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Today's business organizations are faced with increased competition and growing customer expectations which require varying approaches to market opportunities. These opportunities necessitate that organizational decision makers determine how to allocate resources based on the potential of the opportunity. Human capital is arguably the most important resource within an organization and many firms have moved from a single salesperson model to a team selling modality. While the adoption of a sales team approach has been growing in practice for decades, academic research has not kept pace with the changes in the field. The intent of this team selling literature review is to: 1) define team selling, 2) review recent and relevant literature that focuses on team selling both within and outside of the marketing discipline, 3) identify themes evident in the current team selling research, and 4) outline promising areas for future investigations that stem from each research theme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploiting an exogenous shock from a centrally devised, nationwide higher education expansion in China in the late 1990s and followed by a surge in the college-educated labour in job markets in the early 2000s, we use a difference-in-differences strategy and carbon satellite datasets to empirically estimate the impact and mechanisms of increases in human capital investment on carbon emission intensity. We find that the regions with the most human-capital-dependent can experience a larger decline of carbon emission intensity compared with that of regions with the least after the policy entry into force. The college-educated labour with higher social responsibility flooded into the job markets contributes to the low-carbon transformation of economy, by improving the production efficiency and innovation, and in turn promoting the upgrading of industrial structure and decreasing the use of fossil energy. This climate mitigation effect is more profound for the regions that are economically developed but also lack the education resources of university and college. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes Chinese A-share listed companies from 2011 to 2019 to study the impact of ESG performance on labour investment efficiency under the new demographic trend. The results show that good ESG performance improves labour investment efficiency in China. Fast population ageing, the gradual balance of gender structure, and the improvement of education levels in the Chinese workforce have promoted the positive impact of ESG performance on labour investment efficiency in the past decade. We further find ESG significantly impacts both labour over investment and under investment. Good ESG performance can not only alleviate the waste of human capital but also mitigate the problem of labour shortage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid advancement of technology has prompted a gradual increase in the contribution of human capital to production. This study examined how financial resources are allocated for a firm's investment in human capital by developing a model that incorporates a shareholder. Theoretical analysis showed that the relative negotiation strength of a firm and employees' union does not affect the quantities of general and firm-specific human capital. It only affects the distribution of joint surplus generated by production. These results imply that human capital investment is unaffected by the weaker power of the union, as shareholders want to obtain profit from investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, innovation has become recognized as a key driver of economic growth. This study investigated the relationship between innovation and economic growth in 32 African countries from 2006 to 2017. The linear regression panel corrected standard errors (PCSEs) regression estimation was used to analyze the data. PCSE estimation accounted for heteroskedasticity and possible contemporaneous correlation across panels. The findings showed a positive association between the innovation index and economic growth. This result remained true even when research and development (R&D) expenditure (the conventional measure of innovation) was considered for a handful of countries. This finding highlights the significance of innovation in fostering economic growth. The study also found that domestic investment and human capital encouraged economic growth. The study estimated an endogenous growth model with an alternative measure of innovation. Based on the findings, the study recommends that African countries provide financial and material support for R&D in public and private institutions through funding, imparting entrepreneurial research attitudes in academics, and providing an enabling environment for business enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New roads bring new opportunities including access to employment. However, new employment opportunities might encourage early school dropout and school absenteeism. We investigate the link between rural roads, children's labor allocation, and educational outcomes by focusing on the recent Ethiopian road construction program. In the analysis, we combine household panel data with novel road network data. To address endogeneity concerns, we combine a difference-in-difference estimation model with a matching technique. Our findings consistently show that road access does not encourage school absenteeism or school dropouts to join the labor force. The findings remain consistent across gender and age groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars have recognised the significance of the industrial environmental performance. However, the factors that influence factor environmental performance have received little attention. To fill this gap, and take advantage of the intellectual capital-based perspective theory, this paper analysed the impact of green intellectual capital on environmental performance, in turn, its impact on manufacturing industries' environmental performance. The mediating role of green training and development was also investigated. Cross-sectional data was supplied by 194 workers from Pakistani industrial firms. A partial least squares method was used to analyse the data. Green intellectual capital (green human capital and green structural capital) was found to be positively related to the firm's environmental performance. The green training and development as a mediator were significant with the study's proposed paradigm. The study emphasized green human capital as a critical intangible element for achieving environmental sustainability. It also shed light on the importance of green structural capital, which creates an environment