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The synthesis of biologically active benzoxanthene, and bis(3-hydroxy-5,5'-dimethyl-2-cyclohexene-1-ones) derivatives has been conducted under an environmentally benign method by using an efficient catalyst, silica-tungstosulphonic acid. The benefits of this catalyst include being safe for the environment, low-cost, and simple to construct. It produces good yields and high purity in a short time and facilitates easy cleansing, products are obtained by straightforward recrystallization without the need for column chromatography. The reagent retained its catalytic activity for at least five consecutive cycles of reuse. The catalyst is described by IR, XRD, and SEM-EDX, which clearly shows that sulfonation happens in silica tungstic acid. In addition, the targeted derivatives were studied for anti-oxidant properties such as DPPH, reducing power assay, and H2O2 scavenging activity. The synthesized products such as 3e, 5k, 5 m, 5o, and 5p showed good anti-oxidant properties. Among all of these compounds, 5p showed good activity due to the nitro substitution on the benzene ring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was focused on the design and development of a new heterogeneous catalyst based on polyester (PE) fabric modified with graphene oxide nanosheets decorated with silver metallic nanoparticles (PE-rGO/Ag0), using a simple, easy, and effective approach. PE fabrics were coated by sonication with graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets followed by in situ deposition and reduction of silver nanoparticles over the GO surface, covering the PE fabric and producing PE-rGO/Ag0. The crystalline structure, surface morphology and chemical characteristics of the synthesised materials were identified by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy analyses (SEM and TEM) and by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The catalytic performance of the prepared PE-rGO/Ag0 was assessed during the hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) in the presence of sodium borohydride (NaBH4). Experimental results indicate that PE-rGO/Ag0 with a surface of 6 cm2 (3x2 cm) showed the highest catalytic activity with an apparent reaction rate constant (Kapp) of 0.65 min−1. In addition, PE-rGO/Ag0 activity resulted to be comparable and significantly higher than previously reported values of silver-based catalysts. Remarkable stability values were achieved during different operating cycles without significant degradation in the catalytic activity, suggesting that PE-rGO/Ag0 can be used as a strong candidate in long-lasting chemical catalytic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing demand for renewable energy sources has driven research efforts towards highly efficient electrochemical processes, especially the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) which is an essential component in renewable hydrogen production. Single Atom Catalysts (SACs) have been recognised as promising catalysts for exceptional HER activities owing to their unique electronic and geometrical features. This comprehensive review highlights the effective correlation between computational modelling and experimental research in fabricating new SACs and better understanding their catalytic mechanisms in the HER. Furthermore, the review briefly describes the choice of metals and tailoring the electronic structure, as well as exploring the influence of the reaction parameters on the catalytic activity of SACs for HER. Concluding remarks alongside future perspectives on the improvement of SACs for HER are emphasised. It is hoped that this review will pave the way for rational design of highly effective, low-cost and stable SACs for sustainable hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is a disease of epidemic proportions with a concerning increasing trend. Regarded as one of the main sources of energy, lipids can also represent a big part of an unnecessary intake of calories and be, therefore, directly related to the problem of obesity. Pancreatic lipase is an enzyme that is essential in the absorption and digestion of dietary fats and has been explored as an alternative for the reduction of fat absorption and consequent weigh loss. Literature describes a great variability of methodologies and experimental conditions used in research to evaluate the in vitro inhibitory activity of compounds against pancreatic lipase. However, in an attempt to choose the best approach, it is necessary to know all the reaction conditions and understand how these can affect the enzymatic assay. The objective of this review is to understand and summarize the methodologies and respective experimental conditions that are mainly used to evaluate pancreatic lipase catalytic activity. 156 studies were included in this work and a detailed description of the most commonly used UV/Vis spectrophotometric and fluorimetric instrumental techniques are presented, including a discussion regarding the differences found in the parameters used in both techniques, namely enzyme, substrate, buffer solutions, kinetics conditions, temperature and pH. This works shows that both UV/Vis spectrophotometry and fluorimetry are useful instrumental techniques for the evaluation of pancreatic lipase catalytic activity, presenting several advantages and limitations, which make the choice of parameters and experimental conditions a crucial decision to obtain the most reliable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research report the development of an eco-friendly, magnetic nanocatalyst, Fe3O4@SiO2-ABHA-CuCl, for the efficient synthesis of diaryl sulfides incorporating imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine scaffolds. The catalyst was successfully prepared by immobilizing CuCl on magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles modified with 4-amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid. Characterization revealed spherical nanoparticles with a size range of 15-30 nm. The catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic activity in promoting C–H bond sulfenylation of imidazopyridines using the green solvent PEG-400. Remarkably, the catalyst demonstrated exceptional recyclability over eight consecutive cycles without significant loss of activity. Comprehensive analysis confirmed the preservation of the catalyst's magnetic properties and structural integrity after repeated use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, solid acid magnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4@SiO2-S-Bu-SO3H were prepared under appropriate conditions and characterized by various analytical techniques including FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, and VSM. Finally, the catalytic activity of the synthesized Fe3O4@SiO2-S-Bu-SO3H MNPs was investigated for the synthesis of valuable benzothiazole derivatives by the condensation reaction of ortho-aminothiophenol and various aldehydes under ultrasonic conditions. In the presence of the inexpensive, environment-friendly, magnetically recoverable solid acid catalyst, the benzothiazoles were obtained as pure target products in excellent yields (90–98%) and short reaction times (3–11 min). The synthesized Fe3O4@SiO2-S-Bu-SO3H MNPs show great catalytic activity because of the combined effect of Brønsted acidity and high functional group density. This solid acid magnetic nanocatalyst