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Melanagromyza sojae Zehntner (Hemiptera: Agromyzidae) is known as a pest of several leguminous plants, especially Glycine max, soybean, in several countries worldwide. As a result of an alert raised by soybean producers in the province of Adana, which has a large share of soybean production in Turkey, plant samples in which pupae were observed were collected from two soybean fields in Cukurova in the production season in 2018. The samples were kept in the laboratory and the emerging adults were identified morphologically as M. sojae. Observations made in soybean fields in Turkey are presented. A review of the situation for this pest and its control methods are is presented. This is the first report of M. sojae in Turkey. It is therefore recommended to perform a close monitoring of this pest to investigate more in detail the extent of the damage caused by this pest in soybean crops in Turkey, to identify its variety preferences, other other hosts, natural enemies and control methods to be used.

The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae) for the EU. L. sativae (the cabbage or vegetable leaf miner; EPPO code: LIRISA) is a polyphagous pest native to the Americas which has spread to Africa, Asia and Oceania. L. sativae can have multiple overlapping generations per year. Eggs are inserted in the leaves of host plants. Three larval instars, which feed internally on field vegetables (leaves and stems), follow. Then, the larva jumps into the soil where a fourth larval instar occurs immediately before pupation, which takes place in the soil. L. sativae is regulated in the EU by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 (Annex IIA). Within this Regulation, import of soil or growing medium as such or attached to plants for planting from third countries other than Switzerland is regulated. Therefore, entry of L. sativae pupae is prevented. However, immature stages on plants for planting (excluding seeds) and fresh leafy hosts for consumption, cut branches, flowers and fruit with foliage provide potential pathways for entry into the EU. L. sativae has been repeatedly intercepted in the EU, especially in basil (Ocimum spp.). Climatic conditions and the wide availability of host plants provide conditions to support establishment in the EU, both in open fields and greenhouses. Impacts on field vegetables and ornamentals as well as hosts in greenhouses would be possible. Phytosanitary measures are available to reduce the likelihood of entry. L. sativae satisfies the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for it to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest. Although human‐assisted movement of vegetables is considered the main spread way for L. sativae, this agromyzid does not meet the criterion of occurring in the EU for it to be regarded as a potential Union regulated non‐quarantine pest.

Chickpea leaf miner (Liriomyza cicerina Rond.) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is a distinctive, important insect pest of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) that can cause substantial yield losses if it is not adequately controlled. Host plant resistance to leaf miner is one of the best control options in sustainable farming. Since there are insufficient resistant sources in cultivated chickpea, an accession (AWC 612) of C. reticulatum Ladiz., crossable with cultivated chickpea, was subjected to 200, 300, and 400 Gy gamma rays to increase variation through mutating, and the mutant germplasm line AWC 612M (Reg. No. GP-305, PI 688421), with a multipinnate leaf type, was developed and selected in the M-3. AWC 612M was selected for its resistance against leaf miner under natural epidemic conditions in the field for 10 yr from 2007 to 2016. AWC 612M was free from damage, while the susceptible chickpea line ILC 3397 had numerous mines in >91% of leaflets and leaf drop >31%. AWC 612M, derived from C. reticulatum, which is compatible with the cultivated chickpea, represents a new source for breeding programs of resistance to leaf miner.

BACKGROUND American serpentine leafminer (ASL), Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), are a significant pest of greenhouse ornamental crops and females damage leaf tissue with their ovipositor during feeding and oviposition. The sterile insect technique has been advocated as a non-chemical alternative to currently available control methods. In area-wide sterile insect release programs, males act as true vectors of sterility. Females should be eliminated from a cohort of pupae prior to irradiation to maximize production economics and sterility spread. The aim of this research was to develop a mechanical sexing system based on pupal size to decrease the proportion of ASL females. RESULTS Cumulative frequency distributions were used to examine significant differences in male and female pupal length, dorsal and lateral width distributions. Optimum size cut-off points based on the largest differences in distribution curves were used to determine dimensions of three different sieve designs. Sieve pores measuring 1.543 mm by 0.765 mm excluded 76% of female pupae and doubled the proportion of males in the throughput sample. CONCLUSION Pupal sexual dimorphisms identified in this research can be used to design a sieve to aid in reducing the proportion of females prior to irradiation thus improving the efficacy of an area-wide sterile insect release program.

Leafminer flies are phytophagous and cosmopolitan pests. Leafminer fly outbreaks and damage to cultivated plants have steadily increased in several regions in the world. In the present study, we report host range, geographical distribution, Wolbachia infection and mitochondrial strains of leafminer fly species from eastern Brazil. Four leaf miner fly species were identified using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I DNA barcoding. Liriomyza sativae is the main pest as a result of its high polyphagy and wide distribution. Liriomyza brassicae, Liriomyza huidobrensis and Calycomyza malvae are important in Brassicaceae, Curcubitaceae and Malvaceae crops, respectively. There is no relationship among host range, geographical distribution and mitochondrial strains of leafminer fly species. We did not find Wolbachia infection in any of the specimens collected. Phylogeographical analyses suggests that there are four strains of L. sativae in the world, one of which is endemic from Brazil. The lack of shared haplotypes between Brazilian specimens and those from other world regions indicates the absence of recent gene flow of leafminer flies from Brazil with specimens from Americas and Old world. The exception is L. brassicae, which exhibits one haplotype shared among Brazil, Philippines and Sri Lanka. The host range identification and geographical isolation of leafminer fly species from Brazil comprise useful information for quarantine and pest management purposes.