and organisational framework that support corporate environmental stewardship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political philosopher, John Rawls, conceptualizes property-owning democracy (POD) as a constitutional liberal democracy that practices wide social distribution of productive assets, namely property and human capital, that enables citizens to exercise their political freedoms, with security, equality, justice and fairness. However, with their ossified ideological, economic and social structures, contemporary liberal democratic capitalist nations do not possess the material conditions or the political will to realize such a system. In contrast, a postcolonial nation can potentially realize the POD as its nation-building processes unfold, as demonstrated in this case study of Singapore. With its near universal provision of public housing ownership to its citizens, state provision of all levels of education and subsidized programs of new skill acquisitions, retraining and upgrading for its labor force, Singapore may be said to have fulfill the material condition of wide social distribution of productive assets. But politically, the single-party dominant People's Action Party government disavows liberalism ideologically. However, the elected parliament system as a procedural democracy empowers the electorate to punish the government when it is unresponsive to ground demands. Singaporeans' dependency on the state for housing has made public housing demand a highly politicized arena in which the citizen/electorate has successfully used their votes to extract positive outcomes to their demands, in so doing refreshes and revitalizes the democratic process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we combined the Focus on Multilingualism approach with the human capital theory to investigate multilingual profiles among first-generation adult immigrants in Germany and the relationship between immigrants' multiliteracy and their employment status. We used data representative for Germany on the self-reported literacy skills in the majority, heritage, and foreign languages of first-generation immigrants (n = 451, age 18–64) gathered in the LEO 2018 study. To analyze multilingual literacy skills, we estimated adults' multilingual profiles using LCA. In a second step, we conducted logistic regression models with multiliteracy and employment status. We found two multilingual profiles of first-generation immigrants: a profile with higher and a profile with lower literacy skills in all investigated languages. The profiles differed by the level of adults' literacy skills in all investigated languages and showed a unique non-overlapping language ordering pattern. The results gained from the logistic regressions revealed that multiliteracy in first-generation immigrants may represent human capital in Germany. After controlling for additional variables (age, gender, education), the analysis showed that higher multiliteracy increases the probability of adult immigrants' employment. Furthermore, our findings indicated independent positive effects of literacy in each language in multilingual repertoires on employment probability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses if and how oil and gas developments foster in-migration of workers into boomtowns. In particular, we focus on the workers' human capital, as a way to help local growth. Using a zero-inflated negative binomial model, we find that oil and gas shocks, on average, take three years to significantly impact migration flows into boomtowns. The migration response is heterogeneous with a disproportionately higher positive effect for medium-high human capital workers. The types of human capital gained by rural and sparsely populated boomtowns can have important policy implications for their long-run growth and economic resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationship between temporary workers and innovation. We model a firm's choice concerning: (i) the mix of temporary and permanent workers; (ii) the optimal level of training intensity that firms choose by best-responding to the worker's human capital investments. Results suggest that the innovation-enhancing combination of temporary and permanent workers exists and is unique. Using micro-data on Italian firms, we then find that the relationship between the firm-level share of temporary workers and innovation has indeed an inverted U form, in line with our theoretical expectations. This suggests that studies assuming a linear association may oversimplify the complex relationship between non-standard labor and innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By utilizing data of 1,336 Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) from 91 emerging and developing countries for the period 2010–2018, this study investigates the non-linear/quadratic relationship between employee turnover and the depth of outreach of MFIs. The data were analysed using conventional panel data econometric tools and techniques. In general, the findings revealed that employee turnover has an inverted U-shaped relationship with the depth of outreach of MFIs when proxied by the proportion of female borrowers. The study outcomes imply that a low to moderate level of employee turnover is good for MFIs, as it may overcome organizational blindness and groupthink, and favours the replacement of unproductive and inefficient employees that lack social or human capital related to their job. However, after a certain threshold, employee turnover was observed to generate an adverse impact on the depth of outreach of MFIs. Therefore, the management of MFIs should give due consideration to ensuring an optimal level of employee turnover that is beneficial for the intended organizational goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the long-term effects of school consolidation on human capital formation. We explore the implementation of a large-scale primary school consolidation programme in rural China aimed at improving the quality and efficiency of education. Using a difference-in-differences strategy, we find that exposure to the programme significantly increases the number of years of schooling completed by rural children. The effect changes with exposure duration to the RPSC programme and is stronger for children from areas with low economic development, areas with low educational inputs, and families with low parental education. Moreover, we provide evidence that improvements in input-based and output-based school quality are important mechanisms by which the programme affects educational attainment. Finally, the results of further analysis alert us to the adverse effects of the programme on noncognitive skills such as agreeableness and emotional stability, as