76 results on '"Nickel base"'
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2. Creep‐fatigue deformation micromechanisms of a directionally solidified nickel‐base superalloy at 850°C
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S. K. Das, Jitendra Kumar Sahu, C D Fernando, Neeta Paulose, and R. K. Rai
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Superalloy ,Cyclic deformation ,Materials science ,Mechanics of Materials ,Mechanical Engineering ,Nickel base ,General Materials Science ,Composite material ,Creep fatigue ,Deformation (meteorology) ,Microstructure - Published
- 2019
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3. Microstructure and creep behavior of a new developed nickel-base single-crystal superalloy
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Liang Xiangfeng, Xu Weitai, Ran Tao, Yu Tao Zhao, Dexin Ma, and Sun Shaochun
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010302 applied physics ,Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Nickel base ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Microstructure ,01 natural sciences ,Creep ,Mechanics of Materials ,0103 physical sciences ,General Materials Science ,0210 nano-technology ,Single crystal superalloy - Published
- 2018
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4. The role of microstructural morphology on creep properties of a [0 0 1] oriented nickel-base single crystal superalloy
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Y. F. Wang, Wang Xiaoxu, and X.M. Wang
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010302 applied physics ,Morphology (linguistics) ,Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Nickel base ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Finite element method ,Creep ,Mechanics of Materials ,0103 physical sciences ,Representative elementary volume ,General Materials Science ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology ,Single crystal superalloy - Published
- 2018
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5. Correlation Between Local Chemical Composition and Formation of Different Types of Ordered Phases in the Polycrystalline Nickel‐Base Superalloy A718Plus
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M. Pröbstle, Daniela Hünert, Mathias Göken, Daniel Hausmann, Steffen Neumeier, Peter Felfer, and Andreas Förner
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Superalloy ,Materials science ,Transmission electron microscopy ,law ,Scanning electron microscope ,Analytical chemistry ,Nickel base ,General Materials Science ,Atom probe ,Crystallite ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Chemical composition ,law.invention - Published
- 2021
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6. Modeling of creep and stress relaxation of the nickel-base alloy NiCr20TiAl at isothermal and non-isothermal loading conditions
- Author
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Matthias Oechsner, Michael Schwienheer, Paul Hahn, and Christian Kontermann
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010302 applied physics ,Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Alloy ,Nickel base ,02 engineering and technology ,engineering.material ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Isothermal process ,Creep ,Mechanics of Materials ,0103 physical sciences ,Stress relaxation ,engineering ,General Materials Science ,Composite material ,0210 nano-technology - Published
- 2017
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7. Analysis of microdamage in a nickel-base alloy during very high cycle fatigue
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Guocai Chai
- Subjects
Materials science ,Misorientation ,Micro damage ,Mechanical Engineering ,fungi ,Alloy ,Metallurgy ,Nickel base ,food and beverages ,Fatigue testing ,02 engineering and technology ,engineering.material ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Microstructure ,020303 mechanical engineering & transports ,0203 mechanical engineering ,Mechanics of Materials ,engineering ,General Materials Science ,Grain boundary ,Dislocation ,0210 nano-technology - Abstract
Fatigue damage in a metallic material during very high cycle fatigue can strongly be correlated to the microstructure. This paper provides a review and a discussion on the micro damage behaviours i ...
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- 2016
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8. Investigation on the Corrosion Behavior of Nickel‐Base Alloys in Molten Chlorides for Sensible Heat Energy Applications
- Author
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Marius Lau, Lennart Schmies, Wolfgang Lippmann, Christian Knosalla, and Antonio Hurtado
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Materials science ,High-temperature corrosion ,Metallurgy ,Concentrated solar power ,Nickel base ,Heat transfer fluid ,General Materials Science ,Sensible heat ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Corrosion behavior ,Energy (signal processing) - Published
- 2020
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9. AES characterization of oxide films formed on nickel-base alloys at Supercritical Water Reactor (SCWR) conditions
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Alberto Sáez-Maderuelo, Dolores Gómez-Briceño, and C. Maffiotte
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6111 aluminium alloy ,Materials science ,020209 energy ,Metallurgy ,Oxide ,Nickel base ,02 engineering and technology ,Surfaces and Interfaces ,General Chemistry ,5005 aluminium alloy ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Shot peening ,Supercritical fluid ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Characterization (materials science) ,Corrosion ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Materials Chemistry - Published
- 2015
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10. Kriechverhalten der Nickelbasislegierung Alloy 602 CA
- Author
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Stefan Linn, Silvia Neubert, Alfred Scholz, and Matthias Oechsner
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Chemistry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Alloy ,Nickel base ,Analytical chemistry ,engineering.material ,Strain rate ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Grain size ,Creep ,Mechanics of Materials ,Creep rate ,Industrial furnace ,engineering ,General Materials Science ,Static loading - Abstract
