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The emergence of the Digital Twin of Earth (DTE) signifies a pivotal advancement in the field of the Digital Earth, which includes observations, simulations, and predictions regarding the state of the Earth system and its temporal evolution. While the Geospatial Data Cubes (GDCs) hold promise in probing the DTE across time, existing GDC approaches are not well-suited for real-time data ingestion and processing. This paper proposes the design and implementation of a real-time ingestion and processing approach in Geospatial Data Cube (RTGDC), achieved by ingesting real-time observation streams into data cubes. The methodology employs a publish/subscribe model for efficient observation ingestion. To optimize observation processing within the data cube, a distributed streaming computing framework is utilized in the implementation of the RTGDC. This approach significantly enhances the real-time capabilities of GDCs, providing an efficient solution that brings the realization of the DTE concept within closer reach. In RTGDC, two cases involving local and global scales were implemented, and their real-time performance was evaluated based on latency, throughput, and parallel efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast and high-precision urban scene 3D modeling is the foundational data infrastructure for the digital earth and smart cities. However, due to challenges such as water-area matching difficulties and issues like data redundancy and insufficient observations, existing full-automatic 3D modeling methods often result in water-area missing and many small holes in the models and insufficient local-model accuracy. To overcome these challenges, full-automatic high-precision scene 3D reconstruction method with water-area intelligent complementation on depth maps and mesh optimization is proposed. Firstly, SfM was used to calculated image poses and PatchMatch was used to generated initial depth maps. Secondly, a simplified GAN extracted water-area masks and ray tracing was used achieve high-precision auto-completed water-area depth values. Thirdly, fully connected CRF optimized water-areas and arounds in depth maps. Fourthly, high-precision 3D point clouds were obtained using depth map fusion based on clustering culling and depth least squares. Then, mesh was generated and optimized using similarity measurement and vertex gradients to obtain refined mesh. Finally, highprecision scene 3D models without water-area missing or holes were generated. The results showed that: to compare with the-state-of-art ContextCapture, the proposed method enhances model completeness by 14.3%, raises average accuracy by 14.5% and improves processing efficiency by 63.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D spatial data model and simulating are the core of 3D GIS can be adopted in different domains. A data model based on Quasi Tri-Prism Volume (QTPV) has been proposed. QTPV definition and its special cases have been discussed. Using QTPV and its special cases, irregular natural geological bodies and regular subsurface engineering can be described efficiently. The proposed model is composed of five primitives and six objects. Data structures and topological relationship of the fives primitives and three objects describing stratigraphy are designed in detail. Some schemes are designed for the QTPV modelling of stratigraphy and subsurface engineering according to modelling data. The model manipulation method of QTPV cutting by an arbitrary plane is discussed. Using VC++ 6.0 programming language integrated with SQL database and OpenGL graphic library under windows environment, a system prototype 3DGeoMV has been developed. The experiment result shows that the QTPV model is feasible and efficient in modelling subsurface engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge, especially the special knowledge about land use itself, is an indispensable component for guiding the whole process of land use data generalization. In this study, such knowledge is classified into two broad types, i.e. general knowledge and thematic knowledge. General knowledge covers the basic and common restrictions and specifications for generalization of geographic data. Thematic knowledge describes the special restrictions and specifications for a specific geographic data or application. The paper emphasizes the use of thematic knowledge in detail for land use data generalization. Three main types of thematic knowledge are identified, i.e. nature-based, culture-based and application-specific. Such thematic knowledge is then represented using the so-called production-rule method to become generalization rules. These rules are built in a prototype system to guide the implementation of land use data generalization. Real-life data have been used for testing and very promising results have been obtained from this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares the differences between the mathematical model in graph theory and GIS network analysis model. Thus it claims that the GIS network analysis model needs to solve. Then this paper introduces the spatial data management methods in object-relation database for GIS and discusses its effects on the network analysis model. Finally it puts forward the GIS network analysis model based on the object-relation database. The structure of the model is introduced in detail and research is done to the internal and external memory data structure of the model. The results show that it performs well in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OGC Web Map Service is one kind of OGC Portrayal Services belongs to OGC Web Service model and it provides multi-platform interoperability of spatial data set. This paper presents a method for implementing OGC Web Map Service based on Web Service technique and introduces the detailed process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Up to now, detailed strategies and algorithms of