is reusable for several cycles and can be easily segregated from the reaction mixture. In this research, we have successfully developed ultrasonic assisted a green and efficient methodology for the synthesis of the 2-substituted benzothiazole derivatives using MNPs Fe3O4@SiO2-S-Bu-SO3H as a low-cost, environment-friendly, and reusable catalyst with excellent yields and very short reaction times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we investigated different hybrid photocatalysts: Ni/Mo.S2/MOF-2@g-C3N4, Mo.S2/MOF-2@g-C3N4, Ni.S2/MOF-2@g-C3N4 and Ni/Mo.S2/MOF-2. These photocatalysts were synthesized using a solvothermal method by incorporating Ni.x/Mo.Sx, the heterojunction showed improved separation of photoinduced charges due to disparity in charge transfer. This resulted in a narrower energy band gap and excellent catalytic activity in photodegradation. The Ni/Mo.S2/MOF-2@g-C3N4 heterostructure demonstrated outstanding photocatalytic efficiency, with up to 91% degradation of methylene blue (MB). This significant degradation was driven by the generation of superoxide (O2•) and hydroxyl (•OH) radicals. The process adhered to pseudo-first-order kinetics and was effectively completed within 90 min of light exposure. Remarkably, the Ni/Mo.S2/MOF-2@g-C3N4 heterostructure displayed excellent stability, with only minimal performance degradation observed after five consecutive cycles. These results underscore the superior stability of the heterostructure. In summary, our research confirms that the Ni/Mo.S2/MOF-2@g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalyst is a highly efficient material for the effective removal of methylene blue dye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn this study, we present an experimental approach for recycling cathode electrode of spent lithium-ion battery (LIB), repurposing the recovered cathode material as an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalyst. The process involves an initial pretreatment at 450 °C to remove the binder (PVDF), followed by calcination at 500 °C for further purification. Comprehensive characterization of the structural and morphological properties was conducted using XRD, FESEM, EDS, and XPS. The refined materials, coated on carbon cloth, were evaluated for OER performance. The results indicated promising catalytic activity, with the LT2 sample displaying an overpotential of 528 mV, a Tafel slope of 103.6 mV/dec, and an electrochemical surface area (ECSA) of 25.5 mF/cm2. The improved performance is attributed to the effective removal of the binder and enhanced surface area from the calcination process. This method demonstrates a viable pathway for the sustainable recycling of LIBs, providing efficient electrocatalysts for OER applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel synthesis approach was applied to deposit tri-metal oxide nanocomposite, AL₂O₃/TiO₂/ZnO, onto surfactant template in an attempt to control the morphology and reduce the aggregation . Consequently, increases the surface area available for catalytic activity. Different samples were prepared by varying the amount of CTAB as a structure-directing agent. Samples were characterized by SEM, XRD, UV-Vis, DLS, TGA, FTIR, and nitrogen adsorption. The nanocomposites were tested for the catalytic oxidation of Congo red (CR). Calcination resulted in higher activity as a result of removing the template and thus leaving empty pores with higher surface area. Before calcination, the amount of CATAB added inversely affected both available surface area and activity. The maximum oxidation efficiency was 92%. TOC analysis confirmed mineralization of CR by 82% drop. After four successive cycles, only 3% reduction in catalysis activity was observed. Overall, this proposed method is very promising in controlling morphology, structural properties, and catalytic activity of catalyst.  [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alumina-supported CoMo catalysts have been widely used for hydrodesulfurization of various kinds of feeds. In the current research, γ-Al2O3 was synthesized through the simultaneous formation of boehmite and ammonium aluminum carbonate hydroxide (AACH) precursors under controlled pH and temperature conditions. After optimization of the textural properties, γ-Al2O3 was utilized as catalyst support for the immobilization of catalytically active species and obtaining CoMo/γ-Al2O3-n (concentration of Al(NO3)3.9H2O solutions (n) = 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 g/L) catalysts via wet impregnation technique. Moreover, this preparation method was applied for the successful large-scale synthesis of CoMo/γ-Al2O3-n. The catalyst was characterized by FT-IR, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis, inductively-coupled plasma (ICP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The conversion of thiophene over CoMo/γ-Al2O3 was studied to assess the catalytic performance. The catalytic activity and stability of our reported catalyst were comparable with that of KATALCOJM 41-6 T commercial catalyst.Highlights Mixture of boehmite and AACH precursors was synthesized by co-precipitation methodThe precursors were thermally decomposed to extruded γ-Al2O3 as catalyst supportThe properties of γ-Al2O3 were tuned by various concentrations of Al solutionCoMo/γ-Al2O3 was prepared by the impregnation of γ-Al2O3 in the Co and Mo solutionsCoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was sulfided and used for hydrodesulfurization of thiopheneMixture of boehmite and AACH precursors was synthesized by co-precipitation methodThe precursors were thermally decomposed to extruded γ-Al2O3 as catalyst supportThe properties of γ-Al2O3 were tuned by various concentrations of Al solutionCoMo/γ-Al2O3 was prepared by the impregnation of γ-Al2O3 in the Co and Mo solutionsCoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was sulfided and used for hydrodesulfurization of thiophene [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nNOVELTY STATEMENTFirst time in this study, hybrid Cu nanoflowers (Cu hNFs) were synthesized with Cystosphaera jacquinotii algae extract and the pH-dependent catalytic activities of hNFs synthesized under optimum conditions against brilliant blue and methylene blue dyes were determined. Ideal morphology of hNFs, were synthesized by using 1 ml extract in PBS (pH 7.4). The diameter and petal thickness of optimum synthesized hNF were 7–22 µm, and 35.5 nm, respectively. Main skeleton component (C, O, P, and Cu) of hNFs were determined by EDX. The presence of functional groups and primary phosphate crystals formed by Cu and phosphate reaction in the PBS buffer were confirmed by FT-IR analysis. The hNFs exhibited the antioxidant activity (IC50 = 1.27 mg/ml, R2 = 0.6971) against to DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1- (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl). hNFs degraded methylene blue and brilliant blue dyes at the highest at pH 9 (73.85%) and pH 5 (68.19%) media, respectively. Catalytic activities of hNFs against methylene blue and brilliant blue dyes were explained by Fenton mechanism. The findings are thought to be used in new type hNF synthesis and various environmental applications.Plant, algea, and fungi extracts are using for the synthesis of nanomaterials. But studies for synthesis of organic@inorganic hybrid nanoflowers (hNFs) by using bioextracts are restrict. Until