Bauteile im industriellen Ofen- und Apparatebau sind Temperaturen bis uber 1200 °C sowie mechanischer Beanspruchung und korrosivem Angriff durch die Umgebungsatmosphare ausgesetzt. Um die Eigenschaften der Nickelbasislegierung Alloy 602 CA unter diesen Bedingungen zu beschreiben, wurde das langzeitige Kriechverhalten bei Temperaturen von 800 bis 1200 °C in Kriechversuchen untersucht. Versuche mit Blecherzeugnissen unterschiedlicher Korngrose zeigen eine deutliche Erhohung der Kriechfestigkeit mit zunehmender Korngrose. Bei niedrigen Spannungen wurde eine ungewohnliche Abnahme der Dehnrate im tertiaren Kriechbereich beobachtet. Metallographische Untersuchungen liesen zwei verschiedene Mechanismen erkennen. Bei einem Teil der Proben ist eine Kornvergroberung als Ursache der Dehnratenabnahme anzunehmen. Im anderen Fall wird ein Zusammenhang mit der Oxidation der Kriechrisse im Probeninneren vermutet. Anhand der Versuchsergebnisse wurde eine Modellierung der minimalen Kriechgeschwindigkeit mit Berucksichtigung der Abhangigkeit von Korngrose, Spannung und Temperatur erstellt. Des Weiteren wurde ein korngrosenabhangiger Zeit-Temperatur-Parameter entwickelt, sowie ein Modell zur Berechnung des Kriechkurvenverlaufs. Trotz der Vielzahl der berucksichtigten Einflussgrosen wird bei der Nachrechnung von Versuchsergebnissen eine gute Genauigkeit der Modelle erreicht. Components used in industrial furnace and apparatus engineering are exposed to temperatures up to 1200 °C to mechanical, mostly static loading and to corrosive action caused by the ambient atmosphere. To characterize the properties of the nickel base alloy 602 CA under these conditions, the long-term creep behavior at temperatures from 800 to 1200 °C has been investigated in creep experiments. Tests on sheet metal material with different grain sizes show a considerable increase of creep strength with increasing grain size. At low stresses an abnormal reduction of the creep rate in the tertiary creep stage has been observed. Metallographic investigations have revealed two different mechanisms at work in these cases. In some, the strain rate reduction was attributed to grain coarsening. In others, a correlation with the oxidation of creep cracks is assumed. On the basis of the experimental results, a modeling of the minimum creep rate taking into account grain size, stress and temperature dependency, has been generated. Furthermore, a grain size dependent time-temperature parameter as well as a model for the calculation of creep curves has been developed. Despite the large number of influencing variables considered, a high level of precision of the models in the verification recalculation of experimental results has been achieved.
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- 2015
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11. Influence of microstructure on macroscopic elastic properties and thermal expansion of nickel-base superalloys ERBO/1 and LEK94
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Kathrin Demtröder, Gunther Eggeler, and Jürgen Schreuer
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Superalloy ,Mechanics of Materials ,Chemistry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Nickel base ,Mechanical engineering ,Thermodynamics ,General Materials Science ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Microstructure ,Thermal expansion - Abstract
In the present work the thermal expansion and the elastic properties of second generation nickel-base superalloy single crystals ERBO/1 (CMSX-4 variation) and LEK94 have been studied between about 100 K and 1273 K using dilatometry and resonant ultrasound spectroscopy, respectively. Inhomogeneity related to the large scale microstructure of the samples can act as a potential source of scatter for the propagation of ultrasonic waves. This can be overcome by choosing samples of sufficient size so that they appear as homogeneous media at the scale of the elastic wave length. Our final results are in good agreement with data reported in literature for similar alloy systems. In particular, the elastic material properties are only weekly affected by moderate variations in chemical composition and microstructure. Taking into account literature data for other superalloys like CMSX-4, we derive general polynomial functions which describe the temperature dependence of the elastic moduli E〈100〉, E〈110〉 and E〈111〉 in nickel-base superalloys to within about ±3%. It was also observed that the alloys ERBO/1 and LEK94 show weak but significant anomalies in both thermal expansion and temperature coefficients of elastic constants above about 900 K. These anomalies are probably related to the gradual dissolution of the γ′-precipitates at higher temperatures. Mit Hilfe der Dilatometrie und der Ultraschallresonanzspektroskopie wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit die thermische Ausdehnung und die elastischen Eigenschaften der einkristallinen Superlegierungen ERBO/1 (CMSX-4 Variante) und LEK94 zwischen ca. 100 K und 1273 K untersucht. Dabei konnen Inhomogenitaten aufgrund der dendritischen Mikrostruktur die Anwendung von Ultraschallmethoden erheblich beeintrachtigen. Dies lasst sich durch den Einsatz hinreichend groser Praparate, die auf der Skala der elastischen Wellenlange homogen erscheinen, vermeiden. Insgesamt befinden sich unsere Ergebnisse in guter Ubereinstimmung mit Resultaten, welche fur ahnliche Superlegierungen in der Literatur berichtet wurden. Die elastischen Eigenschaften der Superlegierungen werden von moderaten Variationen der chemischen Zusammensetzung und der Mikrostruktur nur wenig beeinflusst. Unter Einbeziehung von Daten aus der Literatur haben wir die Temperaturabhangigkeit der elastischen Module E〈100〉, E〈110〉 und E〈111〉 durch fur alle Nickelbasis-Superlegierungen gultige Polynome angenahert. Mit deren Hilfe lassen sich die elastischen Module als Funktion der Temperatur unabhangig von der Zusammensetzung mit einer Genauigkeit von ca. ±3 % abschatzen. Daruber hinaus zeigen die Legierungen ERBO/1 und LEK94 jedoch schwache aber signifikante Anomalien im Verlauf der thermischen Dehnung und der elastischen Konstanten bei Temperaturen oberhalb ca. 900 K. Diese stehen wahrscheinlich im Zusammenhang mit der allmahlichen Auflosung der γ′-Ausscheidungskorper bei hoheren Temperaturen.