well as on labour supply time in adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the human capital and social capital theories, this study aims to explore how micro, small and medium enterprises utilize strategic resources to drive growth and competitiveness. Data were collected from 309 micro, small, and medium restaurant owners and managers and two-stage structural equation modelling was conducted to test the hypothesized relationships. The research findings show that the entrepreneur's/manager's age and years of work experience are related to firm growth while the entrepreneur's age is related to firm competitiveness. Accordingly, social capital is directly related to firm growth and competitiveness. Moreover, social capital plays a mediating role in the effect of human capital on firm growth and competitiveness. The study contributes to extant knowledge by extending human capital and social capital theory as well as firm growth and competitiveness literature in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of resource mobilisation is fundamental in the creation of social value. However, the evidence that examines the approaches used by social entrepreneurs to mobilise critical resources in an environment with poor resources is limited. This study empirically explores social bricolage in the new research context of developing countries, building on the notion of 'social bricolage'). This abductive, multiple-case study adopts the qualitative methodological approach, using empirical data on five social enterprises in Egypt through in-depth interviews with industry experts, social entrepreneurs, and other management teams. Our study advances scholarly understanding of social bricolage by examining resource mobilisation processes over time in the resource-scarce context of developing countries. Our analysis traces the six social bricolage constructs: making do, refusal to be constrained by limitations, improvisation, the creation of social value, stakeholder participation, and persuasion and community involvement. Our empirical data identifies three more constructs associated with social bricolage: distributed leadership/teamwork, dynamic capabilities, and legitimacy (trust and reputation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the causal relationship between teachers' administrative positions and students' non-cognitive abilities (NCAs) in China using a quasi-natural experiment of random student-classroom assignment. The results suggest that headteachers' administrative positions significantly improve students' NCAs, especially the extraversion and neuroticism. This positive effect is more pronounced in headteachers with higher administrative positions, middle titles, and more teaching experience. Meanwhile, girls and urban students benefited more from headteachers' administrative positions. Furthermore, the mechanism analysis indicates this positive effect can be explained by the improvement of teachers' job satisfaction, higher frequency of using more advanced teaching equipment, more parental respect, increased sense of belonging to the class, and peer effects. Our findings further enrich the impact of teacher characteristics on students' NCAs and highlight the potential benefits of teachers' administrative positions on student human capital. Also, this paper had policy implications for promoting students' human capital development by optimizing teacher assignment and allocation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apprenticeship enrollment in Ghana is declining according to recent rounds of the Ghana Living Standards Survey, despite its importance as an avenue for human capital development among young people. This trend is alarming, especially during an era of economic crises and constraints in technical and vocational education. The paper utilizes qualitative approaches involving interviews with key stakeholders such as master craftspeople and apprentices, apprenticeship experts, and secondary data to explore the reasons behind the decline in apprenticeships. The findings reveal that young people’s desire for quick financial gains and lack of interest in apprenticeships, along with structural factors, contribute to the decline. The paper concludes by offering a nuanced critique of the human capital theory’s application to the declining apprenticeship trends in Ghana, underscoring the need for a more comprehensive framework that incorporates social, cultural and environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis study examines the impact of parental illness on child health in rural Bangladesh. Using a set of health conditions that are as good as random, we find that parental illness has a significant negative effect on child height. Both Fathers’ and mothers’ illnesses exhibit equally detrimental effects. Exploring potential mechanisms, we find that parental illness induces financial distress, characterized by increased medical spending, diminished assets, and increased borrowing. Consequently, parents respond by substantially reducing resource allocation, manifested through decreased food intake and protein consumption. The findings of this study carry important policy implications, as mitigating the effects of parental illness could close 3.5% of the height gap between Bangladeshi children and the global average. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The labor market’s response to the signaling value of multiple qualifications (bachelor’s and master’s degrees) held by master’s graduates influences labor market efficiency and individual decisions to invest in education. Using data from the ‘Sample Survey of Chinese Higher Education Institutions’ conducted in 2017 and 2019, this study analyzes whether master’s graduates with bachelor’s degrees from elite universities earn salary premiums. The findings indicate that bachelor’s degrees from elite universities provide approximately a 12% salary premium for master’s graduates, attributable to both human capital and labor market signaling mechanisms. When accounting for individual human capital differences, the salary premium is approximately 9.1%. Furthermore, the empirical results show that these premiums are statistically significant only for master’s graduates from elite universities. The distribution of salary premiums exhibits a U-shaped trend, increasing from low to high salary quantiles. The signaling/screening mechanism’s salary premiums rise with starting salaries, while negative signaling effects are observed at lower quantiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates various dimensions, including service quality, absorptive capacity, innovation performance, and intellectual capital (specifically organisational capital, social capital, and human capital), within