automatic change detection for road networks based on GIS have not been discussed. This paper discusses two different strategies of automatic change detection for images with low resolution and high resolution using old GIS data, and presents a buffer detection and tracing algorithm for detecting road from low-resolution images and a new profile tracing algorithm for detecting road from high-resolution images. For feature-level change detection (FL-CD), a so-called buffer detection algorithm is proposed to detect changes of features. Some ideas and algorithms of using GIS prior information and some context information such as substructures of road in high-resolution images to assist road detection and extraction are described in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a component object model (COM) based framework for managing, analyzing and visualizing massive multi-scale digital elevation models (DEMs). The framework consists of a data management component (DMC), which is based on RDBMS/ORDBMS, a data analysis component (DAC) and a data render component (DRC). DMC can manage massive multi-scale data expressed at various reference frames within a pyramid database and can support fast access to data at variable resolution. DAC integrates many use-ful applied analytic functions whose results can be overlaid with the 3D scene rendered by DRC, DRC provides view-dependent data paging with the support of the underlying DMC and organizes the potential visible data at different levels into rendering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positional error of line segments is usually described by using “ g-band”, however, its band width is in relation to the confidence level choice. In fact, given different confidence levels, a series of concentric bands can be obtained. To overcome the effect of confidence level on the error indicator, by introducing the union entropy theory, we propose an entropy error ellipse index of point, then extend it to line segment and polygon, and establish an entropy error band of line segment and an entropy error donut of polygon. The research shows that the entropy error index can be determined uniquely and is not influenced by confidence level, and that they are suitable for positional uncertainty of planar geometry features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capability of human-computer interaction reflects the intelligent degree of mobile navigation system. The navigation data and functions of mobile navigation system are divided into system commands and non-system commands in this paper. And then a group of speech commands are abstracted. This paper applies speech recognition technology to intelligent mobile navigation system to process speech commands and does some deep research on the integration of speech recognition technology with mobile navigation system. The navigation operation can be performed by speech commands, which makes human-computer interaction easy during navigation. Speech command interface of navigation system is implemented by Dutty ++ Software, which is based on speech recognition system-Via Voice of IBM. Through navigation experiments, navigation can be done almost without keyboard, which proved that human-computer interaction is very convenient by speech commands and the reliability is also higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new geometric modeling approach is introduced in this paper. First the principle of modeling of 3D pipe network is discussed in detail. Then the procedures of implementing pipe network visualization and system functions are presented. Last, several efficient methods for speeding up display of graphics are introduced. The new geometric modeling approach offers to people a new way to solve 3D visualization of complex urban pipe network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, factors lead to changes and what changes should be considered are firstly discussed. Then changes to be represented by set theory is given. Twelve basic change types are described in detail. At last the paper points out that the change between geo-objects and pixels in images is not all corresponding and it causes the difficulty of accurate and robust change detection techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential of feature matching technology lies in how to measure the similarity of spatial entities. Among all the possible similarity measures, the shape similarity measure is one of the most important measures because it is easy to collect the necessary parameters and it is also well matched with the human intuition. In this paper a new shape similarity measure of linear entities based on the differences of direction change along each line is presented and its effectiveness is illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deep-sea floor images are acquired under non-uniform illumination, the effects of which bring up many difficulties for image segmentation. The paper compares three methods of removing non-uniform illumination effects. The effectiveness and robustness are evaluated on three test images with high-, moderate- and low-density grains, respectively. The results show that local filtering algorithm does not remove the non-uniform illumination effects completely. The image subtracting algorithm will lose some of the dynamic range of the original data. The enhanced image stretching algorithm is the most effective one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the features and relevant theories of GIS spatial data model based on hypergraph, etc. The integrated concept model based on hypergraph and object-oriented model (HOOM) is proposed by the authors. The principal contribution of this paper is that we study the K-section and other theories of hypergraph. An application example using HOOM is given at the end of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many Internet-GIS have been implemented on the web and they are increasingly becoming an important