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Since 2016, UOW Library staff have been engaged in developing a culture of agility, strong digital literacy, and experimental exploration as part of the Future-Ready Library and the Thriving Digital Library strategies. This culture enabled the trial and implementation of a proactive chat widget at University of Wollongong Library prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Qualitative and quantitative data show how valuable proactive chat was to the students and staff at UOW during a period of high uncertainty. Pro-active chat achieved the goal of equitable provision of resources to library users at a time when visitor and travel rules restricted physical access to UOW Library buildings and on-site staff. The pandemic has been declared over, however, UOW Library continues to utilise proactive chat and to build upon and expand its functionality. The lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic have shown that to withstand and succeed in the face of continued change to the provision of services in the GLAM sector, the attributes of agility and flexibility as well as strong and ongoing growth in digital literacy skills are vital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced cooperative vehicle fleet technology has shown potential for improving safety and efficiency near freeway bottlenecks. This study focuses on resolution strategies for cooperative vehicle fleets for reducing rear-end collision risks near recurrent bottlenecks. Based on different vehicle types and time requirements and intentions, different resolution strategies are proposed to determine the travel rules and sequence of vehicle flows when a cooperative vehicle fleet needs to change its original fixed formation. Then, a series of experimental scenarios is designed by setting different vehicle types (conventional vehicles and connected and automated vehicles), requirements and intentions in different areas of multilane freeways. The experimental scenarios are simulated based on the MATLAB platform to test the proposed strategy. The results show that the proposed strategy can effectively reduce vehicle rear-end collisions, and the average cost savings of the conflict resolution process is 25.71%. The proposed strategies in this research provide autonomous resolutions for vehicle conflicts in different scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was undertaken to identify stakeholder needs and wants in relation to an Infant and Young Child Feeding, Social and Behaviour Change Communication (SBCC) strategy for the 16 Southern African Development Community (SADC) member states during Covid-19 lockdowns and travel restrictions. A rapid-assessment mixed-methods approach using qualitative and quantitative studies was adopted. Secondary data sources supported in-field findings. Setting/Subjects: Qualitative approaches included 17 key informant interviews from 7 SADC member states. Quantitative methods of an online survey elicited feedback from 61 participants from 11 SADC member states. Outcome measures: More strategic, best practice, infant and young child feeding SBCC programmes are recommended in SADC. Programme challenges included increased demands on health systems from Covid-19, poor attitudes and beliefs toward IYCF behaviours, the dual burden of undernutrition and overnutrition, and financial and human resource capacity challenges to implement and evaluate SBCC campaigns at scale. Opportunities were also identified for improved detection, better meeting IYCF nutritional needs from locally sourced foods, training and capacity building for greater engagement of front-line field staff, effective policy development to support parent-friendly hospitals and workplaces, and improved regional integration. The needs assessment demonstrated that priority programme planning can continue while the health sector deals with a pandemic threat. The adaptation to virtual support provided a variety of learnings for research designs, data collection and analysis, albeit over an extended timeframe of six months. A number of innovative approaches were identified in the resultant SBCC strategy for SADC along with opportunities for regional efficiencies in adapting existing, best practice SBCC creative and programming approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restriction of mobility between countries is an important regulatory measure to combat pandemics such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Currently, PCR testing is required to enter the Libyan borders. However, no post-travel quarantine is employed. In this report, we briefly discuss travel regulations in Libya during the COVID-19 pandemic and disease importation by travelers. The results showed that almost half of the sample travel because of health care and therapy reasons. Tunisia was the most visited destination mainly for trading and business and receiving healthcare. Importantly, 13% of asymptomatic travelers were SARS-CoV-2 positive. Issues regarding repeated testing among very frequent travelers and variant importation needs to be addressed in a more efficient manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the movement of African migrants seeking entrance to the Spanish enclaves of Melilla and Ceuta on Morocco's Mediterranean coast. During a span of several weeks in late 2005, the number of African migrants have sharply increased. These migrants are driven by extreme poverty and in some cases escaping persecution. In order to make it to Spain, thousands stormed the twin razor-topped fences separating the Spanish territory from Morocco. According to testimony provided by migrants and human rights groups, the reaction of the Spanish and Moroccan authority was swift, brutal, and deadly.