now, only two algal species have been used as organic input in the synthesis of hNFs. Herein, we reported first time synthesis of Cystosphaera jacquinotii algea extract based hNFs with potential formation mechanism and investigate antioxidant and pH-depended cationic and anionic dye degradation activities of hNFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of new aminodimethyl(methylsulfonyl)dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidinedione derivatives via the three components reaction of 2-methanesulfonylacetonitrile, 1,3-dimethyl-6-amino-uracil, and aromatic aldehydes in the presence of [HO-(CH2)2-NH2][CH3CO2H] and Fe3O4@SiO2@[O-(CH2)2-NH2][CH3CO2H] as novel heterogeneous magnetic nanocatalyst was described. The Fe3O4@SiO2@[O-(CH2)2-NH2][CH3CO2H] as nanocatalyst can be easily separated from the reaction mixture by an external magnet, recycled, and reused several times without any significant decrease in catalytic activity. These methods showed several advantages, including high yields, easy operation, and environment-friendly protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene oxide (GO) and functionalized graphene oxide (fGO), owing to their vast range of advantages, including simple preparation, low cost, recyclability, reusability, remarkable optical, electronic, and mechanical properties and the fact that they are environmentally friendly, have attracted considerable attention in heterogeneous catalytic systems during the past decades. The various catalytic activities displayed by GO and fGO result from the synergistic effects caused by their large surface area and the vast number of functional groups or nanoparticles bound to their plane. In this review, we investigate main mechanistic roles played by GO and fGO in chemical reactions. Contributing to oxidation, hydration, reduction and carbon–carbon coupling reactions, acting as acidic catalysts, nucleophiles, electrophiles, π-electron-rich adsorbing supports, photoacatalysts, and phase transfer catalysts, GO and fGO are employed in plenty of organic transformations. As the main goal of the review, we present a comprehensive overview on GO- and fGO-based reactions classified by the mechanistic roles of these carbocatalyst systems to provide insight into the design and development of novel carbon-based catalysts displaying improved performance. GRAPHICAL ABSTARCT: [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide as the main culprit of global temperature rising has seized the attention worldwide. CO2 capture and storage can rapidly decrease the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. As it is also recognized as eminent C1 source, reasonable CO2 utilization is a promising method for solving CO2 problems. Among various CO2 conversion pathways, epoxide-CO2 cycloaddition is a fascinating approach owing to its 100% atomic efficiency. Till nowadays, various sorbents and catalysts emerged for efficient CO2 capture and epoxide-CO2 cycloaddition catalysis. Mesoporous SiO2 as a good carrier attracts tremendous interests in its improvements for more effective CO2 capture and conversion catalysis in the past two decades resulting from its good hydrothermal stability and easy-modification. Abundant silanol as hydrogen bond donors also benefits the reaction catalysis. Functionalization from metal introduction to nonmetal active components supporting has been applied to improve the CO2 adsorption capacity and the catalytic activity of mesoporous SiO2 to epoxide-CO2 cycloaddition. Therefore, an overview on the progress in functionalized mesoporous SiO2 for CO2 capture and conversion to cyclic carbonates catalysis is summarized here to make a clear understanding to the role of functionalized mesoporous SiO2 as CO2 sorbents and catalysts in the epoxide-CO2 cycloaddition reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on synthetic methods for the preparation of oxazoles is an important issue among synthetic chemists because oxazole derivatives are structural subunits of various natural active products and are valuable synthetic and pharmaceutical precursors. In this research work, we constructed CuBr supported on surface of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles modified with 6-(aminomethyl)nicotinic acid [Fe3O4@AMNA-CuBr nanocomposite] and evaluated its catalytic activity for the preparation of highly substituted oxazoles through one-pot three-component reactions of diphenylacetylene derivatives with aryl nitriles and water in PEG as the solvent. The results shown that the Fe3O4@AMNA-CuBr catalyst was used 8 times without significant decrease in catalytic activity. XRD and TEM analysis confirmed that the structure and morphology that the Fe3O4@AMNA-CuBr catalyst did not change after 8 runs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reveals that the synthesis of a novel heterogeneous gaur gum-supported DABCO functionalized nickel(II)catalyst and its application for the synthesis of 2-amino-3-cyano-7-hydroxy-4H-chromenes. The synthesized GG@Ni(II) catalyst was characterized by FT-IR, XRD, EDX, and SEM techniques. The catalytic activities of this synthesized heterogeneous catalyst were examined in one-pot multicomponent synthesis of chromene derivatives under ultrasonic condition. A simple, benign and highly efficient ultrasound-mediated route was designed to produce chromene derivatives via one-pot, multicomponent reaction of aldehyde, malononitrile, and resorcinol at room temperature. The ultrasound-mediated synthetic route was studied here exhibits some remarkable advantages such as short reaction times, green reaction conditions, operational simplicity, high yields, and easy work-up and purification steps. In addition to this interestingly found that there was unnoticeable loss of reactivity when the catalyst was quantitatively recovered from the reaction medium and recycled up to five times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO2 photocatalyst has the advantages of high catalytic activity, suitable energy band potential, high chemical stability, high photoelectric conversion efficiency, high safety and non-toxicity, which exhibits excellent performances in photocatalytic degradation of organic wastewater. However, it is difficult to separate and recover TiO2 photocatalyst from the reactive system. Interestingly, magnetic TiO2 prepared by combining TiO2 with superparamagnetic ferromagnetic particles can overcome this shortcoming. In this review, the preparation method and the photocatalytic mechanism of magnetic TiO2 were summarized. Moreover, the catalytic mechanisms of the modified binary, ternary and multicomponent magnetic TiO2 composite photocatalysts were compared, and the effects of different magnetic substrates on the degradation activity were discussed. Besides the applications in the wastewater treatment, the development trend and application prospects were prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the ferromagnetic properties of Fe, the influence of the external magnetic field on the morphology and chemical composition of electrodeposited Cu-Fe alloys was investigated. The magnetic field present affects the samples when applied in the direction parallel to their surface. However, its influence on the morphology of the coatings is slight. The surface area was analysed using Atomic Force Microscopy and determined based on the measurements of Double-Layer Capacitance. A similar trend for