part of multimedia cartography that has much more users as compared to traditional GIS production media. Internet GIS technology has provided the GIS dynamic information acquisition with technical support. Also, the visualization technology of electronic map has provided tools for GIS symbols with dynamic characteristics. On the basis of GIS dynamic information acquisition, the design idea and implementation methods of dynamic symbols in dynamic GIS are presented in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of Internet provides convenient environment for information searching and browsing. It also offers a new platform for geographic information processing and analysis. This paper discusses organization and processing approach to Internet geographic information, and provides a new method to cross-platform and distributed geographic information and its software implementation. The example is used to show the practicality and superiority of this method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distribution, interoperability, interactivity, component are four main features of distributed GIS. Based on the principle of hypermap, hypermedia and distributed database, the paper comes up with a kind of distributed spatial data model which is in accordance with those features of distributed GIS. The model takes catalog service as the outline of spatial information globalization, and defines data structure of hypermap node in different level. based on the model, it is feasible to manage and process distributed spatial information, and integrate multi-source, heterogeneous spatial data into a framework. Traditionally, to retrieve and access spatial data via Internet is only by theme or map name. With the concept of the model, it is possible to retrieve, load, and link spatial data by vector-based graphics on the Internet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development of Internet technology makes it possible to integrate GIS with the Internet, forming Internet GIS. Internet GIS is based on a distributed client/server architecture and TCP/IP & IIOP. When constructing and designing Internet GIS, we face the problem of how to express information units of Internet GIS. In order to solve this problem, this paper presents a distributed hypermap model for Internet GIS. This model provides a solution to organize and manage Internet GIS information units. It also illustrates relations between two information units and in an internal information unit both on clients and servers. On the basis of this model, the paper contributes to the expressions of hypermap relations and hypermap operations. The usage of this model is shown in the implementation of a prototype system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, two cases of data consistency problems are discussed in Multi-user Geographical Information System. When a user updates some spatial data that have been accessed by other users in database, or executes an UNDO/REDO operation, data consistency will probably be destroyed. To solve the problem caused by the first case, a “Notification-Reread Method” is introduced. As for the second case, there are many problems to be studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

GeoStar is the registered trademark of GIS software made by WTUSM in China. By means of the GeoStar, multi-scale images, DEMs, graphics and attributes integrated in very large seamless databases can be created, and the multi-dimensional dynamic visualization and information extraction are also available. This paper describes the fundamental characteristics of such huge integrated databases, for instance, the data models, database structures and the spatial index strategies. At last, the typical applications of GeoStar for a few pilot projects like the Shanghai CyberCity and the Guangdong provincial spatial data infrastructure (SDI) are illustrated and several concluding remarks are stressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the basic concepts and principles, data structure and high efficient spatial index for multi-resolution image database. The database is characterized by arrangement of multi-resource image data and seamless mosaic, distribution-based storage and management, integration with other spatial database software such as GeoStar and GeoGrid developed by Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of the authors' experiences of setting up an NGDC Web site, this paper attempts to present some significant aspects about the security of NGDC based on ASP. They include data storing, database maintenance, new technical support and so on. Firstly, this paper discusses how to provide the security of data which is saved in the hosts of NGDC. The security model of “Networks-DB Server-DB-DB Object” is also presented. In Windows NT Server, Internet Information Server (i. e., IIS) is in charge of transferring message and the management of Web sites. ASP is also based on IIS. The advantages of virtual directory technique provided by IIS are emphasized. An NGDC Web site, at the Research Center of GIS in Wuhan Technical University of Surveying and Mapping is also mentioned in this paper. Because it is only an analoge used for case study, the transmission of digital spatial products is not included in the functions in this NGDC Web site. However, the management of spatial metadata is more important and some functions of metadata query are implemented in it. It is illustrated clearly in the functional diagram of the NGDC Web site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Bureau of Surveying and Mapping of China has planned to speed up the development of spatial data infrastructure (SDI) in the coming few years. This SDI consists of four types of digital products, i. e., digital orthophotos, digital elevation models, digital line graphs and digital raster graphs. For the DEM, a scheme for the database building and updating of 1∶10 000 digital elevation models has been proposed and some experimental tests have also been accomplished. This paper describes the theoretical (and/or technical) background and reports some of the experimental results to support the scheme. Various aspects of the scheme such as accuracy, data sources, data sampling spatial resolution, terrain modeling, data organization, etc are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data acquisition and modeling are the two important, difficult and costful aspects in a Cybercity project. 