- Published
- 2015
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12. Experimental investigation and life prediction of hot corrosion pre-exposure on low-cycle fatigue of a directionally solidified nickel-base superalloy
- Author
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Ji-Shen Yang, Duo Qi Shi, Xiaoguang Yang, L. Q. Ma, Hongyu Qi, and Shaolin Li
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Superalloy ,Materials science ,Continuum damage mechanics ,Mechanics of Materials ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Alloy ,Nickel base ,engineering ,General Materials Science ,Low-cycle fatigue ,engineering.material ,Corrosion - Abstract
Low-cycle fatigue tests were conducted on the directionally solidified nickel-base super- alloy DZ125 at 850°C in the unexposed and exposed specimens for 2, 15, 25 and 50h in hot corrosion environment. The pre-exposed specimen exhibited a lower life than unex- posed specimens. Fatigue cracks in the unexposed specimens are initiated from defects near the surface, while the cracks of exposed specimens preferentially occur on the sur- face. Hot corrosion damage in fatigue life was found to be associated with the reduction of the bearing area. A novel life prediction methodology based on continuum damage mechanics was proposed to predict the experimentally observed decrease in low-cycle fa- tigue life with increasing prior exposure time.
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- 2015
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13. Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steels and Nickel‐Base Alloys in Supercritical Water and Novel Control Methods
- Author
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Lizhen Tan, Ying Yang, and Todd R. Allen
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Austenite ,Materials science ,Alloy ,Metallurgy ,engineering ,Nickel base ,Intergranular corrosion ,engineering.material ,Exfoliation joint ,Control methods ,Supercritical fluid ,Corrosion - Abstract
This chapter contains sections titled: (1) Introduction; (2) Thermodynamics of Alloy Oxidation; (3) Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steels and Ni-Base Alloys in SCW; (4) Novel Corrosion Control Methods; (5) Factors Influencing Corrosion; (6) Summary; and (7) References.
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- 2011
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14. Joining Strategies for Open Porous Metallic Foams on Iron and Nickel Base Materials
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Damian Piontek, Stefanie Angel, Wolfgang Bleck, Stefan Longerich, Peter Ohse, Ulrich Dilthey, and Alexander Harms
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Materials science ,Metallurgy ,Nickel base ,Laser beam welding ,Metal foam ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Metal ,Transition metal ,visual_art ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,General Materials Science ,Nickel alloy ,Porosity ,Tensile testing - Published
- 2007
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15. Quantitative or semi-quantitative?–laboratory-based WD-XRF versus portable ED-XRF spectrometer: results obtained from measurements on nickel-base alloys
- Author
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Peter Lienemann and Christoph N. Zwicky
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Matrix (chemical analysis) ,Certified reference materials ,Optics ,Spectrometer ,business.industry ,Chemistry ,Energy dispersion ,Nickel base ,Analytical procedures ,Spectral resolution ,business ,Semi quantitative ,Spectroscopy - Abstract
'Semi-quantitative' analytical procedures are becoming more and more popular. Using such procedures, the question of the accuracy of results arises. The accuracy of an analytical procedure depends to a great extent on spectral resolution, counting statistics and matrix correction. Two 'semi-quantitative' procedures are compared with a quantitative analytical program. Using a laboratory-based wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) spectrometer and a portable energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometer, 28 different nickel-base alloy Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) were analyzed. Line interferences and inaccurate matrix correction are reasons for deviations from the reference value. As the comparison shows, 'semi-quantitative' analyses on the WD-XRF spectrometer can be accepted as quantitative determinations. The investigations show that the results obtained with the portable ED-XRF spectrometer do not meet the quality requirements of laboratory analysis, but they are good enough for field investigations.
- Published
- 2004
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16. Behavior of Ni-base alloy 625 in methanol-supercritical water systems
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Nikolaos Boukis, Eckhard Dinjus, G. Franz, and Wilhelm Habicht
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chemistry.chemical_classification ,Reaction conditions ,Base (chemistry) ,Hydrogen ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Alloy ,Metals and Alloys ,Nickel base ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Medicine ,engineering.material ,Supercritical fluid ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Catalysis ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,chemistry ,Mechanics of Materials ,Materials Chemistry ,engineering ,Environmental Chemistry ,Methanol ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Methanol reacts with water under supercritical conditions to form a hydrogen rich gas. This reforming reaction can be performed without the addition of a catalyst. Typical reaction conditions are 25 MPa pressure and 600°C temperature and short residence times. The tubular flow reactor used was made of the nickel base alloy 625. The reactor was operated continuously for more than 1000 hours without problems. The feed concentration was 5 weight-% methanol. The major component of the product gas was hydrogen (up to more than 70 vol-%). Methanol conversion was higher than 99% and the liquid effluent was clear and free of soot. After exposure, the reactor has been sectioned and each section has been analyzed. No major corrosion phenomena were observed. Severe ductility loss of the material could be measured in the higher temperature section of the reactor. Verhalten der Nickelbasislegierung 625 in Methanol-uberkritischen Wassersystemen Methanol zersetzt sich in uberkritischem Wasser unter Bildung eines wasserstoffreichen Gasgemisches. Diese Reformierungsreaktion konnte ohne Zusatz eines Katalysators durchgefuhrt werden. Bei 25 MPa Druck und einer Temperatur von 600°C sind nur kurze Verweilzeiten erforderlich. Das Material des Rohrreaktors besteht aus der Legierung 625 (Werkstoff Nummer 2.4856). Der Reaktor konnte langer als 1000 Betriebsstunden problemlos im Durchflussbetrieb gefahren werden. Eingesetzt wurde ein Wasser/Methanol-Gemisch mit einer Konzentration von 5 Gew.% Methanol. Die Hauptkomponente im Produktgas war Wasserstoff (> 70 Vol.%); es konnte eine Methanol-Konversionsrate von mehr als 99% erreicht werden. Der wassrige Effluent war farblos und rusfrei. Nach Betriebsende wurde das Reaktionsrohr abschnittsweise aufgetrennt und Querschschliffe zur Analyse angefertigt. Es wurden keine schwerwiegenden Korrosionsangriffe festgestellt, allerdings ein starker Duktilitatsverlust im Bereich hoher Rohrtemperaturen.