This study examines the local residents’ attitudes towards the Mainland Chinese tourists visiting Hong Kong and identifies both the extrinsic and intrinsic factors influencing these attitudes. Results showed that Hong Kong residents perceive Mainland Chinese tourists very positively due to their important role in Hong Kong’s economic development. However, it is undeniable that their negative and dissatisfactory attitudes are also very apparent. Based on the findings, Hong Kong residents can be defined as “ambivalent supporters,” and the negative impact of this attitude on tourism development in Hong Kong is becoming very influential. In the long run, how to change local residents from “ambivalent supporters to “ardent supporters” needs to be addressed in order to ensure the healthy development of Hong Kong inbound tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Africa is a regional hub for migration on the African continent and is home to a growing documented international migrant community. Foreigners in the country, however, often face violations of their established rights and are the victims of abuse. This paper examines public support for policies that would exclude international migrants from the country. Data from the 2013 South African Social Attitudes Survey, a nationally representative opinion poll (N = 2739) of all adults in the country, are used. This poll found that many South Africans favoured restrictive immigration policies and opposed granting foreigners the same rights as citizens. Multivariate analysis is employed to discern determinants of this opposition. Respondents’ perceptions of the population sizes of foreigners in their communities did not affect support for inclusion. It can be inferred, therefore, that the growth of the immigrant population has not provoked exclusionary attitudes in the country. Rather, results revealed, it is national pride (cultural versus political) and fears about the consequences of immigration that drive such attitudes. Programmes and policies designed to improve public perceptions of how foreigner impact society and the promotion of a nationalism characterised by inclusive multicultural civic patriotism may improve public support for the inclusion of international immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article examines the application of human rights principles for protection of legitimate expectations in immigration cases. It reports that how Australia has ratified a significant number of international human rights conventions. It discusses the Australian High Court's decision in the case 'Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Ah Hin Teoh.'

This essay contextualises the emergence of a document regime which regulated routine travel through the deployment of the India–Pakistan Passport and Visa Scheme in 1952. It suggests that such travel documents were useful for the new Indian state to delineate citizenship and the nationality of migrants and individual travellers from Pakistan. The bureaucratic and legal mediations under the Scheme helped the Indian state to frame itself before its new citizens as the sole certifier of some of their rights as Indians. In contrast, applicants for these documents viewed them as utilitarian, meant to facilitate their travel across the new borders. The contrast and contestation between such different perceptions helps us to understand the continued significance of documentary identities in contemporary India. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article looks at the problem of libel tourism. The term was coined to describe the ease in which a claimant can initiate a libel claim within a jurisdiction that, where it can be reasonably argued, has a tenuous connection to the dispute. This usually turned out to be England and Wales, where strong protection of reputation laws prevailed. The problem of libel tourism increased dramatically with the introduction, and subsequent expansion, of the Internet. Publishers, particularly those domiciled in the United States where high freedom of speech laws prevail, argued that libel awards from England and Wales are having the effect of silencing authors on important global matters. The British government sought to address these concerns with the Defamation Act 2013. This article will discuss the impact of this endeavour and present a solution that seeks to overcome the problem of libel tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An essay is presented on logistical issues for Americans legally traveling to Cuba to conduct geographical fieldwork. It provides an overview of U.S.-Cuba relations and discusses the regulations of the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), part of the Department of the Treasury. The authors describe arrival in Cuba and returning to the U.S. Recommendations include using an authorized Travel Service Provider (TSP) and flying out of Miami, Florida through ABC Charters, Inc.