both methods was observed. The sample with the largest active surface area can be deposited in the parallel-to-electrode magnetic field at 250 mT and the least at 500 mT in the same direction. The catalytic properties in Hydrogen Evolution Reaction were measured in 1M NaOH. The relationship between the wettability and catalytic performance is noticeable. The evolution of hydrogen began earliest on the hydrophilic coating. All hydrophobic samples show similar catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, thermal barrier and wear seriously affect flight safety by deforming or disabling the inner surface of the engine and outer surface of the vehicle of supersonic aircraft. In this study, we developed a bimetallic supported composite catalyst coating which can simultaneously eliminate the "thermal barriers" and improve the wear resistance. The bimetal-loaded composite catalysts (Pt-Cu@CeO2-Al2O3) coating was obtained by co-precipitation method. The catalytic cracking for RP-3 and wear resistance of composite catalyst coatings were evaluated via thermal cracking and friction experiments. The simulated catalytic cracking experiment results show that when n(Ce): n(Al) = 1:1, the composite catalyst exhibits the highest catalytic activity, which results from the largest specific surface area and proportion of strong acid centers. Meanwhile, under lower temperature conditions, the gas production rate of RP-3 catalytic cracking is increased by 915% (550 ℃) and 186% (600 ℃) compared with the thermal cracking. Meanwhile, the low frictional coefficient of 0.533 of the catalyst coating also indicates the satisfied wear resistance. This research provides useful information for the creation of a safer flying environment and the extension of the service life of supersonic aircraft. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

\nHighlightsThis study involved the synthesis of magnetite nanoparticles by co-precipitation method. The synthesized nanoparticles were subsequently evaluated for their catalytic efficacy in the degradation and ozonation of tartrazine dye (TTD), employing sodium persulfate as a catalyst both in the presence and absence of ozone. The material characterization revealed that synthesized Fe3O4 nanoparticles were proven to have a crystalline structure by XRD. While spherical agglomerates with a flower-like morphology were revealed by the SEM, similarly FT-IR detected Fe – O – Fe and O – H bond vibrations, boosting surface area and catalytic activity. The degradation of the TTD was assessed in a laboratory-scale reactor, and its progress was monitored using UV-visible spectrophotometry. A comparative analysis of the two methods revealed that the catalytic ozonation demonstrated superior efficacy compared to the catalytic degradation, achieving a maximum degradation of 94.35% within 25 min of contact time. Optimal degradation parameters included a TTD concentration of 50 ppm, magnetite dosage of 0.75 g, persulfate concentration of 8 mm, and ozone inlet concentration of 5 g/L at pH 3. Evaluation of the degradation kinetics indicated the second-order kinetics model as the most appropriate, suggesting a physicochemical nature of the dye removal process. Furthermore, the study demonstrates enhanced efficiency in TTD decomposition compared to conventional methods. Magnetite catalyst was synthesized by co-precipitationComparative study for catalytic degradation and catalytic ozonation was done94.35% Removal of tartrazine dye by using activated magnetite catalystDetermined effective performance of magnetite using PS and OzoneMagnetite catalyst was synthesized by co-precipitationComparative study for catalytic degradation and catalytic ozonation was done94.35% Removal of tartrazine dye by using activated magnetite catalystDetermined effective performance of magnetite using PS and Ozone [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractHigh Platinum loading levels in fuel cells may ensure better durability and catalytic activity but increases fuel cells’ cost, thereby hindering large-scale commercialization. The use of non-precious catalysts may seem like a lucrative solution, but they cannot substitute platinum completely. Hence, the focus should also be given to alternate fabrication methods of the catalyst layer that will achieve ultra-low platinum loadings. Some of the methods are modified thin film method, electrodeposition, sputter deposition method, dual ion beam assisted deposition, and electroless deposition. Nano carbons as catalyst support can also be given priority as they aid the catalyst with mechanical properties. Each method is compared, reflecting the inherent advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the sputter deposition method was chosen as the most promising method in the current state of technology and research. A computational fluid dynamics simulation of a fuel cell using the sputter deposition method was performed which showed high power utilization thereby validating the benefits of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α-L-rhamnosidase (Rha) is ubiquitous in nature and has high feasibility in the food and biotechnology industries. A green and environmentally friendly method was used to improve the activity of Rha. Here, we show that the effects of ultrasound treatment on the Rha. Ultrasonic treatment at 80 W for 10 min yielded the highest enzyme activity. Treatment increased enzyme activity by 26.3% and half-life by 124 min. Further, treatment increased the catalytic efficiency of Rha and increased the substrate conversion rate by 33.88%. These results demonstrate that ultrasound increases the catalytic activity and stability of Rha. Thus, ultrasonic treatment of Rha is cost-effective on the industrial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel catalyst of cesium-loaded boron nitride (Cs-BNT) was synthesized by stirring the materials at room temperature and was subsequently characterized by the spectroscopic techniques SEM, SEM-EDX, SEM-Mapping, TEM, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), DSC-TGA, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Raman spectrum. Furthermore, the catalyst of CsBN layer theoretically analyzed. The microwave method by Cs-BNT was used to synthesize novel heterocyclic quinoline-bearing dihydropyridines 5a-l and subsequently characterized using FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectrometry. An efficient, recyclable property of the catalyst was recognized, and it was observed that it could show more than five times efficiency in reusability without significant loss of its catalytic activity. The compound diethyl-6-amino-5-cyano-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(2-methoxyquinolin-3-yl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-2,3-dicarboxylate hit compound revealed EHOMO-ELUMO as 4.00 eV indicating high stability of the molecule. The band structure, geometry, DOS, PDOS and Mulliken population based on DFT studies complemented the experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a new deep eutectic mixture (DEM) was prepared from D-fructose, L-arginine, and urea and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), refractive index measurement, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In continue this mixture was used as a green catalyst to promote the synthesis of three important derivatives of heterocyclic compounds. The highlights of this work include some notable advantages such as ease of the preparation and simple catalytic process, low cost, green reaction conditions, biodegradability of the catalyst, short reaction times, high yields of the products and simple work-up. Also, the catalyst could be recovered easily and reused up to several times without significant loss of catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under solvent-free conditions and with the help of ultrasonic irradiation, the synthesis of pyrano[3,2-c]chromen and pyrano[3,2-c]quinolin derivatives was promoted by four different ionic liquids. All reaction was performed at 100 °C and had good to excellent yields. 