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- 2003
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17. Effect of Different Heat Treatments on Microstructure and Segregation of a Nickel base Alloy
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Jacques Lacaze, Djar Oquab, and Wolfgang Hermann
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Materials science ,Precipitation (chemistry) ,Alloy ,Metallurgy ,Nickel base ,chemistry.chemical_element ,engineering.material ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Microstructure ,law.invention ,Nickel ,Optical microscope ,chemistry ,law ,engineering ,General Materials Science ,Dendrite (metal) - Published
- 2003
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18. Microstructural Investigation of the Formation and Development of Topologically Close-Packed Phases in a 3rd Generation Nickel-Base Single Crystal Superalloy
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Paul Anthony Withey and KeeHyun Kim
- Subjects
010302 applied physics ,Crystallography ,Materials science ,0103 physical sciences ,Metallurgy ,Nickel base ,General Materials Science ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0210 nano-technology ,Condensed Matter Physics ,01 natural sciences ,Single crystal superalloy - Published
- 2017
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19. The corrosion behavior of several heat resistant materials in air + 2% Cl2 at 300 to 800 °C. Part 2 - Nickel base alloys
- Author
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Michael Schütze and C. Schwalm
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Heat resistant ,Chemistry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Alloy ,Metals and Alloys ,Nickel base ,General Medicine ,engineering.material ,Microstructure ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Corrosion ,Mechanics of Materials ,Materials Chemistry ,engineering ,Environmental Chemistry ,Corrosion behavior - Abstract
The corrosion behavior of the alloys 59, C-2000 and HR-160 was investigated in dry air and in air with 2% Cl 2 at temperatures of 300 to 800 °C. Up to 500°C Alloy 59 and Alloy C-2000 do not exhibit any significant attack. At 650°C in particular HR-160 is subjected to a marked increase of the corrosion rates. In the latter case the higher amount of C compared to the other two alloys seems to decrease corrosion resistance. At 800°C the resistance of C-2000 is inferior to that of Alloy 59 which is attributed to differences in the microstructure consisting of Cr/Mo precipitates in the Ni-base matrix which are primarily attacked.
- Published
- 2000
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20. Coking by metal dusting of nickel-base alloys
- Author
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Silke Strauß, R. Krajak, and H. J. Grabke
- Subjects
business.product_category ,Chemistry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Metals and Alloys ,Nickel base ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Medicine ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Carbide ,Metal ,Nickel ,Mechanics of Materials ,visual_art ,Metal dusting ,Materials Chemistry ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Environmental Chemistry ,Die (manufacturing) ,Extrusion ,Graphite ,business - Abstract
Metal dusting of nickel and Ni-base alloys occurs by inward and internal growth of graphite in the metal phase, leading to extrusion and ejection of metal particles, which catalyze carbon deposition, i.e. coking. Compared to metal dusting of iron and steels which occurs via intermediate carbide formation and leads to much finer metal particles, coking on the Ni-base alloys is much less. This is caused by the larger size and smaller amount of metal particles formed by metal dusting and also by the clearly smaller rates of metal wastage on Ni-base alloys. Coking durch Metal Dusting von Nickelbasislegierungen Das metal dusting von Nickel und Ni-Basislegierungen erfolgt durch Einwartswachstum und innere Bildung von Graphit in der Metallphase, dies fuhrt zum Herausdrucken von Metallpartikeln, die dann die Kohlenstoffabscheidung, d.h. das coking, katalysieren. Im Vergleich zum metal dusting auf Eisen und Stahlen, das uber die Bildung von Karbid als Zwischenprodukt ablauft und zu sehr viel feineren Metallpartikeln fuhrt, ist das Ausmas des coking auf Ni-Basislegierungen sehr viel geringer. Dies ist bedingt durch die Grose der Partikel und ihre kleinere Anzahl und auch durch die deutlich geringeren Abtragsgeschwindigkeiten durch metal dusting bei Ni-Basislegierungen.
- Published
- 1999
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21. Ultra-Low Sulfur Determination in High Purity Base Metals and High Temperature Nickel Base Alloys
- Author
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D. Lawrenz
- Subjects
inorganic chemicals ,Materials science ,Infrared ,Inorganic chemistry ,Metallurgy ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,Nickel base ,chemistry.chemical_element ,equipment and supplies ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Key features ,Sulfur ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,chemistry ,Base metal ,Volume concentration - Abstract
Sulfur in very low concentrations can have adverse effects on several alloys, especially high-temperature nickel base alloys. The high-purity metals used to produce these alloys must contain very low levels of sulfur. The determination of sulfur in these materials is routinely performed by the high-temperature-combustion infrared detection method. The LECO® CS444LS is a state-of-the-art analytical instrument that utilizes the high-temperature-combustion infrared-detection method. This paper reviews the key features of the LECO® CS444LS and the important analytical techniques required to produce accurate sulfur data. Peformance data on a variety of high-purity base metals and nickel base alloys is presented.