Evolutionary radiations have been well documented in plants and insects, and natural selection may often underly these radiations. If radiations are adaptive, the diversity of species could be due to ecological speciation in these lineages. Agromyzid flies exhibit patterns of repeated host-associated radiations. We investigated whether host-associated population divergence and evidence of divergent selection exist in the leaf miner Phytomyza glabricola on its sympatric host plants, the holly species, Ilex coriacea and I. glabra. Using AFLPs and nuclear sequence data, we found substantial genetic divergence between host-associated populations of these flies throughout their geographic range. Genome scans using the AFLP data identified 13 loci under divergent selection, consistent with processes of ecological speciation. EF-1α data suggest that I. glabra is the original host of P. glabricola and that I. coriacea is the novel host, but the AFLP data are ambiguous with regard to directionality of the host shift.

Rapid and precise identification of immature stages of leafminers of the genus Liriomyza Mik associated with imported fresh produce is essential to ensure appropriate biosecurity decisions at the border, in quarantine and post border. The leafminers Liriomyza huidobrensis, Liriomyza sativae and Liriomyza trifolii are not present in New Zealand and classified as regulated pests when detected at New Zealand's border. To assist rapid species identification of the immature stages of interceptions, a multiplex real-time TaqMan PCR assay was developed to identify these three species simultaneously in a single test. Species-specific primers and probes were designed by amplifying the mitochondrial COI gene of each targeting species, respectively. The multiplex real-time PCR assay demonstrated high specificity for all three target species and the assay detected DNA quantities as low as 0.1 pg for all species. Linear responses and high correlation coefficients between the amount of DNA and Cq values for each species were also achieved. Therefore, the assay demonstrated its sensitivity and reliability for the identification of these three invasive Liriomyza species.

1. Based on the slow-growth high-mortality (SGHM) hypothesis, which predicts that prolonged larval development increases mortality from their natural enemies, studies have often assumed that low quality of plants that slows larval development would function as a defence against insect herbivores. However, empirical support for the SGHM hypothesis has been limited, especially in natural and ecologically relevant contexts. 2. In a leafminer Amauromyza flavifrons Meigen (Agromyzidae, Diptera), the SGHM hypothesis was tested along with four other hypotheses (e.g. prey size, mine appearance, density-dependent parasitism, and plant quality hypotheses) to control for spurious associations between development time and parasitism that are primarily driven by other larval traits. Two host plant species, Saponaria officinalis and Silene latifolia, were grown under varying nitrogen levels, and leafminers developing on these plants were exposed to, or protected from, a natural assembly of parasitoids across the entire course of larval development. 3. On both host plant species, leafminers that survived to an adult stage in the presence of parasitoids had a shorter development time than those in the absence of parasitoids, indicating that parasitoids disproportionately kill leafminers with longer larval development. The results provided concrete evidence for the SGHM hypothesis within the natural ecological context for these interacting species. Moreover, reduced plant quality was associated with higher larval mortality on Sa. officinalis only in the presence of parasitoids, suggesting that low quality could function as indirect plant resistance via SGHM under some tri-trophic interactions.

Abamectin resistance was selected in the vegetable leafminer, Liriomyza sativae (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) under laboratory conditions, and cross-resistance patterns and possible resistance mechanisms in the abamectin-resistant strains (AL-R, AF-R) were investigated. Compared with the susceptible strain (SS), strain AL-R displayed 39-fold resistance to abamectin after 20 selection cycles during 25 generations, and strain AF-R exhibited 59-fold resistance to abamectin after 16 selection cycles during 22 generations. No cross-resistance to cyromazine was found in both abamectin-resistant strains. However, we failed to select for cyromazine resistance in L. sativae under laboratory conditions by conducting 17 selection cycles during 22 generations. However, moderate levels of cross-resistance to abamectin (6-9 fold) were observed in strains which received cyromazine treatments. Biochemical analysis showed that glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in both abamectin-resistant strains (AL-R, AF-R) was significantly higher than in the susceptible strain (SS), suggesting metabolically driven resistance to abamectinin L. sativae. Recommendations of mixtures or rotation of cyromazine and abamectin should be considered carefully, as consecutive cyromazine treatments may select for low-level cross-resistance to abamectin.

Herbivorous insects use highly specific volatiles or blends of volatiles characteristic to particular plant species to locate their host plants. Thus, data on olfactory preferences can be valuable in developing integrated pest management tools that deal with manipulation of pest insect behaviour. We examined host plant odour preferences of the tomato leafminer, Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), which is an economically important agricultural pest widespread throughout Europe. The odour preferences of leafminers were tested in dependence of feeding experiences. We ranked host plant odours by their appeal to L. bryoniae based on two-choice tests using a Y-tube olfactometer with five host plants: tomato, Solanum lycopersicum Mill.; bittersweet, Solanum dulcamara L.; downy ground-cherry, Physalis pubescens L. (all Solanaceae); white goosefoot, Chenopodium album L. (Chenopodiaceae); and dead nettle, Lamium album L. (Lamiaceae). The results imply that ranking of host plant odours by their attractiveness to L. bryoniae is complicated due to the influence of larval and adult feeding experiences. Without any feeding experience as an adult, L. bryoniae males showed a preference for the airflow with host plant odour vs. pure air, whereas females did not display a preference. Further tests revealed that adult feeding experience can alter the odour choice of L. bryoniae females. After feeding experience, females showed a preference for host plant odour vs. pure air. Feeding experience in the larval stage influenced the choice by adults of both sexes: for males as well as females reared on bittersweet the odour of that plant was the most attractive. Thus, host feeding experience both in larval and/or adult stage of polyphagous tomato leafminer L. bryoniae influences host plant odour preference by adults.

Leafminer flies, especially, Liriomyza huidobrensis, Liriomyza sativae and Liriomyza trifolii, are quarantine species in many countries. Their morphological similarity makes identification difficult. To develop a rapid, reliable, sensitive and simple molecular identification method using multiplex PCR, we newly sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) genes of Liriomyza bryoniae, Liriomyza chinensis, L. huidobrensis, L. sativae, L. trifolii, Chromatomyia horticola and four parasitoid species. We aligned them with all the COI sequences of the leafminer flies found in the international DNA nucleotide sequence databases (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank). We then designed species-specific primers to allow us to differentiate between L. bryoniae, L. chinensis, L. huidobrensis, L. sativae, and L. trifolii.