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidin-1-ium acetate (A), 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidin-1-ium acetate (B), N,N,N-triethylbutan-1-aminium acetate (C), and tetrabutylammonium acetate (D) as perfect ionic liquids for this reaction show remarkable catalytic activity. The work was simply developed for the reaction of chalcones with 4-hydroxy-1-methylquinolin-2(1H)-one/4-hydroxycoumarin to perform pure products of pyran heterocycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the abundance of functional groups, meso- and macro-pores, and a high surface area, the piperazine-based poly(amic acid) was employed as a heterogeneous catalyst in the multicomponent reaction to prepare pyrrolidinone scaffolds in a green solvent, acting as a medium for mass transfer and crystallization solvent. The important parameters of the reaction were investigated to find the optimal reaction conditions. A conversion of 100% was obtained at reflux conditions within 30–100 min using a catalytic amount of 200 mg of piperazine-based poly(amic acid) per 2 mmol of reactants (100 mg of cat./1 mmol of reactant). The piperazine-based poly(amic acid) exhibited high recyclability and the recovered catalyst could be used in successive runs without worthy loss in its activity. This work revealed the catalytic activity of the piperazine-based poly(amic acid) as a promising functional polymeric heterogeneous catalyst for organic synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immobilized Aspergillus ficuum tannase on amino-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (A-MWCNT) was assembled through glutaraldehyde-mediated covalent coupling to produce a stable biocatalyst nanocomposite. The effective binding of tannase on the surface of A-MWCNT was evaluated and authenticated by spectroscopic signature signals and morphological differences, before and after enzyme coupling. Both free- and immobilized tannase showed optimal catalytic activities at pH 5.0 and 35 °C, with the immobilized tannase exhibiting enhanced thermostability compared to the soluble enzyme. The immobilized tannase preparation was also found to be reusable up to five cycles, with 66% of initial enzyme activity retained thereafter. The enzyme-carbon nanotube composite preparation allows for bioconversion to be accomplished in a bioreactor with a smaller footprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic activity of Mg-based spinel oxide nanoparticles (NPs) on the combustion behavior of gasoline and their effects on the atomization behavior were determined by droplet scale combustion experiments. MgFe2O4, MgCo2O4 and MgMnO3 spinel oxide NPs were produced by the sol-gel technique and doped into gasoline. The particles with the highest surface oxygen were MgCo2O4 and MgFe2O4 NPs, while the NPs with the largest surface area were MgCo2O4 NPs (517.8433 m2/g). The size of the flame envelope tends to shrink as the oxygen concentration of the particles rises, but an increase in their surface area tends to shorten ignition delay periods. MgFe2O4 NPs increased the flame temperature by 163°C compared to the pure gasoline. While MgFe2O4 and MgMnO3 NPs increased the extinction time of gasoline, MgCo2O4 NPs decreased the severe time by about 75% with the violent micro-explosions they created. In this study, we focused on the production of spinel oxide agents customized for combustion with improved catalytic activity, high flammability, and different component designs, and the results showed that these particles can reduce the soot formation of conventional hydrocarbons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With a strong oxidizing capability, ozone (O3) is widely used in industry. However, ozone generators on the market are expensive and require a lot of energy to operate, which remains the bottleneck for the wide applications. In this study, a novel and energy-efficient ozone generation system is developed via the combination of black-TiO2 photocatalyst and plasma system. Black-TiO2 catalyst is prepared by calcining commercial TiO2 catalyst at 550 °C under a nitrogen atmosphere to extend the absorption spectrum to visible light range to improve catalytic activity. The experimental results show that ozone generation efficiency can be greatly increased to 415 g O3/kWh via combined black-TiO2 catalyst and plasma with O2 as the feeding gas. This can be attributed to the fact that black-TiO2 catalyst with a smaller energy gap is more efficiently activated to form electron–hole pairs in plasma, which can enhance ozone generation. On the other hand, black-TiO2 catalyst can provide abundant active sites for active O atoms and O2 molecules to promote O3 generation. Black-TiO2 catalyst prepared in this study reveals good stability. Overall, combination of black-TiO2 catalyst with plasma reveals good ozone generation efficiency and has a good potential for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn this study, CuO@HNTs-SO3H was investigated as a novel eco-friendly heterogeneous solid acid catalyst prepared by straightforward co-precipitation method. Thus, the cost-effective CuO NPs was used to modify halloysite nanotubes initially, which were subsequently further functionalized with sulfonic acid. The prepared catalyst was analyzed by means of FT-IR, XRD, EDX, SEM and TGA methods. Its catalytic activity is investigated in the solvent-free one-pot condensation of various aromatic aldehydes, dimedone, and β-naphthol to produce tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthen-11-one derivatives. A few benefits of the discovered method are its simple process, quick reaction time, high yields (96%), affordable cost, and the catalyst ability to be reused without losing its activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, cost-effective alkali-activated materials made from industrial side streams (blast furnace slag and Na-jarosite) were developed for catalytic applications. The catalytic activity of the prepared materials was examined in catalytic wet peroxide oxidation reactions of a bisphenol A in an aqueous solution. All materials prepared revealed porous structure and characterisation expressed the incorporation of iron to the material via ion exchange in the preparation step. Furthermore, the materials prepared exhibited high specific surface areas (over 200 m2/g) and were mainly mesoporous. Moderate bisphenol A removal percentages (35%–37%) were achieved with the prepared materials during 3 h of oxidation at pH 7–8 and 50°C. Moreover, the activity of catalysts remained after four consecutive cycles (between the cycles the catalysts were regenerated) and the specific surface areas decreased only slightly and no changes in the phase structures were observed. Thus, the