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Rafoxanide is an effective treatment for the control of fluke infections in animals, but it is currently not permitted for treating animals whose milk is intended for human consumption. In this study, the persistence of rafoxanide residues in milk, and their migration to dairy products, was investigated following the treatment of six lactating dairy cows with Curafluke 10% oral drench. The highest concentration of rafoxanide residues detected in the individual cows milk ranged from 249 to 627 μg kg−1and occurred at 2–3 days post-treatment. At 2 and 23 days post-treatment (representing high and low residue concentrations) the milk was pooled into two independent aliquots, each containing the full day’s milk produced by three cows. Milk products were made from pasteurised and unpasteurised milk. Pasteurisation appeared to have little impact on the stability of the residues. Rafoxanide concentrated sixfold in the cheese (week 0) compared to the starting milk (2070 vs. 349 μg kg−1) but was four times lower in whey (75 μg kg−1). Rafoxanide residues were up to 14 times higher in butter (week 0) than in the starting milk (5468 vs. 376 μg kg−1). Residues were found to further concentrate in butter and cheese at longer storage and ripening times, respectively. Skim-milk powder was manufactured from skim milk, and residues were 10-fold higher than in the starting skim milk (5468 vs. 376 μg kg−1) despite the 185°C temperature required for the process. Rafoxanide residues were stable in this skim-milk powder when stored at ambient temperature for at least 1 year. Results showed that detectable rafoxanide residues were excreted in milk for 47 days, and concentrated in the fat-based products. The analytical ranges of the UHPLC-MS/MS method used were 1.0–200 μg kg−1(milk and whey) and 10–2000 μg kg−1(other dairy products). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

[image omitted] A highly efficient protocol for the preparation of aromatic amides is described by the direct reactions between salicyclic acid and aromatic amines in the presence of phosphorous trichloride under microwave irradiation. The method has several advantages over the conventional methods, including operational simplicity, good yield, and reduced reaction time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salicylanilide was detected on glass plates precoated with a 0.50 mm layer of silica gel 60 F254 (E.Merck, # 1.05744) and with a 0.25 mm layer of silica gel 60 F254 (E.Merck, # 1.05715), as well as on aluminum plates precoated with a 0.20 mm layer of silica gel 60 F254 (E.Merck, # 1.05554), silica gel 60 (E.Merck, # 1.05553), and a mixture of silica gel 60 and kieselguhr F254 (E.Merck, # 1.05567), with and without the use of brilliant green as a visualizing reagent. Spectrodensitograms of salicylanilide, with and without the use of brilliant green, on the particular chromatographic sorbents were presented. The limit of detection (detectability), detection index, broadening index, modified contrast index, densitometric visualizing index, and linearity range were used to evaluate the visualizing effects of salicylanilide. It was stated that the proposed new parameter within work, namely the densitometric visualizing index, is the objective parameter describing the visualizing effect of detected salicylanilide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]