Production of asparagus (Asparagus offi cinalis L.) is globally constrained by the "early decline" syndrome. The primary causal agents of early decline include Fusarium proliferatum (Matsu- shima) Nirenberg, F. oxysporum Wollenw. f. sp. asparagi S.I. Cohen, and F. subglutinans Wol- lenw. & Reinking. These pathogens together contribute to Fusarium crown and root rot (FCRR). Damage to asparagus stems, especially by the asparagus miner (Ophiomyia simplex Loew (Diptera: Agromyzidae)), has been associ- ated with and shown to exacerbate FCRR. This review synthesizes the current information on this tripartite interaction, describes manage- ment strategies and their ef! cacy, and high- lights needed research. Opportunities for future control of the asparagus miner and associated FCRR are presented. Research areas of interest include investigating the role of semiochemicals in the asparagus miner-Fusarium spp. interac- tion, identifying effective biological controls for the asparagus miner, and determining source populations of asparagus miner in new aspara- gus plantings.

Body size of herbivorous insects may be directly related to host plant characteristics (e.g. nutrition, chemical composition) and positively linked to performance of the herbivore and its parasitoids. Differences in adult body size of Liriomyza huidobrensis, L. sativae and L. trifolii reared on Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vicia faba and Solanum lycopersicum were assessed to determine the effect of host plants on adult size. Furthermore, morphometric wing and hind tibia measurements were used to determine suitability as proxy measures for adult size. Based on canonical and linear discriminant analyses, two distinct Liriomyza morphospecies groups were recognized across all plant species. The first cluster represented L. huidobrensis and the second L. sativae and L. trifolii. The overall degree of correct classification of the three species across all plants tested (correct observation) with cross validation was estimated at 85%. Liriomyza huidobrensis, the largest species, showed no differences in the variables measured when reared on the four plant species. However, different plant species seem to influence wing and hind tibia measurements in L. trifolii to a greater extent than in L. huidobrensis and L. sativae. The first two canonical variates could not separate the populations of L. huidobrensis and L. sativae reared on different plant species, but showed separation of L. trifolii populations into two clusters: firstly, insects reared on V. faba and secondly, insects reared on P. vulgaris and S. lycopersicum. Hind tibia length strongly correlated with wing length. Both can be used to determine adult size of the three Liriomyza species. This study provides some new evidence for the existence of differential preferences by Liriomyza species for the four host plant species. This, therefore, warrants larger scale field studies to test for positive preference-performance of Liriomyza species on these plant species and to determine possible consequences at the third tritrophic level.

Abiotic and biotic factors that change with altitude can influence the distribution of herbivorous insects. We examined factors influencing the distribution of the generalist leafminers Liriomyza sativae Blanchard and Liriomyza huidobrensis Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae), two pests of agricultural crops, in the tropical Dieng mountainous area of Central Java, Indonesia. Liriomyza huidobrensis predominated at altitudes above 700 m a.s.l. and was the only species collected above 1 400 m a.s.l. In contrast, L. sativae predominated below 600 m a.s.l. and was not found above 1 200 m where the average temperature was 20.7 °C. Parasitoid diversity decreased with altitude, but parasitism did not change. The distribution of neither species was affected by parasitoids; L. huidobrensis predominant at high altitudes was preferred by Opius parasitoids common at these altitudes. Intra- and interspecific competition was detected in laboratory experiments where larval density was high, but led to coexistence rather than species displacement. No competition was detected in a field experiment when larval density was low. However, L. sativae failed to reproduce at the highest altitude, whereas L. huidobrensis established at all altitudes. Host composition varied with altitude and one host (faba beans) preferred by L. huidobrensis was common at high altitudes. By relating published data on the performance of the leafminer species to altitudinal temperature changes, we were partly successful in predicting the altitude at which the dominant species switched. Temperature plays an overriding influence on the altitudinal distribution of leafminers.

The infestation of pea crop by Phytomyza atricornis in Kanpur was found to be highest (70,5 %) on March and minimum (4 %) on December. The number of larvae varied from 14 (December) to 169 (March) per 200 leaves. Females deposite 290–353 eggs inside the leaf tissue in direct contact with the cell-sap of the leaf. The egg period varied from 2 to 4, the larval period from 3 to 6 days. There are 4–5 generations in a year. Mixtures of insecticides with fertilizers (Cytrolane + Monocrotophos; Phorate + Endosulphan) showed good results in controlling the pest. Zusammenfassung Zur Bionomie und Bekampfung der Erbsenblattminierfliege Phytomyza atricornis Meig. Der Befall der Erbsen durch P. atricornis in Kanpur war am starksten im Marz (70,5 %) und am geringsten im Dezember (4 %). Die Zahl der Larven pro 200 Blatter variierte zwischen 14 (Dez.) und 169 (Marz). Die ♀♀ legten 290–353 Eier in die Blattspreite ab, wo sie sich in unmittelbarem Kontakt mit dem Zellsaft befinden. Die Eizeit dauerte 2–4, die Larvenzeit 3–6 Tage. 4–5 Generationen wurden jahrlich beobachtet. Mischungen von Insektiziden mit Dungemitteln, insbesondere Cytrolan + Monocrotophos und Phorat + Endosulphan, zeigten gute Ergebnisse als Bekampfungsmittel.