prepared blast furnace slag and Na-jarosite-based catalysts exhibited high mechanical stability and showed good potential in the removal of bisphenol A from wastewater through catalytic wet peroxide oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work reports the green catalytic activity of homogeneous Schiff base common and mixed ligand CuII complexes for the synthesis of cyclic carbonates by cycloaddition of CO2 to oxiranes under optimized reaction conditions to get the TON of 1.98 × 104. Both selectivity and conversion of cyclic carbonate were 99% achieved at 100 °C, 1 atmospheric pressure of CO2, and a TBAB co-catalyst, in 12 h without solvent. [Cu(L1)2(H2O)2]·2H2O (1), [Cu(L2)2(H2O)2]·2H2O (2), and [Cu(L1L3)]·3H2O (3) were used as catalysts; [Cu(L1L3)]·3H2O (3) showed promising results for CO2 fixation to oxiranes for the production of cyclic carbonates, supposedly due to mixed ligands and square planar geometry of the complex. All three complexes were synthesized in 5 h by the conventional method using methanol and characterized by NMR, FT–IR, ESI mass, UV-visible, ESR, , TGA, microelemental analysis, and magnetic susceptibility. The FT–IR and 1H NMR spectroscopic data suggest bidentate coordinating ligand via ON donors. The electronic transitions observed were 2B1g→2A1g (ν1),2B1g→2B2g (ν2), and 2B1g→2Eg (ν3), attributed to the tetragonally elongated octahedral geometry (distorted octahedral) around CuII for 1 and 2, while 2B1g→2B2g (ν1), 2B1g→2A1g (ν2), and 2B1g→2Eg (ν3), from the square planar geometry around CuII for 3, supported by g values from ESR graphs, thermogravimetric weight loss of lattice and coordinated water molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mono-derivatives of fullerene C60 with l-phenylalanine, o-fluoro-l-phenylalanine and p-fluoro-l-phenylalanine, as well as their hybrid nanostructures with derivatives of vitamin B12, have been synthesised. The structure of the compounds was determined by IR, UV and CD-spectroscopy. The IR spectra of the obtained compounds contain all bands characteristic of the original compounds, with the exception of the band at 1227 cm−1, which is related to the free carboxyl group in the fullerene fragment. In the UV spectra of hybrid nanostructures contain smoothed peaks in the region of 360 nm, confirming the presence of corrin ligand in the original and obtained compounds. Using the CD method, it was found that all spectra have a characteristic maximum in the region of 430 nm, confirming the presence in all hybrids nanostructures of a fragment of vitamin B12: e-COOH-Cbi(OH)2. The radiuses of nanoparticles of hybrid nanostructures, calculated by the dynamic light scattering method, range from 90 to 120 nm. The degree of association in the complexes ranges from 400 to 600 thousand molecules. It was shown that the resulting hybrid nanostructure retains catalytic activity in the autoxidation reaction of ascorbic acid, inherent in derivatives of vitamin B12. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of basic functional ionic liquids were prepared from 1, 4-diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (DABCO) with various halogenated hydrocarbons, then these functional ionic liquids were used as catalysts for the chemical fixation of CO2 into cyclic carbonates and the influence of the structure of the ionic liquids was investigated. The results showed that the N atom active center, types of anions and hydrogen bond of the catalyst play a key role in the cycloaddition reaction of CO2 with epoxides to cyclic carbonates. Under mild reaction conditions (T = 100 °C, 1 atm CO2), the ionic liquid [DABCO-CH2CH2CH2OH] I showed the best catalytic effect, which has notable advantages such as high catalytic activity, eco-friendly, ease of work-up and convenient reuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient and economical catalysts are pivotal for enhancing burning rate and reducing gas pollutants (e.g. NO and SO2) during coal combustion. This work evaluated the feasibility of using economical Fe3O4-based catalysts to enhance combustion rate and reduce NOx in-situ. Fe3O4 alone is found to be effective in both catalytic combustion and NO reduction, and the optimized addition is 6% based on the fuel mass. The enhancement of burning rate is mainly due to the enhanced oxygen transport with Fe3O4. Meanwhile, Fe3O4 promotes the reduction of NO with CO and coke, while CO2 and O2 in the atmosphere have adverse effect on its catalysis activity during combustion. Both CaO and CeO2 can be used to improve the efficacy of Fe3O4, and the optimal addtion was 10% CaO or 2% CeO2 together with 2% Fe3O4 for catalytic coal combustion. On the other hand, for the catalysis on NO reduction, the combination fo 2% Fe3O4-4% CaO or 2% Fe3O4-4% CeO2 could minimize the amount of NO emitted during combustion. The enhanced oxygen transfer and electron transfer are responsible for the accelerated combustion and NO reduction for the composite catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human hair is a filament rich in protein that grows from the follicles present in the scalp. It is considered to be a notable biomaterial consisting of β-keratin, which shows excellent catalytic activity in organic transformation. Keratin is a family of structural fibrous proteins rich in cysteine, which are abundantly present in human hair. Based on the template synthesis strategy, human-hair Keratin was used as a platform template to synthesise metal oxide nanoparticles. Here the aim was to synthesis hair protein supported CuO nanoparticles (HHP/CuONPs) and study their catalytic applications. Protein is extracted from the hair sample using the Shindai method. The HHP/CuONPs sample has been scrutinised using various characterisation techniques such as UV, FT-IR, SEM, TEM, EDX, Raman, XPS, and zeta potential. The synthesised HHP/CuONPs show photo-catalytic efficiency against coloured organic pollutants, 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP), and amaranth dye. The degradation level has been found to be 96% in DNP and 94% in amaranth dye. Optimisation and reusability of hair protein-mediated copper oxide have been tested under various conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractEne-reductase (ER) has been widely applied for asymmetrical synthesis of chiral intermediates due to its substrate promiscuity, photoexcited reactivity, and excellent property with producing two chiral centers at a time. Natural ERs often exhibit the same stereoselectivity, and they need to be engineered for opposite configuration of chiral compounds. The hydrogenation process toward activated alkenes by ERs is composed of reductive half reaction and oxidative half reaction, which are dependent upon two cofactors NAD(P)H and flavin mononucleotide. The catalytic activity of ERs will be affected by the size of the substrate, the activating strength of the electron-withdrawing groups, redox potential of cofactors, and the loop flexibility around catalytic cavity. Currently, protein engineering to ERs has been successfully employed to enhance various catalytic properties, including photoexcited asymmetric synthesis. This review summarizes the approaches to reverse the stereoselectivity and enhance catalytic activity of ERs and new applications of the engineered ERs in photobiocatalytic asymmetric synthesis, besides the discussion with the existing molecular mechanisms of mutants regarding