the context of the airline industry. A survey questionnaire was administered to airline employees during the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings indicate that service quality has the potential to generate favourable innovation outcomes, such as increased absorptive capacity, thereby further enhancing employee innovation performance. Service quality is also found to have a simultaneous positive impact on human capital, leading to increased innovation performance and absorptive capacity. Therefore, organisations should prioritise the development of absorptive capacity to enhance both human capital and the accumulation of intellectual capital. Furthermore, both organisational capital and human capital play a vital role in these intricate strategy decision procedures. These factors play a crucial role in strengthening the connections between service quality and innovation performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the impact of conflict intensity on married women’s employment and intimate partner violence (IPV) in Nepal during and after the civil conflicts. Analyzing five waves of the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, it reveals a negative short- and long-term effect of conflict on work probabilities for women facing reduced economic opportunities and delayed human capital accumulation. However, this result masks substantial heterogeneity by subgroups. The older cohort experiences a temporary negative effect, while the impact is enduring for younger cohorts. The long-run effect of conflict intensity was more sustained for married women who were children or teenagers at the onset of the war compared to older cohorts. These results hold under IV regressions. Data availability restricts our analysis of IPV to the post-war years. The study does not find a direct impact of conflict on the stated IPV experiences of married women but identifies an indirect effect.HIGHLIGHTSConflict in Nepal affects women’s employment and intimate partner violence.Women’s employment increased during the conflict but declined post-conflict.Conflict intensity in Nepal reduced long-term employment, particularly for younger womenIntimate partner violence shows indirect rise due to reduced women’s employment.The added-worker effect in Nepal was weak, with conflict disrupting labor opportunities.Conflict in Nepal affects women’s employment and intimate partner violence.Women’s employment increased during the conflict but declined post-conflict.Conflict intensity in Nepal reduced long-term employment, particularly for younger womenIntimate partner violence shows indirect rise due to reduced women’s employment.The added-worker effect in Nepal was weak, with conflict disrupting labor opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article advances an explanation for the dynamics of agencies and institutions responsible for the formation of skills in nineteenth-century western India. It shows that multiple agencies – artisanal apprenticeship, indigenous schools, new bazar schools, modern vernacular and English schools, and institutes for technical, industrial and practical instructions – played a limited but responsive role in skill-and-knowledge development. These establishments sought to attend to the conundrum of shortage and obsolescence of and access to industrial and commercial skills in the context of modernisation and incipient industrialisation. Indeed, inherited crafts apprenticeship remained the vital agency of skill formation, despite some of the institutional experiments in and discourses of promotion and modernisation of skills. New agencies together, however, generated less than one-tenth literates in the total population, less than one-third (elementary) enrolment ratio, and less than one year of average schooling. They churned out a small but increasing number of skilled working-persons, thereby contributing over time to a slow spread of skills amongst non-artisanal communities and a small fall in skill premiums. This article modifies the narrative that has posited static, dichotomous images of indigenous and modern agencies of skill-and-knowledge development, and reframes the narrative of emergence and development of vocational/practical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the neoliberal vision for free-market capitalism, discourses validating meritocratic competition reproduce homo œconomicus, narrowly self-interested human capital seeking to maximise its economic utility. Against this background, juku, Japan's network of for-profit, deregulated shadow education institutions, eases educational transitions for enterprising citizens seeking advantage within the nation's highly competitive exam and graduate recruitment systems. However, while 'rational' investments in juku aid neoliberal biographical projects (youth→adolescence→adulthood), they do so through panoptic systems of tension and accommodation, with pivots to individualistic self-interest producing docile entrepreneurs of the self. More damagingly, 'agentive' and 'rational' decisions to engage with juku anchor to transmissible cultural patrimony, creating opportunities to blame those who, through no fault of their own, lack the financial means to self-commodify within Japan's enterprise society. The association between economic output and entrepreneurial selfhood shapes notions of 'worth' in increasingly neoliberal terms. Thus, only by relating juku investment to its social origin may we appreciate the corrosive impact of economic liberalisation on Japan's learning ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses event history analysis to show what promotes tenure in German economics, utilizing a unique and virtually complete national dataset that includes 70,657 publications from 3955 economists, of which 1196 received tenure between 1984 and 2021. While existing theories emphasize that gender discrimination, parenthood, human capital, academic prestige, and social capital explain who is tenured, no study has thus far evaluated these factors concurrently across an entire national population of economists. Our findings reveal that fewer women receive tenure than would be expected based on their representation in the candidate pool. However, gender, parenthood, and non-reviewed publications do not significantly influence tenure attainment after controlling for covariates. Instead, mobility, accessing advanced career stages, and peer-reviewed journal articles are most strongly related to receiving tenure. Independently of productivity, academic prestige, such as receiving grants and awards, also impacts tenure prospects significantly, as does social capital, measured through research mobility, interim professorships and co-authorships. Being affiliated with prestigious universities