The lesser alfalfa blotch leafminer, Agromyza nana is reported from Hungary as a pest of alfalfa and red clover for the first time. Contrarily to the high percentage of abundance values of mines, only insignificant damage is calculated and manifested in the reduction of leaf surface or biomass. The observed frequency distribution of the mines fits well the Poisson distribution, which reflects a random pattern of egg-laying. The distribution of the eggs in the plot is indicative of a possible invasion from nearby alfalfa fields as source of damage on the given plot. Zusammenfassung Beitrage zur Biologie von Agromyza nana Meigen (Dipt., Agromyzidae) in Ungarn Es wurden die von Agromyza nana verursachten Schaden an Luzerne und Rotklee betrachtet, um die Aufmerksamkeit auf diese Fliege als speziellen Luzerneschadling zu lenken. Das Prozent der infizierten Sprosse ist fur eine Schatzung des Schadens nicht verwendbar. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, das 20–25% Sprosbefall (500, gelegentlich 700/m2) nur 0,1% Blatt- und 0,05% Grunmassenverlust bei Luzerne sowie 0,3% Blatt- und 0,1% Grunmassenverlust bei Rotklee nach sich zogen. Die Eiablage des Agromyza nana-Weibchens erfolgt zufallsmasig auf geeigneten Blattern, so das bei gleichmasig verteiltem Pflanzenbestand die Eier gleichmasig verteilt sind. Es besteht kein Grund, die Existenz von spurmarkierenden Pheromonen anzunehmen. Im vorliegenden Fall kann als bewiesen gelten, das auf den Parzellen der Schaden hauptsachlich oder ausschlieslich von ausen, d. h. von Fliegenpopulationen anderer Luzerneparzellen verursacht wurde. Es ist wahrscheinlich, das bei der Regulation der Agromyza nana-Populationen die Parasiten eine entscheidende Rolle spielen.

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt die Oppiinae als Parasiten verschiedener Dipteren-Arten, insbesondere der Familie Agromyzidae. Folgende Arten werden neu beschrieben: Diachasma silenis, Opius agromyzicola, O. amarellae, O. apfelbeckianus, O. bruscaeanus, O. caprifolii, O. minusculae, O. scaptomyzae, O. soenderupianus, O. woerziphagus. 53 weitere Arten werden mit ihren Wirten, Wirtspflanzen, Schlupfdatum, Standort und geographischer Verbreitung zusammengestellt. Von 12 Arten werden Wirte erstmals nachgewiesen. Summary The present paper deals with the Opiinae-parasites of various dipterous hosts most of them belonging to the family Agromyzidae. The following species are described as new: Diachasma silenis, Opius agromyzicola, O. amarellae, O. apfelbeckianus, O. bruscaeanus, O. caprifolii, O. minusculae, O. scaptomyzae, O. soenderupianus, O. woerziphagus. The special datas are given, and the taxonomic position is discussed. 53 further Opiinae are recorded with their hosts, host plants, dates of emerging, localities and geographical distribution. Hosts of 12 species are referred to the first time.

The efficacy of thiodan at different concentrations, ranging from 0.5 to 0.001 %, was studied against the pupae and flies of Phytomyza atricornis Meigen under laboratory conditions at 27 ± 1°C temperature and 75 ± 5 % relative humidity. At higher concentrations, most of the pupae died in the first two days and the emergence of adults was comparatively late, while at low concentrations the adults emerged in the first 2 to 3 days and the pupal death occurred in the last days of the observation period. At concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 0.01 %, the pupal and adult mortality ranged between 80 to 33 %, and 100 to 68 %, respectively. The other concentrations were less effective. Zusammenfassung Wirkung verschiedener Konzentrationen von Thiodan auf Puppen und Fliegen von Phytomyza atricornis Meigen (Diptera, Agromyzidae) Die Wirkung von Thiodan in Konzentrationen von 0,5 bis 0,001 % wurde unter Labor-bedingungen bei 27 ± 1°C Temperatur und 75 ± 5 % Luftfeuchte gegen Puppen und Fliegen von Phytomyza atricornis Meigen gepruft. Bei den hoheren Konzentrationen starben die Puppen meistens in den ersten zwei Tagen und die Adulten schlupften spater, wahrend bei niedrigeren Konzentrationen die Adulten in den ersten 2 bis 3 Tagen schlupften und die Puppen spater starben. Die Mortalitat der Puppen bzw. Adulten bei 0,25- bis 0,01%igen Konzentrationen betrug zwischen 80 und 35% bzw. 100 und 68%. Andere Konzentrationen zeigten kaum Effekt.

Biology and ecology of the Agromyzidae (Diptera) on Lonicera and Symphoricarpos (Caprifoliaceae) The biology of leaf mining Agromyzidae living on Lonicera periclymenum L., Lonicera xylosteum L. and Symphoricarpos rivularis Suksdorf was studied in the surroundings of Kiel (Schleswig-Holstein, FRG). An identification key is given for the 5 Agromyzid species occurring in the investigation area, Paraphytomyza cornigera Griffiths, P. hendeliana (Hering), P. luteoscutellata (De Meij.), Phytomyza periclymeni De Meij. and P. lonicerae (Rob.-Desv.). Observations were made on the phenology and feeding behaviour of these species, their abundances, host and biotope specificity, as well as temporal and spatial segregation. Ecological segregation is particularly discussed in relation to host-plant chemistry. In P. luteoscutellata, occurring in high densities, intraspecific competition was observed. When 4 or more larvae mined the same leaf, a reduction of feeding time and premature pupation was obvious. Further, density dependent parasitism was found to regulate larval mortality in P. luteoscutellata. 13 parasitic Hymenoptera species of the families Braconidae and Eulophidae were reared from the 5 Agromyzid hosts investigated. Zusammenfassung In der Umgebung von Kiel (Schleswig-Holstein, BRD) wurden die an Lonicera periclymenum L., Lonicera xylosteum L. und Symphoricarpos rivularis Suksdorf lebenden, blattminierenden Agromyziden untersucht. Fur die 5 vorgefundenen Arten Parapyhtomyza cornigera Griffiths, P. hendeliana (Hering), P. luteoscutellata (De Meij.), Phytomyza periclymeni De Meij. und P. lonicerae (Rob.-Desv.) wird ein Bestimmungsschlussel gegeben. Es werden Beobachtungen uber Phanologie und Frasverhalten dieser Arten, ihre Haufigkeiten, Wirts- und Standortspezifitat sowie zeitliche und raumliche Einnischung wiedergegeben. Die Einnischung wird besonders im Zusammenhang mit dem Chemismus der Wirtspflanze diskutiert. Bei P. luteoscutellata, die in hohen Dichten vorkam, wurde intraspezifische Konkurrenz festgestellt. Minierten 4 oder mehr Larven gleichzeitig in einem Blatt, reagierten sie mit einer Verkurzung der Frasdauer und mit vorzeitiger Verpuppung. Als weiterer Faktor, der die Mortalitat von P. luteoscutellata beeinfluste, konnte eine dichteabhangige Parasitierung beobachtet werden. Aus den Agromyziden wurden 13 parasitische Hymenopteren-Arten aus den Familien Braconidae und Eulophidae gezogen.