the improved catalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six monoligated N-heterocyclic carbene-PdCl2-cyanopyridine complexes were prepared (N-heterocyclic carbene = NHC). X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis indicated that the complexes showed mononuclear Pd–NHC structures with two chlorides and the N-donor from cyanopyridine as ancillary ligands. The lengths of the Pd–C bonds in all complexes were 1.959(5)–1.976(3) Å, comparable to those found in the corresponding Pd–NHC catalysts. The catalytic activities of the well-defined Pd–NHC complexes have been evaluated with respect to the Hiyama cross-coupling reactions of aryl trialkoxysilanes with aryl chlorides. With 1.0 mol% Pd-catalyst, all synthesized palladium compounds have shown moderate to good catalytic activities for the coupling reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of Fe3O4/POMs composites have been successfully synthesized by the combination of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with various polyoxometalates (referred as "POMs" for short; POMs = α-PMo12, α-PW12, α-PW9, and α-SiW9). Detailed control experiments demonstrate that the morphology and size of the composites could be controlled by the type and amount of POMs, and all of these Fe3O4/PMo12 microflowers, Fe3O4/PW12 nanospheres, Fe3O4/PW9 microrods, and Fe3O4/SiW9 nanospheres show uniform morphology. Magnetic studies indicate that the Fe3+ ions in these composites display antiferromagnetic interactions. Furthermore, photocatalytic experiments indicate that Fe3O4/POMs composites exhibits catalytic activity for the photodegradation of RhB solution. Hence, these results not only enrich the diversity of POM-based materials, but also provide a new strategy to develop magnetic POMs catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pd supported on methane diamine (propyl silane) functionalized Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles as an organic–inorganic hybrid heterogeneous catalyst was fabricated and characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, TGA, VSM, EDX, and ICP-AES techniques. The catalytic activity of the magnetic catalyst was probed through the Strecker-type reaction for one-pot synthesis of α-aminonitriles and 2-methoxy-2-phenylacetonitrile derivatives under ambient and solvent-free conditions. Simple procedure, high yields, short reaction time, and the environmentally benign method are advantages of this protocol. The catalyst was readily separated using an external magnet and reusable without significant loss of its catalytic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new nano-magnetic catalyst has been synthesized by immobilization of ionic liquid triethanolammonium bicarbonate with modified Fe3O4 NPs ([Fe3O4@Si-(CH2)3-TEA] [HCO3]). After, its characterization by different techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, and EDX, it was used as an efficient catalyst for the knovenegel condensation. The protocol has a number of advantages which is including the ease of purification, recyclable by an external magnet, high yields (85-95% and time (15-50 min), the reusability of the catalyst (at least 5 times without reducing the catalytic activity), its high thermal and chemical stability, and its high selectivity and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces a mono-ammonium phosphate-based heterogeneous catalyst that possesses characteristics of simplicity, reusability, and recoverability, making it well-suited for multicomponent reactions. The prepared catalyst underwent comprehensive characterization using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Employing this catalyst in a one-pot multicomponent approach, it becomes possible to synthesize xanthene derivatives efficiently. The results showcase the impressive performance of the novel SnP2O7, which acts as a heterogeneous catalyst in traditional reactions, leading to the desired products with yields ranging from good to excellent and within a short reaction time. Notably, SnP2O7 exhibits remarkable stability in its catalytic activity, enabling its use for up to five cycles without experiencing a significant decrease in yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of organic-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers as a support material for enzyme immobilization has gained significant attention in recent years due to their high stability, ease of preparation, and enhanced catalytic activity. However, a major challenge in utilizing these hybrid nanoflowers for enzyme immobilization is the difficulty in handling and separating them due to their low density and high dispersion. To address this issue, magnetic nanoflowers have emerged as a promising alternative enzyme immobilization platform due to their easy separation, structural stability, and ability to enhance catalytic efficiency. This review focuses on different methods for designing magnetic nanoflowers, as well as future research directions. Additionally, it provides examples of enzymes immobilized in the form of magnetic nanoflowers and their applications in environmental remediation, biosensors, and food industries. Finally, the review discusses possible ways to improve the material for enhanced catalytic activity, structural stability, and scalability. The magnetic hybrid nanoflowers embedded with enzymes exhibit superior catalytic activity, excellent stability, and ease of separation which can be used in a wide range of applications. Magnetic nanoflowers can be used as a novel platform for enzyme immobilization. There are three different approaches to the synthesis of efficient magnetic nanoflower. The magnetic nanoflowers provides excellent stability and good reusability of enzymes. The hybrid biocatalyst was applied in biotransformation, environmental, and food applications. The challenges and their remedies of hybrid biocatalyst have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of green heterogeneous catalysts that are obtained from waste agricultural biomass can make the production of biodiesel more economical. In this research, three solid base heterogeneous catalysts (Catalyst A, B, and C) were synthesized from kola nut pod husks, and the synergistic effects of the elemental composition on catalytic activities for biodiesel production were studied. The results revealed a high surface area of Catalysts A, B, and C at 419.90 m2/g, 430.54 m2/g, and 432.57 m2/g, respectively. Their corresponding pore diameters are 3.53 nm, 3.48 nm, and 3.32 nm, showing that the catalysts are mesoporous in nature. The X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) results revealed the presence of a variety of alkaline earth metals and their corresponding metal oxides in substantial amounts. Catalyst A was produced with the highest concentration of calcium at 40.84 wt.