shows minimal effects on receiving tenure, however. These findings imply that mobility, moving up career stages and being productive by publishing peer-reviewed journal articles are the strongest determinants of becoming a tenured economics professor in Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper empirically studies the implications of attractive government jobs for labour market. Exploiting an age ceiling policy that sets the age limit for eligibility for public employment at age 30, the study finds that the likelihood of private sector employment is about five percentage points higher for ineligible than eligible at the cutoff age of 30, mainly driven by females, particularly after doubling the public service salaries. The increase in employment after expiring the eligibility for government jobs is explained by increasing labour force participation rather than declining unemployment. During the eligibility period, candidates repeatedly try for government jobs and delay the pursuit of other opportunities, incurring substantial monetary expenses, time costs, and opportunity costs of time. At the same time, there is some evidence that public sector exam preparation gives rise to brain gain. While several papers studied this phenomenon theoretically, this study contributes by providing empirical evidence. The data for this study was drawn from population censuses and labour force surveys for the period 1991–2017 and a primary survey conducted online for this study in Bangladesh, and labour force surveys of India for 2011–2012, 2017–2018, and 2019–2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our study focused on the link between intellectual capital efficiency (ICE) and its individual components and underwriting risk. It examined the effect of ICE, and structural (SCE) and human capital (HCE) efficiency on the underwriting risk of Ghanaian life and non-life insurers. It used panel data of 31 insurance firms in Ghana, of which 14 and 17 were life and non-life insurers, respectively, from 2008 to 2019. A generalized least squares estimation technique was used to examine the relationship between ICE and underwriting risk in life, non-life, and the entire insurance sector. The results suggest that there is a significant negative relationship between HCE and underwriting risk in the Ghanaian insurance sector. However, there was no relationship between ICE and underwriting risk and between SCE and underwriting risk. As the first to examine ICE and risk-taking behavior in any African country, our study is significant in managerial decision-making and insurance policy formulation to reduce risk in the insurance industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing from critical disability studies and cultural studies, this article unpacks cultural understandings of digital abilities. We analyse policy documents on digital education as cultural texts which communicate cultural values. Methodologically, we understand policy ideas as deriving from the larger culture. Our analysis first explores how abilities are connected to economic growth, as well as what kind of history of ideas frames this presumption. Second, it explores the assumption of constantly changing technologies and the workers who must adapt themselves to such a situation. Third, the article interrogates citizenship as a cultural idea within the current policy ideas about digital skills. Our account offers new perspectives on the analysis of biocapitalism and provides a specific analysis of how able-mindedness is foregrounded in digital education. It argues that digitalisation, as a policy matter, intensifies discourses emphasising the development of abilities and that this social tendency is neither value neutral nor necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Singapore has prospered since independence by developing its human resources under a distinctly Singaporean meritocratic system. Recent developments in public discourse, and findings from interviews with leading Singaporean personalities, however, point towards the system's increasing undesirability. Among other problems, our study participants blame the system for worsening class divisions in society; for damaging the mental well-being of students; and for leading to a narrowing of society's definitions of success while leaving Singaporean workers unprepared for challenges of the future economy. Our paper shows that for Singaporeans to be ready for these challenges and to find purpose and meaning in the future economy, the current meritocratic systems require reform. We argue for a new kind of political decision-making to allow Singaporean society to reorder its basic values and priorities towards a more democratic, inclusive and compassionate meritocracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the role of local human capital in facilitating the export diversification improvement effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) in African countries. To this end, we use a panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) model which is able to deal with the heterogeneity issue associated with the cross-country data. Based on a sample of 30 African countries over the period 1996–2019, the results show that there is a minimum threshold of human capital beyond which the export diversification enhancing effect of FDI is unlocked in African countries. In other words, only countries located above a certain threshold of human capital benefit from the positive effect of FDI on export diversification. These results suggest that policymakers in African countries should focus on improving the conditions for acquiring local human capital (education and health) in order to extract economic gains from FDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the return to education in South Korea by comparing metropolitan areas with non-metropolitan areas. It utilizes the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study from 2018 and 2019 for analysis, alongside the Mincer equation. The findings indicate that female workers have a higher return to education compared to male workers. The Oaxaca decomposition method reveals that private academies contribute to increasing differential treatment between men and women, whereas public education reduces the gap. Additionally, the regression discontinuity design method shows that the university premium is significantly different by region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a review of the literature in economics on the effect on earnings of human capital investment from Adam Smith to the early 1980s. It discusses the use of the net present value (NPV) technique by Walsh and Friedman and Kuznets, and Becker's use of the NPV to estimate the internal rate of return to