A method to determine the presence of Napomyza carotae sp. n. in the field, by means of characteristic “feeding marks” produced by the female flies on the carrot leaves, is suggested. This method was used to forecast damage by the pest and to determine the appropriate time for treatment. A high level of control was achieved by a single spray of 0.2% dimethoate at 2000 1/ha, applied 2 to 3 weeks after the appearence of the feeding marks in the field. Zusammenfassung Vorhersage des (lurch die Mohrenminierfliege Napomyza carotae sp. n. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) zu erwartenden Schadens und Bestimmung des gunstigsten Bekampfungstermins Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit und fruhere Beobachtungen, ausgefuhrt an der Landesanstalt fur Pflanzenschutz Stuttgart, zeigten, das die Mohrenminierfliege Napomyza carotae sp. n. ein Pflanzenschutzproblcm zunchmender Wichtigkeit in Nordwurttemberg geworden ist. Dagegen verursachte die bekannte Mohrenfliege Psila rosae L. wahrend dieser Untersuchungen keine Schaden an Mohren. Der Befallsgrad von N. carotae variiert stark von Jahr zu Jahr und von Feld zu Feld. Um unnotige prophylaktische Insektizidbehandlungen vermeiden zu konnen, braucht man ein zuverlassiges “Warnsystem”. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden die von den Weibchen der Mohrenminierfliege verursachten charakteristischen Saugstellen an den Mohrenblattern (Fig. 1) als brauchbare Merkmale fur das Vorhandensein des Schadlings ermittelt. Die Fliegen verursachen bei starkem Auftreten viele solcher Saugstellen, die mit etwas Ubung leicht zu erkennen sind. 1969 und 1970 waren die ersten Saugstellen in der zweiten Juniwoche festzustellen. Die Zahl der Blatter mit Saugstellen stieg schnell an und erreichte wahrend der 3. und 4. Juniwoche ihren Hohepunkt (Fig. 2). Die Anzahl der Saugstellen gibt einen Hinweis auf den zu erwartenden Befallsgrad und bietet eine einfache Methode zur Bestimmung des richtigen Bekampfungstermins. Die Resultate dieser Untersuchungen zeigen, das mit einer Spritzung mit 0,2% Dimethoate bei 2000 l/ha, durchgefuhrt 2 bis 3 Wochen nach dem ersten Auftreten der Saugstellen im Feld, ein sehr guter Bekampfungserfolg erreicht werden kann. Zwei Spritzungen mit dem gleichen Mittel, die erste ca. eine Woche nach dem ersten Auftreten der Saugstellen, die zweite 10 bis 14 Tage spater durchgefuhrt, ergaben einen 100%igen Erfolg (Tabelle). Das Spritzverfahren hat bei der Bekampfung dieses Schadlings gegenuber dem konventionellen Gies-Verfahren viele Vorteile. Auser der bedeutenden Einsparung an Mitteln braucht das Spritzverfahren weniger Wasser und spart Arbeit und Kosten. Eine Gies-Behandlung mit 0,1% Dimethoate erfordert 16, 5 l Mittel und 16 500 l Wasser je ha, wahrend eine Spritzung mit 0,2 % Dimethoate nur 4 l Mittel und 2000 l Wasser je ha benotigt. Die Wartezeit, die beim Gies-Verfahren 60 Tage betragt, konnte auf Grund der geringeren Wirkstoffmenge beim Spritzverfahren eventuell wesentlich herabgesetzt werden. Zur Einfuhrung einer Technik, die die Saugstellen zur Bestimmung der Populationsdichte und zur genaueren Vorhersage der Schaden benutzt, sind weitere Arbeiten erforderlich. Eine solche Technik konnte uns bei der Berechnung der wirtschaftlichen Schadensschwellen und bei der Entscheidung, ob eine Behandlung notig ist, nutzlich sein. Die Verringerung der Pestizid-Anwendungen wird auch die Gefahren der Storung des Okosystems und die der unerwunschten Nebenwirkungen, wie z. B. Vernichtung der naturlichen Feinde, Entwicklung von Resistenz, vermindern und fuhrt zu geringeren Ruckstandsmengen auf dem Erntegut.

