de la demande de caracteristiques particulieres du logement a Barcelone, Regional Studies. A partir des donnees sur l'immobilier a Barcelone (de 1998 a 2001), cet article cherche a estimer les elasticites par rapport au prix et au revenu de la demande de caracteristiques particulieres du logement. On emploie une facon a deux temps qui estime des equations de prix hedonistes pour divers districts afin d'estimer par la suite les equations de demande correspondantes. Les resultats permettent d'analyser jusqu'a quel point les caracteristiques analysees sont complementaires et substituables, et de classer aussi ces caracteristiques comme biens. En connaissant le prix, les elasticites croisees et les elasticites par rapport au revenu des caracteristiques du logement, on peut faire des recommandations de politique quant aux unites de logement les plus susceptibles d'etre subventionnees. Modeles hedonistes Elasticites Demande de logement Garcia J. und Raya J. M. Preis- und Einkommenselastizitat der Nachfrage nach Wohnungsmerkmalen in der Stadt Barcelona, Regional Studies. In diesem Beitrag schatzen wir die Preis- und Einkommenselastizitat der Nachfrage nach Wohnungsmerkmalen mit Hilfe von Informationen uber die in der Stadt Barcelona im Zeitraum von 1998 bis 2001 bewerteten Merkmale. Zum Einsatz kommt ein zweistufiger Ansatz, bei dem zunachst die hedonischen Preisgleichungen fur verschiedene Bezirke geschatzt werden, um anschliessend die entsprechenden Nachfragegleichungen zu schatzen. Die Ergebnisse ermoglichen eine Analyse der Komplementaritats- und Ersetzbarkeitsbeziehungen zwischen den untersuchten Merkmalen; ebenso lassen sich diese Merkmale als Guter katalogisieren. Bei einer Kenntnis der Preis-, Kreuz- und Einkommenselastizitat von Wohnungsmerkmalen lassen sich Empfehlungen fur die Politik formulieren, was die Art der Wohnungseinheiten anbelangt, deren Subvention am wunschenswertesten ist. Hedonische Modelle Elastizitaten Wohnungsnachfrage Garcia J. y Raya J. M. Elasticidades de precios e ingresos en la demanda de caracteristicas de la vivienda en la ciudad de Barcelona, Regional Studies. En este articulo calculamos las elasticidades de precios e ingresos en la demanda de las caracteristicas de la vivienda usando informacion sobre las propiedades valoradas en la ciudad de Barcelona (1998-2001). Empleamos un enfoque bifasico, estimando las ecuaciones de precios hedonicos para los diferentes distritos a fin de calcular posteriormente las correspondientes ecuaciones de la demanda. Los resultados permiten un analisis de las relaciones de complementariedad o sustituibilidad entre las caracteristicas analizadas; tambien podemos catalogar estas caracteristicas como mercancias. Al conocer las elasticidades cruzadas, de precios y de ingresos de las caracteristicas de las viviendas, pueden realizarse recomendaciones politicas acerca del tipo de viviendas que se deberian subvencionar. Modelos hedonicos Elasticidades Demanda de viviendas [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to identify the role of quality of life in determining the current trends of population location within a metropolitan area. We expect an endogenous relationship between quality of life and population growth, and we question whether the usual assumption that quality of life decreases with population growth holds. To answer this question we propose a simultaneous equation model, which is estimated assuming the spatial dimension of the data. We perform our exercise in a dynamic local framework, the metropolitan area of the city of Barcelona (Spain), in the period 1991-2004. Our results confirm the importance of quality of life in population growth, plus, if any, a positive impact of population growth on quality of life growth. Interestingly we find that spatial lags of the variables are particularly important, as services are not homogeneously provided in the territory. Modelisation de la qualite de vie et de l'accroissement demographique. Le cas de la zone metropolitaine de Barcelone Resume La presente communication s'efforce d'identifier le role de la qualite de la vie dans la determination des tendances actuelles de localisation de la population au sein d'une zone metropolitaine. Nous prevoyons un rapport endogene entre la qualite de la vie et l'accroissement demographique, et nous tentons d'etablir si l'hypothese usuelle, d'apres laquelle la qualite de vie diminue au fur et a mesure de l'augmentation de la population, est toujours valable. Pour repondre a cette question, nous proposons un modele a equation, que l'on estime sur la base des dimensions spatiales des donnees. Nous realisons cet exercice dans un cadre local dynamique, a savoir la zone metropolitaine de la ville de Barcelone (en Espagne) au cours de la periode 1991-2004. Nos resultats confirment l'importance de la qualite de vie dans l'accroissement demographique, plus, le cas echeant, un impact positif de l'accroissement demographique sur l'amelioration de la qualite de vie. Il est interessant de noter que les retards spatiaux des variables sont particulierement importants, car les services