schooling. The first regression-based approach was the Becker and Chiswick 'schooling-earnings function', which was expanded by Mincer to the 'human capital earnings function' (HCEF) by incorporating on-the-job training. Extensions of the HCEF in the 1970s and early 1980s are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hotel managers in New Zealand do not calculate Human Capital Return on Investment (HCROI) and are unaware if they are over or underinvesting in their HC. While literature reports the complexity of such measurement, given the challenges of attracting, retaining and ongoing training of HC, it is surprising little has been done to examine how HCROI can add value to hotels and how it can be calculated. Hotel practitioners and hospitality researchers must collaborate to examine and define better HCROI and measurement tools to enable hotel managers to make more strategic HC decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research evaluates and compares the status and trends of regional innovation efficiency (RIE) in 27 EU countries from 2004 to 2017. Regional analysis is further compared to investigate the performance differentials within the EU innovation system. In addition, the factors which influence the innovation efficiency in EU countries by performing the Tobit regression analysis are investigated. The results indicate that the innovation efficiency of EU changes slightly with high-efficiency values. Seven countries are the innovation leaders during the research period, whereas Northern and southern regions have relatively higher innovation efficiencies than other regions. Also, the regression results indicate that economic development, human capital investment and regional openness could enhance innovation efficiency in most EU regions, while industrial structure, urbanisation level and infrastructure level hinder the improvement of EU's innovation efficiency. Based on these results, recommendations are provided for policymakers aiming at stimulating innovation among the EU innovation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the long-term effects of trade liberalization on human capital accumulation for students, specifically through schooling decisions. To establish this linkage, I leverage the significant reduction in trade tariffs following China's WTO accession in 2001 as an identification strategy and construct the shift-share instrument variable for each Chinese prefecture's exposure to trade shock. Utilizing cognitive test scores from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) dataset for cohorts aged between 13 to 20 at the time of trade liberalization, I find that the trade shock leads to a decline in cognitive test scores approximately 15 years later. Furthermore, combining CFPS data with the China Population Census, I demonstrate that export expansion has resulted in a reduction in university enrollment and less education years among youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the effects of innovation on firm survival by using data from a representative survey of small and medium manufacturing firms in the province of Salerno, Italy. We innovate upon the literature by (a) comparing the impact of different sources of internal and external knowledge (including universities) on the probability of firm survival; (b) assessing the mediating impact of the human capital of workers and entrepreneurs on learning from these knowledge sources. Finally, we measure the impact of different types of innovation on firm survival. Our evidence upholds the link between innovation and firm survival, particularly for product and organisational innovation. Results regarding the impact of different sources of knowledge highlight the roles of employee training, the human capital of entrepreneurs and workers and the productivity of university departments providing relevant knowledge. Other elements of external knowledge, such as proximity to the University of Salerno or being in the city of Salerno, are significant facilitators of survival only if mediated through high levels of the human capital of entrepreneurs and workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating human capital theory, social information processing theory, and literature on humble leadership behaviours, this study takes an initial step to investigate the effects of CEO human capital on CEO humble leadership behaviours. We developed a model that explains how experience human capital (career variety) and education human capital (education level and elite education) independently and jointly influence CEO humble leadership behaviours. We examined the proposed model using multi-source data. The data of the independent variables were hand-collected from multiple sources, including the CSMAR database, corporate websites, and press releases. The data of the dependent variable were collected with an online survey from 175 listed companies. We found that career variety positively influenced CEO humble leadership behaviours, while elite education was negatively associated with CEO humble leadership behaviours. Moreover, career variety and education level had a positive interaction effect on CEO humble leadership behaviours, while career variety and elite education had a negative interaction effect on CEO humble leadership behaviours. Our findings highlight that different types of human capital may exert different impacts. Moreover, apart from the direct impact of one specific type of human capital, various types of human capital can interact to influence CEO humble leadership behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Western-based research suggests a modest influence of founders' human capital on the business performance of new technology-based firms (NTBFs). Our exploratory, longitudinal study of 40 NTBFs in China, South Korea and Japan reveals that the human capital of their founders helps them to acquire executive talent, finance and customers, and thereby strongly enhances business performance. Furthermore, we find that East Asian NTBF founders leverage their human capital through networks with former colleagues and business partners in order to access key resources. These findings can be explained by cultural background factors such as social stratification and relational orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue that economists, as well as other social scientists, have increasingly focused on parenting as a means of building children's human capital and reducing poverty. This is reflected, in part, in the use of the concept of 'parental investment' to study parenting, which has gained prominence over the past thirty years. This intellectual program is also evident in interventions targeting low-income parents to change parenting behavior to