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- 1998
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22. Applications and experience with a Superaustenitic 7Mo stainless steel in hostile environments
- Author
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W. Wasielewska and J. Olsson
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Chemistry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Metals and Alloys ,Nickel base ,General Medicine ,Chloride ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Corrosion ,Localised corrosion ,Mechanics of Materials ,Materials Chemistry ,medicine ,Environmental Chemistry ,medicine.drug - Abstract
A new superaustenitic stainless steel is described in terms of chemical composition. mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. Results obtained by using this highly alloyed stainless steel, EN 1.4652, in a number of hostile environments are reported. Applications include neutral and acid chloride containing environments such as those existing in e.g. – pulp bleach plants, – ventilation systems of pharmaceutical plants, – equipment for flue gas cleaning in power plants and municipal waste incineration plants, – equipment for recovery of chlorinated hydrocarbons, – sea water piping, – nuclear power plant condenser tubes. The paper also contains laboratory corrosion test results positioning this steel in relation to other highly alloyed stainless steels and nickel base alloys, mainly in terms of its resistance to chloride induced localised corrosion. Anwendungen und Erfahrungen mit einem superaustenitischen 7Mo nichtrostenden Stahl in hochkorrosiven Umgebungen Fur einen neuen superaustenitischen rost- und saurebestandigen Stahl werden die chemische Zusammensetzung, die mechanischen Eigenschaften und die Korrosionsbestandigkeit beschrieben. Vorgestellt werden die Ergebnisse dieses hochlegierten rostfreien Stahles, EN 1.4652, in verschiedenen hochkorrosiven, neutralen und sauren chloridhaltigen Medien, nach Anwendung fur – Anlagen zum Bleichen von Zellstoff – Absaugsysteme in pharmazeutischen Anlagen – Ausrustungen in Rauchgasreinigungsanlagen konventioneller Kraftwerke und in kommunalen Mullverbrennungsanlagen – Apparate zur Ruckgewinnung chlorierter Kohlenwasserstoffe – Rohrleitungen fur Meerwasser – Kondensatorrohre in Atomkraftwerken. Es wird auch uber Laborprufungen zur Ermittlung der Bestandigkeit gegen chloridinduzierte Lokalkorrosion im Vergleich zu anderen hochlegierten Stahlen und Nickelbasis-Legierungen berichtet.
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- 1997
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23. Korrosionsschäden am Förderband eines Ofens zur Reinigung von mit organischen Chlorverbindungen kontaminiertem Erdboden
- Author
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K. Raths, A. Rahmel, U. Schultz, P. Gawenda, M. Schorr, and A. Weiser
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Mechanics of Materials ,Chemistry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallic materials ,Metallurgy ,Materials Chemistry ,Metals and Alloys ,Nickel base ,Environmental Chemistry ,General Medicine ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Es wird das Korrosionsverhalten von metallischen Werkstoffen beschrieben, die als Komponente des Forderbandes eines Dekontaminationsofens zur Reinigung von mit chlorhaltigen organischen Verbindungen verunreinigtem Erdboden zum Einsatz kamen oder als Testwerkstoffe am Forderband befestigt waren. Insgesamt wurden 1 ferritischer und 8 austenitische Stable, 9 Nickelbasiswerkstoffe, 2 Gusstahlsorten mit 15%, Si bzw. 15%, Si + 5% Cr sowie 3 alitierte Stahle getestet und anschliesend metallographisch und mikroanalytisch untersucht. Die meisten der Werkstoffe versagten durch ausere abtragende und/oder durch innere Korrosion, bevorzugt entlang der Korngrenzen, ausgelost durch aggressive Bodenbestandteile, insbesondere Chlorverbindungen. Als recht bestandig erwiesen sich die beiden legierten Gusstahlsorten. Unerwartet gut hat sich auch der Werkstoff 2.4061 (LC-Ni 99,6) verhalten, obgleich hier noch zu prufen bleibt, ob das Einwandern von C und O an den Korngrenzen nicht eine Versprodung bewirkt. Sehr gute Bestandigkeit zeigten die Werkstoffe 2.4610 und 2.4831. Die Grunde hierfur konnten nicht geklart werden. Ein Grund konnte der relativ hohe Mo-Gehalt von 14-17 bzw. 8,5-9,5 % sein, jedoch wurden andere Werkstoffe mit vergleichbaren Mo-Gehalten wie die Werkstoffe 2.4856 oder 2.4663 stark angegriffen. Ferner bleibt zu klaren, ob die gute Bestandigkeit auch langzeitig erhalten bleibt. Corrosion damage to the conveyor belt of a furnace for the removal of soil from organic chlorine compounds This paper reports the corrosion behaviour of metallic materials which were used in components of a conveyor belt of a decontamination furnace or of which specimens were attached to the belt for testing purposes. The furnace was used for decontaminating soil containing organic chlorine compounds. A total of 1 ferritic and 8 austenitic steels, 9 nickel base alloys, 2 east steels with 15 % Si and 15 % Si + 5 % Cr respectively, and 3 aluminised steels were tested and afterwards investigated by metallographic and micro-analytical methods. Most of the materials failed due to external and/or internal corrosion, preferentially along grain boundaries. The 2 cast steels revealed fairly good corrosion resistance. The material 2.4061 (LC-Ni 99.6) displayed surprisingly good behaviour, however it remains to be seen whether the inward migration of O and C along grain boundaries causes embrittlement. The materials 2.4610 and 2.4831, containing 14-17 % Mo and 8.5-9,5 % Mo respectively, showed good resistance. The reason for this good corrosion resistance could not be clarified. One reason may be the relatively high Mo content but other materials with a comparable Mo content, like materials 2.4856 and 2.4663, were significantly attacked. It appears necessary to check the long-term behaviour of these two materials.
- Published
- 1997
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24. CRACK CLOSURE EFFECT ON CRACK GROWTH RATE AT 650°C IN DOUBLE NOTCHED SPECIMENS OF A NICKEL BASE SUPERALLOY
- Author
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Ph. Bompard, C. Prioul, S. Pomnier, and J. C. Lautridou
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Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Nickel base ,Finite element method ,Stress level ,Superalloy ,Stress (mechanics) ,Crack closure ,Deformation mechanism ,Mechanics of Materials ,General Materials Science ,Growth rate ,Composite material - Abstract
Creep-fatigue tests were performed at 650°C in air on a N18 nickel base superalloy, using double notched and smooth specimens. The deformation mechanisms observed by TEM at the notch root are shown to be compatible with the constitutive set of equations used in the finite element analysis which is presented. For a given K max at the notch root, the crack growth rate is much higher in a notched specimen than in a smooth one. This effect can be explained by a variation of the crack closure stress level with the local R ratio and the local stress. A strong accelerating effect of the R ratio, especially for negative values, is found in smooth specimens. Introducing a K op correction in the experimental results leads to a good agreement between the measured crack growth rate plotted versus K eff in notched and smooth samples.