ne sont pas assures de facon homogene dans le territoire. Modelizacion del crecimiento de la poblacion y de la calidad de vida. El caso de la zona metropolitana de Barcelona Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar el papel de la calidad de vida en la definicion de las tendencias actuales de la localizacion de la poblacion en una zona metropolitana. Esperamos una relacion endogena entre la calidad de vida y el crecimiento demografico, y cuestionamos el supuesto habitual que afirma que la calidad de vida disminuye con el crecimiento demografico. Para responder esta pregunta proponemos un modelo de ecuaciones simultaneas, que se estima asumiendo la dimension espacial de los datos. Realizamos nuestro ejercicio en una estructura local dinamica, la zona metropolitana de la ciudad de Barcelona (Espana), en el periodo comprendido entre 1991 y 2004. Nuestros resultados confirman la importancia de la calidad de vida en el crecimiento demografico, ademas, si alguno, el efecto positivo del crecimiento demografico sobre el aumento de la calidad de vida. Curiosamente, encontramos que los desfases espaciales de las variables son especialmente importantes, porque los servicios no se prestan de manera homogenea en el territorio. [image omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the reactions to absenteeism in public secondary schools in underprivileged areas of the city of Barcelona, Spain. The data presented are part of a doctoral thesis undertaken after the implementation of the Spanish comprehensive education reform (LOGSE) and they draw attention to important differences between schools. The study examines schools' practices in the face of absenteeism and assesses their proactive or reactive responses to the requirements of student inclusion, studying their working methods and teacher cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Football Club Barcelona has been closely tied to Barcelona and Catalonia throughout its history, the narrative of that relationship has varied. Those narratives provide different understandings of how FC Barcelona is implicated in the social construction of Barcelona and Catalonia as places. The relationship between club and place is dynamic and constantly renegotiated. Not only does the club change, but the political and social context in which FC Barcelona relates to these places also changes. This paper examines the place/identity/club nexus from 1975 to 2005 to illustrate how the club is mobilized to advance different ideas about Barcelona and Catalonia as places. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The privatisation of water and sanitation services in Spain has been fairly rapid in the recent decades, especially along the Mediterranean coast where high rates of population and economic growth are observed. Generally speaking and contrary to other areas, privatisation has not entailed important social conflicts. In fact, the most important recent social conflict regarding urban water in Spain had to do with the raise of taxes in the Barcelona area. The paper also introduces the issue of treated wastewater as an example of a resource for which many uncertainties remain regarding costs and ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides data from individual interviews conducted with 15 and 16 year-old non-immigrant students from a highly multiethnic secondary urban school in Barcelona, Spain. In this school, mixed classrooms (immigrant and local) and small linguistically heterogeneous working groups are frequent in the mathematics lessons. The focus is on the non-immigrant students’ perspectives on the notion of learning. Findings show that these students interpret certain whole-class and small-group interactions among local and immigrant students as not constitutive of learning. In particular, I explore some of the meanings associated with the representation of the multiethnic classroom as a conflictive place for learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the relationships between urbanisation and residential water consumption, taking as a case study the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona. More precisely, it investigates the influence of certain demographic, behavioural and housing factors on this consumption using descriptive statistics and a regression analysis. The data are derived from a sample of 532 households in 22 municipalities of the study area. Results show that income, housing type, members per household, the presence of outdoor uses (garden and swimming pool), the kind of species planted in the garden and consumer behaviour towards conservation practices play a significant role in explaining variations in water consumption. It is concluded that, along with prices and incomes, further research is needed on other demographic and housing variables in order to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of the determinants of domestic water consumption in areas periodically affected by water stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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