reflect the 'parental investment' model. Our study first documents the rise of the use of 'parental investment' in economics, psychology, and sociology, using a SCOPUS-generated corpus of academic documents. Through a critical analysis of two highly influential articles, we uncover the key assumptions of the economic approach to the study of parenting. We then show how this approach informs parenting programs that directly affect parenting behavior. Finally, we offer preliminary reflections on the consequences of the economization of parenting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against the backdrop of increasingly intensified conflicts between the development of heavily polluting enterprises and the resource environment, Confucian culture, which advocates environmental protection, has gradually penetrated into management decisions and has become an important tool for promoting green investment and transformation of enterprises. This study investigates the impact of Confucian culture on green investment efficiency using the SBM-DEA model and a multidimensional fixed-effects model (time, year, and region) with Chinese heavy polluting enterprises as a sample from 2016 to 2020. The findings of the study indicate that Confucian culture can enhance the efficiency of firms’ green investments. This is achieved by fostering human capital and managerial capabilities. This relationship is more pronounced among firms in regions with fewer environmental regulations and among state-owned enterprises. It is therefore recommended that heavily polluting enterprises, with the support of the government, should give play to the guiding role of Confucian culture and integrate the spirit of Confucianism into their operation and management. The results of this paper verify the effectiveness of Confucian culture, which is very important for accelerating the green development of heavy polluting enterprises and enriching and expanding related research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the rapid integration of artificial intelligence and the real economy, exploring the effects of intelligent transformation on the quality of green innovation in enterprises is of great practical significance. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the impact mechanism of intelligent transformation on the green innovation quality of enterprises based on panel data of listed enterprises in China from 2007–2019. We found that intelligent transformation promotes the improvement of corporate green innovation quality, and the results were robust. Furthermore, intelligent transformation improves the green innovation quality of enterprises through the mediating effects of human capital, research and development expenditure, information sharing effect and factor allocation efficiency. The development of the Internet, the implementation of the National Big Data Comprehensive Pilot Zone and the Broadband China strategy have all strengthened the green innovation quality improvement effect of intelligent transformation. The green innovation quality enhancement effect of intelligent transformation is heterogenous with regard to region, industry factor intensity, industry pollution level and enterprise ownership. Finally, this study provides important policy implications based on its empirical results. Future research should develop more suitable and comprehensive indicators, and focus on the latest data acquisition status to ensure timeliness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using longitudinal data of college graduates in Colombia, we estimate labor market returns to postsecondary degrees and to various skills—including literacy, numeracy, foreign language, and field-specific skills. Graduates of academic programs and schools of higher reputation obtain higher earnings relative to vocational public programs. A one standard deviation increase in each skill predicts average earnings increases of 1–3%. Returns vary along the earnings distribution, with tenure, with the degree of job specialization, and by gender. Our results imply that degrees and skills capture different human capital components that are rewarded differently in the labor market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThis paper explores the effect of China’s Targeted Poverty Alleviation (TPA) policy by considering the child human capital of households targeted by the policy. Using data from the China Family Panel Studies, we employ a difference-in-differences strategy to identify the effect of TPA on child human capital. The evidence indicates that TPA significantly enhances beneficiary children’s health, cognitive, and non-cognitive abilities. The most substantial improvement is observed in cognitive ability, reaching 49.8 per cent of its standard deviation (0.999). Mechanism tests suggest that TPA achieves these positive outcomes primarily through improving infrastructure, alleviating resource constraints, and enhancing family-process capacity. Specifically, TPA contributes to local infrastructure enhancement to facilitate child human capital development while increasing targeted households’ utilization of medical services for their children and promoting educational inputs in children. Moreover, TPA substantially improves parent–child relationships, increases quality time spent together, and considerably reduces mothers’ depression in targeted households. A back-of-envelop calculation suggests that exposure to the TPA policy during childhood leads to a 0.562 increase in years of schooling and a 13.1 per cent increase in wages for adults in their twenties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CEOs play a vital role in formulating corporate digital transformation and their cognitions and behaviours are often shaped by their experience. However, few studies have explored the impact of CEOs’ experience, especially foreign experience, on firms’ digital transformation. Drawing on upper echelons theory, we examine how CEO foreign experience affects corporate digital transformation. Since CEO foreign experience is one valuable human capital resource, we also examine how it interacts with other firm resources to affect digital transformation. Using a large sample of Chinese listed firms from 2007 to 2019, we find a significantly positive effect of returnee CEOs on corporate digital transformation. This effect is also strengthened by firm slack but weakened by the presence of digital leaders. Overall, our study suggests that returnee CEOs matter for corporate digital transformation, offering important implications for firms and government in emerging economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using social capital theory and social identity theory, this study evaluates the relationship between