- Published
- 1996
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25. Werkstofferfahrungen mit Gebläseschaufeln und Pumpenlaufrädern in Rauchgasentschwefelungsanlagen
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H. Krebs and K. Schneemann
- Subjects
Materials science ,Mechanics of Materials ,Manufacturing process ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Materials Chemistry ,Metals and Alloys ,Life time ,Nickel base ,Environmental Chemistry ,General Medicine ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films - Abstract
Aufgrund der spezifischen Beanspruchungen in Rauchgasentschwefelungsanlagen (REAs) werden insbesondere fur Saugzuggeblase und Suspensionspumpen hochwertige metallische Sonderwerkstoffe verwendet. Zunachst fuhrte der Einsatz verfugbarer Werkstoffe, wie die Gus-Nickelbasislegierung G-NiCr21Mo16 fur REA-Geblaseschaufeln und Duplex-Stahlgussorten vom Typ G-X3CrNiMoCu 24 6 fur Laufrader von Suspensionspumpen zu unbefriedigenden Ergebnissen. Diese Werkstoffe erwiesen sich fruhzeitig als optimierungsbedurftig, da z.B. herstellungsbedingte Eigenschaftsdefizite den storungsfreien Betrieb gefahrdeten, oder die Standzeit entsprach aufgrund erhohten Verschleises nicht den Erwartungen. Im Falle der Geblaseschaufeln wurden – teilweise im Dialog und in Zusammenarbeit mit den Herstellern – die Eigenschaftsdefizite weitgehend beseitigt; die „Anforderungen an gegossene REA-Geblaseschaufeln aus dem Werkstoff G-NiCr21Mo16” wurden in einer gleichnamigen VGB-Empfehlung neu formuliert. Im Falle der Pumpenlaufrader wird anhand des Beispiels bei der Huls AG geschadigter Pumpen aufgezeigt, wie derzeit versucht wird, durch werkstoffkundliche Masnahmen am Werkstoff G-X3CrNiMo Cu 24 6 oder durch Einsatz anderer Guswerkstoffe langere Standzeiten zu erreichen. Material experiences with ventilator blades and pump rotors in flue gas desulfurization plants Due to the specific conditions in flue gas desulfurization plants (FGD) special high alloyed materials are used especially for ventilators and suspension pumps. First the application of available materials, like the nickel base cast alloy G-NiCr21Mo16 for FGD ventilator blades and duplex-casts of the type G-X3CrNiMoCu 24 6 for pump rotors lead to insufficient results. The materials had to be improved because their properties could jeopardize a continuous operation of the FGD, or the life time was too short due to increased wear. Concerning the ventilator blades the properties were improved, partly in cooperation with the manufacturers. A VGB-recommendation with the name „Requirements for cast FGD ventilator blades of material G-NiCr21Mo16” was written. In the other case pump damages which occurred at the Huls AG were presented. The aim is a prolongation of the life time either by changes in the manufacturing process of the pump or by the use of other materials.
- Published
- 1996
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26. Lebensdauervorhersage für Integralgegossene Turbinenräder unter Berücksichtigung kurzer Risse am Beispiel der Nickelbasis-Legierung IN 713C
- Author
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C. M. Sonsino and U. Brandt
- Subjects
Materials science ,Mechanics of Materials ,Mechanical Engineering ,Life assessment ,Transferability ,Metallurgy ,Nickel base ,General Materials Science ,Turbine wheel ,C constant ,Condensed Matter Physics - Abstract
Es wurde das Schwingfestigkeitsverhalten von Turbinenradern und die lebensdauerbestimmenden Einflusgrosen (Temperatur, Haltezeit, Beanspruchungsgeschwindigkeit, Lastfolge Hot Turbistan) am Beispiel der Nickelbasis-Legierung IN 713 C unter konstanten und veranderlichen Beanspruchungsamplituden untersucht. Dazu wurden axial dehnungsgesteuerte Versuche an ungekerbten Rundproben sowie lastgesteuerte Versuche an Kerbstaben unter Biegebelastung durchgefuhrt, um die Ubertragbarkeit der an ungekerbten Proben ermittelten Schwingfestigkeitskennwerte auf das Bauteil, fur das als Vorstufe der Kerbstab stehen soll, zu uberprufen. Zur Erfassung des Kurzrisverhaltens wurde die Lastmarkierungsmethode angewandt. Weiterhin wurde das Risfortschrittsverhalten von langen Rissen in CT-Proben untersucht. Mit den ermittelten Ergebnissen und entsprechenden Sicherheitsbetrachtungen kann eine verbesserte Lebensdauervorhersage fur Turbinenrader unter Anwendung der im Gasturbinenbau ublichen Safe-Life-, Damage-Tolerance- und Total-Life-Konzepte erfolgen. Life Assessment for Integral Turbine Wheels in Consideration of Short Cracks on Example of the Nickel Base Alloy IN 713 C Constant and variable amplitude fatigue tests on unnotched specimens under strain controlled axial loading and on notched specimens under load controlled bending were carried out in order to investigate the transferability of unnotched specimens data to components. In this case the notched specimen represents the component, the turbine wheel. The operational conditions of a turbine wheel, high temperatures, hold times, different loading rates and the fatigue sequence Hot Turbistan, were included in the investigations. Short crack propagation was measured in a scanning electron microscope by identification of load markers on the rupture surface. Additionally CT-specimens were tested in order to determine crack propagation of long cracks. Using these test results and corresponding safety factors a better life assessment for turbine wheels is possible, if the concepts of Safe-Life-, Damage-Tolerance and Total-Life are applied.