% and calcium oxide at 68.02 mole%. The substantial concentration of other elements, such as potassium, magnesium, and aluminum, and their corresponding metal oxides are the proof of high catalytic activity of the produced green catalysts. The high CaO contents of all three produced catalysts and their high surface areas indicate their strong potential for good catalytic activities applied to the synthesis of biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report a new type of non-enzymatic nanostructured biosensor designed for the concurrent determination of dopamine, cholesterol, and glucose in human blood samples. The prepared biosensor using low-temperature one-pot hydrothermal processing is a Zn-doped SnO2-dispersed nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO)/Zn-SnO2 nanocomposite. This modified electrode allows direct electron transfer and thus offers electrochemical techniques to detect target molecules in analytes without the use of enzymes. The biosensor displayed good voltammetric responses within the human reference range: 20–70 nM for dopamine, 1–8 mM for cholesterol, and 1–10 mM for glucose. It also showed excellent reusability and can be restored by washing with ethanol. Due to the use of Zn-doped SnO2 nanoparticles for enhanced catalytic activity and N-rGO for high conductivity and active sites, sensitive and selective detection can be achieved. This hybrid composite demonstrates excellent catalytic activity, repeatability, stability, and clinical comparability for real-time measurement of dopamine, cholesterol, and glucose simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to develop a comprehensive kinetic and simulation study of biodiesel production using waste cooking oil (WCO) catalyzed by blast furnace slag geopolymer (BFSG) as a heterogeneous catalyst. The kinetic investigation was established following the pseudo-first and second-order model using three reaction parameters, namely, the reaction temperature (40–60 °C), reaction time (4–8 h) and catalyst ratio (6–14 wt.%), while maintaining a constant methanol-to-oil composition of 40 wt.%. The geopolymer-catalyzed transesterification process was simulated using ChemCAD version 8.1.0, which incorporates the four major triglycerides (triolein, tripalmitin, tristearin and triolein) of WCO. The results of the transesterification reaction of WCO in a kinetic plug flow reactor (PFR) demonstrated a good fit of the data, with an R2 above 0.96 in both cases. The pseudo-first-order (PFO) model revealed a more favorable reaction pathway, with an activation energy of 58.876 kJ.mol−1, as opposed to the value of 131.369 kJ.mol−1 obtained from the pseudo-second-order (PSO) analysis. The catalytic activity of BFSG yielded a maximum conversion of 99.18% at a 12 wt.% catalyst ratio. The study results demonstrated the effectiveness of the transesterification process catalyzed by BFSG as a promising low-cost technology for the biodiesel industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractD-allulose, an epimer of D-fructose at C-3 position, is a low-calorie rare sugar with favorable physiochemical properties and special physiological functions, which displays promising perspectives in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Currently, D-allulose is extremely sparse in nature and is predominantly biosynthesized through the isomerization of D-fructose by D-allulose 3-epimerase (DAEase). In recent years, D-allulose 3-epimerase as the key biocatalyst for D-allulose production has received increasing interest. The current review begins by providing a summary of D-allulose regarding its characteristics and applications, as well as different synthesis pathways dominated by biotransformation. Then, the research advances of D-allulose 3-epimerase are systematically reviewed, focusing on heterologous expression and biochemical characterization, crystal structure and molecular modification, and application in D-allulose production. Concerning the constraint of low yield of DAEase for industrial application, this review addresses the various attempts made to promote the production of DAEase in different expression systems. Also, various strategies have been adopted to improve its thermotolerance and catalytic activity, which is mainly based on the structure-function relationship of DAEase. The application of DAEase in D-allulose biosynthesis from D-fructose or low-cost feedstocks through single- or multi-enzymatic cascade reaction has been discussed. Finally, the prospects for related research of D-allulose 3-epimerase are also proposed, facilitating the industrialization of DAEase and more efficient and economical bioproduction of D-allulose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanobiotechnology is the study of small biological structures ranging in size of 1-100nm. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a versatile inorganic molecule having strong antimicrobial, disinfecting and drying properties, useful in production of medicines. ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are metallic nano-particles with high catalytic, biological and UV-blockage properties. Aim of this study is to synthesize cost-effective and eco-friendly ZnO-NPs by using zinc-acetate-dihydrate and Lallemantia royleana seed-extract as reducing, stabilizing and capping agent. Biosynthesized ZnO-NPs were characterized by various analytical techniques. The characteristic peak of ZnO-NPs was measured at ∼382nm. FT-IR analysis revealed polysaccharide nature of L. royleana-extract and their functional group's interaction with ZnO-NPs responsible for reduction and stabilization. SEM and XRD results revealed hexagonal-wurtzite structure of ZnO-NPs with average size of 18.26 nm. These ZnO-NPs possess strong anti-hemolytic and catalytic potentials. Our study showed that ZnO-NPs degrade organic pollutants effectively and can be useful for the purification of industrial effluents in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite has attracted a lot of attention in the area of present-day environmental catalysis because of its cheap cost, excellent stability, great catalytic activity, varied structure, and significant transformation flexibility. In order to remove organic contaminants from wastewater, researchers have been experimenting with combining perovskite catalysts with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Herein present study, LaCoO3 was synthesized and calcined at 450, 650, and 850 °C (LC450, LC650, and LC850), and the connections between their surface features and crystalline assembly to catalytic performance were thoroughly explored to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in order to degrade aqueous organic contaminants. Further, the catalysts were characterized by XRD, FTIR, FSEM, and TEM, and their catalytic efficiency was investigated. The Co-O bond length is recommended as a biomarker for PMS activation because it strongly influences the Co2+/Co3+ redox capability, regulating the total PMS activation. LC850/PMS has demonstrated the highest degradation efficiency (79%), with kapp value 0.102 min−1. Further modification of these types of perovskite catalysts might be very feasible and promising to degrading organic pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The N-methyl pyridinium tosylate (NMPyTs) ionic liquid is used as an efficient, homogeneous, and recyclable catalyst for the synthesis of tetrahydropyridine derivatives via one-pot multi-component condensation of aromatic aldehyde, anilines, and β-ketoesters under ultrasonic irradiations. This protocol was successfully pertinent to a wide range of structurally diverse aromatic aldehydes, substituted anilines, and β-ketoesters. The major characteristics of this technique include operational simplicity, short reaction times, mild reaction conditions, and high yield. Importantly, NMPyTs can undergo up to three recycle runs without any noticeable loss of catalytic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]