relational capital and organizational resilience and the moderating role of human capital in this relationship. Based on a sample of 523 respondents from full-service restaurants in Karnataka, India, an inverted “U” shaped relationship between relational capital and organizational resilience was identified. Human capital has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between internal relational capital and organizational resilience. We identify implications for investments in relationship building activities and restaurant management. This is the first study that investigates the “U” shaped relationship between internal and external relational capital and organizational resilience of restaurants. We also show the moderating effect of human capital on the relationship between relational capital and organizational resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As technical and vocational education and training (TVET) continue to occupy a prominent position in Africa's development, addressing the growing concerns about young women's under-participation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)-related TVET has become urgent. This paper draws on the critical capability approach of vocational education and training (CCA-VET) to critique the TVET policy discourse on the participation of girls and women in STEM-related TVET. The paper employed the practical argumentation approach, a critical discourse analysis approach to achieve the paper's aims. The paper's central thesis is that for education policies to transform young women's under-participation in STEM-related TVET, it is urgent to move beyond human rights-based, and human capital approaches to adopt a comprehensive theoretical approach, such as the critical capabilities approach. The paper concludes that breaking this hegemony of human rights and human capital approaches to TVET policy can be achieved by re-conceptualising TVET policy discourses. The re-conceptualisation of TVET policy discourses can be achieved by admitting the critiques of these dominant theories that underpin most TVET policies and then adopting the CCA-VET as a better alternative approach to framing TVET policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skill development is the key instrument for achieving the target of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8 in developing countries. The development of human capital in India is of global importance, given the prospects of India being the fastest growing economy of the world and poised to be the country with the largest working-age population in the world. Massive skill development momentum has built up in the country in the recent past, and elucidating this whole human capital development ecosystem in India is the objective of this study. This article traces the evolution of the skilling landscape in India and describes the present scenario on skilling schemes of both National (Central) and State governments in India. This study also discusses the challenges before policymakers interested in the development of human capital through skilling schemes in India and attempts to shed some light on the road ahead for skilling initiatives in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the impact of population aging on the relationship between exports and economic growth in Korea using the export-led growth hypothesis framework with an autoregressive distributed lag model and data for the period 1990–2021. We found that export positively influenced economic growth. However, the effect of export on economic growth was negative considering population aging. Furthermore, the negative effect of export increased with aging. Our results also show a positive effect of population aging on economic growth in the long run, which implies the dominance of the human capital effect over the negative productivity effect. Hence, our results indicate that developed countries seeking to achieve sustainable growth through exports should control the population aging problem. Our study suggests two possible policies for solving the population aging problem: promote births and encourage immigration growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Externalized employment, aimed at reducing labor costs, is becoming increasingly prevalent. However, the effective implementation of management practices to improve the career mobility of outsourced employees remains unknown. Drawing from social cognitive theory, this study constructs a self-driven career mobility model for outsourced employees. What's more, this study proposes the concept of differentiation in perceived organizational supports (DPOS), that is 'the relative degree of outsourced employee's perception of support from client organizational exceeds that from supplier organization in triangular employment relationships', and regards it as a key boundary condition for outsourced employees to interpret the cognition of employment opportunities. Data were collected from a three-wave survey of 271 outsourced employees from 52 interorganizational teams. Results showed that the perceived likelihood of standard employment (PLSE) by client organizations positively predicts outsourced employees' turnover intention from supplier organization. Job-related human capital development (JRHCD) and occupational self-efficacy play a chain mediating role between PLSE and turnover intention. DPOS moderates the relationship between PLSE and JRHCD, and also moderates the mediating and chain mediating effect of JRHCD and occupational self-efficacy. We discuss the implications of findings for outsourcing management research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the effects of migration on economic outcomes have gained significant attention among researchers and policymakers. In the African context, the complex interplay between migration and economic outcomes is of particular importance, as many countries face unique challenges, such as limited resources, ongoing conflicts, and uneven development. This paper explores the impact of immigration, international migrant cash transfers, and emigration on total factor productivity in Africa, and its implications for public policy. We used the World Development Indicators, the Pen World Table from 2000 to 2020, and instrumental variable estimation in an endogenous growth model. The findings indicate that emigrant human capital and remittances have a negative impact on total factor productivity, whereas immigrant human capital positively affects it. These results highlight the importance of well-defined public migration policies that promote brain circulation, attract skilled immigrants, enhance domestic human capital development, and foster regional co-operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]