This article examines why some states in Western Europe have adopted integration-from-abroad requirements, which include tests and language courses administered as a condition for immigration. After considering the significance and empirical differences of pre-entry integration programmes, it argues that mandatory language and country knowledge training from abroad primarily represent a deliberate and increasingly effective instrument for immigration control - specifically family unification and formation. The article first roots the political opportunity for pre-entry integration in supranational EU Directives on Family Reunification and Status of Third Country Nationals. Second, it looks at the Dutch Civic Integration from Abroad exam as a crucial case to show how mode of preparation, exempt categories, and policy language link the immigration test to migration control objectives. It concludes that this new instrument in immigration policy-making reveals strategic thinking by policy-makers to use positive, politically acceptable language of integration and inclusion to achieve potentially objectionable and discriminatory outcomes of exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of the creative industries as a policy concept has been recent and rapid. Despite divergent cultures, politics, languages, and histories, a wide variety of countries have adopted the strategy of recognizing, celebrating, and (sometimes) supporting the development of those industries considered to garner their value from the creativity of those that work in them. Rather than interpreting this emergence as a result of the creative industries being at the frontline of the rising global knowledge economy, or as the latest manifestation of a long history of cultural commodification attractive to neoliberalized governance regimes, this paper argues that the creative industries have globalized through complex processes of engagement in political and technical spheres as various policy actors and networks have sought to enroll the concept in their own political projects. This is explored by considering how the creative industries concept has been technically rendered as a global form capable of travelling to quite different places, while still maintaining a degree of coherence. Three examples are given: (1) the engagement of the policy concept by policy actors in the UK located at the local and regional level, (2) the transfer of the policy concept to New Zealand where it was deployed first as a cultural policy solution and then as an economic policy solution, and (3) the emergence of a transnational policy community of creative industries policy experts networked across globally distributed sites of knowledge production and exchange. It is concluded that globally there is much diversity in the development of creative industries policy programs, but, somewhat counterintuitively, it is the common reference point of the original formulation that has allowed this diversity to flourish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Love is often portrayed as helping us overcome racism and other forms of prejudice, yet this article argues that imperatives towards love and romance-based marriage in Norwegian family reunification law constitute a racial project. Through a detailed reading of the 2004 Green Paper on a new Immigration Act, and a particular focus on the use of immigration law to combat forced marriages evident there, the centrality of romantic love in constructions of national subjects is considered. These constructions are seen to render some groups of Norwegian citizens simultaneously invisible as national subjects and hyper-visible as objects of national management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borders are a unique political space, in which both sovereignty and citizenship are performed by individuals and sovereigns. Using the work of Agamben and Foucault, this article examines how decisions made at the border alienate each and every traveler crossing the frontier, not simply the 'sans papiers' or refugees. The governmentality at play in the border examination relies on an embedded confessionary complex and the 'neurotic citizen', as well as structures of identity, documentation, and data management. The state border is a permanent state of exception that clearly demonstrates the importance of biopolitics to the smooth operation of sovereign power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since December 1999 when an Algerian member of Al Qaeda was arrested at the US border carrying a fraudulently obtained Canadian passport, the issue of Canadian passport security has been widely discussed. However, the controversy is nothing new. This article explores the long history of the misuses of Canadian passports, which began in the early 1930s, and the efforts by the Canadian government to combat these abuses. These efforts involved considerable debate within the Canadian government, specifically between the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Department of External Affairs, over what measures were acceptable. Ultimately, the discussions around passport security have relevance to debates in the present over biometric passports and identity cards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the problems inflicted by immigration issues in the United States. It is said that the push for comprehensive immigration reform died in the summer of 2007, unlikely to be revived until a new administration emerges in Washington. It is also said that while comprehensive change is clearly off the stage, there is no single replacement. It is stated that the Bush administration has failed at the issue. It is further said that immigrants' rights advocates have sought to advance those parts of their agenda that would have the greatest appeal but the effort has been rebuffed. It is inferred that most Americans may not yet be ready for legalization.