This paper deals with the behaviour and biology of Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) a serious pest of Cajanus indicus Spreng, one of the staple pulse crops of Northern India. In addition to brief morphological descriptions of various instars a key for their identification is given. The incubation period has been found to vary between 51.9 to 60.0 hrs. Average duration of the 1st instar was found to be 37.3 hrs, while total larval duration was found to be 142.6 hrs. Pupal duration at controlled conditions (29°C and 86–90% RH) was 186.7 hrs while at normal laboratory conditions it was 224.4 hrs. Copulation was observed between 8.00 am and 4.00 pm, usually a day after emergence while a single pair copulated even after 30 days of emergence. Duration of copulation varied between 45 mts to 2 hrs 55 mts. 40.7% pods were infested during January while 12.2 % of seeds were infested during peak Zusammenfassung Studien zur Morphologie, Lebens- und Verhaltensweise von Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) (Dipt.: Agromyzidae) an Cajanus indicus Spreng Die Arbeit berichtet uber die Samenfliege M. obtusa, einem bedeutenden Schadling der Haupthulsenfrucht Nordindiens, Cajanus indicus. Zunachst werden die auβeren Merkmale der verschiedenen Entwicklungsstadien beschrieben und ein Schlussel zu ihrer Bestimmung gegeben. Die Embryonal-Entwicklung dauerte 52–60 Stunden. Die mittlere Entwicklungsdauer der Erstlarven betrug 37,3 Stunden, die gesamte Larvenzeit 142,6 Stunden. Die Puppe entwickelte sich bei 29° V in 186,7, unter normalen Laborbedingungen erst in 334,8 Stunden. Die Kopulation wurde zwischen 8 und 16 Uhr beobachtet, in der Regel am Tage nach dem Schlupfen. 40,7% der Hulsen waren wahrend des Januars befallen, dagegen nur 12,2% der Samen. Ein gesunder Samen wog i. M. 0,077 g, ein befallener 0,024 g. Der Befall war besonders hoch (63,7%) an schattigen Stellen. Als Parasiten traten uberwiegend Chalcididen mit einer Maximalparasitierung von 20% auf.

In the present study, six Korean Phytomyza species are revised taxonomically. Of these, three species are newly recorded in the Korean fauna: P. angelicae kibunensis, P. arnaudi and P. sedicola. A key to the Korean species, host plants and distributional data for each species are given. The detailed redescriptions and illustrations with their diagnostic characters are also provided.

Phytomyza Fallen is the largest genus of leaf-mining flies (Agromyzidae), with over 530 described species. Species of the superficially similar genus Chromatomyia Hardy have been included in Phytomyza by some authors and the status of the genus remains uncertain. Using 3076 bp of DNA sequence from three genes [cytochrome oxidase I (COI), CAD (rudimentary), phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD)] and 113 exemplar species, we identified and tested the monophyly of host-associated species groups in Phytomyza and Chromatomyia and investigated the phylogenetic relationships among these groups. Chromatomyia is polyphyletic and nested largely within Phytomyza; two small groups of species, however, are related more closely to Ptochomyza and Napomyza. Therefore, we synonymize Chromatomyiasyn.n., Ptochomyzasyn.n., and Napomyzasyn.n. with Phytomyza, recognizing Ptochomyza, Napomyza and Phytomyza sensu stricto as subgenera of Phytomyza. We recognize five major clades within Phytomyza sensu stricto that comprise the majority of species ascribed previously to Chromatomyia and Phytomyza. Many species groups recognized previously were recovered as monophyletic, or virtually so, but some (e.g. robustella and atomaria groups) required emendation. On the basis of the proposed phylogeny and recent taxonomic literature, we present a preliminary revision of 24 species groups within Phytomyza, but leave many species unplaced. Evolution of internal pupariation (within the host’s tissue), regarded as a defining character of the former Chromatomyia, is discussed with regard to the new phylogeny, and we suggest a correlation with stem or leaf midrib mining. The large size of the Phytomyza lineage and an inferred pattern of host family-specific species radiations make it a promising candidate for the study of macroevolutionary patterns of host shift and diversification in phytophagous insects. The proposed generic synonymies necessitate a number of new combinations. The following 46 species described in Chromatomyia are transferred to Phytomyza: P. actinidiae (Sasakawa) comb.n., P. alopecuri (Griffiths) comb.n., P. arctagrostidis (Griffiths) comb.n., P. beigerae (Griffiths) comb.n., P. blackstoniae (Spencer) comb.n., P. centaurii (Spencer) comb.n., P. chamaemetabola (Griffiths) comb.n., P. cinnae (Griffiths) comb.n., P. compta (Spencer) comb.n., P. cygnicollina (Griffiths) comb.n., P. doolittlei (Spencer) comb.n., P. elgonensis (Spencer) comb.n., P. eriodictyi (Spencer) comb.n., P. flavida (Spencer) comb.n., P. fricki (Griffiths) comb.n., P. furcata (Griffiths) comb.n., P. griffithsiana (Beiger) comb.n., P. hoppiella (Spencer) comb.n., P. ixeridopsis (Griffiths) comb.n., P. kluanensis (Griffiths) comb.n., P. leptargyreae (Griffiths) comb.n., P. linnaeae (Griffiths) comb.n., P. luzulivora (Spencer) comb.n., P. mimuli (Spencer) comb.n., P. mitchelli (Spencer) comb.n., P. montella (Spencer) comb.n., P. nigrilineata (Griffiths) comb.n., P. nigrissima (Spencer) comb.n., P. orbitella (Spencer) comb.n., P. paraciliata (Godfray) comb.n., P. poae (Griffiths) comb.n., P. pseudomilii (Griffiths) comb.n., P. qinghaiensis (Gu) comb.n., P. rhaetica (Griffiths) comb.n., P. scabiosella (Beiger) comb.n., P. seneciophila (Spencer) comb.n., P. shepherdiana (Griffiths) comb.n., P. spenceriana (Griffiths) comb.n., P. styriaca (Griffiths) comb.n., P. subnigra (Spencer) comb.n., P. suikazurae (Sasakawa) comb.n., P. symphoricarpi (Griffiths) comb.n., P. syngenesiae (Hardy) comb.n., P. thermarum (Griffiths) comb.n., P. torrentium (Griffiths) comb.n. and P. tschirnhausi (Griffiths) comb.n. Furthermore, we transfer all species of Napomyza to Phytomyza, resulting in the following new combinations: P. achilleanella (Tschirnhaus) comb.n., P. acutiventris (Zlobin) comb.n., P. angulata (Zlobin) comb.n., P. arcticola (Spencer) comb.n., P. bellidis (Griffiths) comb.n., P. carotae (Spencer) comb.n., P. cichorii (Spencer) comb.n., P. curvipes (Zlobin) comb.n., P. dubia (Zlobin) comb.n., P. filipenduliphila (Zlobin) comb.n., P. flavivertex (Zlobin) comb.n., P. flavohumeralis (Zlobin) comb.n., P. genualis (Zlobin) comb.n., P. grandella (Spencer) comb.n., P. humeralis (Zlobin) comb.n., P. immanis (Spencer) comb.n., P. immerita (Spencer) comb.n., P. inquilina (Kock) comb.n., P. kandybinae (Zlobin) comb.n., P. lacustris (Zlobin) comb.n., P. laterella (Zlobin) comb.n., P. manni (Spencer) comb.n., P. maritima (Tschirnhaus) comb.n., P. merita (Zlobin) comb.n., P. mimula (Spencer) comb.n., P. minuta (Spencer) comb.n., P. montanoides (Spencer) comb.n., P. neglecta (Zlobin) comb.n., P. nigriceps (van der Wulp) comb.n., P. nugax (Spencer) comb.n., P. pallens (Spencer) comb.n., P. paratripolii (Chen & Wang) comb.n., P. plumea (Spencer) comb.n., P. plumigera (Zlobin) comb.n., P. prima (Zlobin) comb.n., P. pubescens (Zlobin) comb.n., P. schusteri (Spencer) comb.n., P. scrophulariae (Spencer) comb.n., P. suda (Spencer) comb.n., P. tanaitica (Zlobin) comb.n., P. tenuifrons (Zlobin) comb.n., P. vivida (Spencer) comb.n., P. xizangensis (Chen & Wang) comb.n. and P. zimini (Zlobin) comb.n.Phytomyza asparagi (Hering) comb.n. and P. asparagivora (Spencer) comb.n. are transferred from Ptochomyza. In Phytomyza ten new names are proposed for secondary homonyms created by generic synonymy: P. echo Winkler nom.n. for P. manni Spencer, 1986; P. californiensis Winkler nom.n. for C. montanaSpencer, 1981; P. griffithsella Winkler nom.n. for C. griffithsi Spencer, 1986; P. vockerothi Winkler nom.n. for C. nigrella Spencer, 1986; P. kerzhneri Winkler nom.n. for N. nigricoxa Zlobin, 1993; P. asteroides Winkler nom.n. for N. tripolii Spencer, 1966; P. minimoides Winkler nom.n. for N. minima Zlobin, 1994; P. nana Winkler nom.n. for N. minutissima Zlobin, 1994; P. ussuriensis Winkler nom.n. for N. mimica Zlobin, 1994 and P. zlobini Winkler nom.n. for N. hirta Zlobin, 1994.