2D-GIS is mature and can manage a lot of spatial data. Thus 3D-GIS should make the best of data and technology of 2D-GIS. Construction of a useful synthetic environment requires integration of multiple types of information like DEM, texture images and 3D representation of objects such as buildings. In this paper, the method for 3D city landscape data model and visualization based on integrated databases is presented. Since, the data volume of raster are very huge, special strategies (for example, pyramid gridded method) must be adopted in order to manage raster data efficiently. Three different methods of data acquisition, the proper data structure and a simple modeling method are presented as well. At last, a pilot project of Shanghai Cybercity is illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current GIS can only deal with 2-D or 2.5-D information on the earth surface. A new 3-D data structure and data model need to be designed for the 3-D GIS. This paper analyzes diverse 3-D spatial phenomena from mine to geology and their complicated relations, and proposes several new kinds of spatial objects including cross-section, column body and digital surface model to represent some special spatial phenomena like tunnels and irregular surfaces of an ore body. An integrated data structure including vector, raster and object-oriented data models is used to represent various 3-D spatial objects and their relations. The integrated data structure and object-oriented data model can be used as bases to design and realize a 3-D geographic information system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial data, including geometrical data, attribute data, image data and DEM data, are huge in volume and relations among them are complex. How to effectively organize and manage those data is an important problem in GIS. Several problems about space data organization and management in GeoStar which is a basic GIS software made in China are discussed in this paper. The paper emphasizes on object model of spatial vector, data organization, data management and how to realize the goal, and the like. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonal object is a fundamental type of geometric data in vector GIS. The key step cleaning topological relationship after data collection of polygonal layer is to build polygonal objects from digital arcs. The raw digital arcs may intersect with each other. The algorithm for building polygonal objects after the raw arcs have been split at all intersections is presented. The build-up of polygonal objects in this paper is designed to be implemented by two steps. The first step is to extract all the polygons needed for build-up of polygonal objects from arcs. The second step is to organize polygonal objects from these polygons. For the first step, a tracing algorithm is proposed. The algorithm merely extracts the polygons needed for the build-up of polygonal objects, which is a subset of all the possible polygons that can be induced from the arcs. For the second step, an algorithm based on a specially designed order of polygons is advanced. All the topological relationships among the polygons are shown in a single scan. Experiments show that the two algorithms together offer a robust and efficient solution for building polygonal objects from intersected arcs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The key to develop 3-D GISs is the study on 3-D data model and data structure. Some of the data models and data structures have been presented by scholars. Because of the complexity of 3-D spatial phenomenon, there are no perfect data structures that can describe all spatial entities. Every data structure has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is difficult to design a single data structure to meet different needs. The important subject in the 3-D data models is developing a data model that has integrated vector and raster data structures. A special 3-D spatial data model based on distributing features of spatial entities should be designed. We took the geological exploration engineering as the research background and designed an integrated data model whose data structures integrats vector and raster data by adopting object-oriented technique. Research achievements are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geo-Spatial Data Transfer Standard is an important part of “National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)”, as well as a necessary means for data sharing. “Chinese National Geo-Spatial Data Transfer Format (CNSDTF)” was approved by National Quality Technology Supervise Bureau in 1999 with the standard serial number of 17798-1999. It is designed to support vector and raster spatial data. This paper describes the vector part of CNSDTF, including design ideas, main characters, conceptual model, definition of spatial object, and file structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soundings on nautical charts provide information about the shape of ocean bottom between chart depth curves. A single chart may have thousands of soundings posted on it. This paper describes a new algorithm for selecting soundings automatically. At first, the problem encountered in automatic cartographic sounding selection is presented. Then the authors give the principle of the new algorithm, and the implementation is illuminated in detail. At last the experiments prove the rationality and efficiency of the new algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]