We describe the mental health consequences of United States travel policies affecting Cuban Americans (CAs) with relatives in Cuba and discuss these policies in the context of U.S. domestic politics and the Bush administration's desire for regime change in Cuba. Policies put into effect in 2004 restrict CAs from visiting relatives in Cuba more than once every 3 years, narrowly define family whom CAs can legally visit, and limit the assistance they can provide their Cuban relatives. We share case reports based on qualitative interviews with 53 Cuban Americans that illustrate travel-related psychological distress (TRPD) experienced by CAs in response to the restrictions. We note the difficulties CAs experience in coping with TRPD and the need for political and mental health interventions to address this condition. TRPD is directly related to the government's violation of the human and constitutional rights of CAs to travel freely. It is the responsibility of the state to restore those rights. Human services professionals should oppose TRPD as antithetical to family well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On April 5th, 2005 the US Departments of State and Homeland Security announced the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI) which will require Americans traveling to Canada to present a passport for re-entry into the USA. The Conference Board of Canada estimates that this legislation (for the years 2005-2008) will result in a loss of nearly 7.7 million trips and cost the Canadian tourism industry approximately $1.6 billion in lost revenues. The purpose of this study was to investigate how this change in legislation will affect southwestern Pennsylvania residents' perceptions and image of Canada and their propensity to visit Canada. A series of three focus groups designed to measure these impressions was conducted. The results indicate that successful mitigation strategy could reverse potential image issues as a result of the USA legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nation state is not helpless if it wishes to respond to the significant increase since the 1980s in the cross-border provision of higher education. In 2003, the General Council of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) nevertheless commissioned the development of practices and principles to further regulate cross-border provision of higher education. These were published in late 2005. UNESCO argues that any risks to students and others of 'poor quality' cross-border provision of higher education must be addressed. Even if it can be shown, however, that certain risks accompany trade in higher education services, this does not, in and of itself, justify the regulatory response suggested by the Guidelines for Quality Provision in Cross-border Higher Education, or any other response. This article argues that the guidelines have been defined without any consideration of the potential net benefits, which could be negative, associated with their implementation. Several important implications and limitations of the guidelines are also explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information concerning the differences in community participation in tourism development between China and the Western countries. Community participation in tourism involves thorough consideration of the suggestions and needs of the community during the process of tourism development. They include decisions, planning, management, and supervision of tourism. Chinese community participation is facing all kinds of difficulties, and the studies of community tourism present more questions than answers. There are some similarities in community participation between Chinese and the Western world.

The article provides information concerning the anthropological tourism analysis on community participation at Dai Village in Xishuangbanna Daizu Zizhizhou, China. Chinese academic circles have generally accepted tourism development as a driving force in local economies and consider it as an effective way for the minority nationality regions to pull themselves out of poverty. Tourism development is outspacing the research by scholars. Dai village tourist attraction is located at the sea of Menghan town government, twenty-seven kilometers away from Jinghong with a total site area of 336 hectares.

This article investigates the creation of Natal's 1897 Immigration Restriction Act and traces the legislative connections between southern Africa and Australia. It describes Natal's anti-Indian agitation of 1896–97 and argues that the colony's government initially sought to solve the ‘Asiatic question’ by adopting a racial immigration bill passed in New South Wales in 1896. However, the threat of violent extra-legal action by white settlers convinced the Natal government to replace this bill with one that made no direct reference to race. Natal ministers realised that racial legislation would face constitutional obstacles and were anxious to enact a restrictive immigration law without delay. The new Act was partly modelled on American immigration legislation and, though not explicit on race, its educational test was primarily designed to restrict Indian immigration. The Natal law was in turn used as the basis for Australian immigration legislation. Given these transnational connections, Natal's response to the ‘Indian question’ should be placed in a global context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers the effect of core American values in the structuring of public opinion toward US immigration policies in the mid-1990s. Using the 1996 American National Election Study, ordered logistic and logistic analyses are used to examine the impact that individualism, humanitarianism and egalitarianism have in shaping attitudes toward three policy areas, namely border enforcement, reductions in the number of immigrants admitted, and immigrant eligibility for government services. The research finds that the three core values out-performed the traditional predictors in the third policy area because of the policy's explicit connection to the welfare state. Core values play a minimal role in shaping attitudes toward border enforcement. However, the pro-social values—egalitarianism and humanitarianism—are found to play a key role in favouring increases in the number of immigrants admitted into the US. The conclusion considers the implications of the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to explain three paradoxes of Italian immigration policies: 1) the relative continuity of immigration policies regardless of changes in the governing coalition; 2) the fact that policy changes relate more to conceptualisation and policy-framing rather than to actual policies; 3) the discrepancy between a general public rhetoric hostile to illegal immigration on the one hand, and