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
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27. Creep and relaxation mechanisms in a nickel base superalloy at 650 °C
- Author
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J. L. Strudel and V. Provendier-Aubourg
- Subjects
Physics ,Nickel base ,Relaxation (physics) ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Humanities ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials - Abstract
Une analyse du comportement en fluage et en relaxation a 650°C de l'alliage base nickel N-18 a ete faite afin, de determiner les mecanismes physiques, tels qu'ils sont observes par MET, pouvant regir la reponse mecanique macroscopique du ateriau. Lors d'essais de relaxation, l'evolution de la vitesse de deformation plastique alors que la contrainte appliquee decroit, indique que plusieurs domaines de viscosite existent et que chacun d'eux correspond a un volume d'activation apparent. Des lames minces tirees d'eprouvettes soumises a des essais de relaxation interrompus apres chaque domaine ont ete examinees: elles revelent divers arrangements de dislocations et des configurations de defauts d'empilement qui caracterisent chaque regime de viscosite. Le premier domaine qui fait suite au chargement initial a une vitesse de 10 −5 s −1 sous une contrainte superieure a 1000 MPa est caracterise par le mouvement et la multiplication de dislocations parfaites souvent regroupees par paires et qui cisaillent ainsi les deux phases γ + γ' avnt de se dissocier en partielles de Shockley. Le deuxieme domaine qui s'etend au dessous de 1000 MPa correspond a un volume d'activation plus eleve ( 0.5 nm 3 ) et semble essentiellement controle par des phenomenes de restauration. Enfin s'etablit le dernier stade, au dessous de 850 MPa et pour des vitesses d'ecoulement pouvant atteindre 10 −9 s −1 . Seules des partielles de Shockley appariees semblent etre en mesure de pouvoir se deplacer et elles traversent les deux phases par glissement visqueux. Il s'agit d'un mecanisme caracterise par un petit volume d'activation ( 0,2 nm 3 ). Les essais de fluage ont ete analyses grâce a une representation du type log e p = f(e p ). Les mecanismes de deformations regissant le fluage dans le domaine 850 a 1000 MPa sont analogues a ceux identifies pendant le dernier stade de relaxation et les valeurs experimentales des volumes d'activation apparents sont semblables
- Published
- 1995
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28. HIGH TEMPERATURE FATIGUE-CREEP BEHAVIOUR OF SINGLE CRYSTAL SRR99 NICKEL BASE SUPERALLOYS: PART II?FATIGUE-CREEP LIFE BEHAVIOUR
- Author
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S. X. Li and David J. Smith
- Subjects
Materials science ,Strain (chemistry) ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Crystal orientation ,Nickel base ,Superalloy ,Orientation function ,Creep ,Mechanics of Materials ,Ultimate tensile strength ,General Materials Science ,Composite material ,Single crystal - Abstract
—Experimental and theoretical investigations on the influence of temperature, strain dwells and crystal orientation on the high temperature fatigue-creep life behaviour of single crystal SRR99 nickel base superalloy were performed. For a given temperature and loading condition, the longest fatigue life was observed for tests with [001] orientations, while the [111] orientation yielded the shortest fatigue life. A simple approach, using an orientation function f(AhkI), was applied successfully to correlate the influence of orientation. Using this function, the shortest fatigue life was observed for tests with a compressive dwell at 750°C, but at 1050°C tests with a tensile dwell exhibited the shortest life. Compared with continuous cycling tests, tests with tensile dwells showed remarkably longer lives at 750°C, significantly shorter lives at 1050°C, and almost identical lives at 950°C; tests with compressive dwells always exhibited shorter lives than continuous cycling tests at all temperatures. The influence of strain dwells on the life of SRR99 was via the simultaneous effects of mean stress, additional inelastic strain, and time dependent damage. A mean stress modified strain range partitioning method was proposed and used to predict the fatigue-creep life.
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
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29. Service Experience with duplex stainless steels in the chemical industry
- Author
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J. K. L. Korkhaus and G. H. Wagner
- Subjects
Materials science ,business.industry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,technology, industry, and agriculture ,Nickel base ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Chemical industry ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Chloride ,Corrosion ,High stress ,Nickel ,Service experience ,chemistry ,Mechanics of Materials ,Duplex (building) ,medicine ,General Materials Science ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
The 22% Cr, 5% Ni and 3% Mo grade of duplex stainless steel is by far the most used duplex grade in the chemical process industry. Duplex steels have conquered a portion of about 6% of all highly alloyed materials used to combat corrosion in chemical industry. The main areas being chloride containing aqueous media with pH values not to low-duplex steels are used there for their high stress corrosion resistance. Other fields of application are hot caustic soda at relatively low temperatures where nickel or nickel base alloys can be replaced, and media where high nickel contents are unfavourable to the corrosion resistance. Some literature findings showing other possible fields of special application of „standard” 22/5/3 and also of so called superduplex grades are critically evaluated.