Synopsis The 10 European species of the genus Napomyza s. str. are reviewed, and a key for their separation is included. Four of the species are described as new from material of both sexes.

Herbivorous insects are characterized by a great diversity of host plant associations, yet, the processes driving host range evolution are not fully understood. When herbivores encounter a novel host, local selection pressures are expected to shape traits that mediate plant‐insect interactions. I show that a leafmining fly, Amauromyza flavifrons (Meigen) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), suffers a profound fitness cost by ovipositing on a novel host, Beta vulgaris L. (sugar beet) (Chenopodiaceae). Leafminers from a sugar beet-free population readily oviposit on B. vulgaris leaves, whereas those collected from a population near sugar beet farms discriminate against B. vulgaris . This finding suggests that oviposition specificity in A. flavifrons populations may have evolved in response to the presence of the novel host, and represents the first evidence of host-avoidance evolution in the wild. Because this study compared only one pair of populations and thus lacks replication, future studies will test whether parallel evolution has occurred at B. vulgaris farm locales across North America.

The seasonal occurrence and among-plant and within-plant spatial distribution of the multivoltine leafminer Ophiomyia maura Meigen (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on the herbaceous plant Aster ageratoides Turcz. subsp. ovatus (Asteraceae) were investigated in the field. O. maura has at least four generations a year and mines per leaf fluctuate with a mean of 0.007 throughout the occurrence period. Seasonal occurrence is associated with abundance of new host leaves, suggesting O. maura females prefer to oviposit in newly emerged leaves. The among-plant distribution of O. maura is described by a Poisson distribution early in the season but tends to be weakly clumped later. The within-plant vertical distribution of larval mines increased from middle to upper leaves during plant development, because mined leaves in the middle position early in the season move downward with the emergence of new leaves, shifting mined leaves from the position where O. maura oviposits eggs. Later in the season, mined leaves remain where they are deposited because few new leaves emerge. The spatial distribution of O. maura, resource utilization patterns, and host plant characteristics are discussed.

A total of 117 agromyzid leafminers are known to occur in Turkey, among which Agromyza phylloposthia, Pseudonapomyza pyriformis, Liriomyza cardariae and Phytomyza geminata are described as new to science. A faunistic account of the Agromyzidae in Turkey is given.

Many leaf mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) are important economic pests of agricultural crops and ornamental plants, and species-rich hymenopteran parasitoid complexes are important in their control. Australian agromyzids are poorly studied, and little is known about their host plants, ecology or natural enemies. We surveyed native and naturalised species of leaf mining flies in Tallaganda National Park, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. Malaise and emergence trapping in Tallaganda yielded 70 agromyzid specimens from six species in four genera: Cerodontha Rondani, Liriomyza Mik, Phytoliriomyza Hendel and Phytomyza Fallen. Of the six species collected, three are Australasian species, two are naturalised species introduced from Europe and one could not be determined to species. The Australian Cerodontha (Cerodontha) milleri Spencer represented most of the individuals caught in both Malaise and emergence traps. A total of 163 agromyzid and 98 parasitic wasp specimens were reared from plant samples with agromyzid mines in the Canberra region. Most agromyzids and parasitoids were reared from the weed Sonchus oleraceus L. (Asteraceae). All the agromyzids reared belonged to two introduced species of the genera Phytomyza and Chromatomyia Hardy. The biodiversity of parasitic wasps reared was high with 14 species from seven genera and three families. Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Girault) (Eulophidae), a widespread Old World agromyzid parasitoid, was the most numerous parasitoid reared in our survey.

Leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii Burgess), Diptera Agromyzidae, is one of the insect pests that causes economic damage to castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) foliage. Green leaf type is a common phenotype in castor bean and highly susceptible to leafminer. The rare purple leaf type germplasm accessions showed stable resistance to leafminer. Studies were carried out to understand the inheritance of purple leaf and the associated leafminer resistance. Direct and reciprocal crosses were made between a purple leaf parent RG1930 and a green leaf parent RG2788. RG1930 is resistant to leafminer while RG2788 is susceptible. Reciprocal differences were noted in segregation pattern of purple leaf colour as well as resistance to leafminer. Purple leaf phenotype was obtained only in purple x green (RG1930 x RG2788) cross where the female parent was a purple leaf phenotype. The reciprocal cross green x purple (RG2788 x RG1930) produced only the green leaf phenotype. Uniparental inheritance was observed for purple leaf phenotype and resistance to leafminer in F 1 , F 2 , F 3 and backcross generations. Progenies with a dark purple leaf were resistant to leafminer while those with a green leaf were susceptible. Visual association between a purple leaf and resistance to leafminer and their uniparental inheritance were clearly established. The role of heritable epigenetic effects are discussed in expression of purple pigment in offspring.

Olfactometer and feeding/oviposition preference tests were carried out to study if host plant preference in two agromyzid leafminers, Liriomyza trifolii and Liriomyza huidobrensis, is influenced by pre-imaginal or imaginal experience, and at what level (host plant species, host plant variety or host age). It was found that the choice of host plant species (potato or tomato) and host plant variety had a pre-imaginal component, which could be reinforced (or modified) by an imaginal component. On the other hand, preference for potato leaves of different ages did not appear to be based on either pre-imaginal or imaginal factors, but resulted from differential performance and oviposition preference. The Hopkins’ host selection principle appears to operate in these leafminers at the level of host species, and to some extent at the level of host variety, but not with respect to host age.

Rapidly identifying juvenile individuals of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) from Liriomyza sativae Blanchard is crucial in plant quarantine. We report a molecular method to identify L. trifolii based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). By comparing partial DNA sequences of mitochondrial COI genes of L. trifolii samples collected from Guangdong and Taiwan provinces in China, Japan, Philippine, Israel, Germany, the USA, Mexico and Honduras sequenced by authors, and those of related species recorded in GenBank, a L. trifolii-specific probe was developed. There was no difference in individuals of different stages tested by this probe. The total time for real-time PCR assay system was 2 h, and it would save 3–7 h compared with conventional PCR.

Female ovipositing choices are expected to maximize offspring fitness. Leafminers often lay their eggs in an aggregated fashion, leading to exploitative or interference competition among larvae. However, few studies have explored whether egg distribution patterns vary with leaf availability and whetherthese changes are an attempt to reduce competition effects on offspring fitness. Here, we evaluated the egg distribution patterns of the specialist leafminer Liriomyza commelinae Frost (Diptera: Agromyzidae) for decreasing levels of leaf availability of their host plant Commelina erecta L. (Commelinaceae). Competition effects on insect performance were evaluated at various leaf larval densities in the laboratory and egg distribution was investigated for a wide range of leaf availability levels, both in the laboratory and in the field. Liriomyza commelinae performance indicated that larvae competed forresources (exploitative competition), with a negative impact on survival and adult size at emergence when four or more larvae shared a leaf. The distribution of the immature stages of the leafminer was aggregated in both the laboratory and in the field. As this pattern did not change with leaf availability,increasing levels of larval competition occurred when available leaves were scarce. Moreover, the proportion of total individuals subjected to the strongest competition level (six or more larvae per leaf) increased exponentially at the lower levels of leaf availability. Competition was found to be irrelevantas a selective force in shaping L. commelinae ovipositing decisions, as egg distribution was aggregated and did not vary with leaf availability, leading to relatively strong levels of competition. The egg distribution patterns observed in L. commelinae may have resulted from trade-offs between competition and factors such as enemy-free space and leaf quality. Fil: Aparicio, Maria Lourdes. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba; Argentina Fil: Fenoglio, Maria Silvina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba; Argentina Fil: Videla, Martin. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones Entomológicas de Córdoba; Argentina

Reproduction and population parameters of vegetable leafminer, Liriomyza sativae Blanchard were measured on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) at seven constant temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 o C). No eggs were found at 10 o C and flies died after exposure to 40 o C. The significantly highest intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m ), net reproductive rate (R 0 ) and finite rate of increase (λ) of L. sativae were obtained at 25 o C as 0.196, 52.452, and 1.216, respectively. The above-mentioned parameters decreased at 15 o C and 35 o C and this reduction at 35 o C was strong. Doubling time (DT) varied significantly with temperature. The shortest doubling time was obtained at 25 o C. Mean generation time (T) decreased significantly with increasing temperature between 15 o C and 35 o C. Percentage of immature ages in the stable age distribution was more than 95% at all temperatures. Female longevity was greater than male at all temperatures. Liriomyza sativae lived for a long time at 15 o C, whereas at 35 o C had lower survival rates. The effect of temperature on reproduction, especially the intrinsic rate of increase of L. sativae would be useful for predicting its long- term population fluctuation over several generations.