public action, which has introduced mass regularisations, on the other. The article is based on empirical research carried out in two stages. The first stage investigated the formation and development of the main systematic immigration reform law (the Turco–Napolitano Act passed in 1998), while the second analysed the formation and development of the ‘reform of the reform’ approved by the centre-right government (the Bossi–Fini Act passed in 2002). Although the research found a degree of convergence between the immigration policies of the two governments, it also revealed a discrepancy in the decision-making style of the two reforms: the one of the centre-left was based more on bargaining between government and opposition, while for the centre-right it was more the result of a unilateral move; the first was more governmental and open to consultation with civil society, the second was more political and sensitive to public opinion. To investigate variations over time, five main approaches to immigration and immigrants were identified: solidarist, functionalist, legalitarian, multiculturalist and identitarian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews developments in immigration law and policy in the UK since the election of the New Labour government in 1997. It argues that a significant break was made with the zero immigration traditions of previous governments as policy was opened to the admission of significant levels of labour migration. Within this new schema the movement of refugees and asylum-seekers has been seen as a threat to the orderly form of managed migration flows now required. Consequently, New Labour policies have significantly eroded the rights of asylum-seekers. The study argues that this approach has implications for other areas of immigration and race relations policy. Migration management is now intended to regulate wider aspects of the life of immigrants, including access to jobs, welfare services, family reunification, and ultimately integration and the acquisition of citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the key features of the immigration policy framework in the highly developed countries considering transformations in the state and the inter-state system brought by globalization. Actors in the international migration story that are usually unrecognized; Complexity of factoring in interaction effects; Nature of the state's control in regulating immigration.

The article analyzes the development of Australian migration policy in the 1990s and early years of the twenty-first century, particularly highlighting the shift to a predominantly economic rationale of immigration regulation under the conservative Howard governments. These changes in the migration program encompass the preference of skilled migration over family reunion, the facilitation of temporary migration as well as the introduction of particularly restrictive regulations in the field of asylum policy. It is argued that especially the restrictive regulations of unauthorized migration cannot sufficiently be explained by referring to the redistributive and regulatory character of the policy implications. In order to explain the particularly restrictive response to unauthorized migration in Australia, one also has to relate public debate and policy changes to a fundamental transformation of national identity. The former racial understanding of the Australian nation as a "white nation", an understanding that was officially abandoned with the end of the White Australia Policy in the 1960s, is underlying populist notions that are particularly widely spread among the rural population and lower middle classes of the metropolitan centres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent evidence suggests that the traditional permanent bilateral flows of highly skilled immigrants are being replaced by a form of "brain circulation". This paper offers a brain-exchange model in direct contrast to the standard neoclassical migration model limiting onward flows to disappointed immigrants. In this triangular model, movement occurs between three states: sending, entrepôt and final destination region. Individual agents in the entrepôt destination equip selected migrants from the sending region with subsidized human capital, which selectively encourages the most productive immigrants to return or move on to the rest of the world. A limited test of this model supports the major hypothesis of the model that the most productive move to an entrepôt destination (Canada) only to later selectively return home to their low tax environment (Hong Kong) to exploit the subsidized human capital they acquired in the entrepôt country (Canada). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The racial category "black" is not merely an excluded category in a history of documented Western preference for "white" immigrants. Comparative historical evidence shows clear strategies to keep black persons out of First World nations, except as temporary labour. In this climate, black migration occurs partly because each nation has an ambivalent relationship to the black labourers, soldiers and seamen who offer their service expecting membership in the polity in return. Finding such membership objectionable, Western governments individually avoid black immigration. They also watch, imitate, and respond to each other's admission policies vis-à-vis blacks to ensure each limits the size of the black population they "welcome" relative to the other nations. When seen as a policy corpus , these actions may be interpreted as an anti-black immigration policy operative on a global scale. This article theorizes a transnationalization of racialized (anti-black) immigration policy in the histories of the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigration and asylum are key political issues in Britain and the European Union. Yet the policies of states and supranational bodies seem to have had little success in preventing unwanted flows and effectively managing immigration and integration. This article examines three types of reasons for policy failure: factors arising from the social dynamics of the migratory process; factors linked to globalization and the North-South divide; and factors arising within political systems. Key issues include the role of migrant agency, the way the North-South divide encourages flows, and hidden agendas in national policies. EU efforts attempts to address the root causes of migration in countries of origin are discussed. The article concludes that migration policies might be more successful if they were explicitly linked to long-term political agendas concerned with trade, development and conflict prevention. Reducing North-South inequality is the real key to effective migration management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]