- Published
- 1995
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30. Qualifizierung von hochlegierten Sonderedelstählen und Nickelbasislegierungen für den Transport von wassergefährdenden Stoffen und Abfallmedien
- Author
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H. Decking, L. Schambach, and H. Werner
- Subjects
Materials science ,Mechanics of Materials ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Materials Chemistry ,Metals and Alloys ,Nickel base ,Environmental Chemistry ,General Medicine ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Corrosion - Abstract
High alloy special stainless steels and nickel base alloys have for the transportation of hazardous water polluting substances and waste media a wide range of applications. This has been proved in laboratory tests for the materials Cronifer 1925 hMo (1.4529), Nicrofer 3127 hMo (1.4562) and Nicrofer 5923 hMo (2.4605) as well as, in the case of Cronifer 1925 hMo, via evaluation of data from literature. Cronifer 1925 hMo possesses excellent resistance to halide containing solutions as well as to a large number of acids over a wide range of concentrations. While the advantages of Nicrofer 3127 hMo over Cronifer 1925 hMo were evident in only a few of the media under investigation, the corrosion resistance of Nicrofer 5923 hMo was clearly superior
- Published
- 1994
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31. In-situ investigation of the interface—dislocation interaction in a single crystal nickel-base superalloy during deformation
- Author
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Z.G. Wang, Yanqing Xu, and Renhui Wang
- Subjects
Superalloy ,Materials science ,Metallurgy ,Nickel base ,Deformation (engineering) ,Dislocation ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Single crystal ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials - Abstract
XU, YB (reprint author), CHINESE ACAD SCI,INST MET RES,STATE KEY LAB FATIGUE & FRACTURE MAT,SHENYANG 110015,PEOPLES R CHINA
- Published
- 1994
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32. Korrosionsuntersuchungen an ausgewählten metallischen Werkstoffen im System Essigsäure/Esigsäureanhydrid
- Author
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H. D. Pletka and K.‐G. Schütze
- Subjects
Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Alloy ,Metals and Alloys ,Nickel base ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Medicine ,SAF 2507 ,engineering.material ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Corrosion ,Acetic anhydride ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Acetic acid ,chemistry ,Mechanics of Materials ,Corrosion resistant ,Materials Chemistry ,engineering ,Environmental Chemistry ,Nuclear chemistry ,Titanium - Abstract
Es wurde das Korrosionsverhalten der nichtrostenden ferritisch austenitischen Stahle X2 CrNiMoN 22 5 (W.-Nr. 1.4462) und X2 CrNiMoN 25 7 4 (SAF 2507) der Nickelbasislegierung NiMo16Cr16Ti (W.-Nr. 2.4610) sowie der Titansorten Ti2 (W-Nr. 3.7035) und Ti2Pd (W.-Nr. 3.7235) durch Tauchversuche in siedenden Gemischen aus Essigsaure und Essigsaureanhydrid in Gegenwart von Luft ermittelt. Die getesteten Werkstoffe waren gegenuber reiner Essigsaure bzw. Essigsaureanhydrid korrosionsbestandig. Von den Gemischen wurden sie, mit Ausnahme der Nickelbasislegierung W. -Nr. 2.4610, z. T. erheblich angegriffen. Die dabei festgestellten Abtragungsraten erreichten Werte bis zu 1 mm/a. Die Nickelbasislegierung war korrosionsbestandig. Die Abtragungsraten des Werkstoffes lagen in allen untersuchten Medien im Bereich von 0,01 mm/a. Elektrochemische Untersuchungen zeigten, das alle Testwerkstoffe in Eisessig stabil passiv sind und bei Anwesenheit von 10% Essigsaureanhydrid aktiv korrodieren. Corrosion tests of selected metallic materials in the system acetic acid/acetic anhydride The corrosion behaviour of the ferritic austenitic stainless steels X2 CrNiMoN 22 5 (UNS S31803) and X2 CrNiMoN 25 7 4 (UNS S32750), the nickel base alloy NiMo16Cr16Ti (alloy C-4) and the titanium grades Ti2 (Grade 2) and Ti2Pd (Grade 7) was investigated by immersion tests in boiling mixtures of acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of air. All materials tested were corrosion resistant in acetic acid and acetic anhydride but were corroded rapidly by the mixtures with a corrosion loss up to 1 mm/a, except the nickel base alloy (alloy C-4). It was corrosion resistant in all solutions with a corrosion loss not exceeding 0.01 mm/a. Electrochemical tests show that all materials tested exhibit stable passivity in glacial acetic acid and active corrosion in the presence of 10% acetic anhydride.
- Published
- 1994
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33. THE INITIATION AND PROPAGATION BEHAVIOUR OF SHORT FATIGUE CRACKS IN WASPALOY SUBJECTED TO BENDING
- Author
-
John R. Yates, K. J. Miller, and W. Zhang
- Subjects
Materials science ,Scanning electron microscope ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Nickel base ,Bending ,Replication (microscopy) ,Paris' law ,Waspaloy ,Superalloy ,Crack closure ,Mechanics of Materials ,mental disorders ,General Materials Science - Abstract
The fatigue crack growth behaviour of a nickel base superalloy, Waspaloy, has been studied using four point bending specimens in laboratory air. Two groups of tests, for which the span/width ratios were 1 and 2.5, were conducted and the results compared. Surface crack lengths were measured from plastic replicas of the surface. Equations which describe both short and long cracks have been derived and used to predict the fatigue life for the Waspaloy specimens. From plastic replication studies and scanning electron microscope examinations, a physical understanding of the relationship between crack growth and microstructural features was enhanced.
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
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34. The effect of the volume fraction on precipitate coarsening in nickel-base superalloys and aluminium–lithium alloys
- Author
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J. Pesicka, K. Trinckauf, Eckhard Nembach, and C. Schlesier
- Subjects
Superalloy ,Annealing (metallurgy) ,Chemistry ,Aluminium ,Transmission electron microscopy ,Metallurgy ,Volume fraction ,Analytical chemistry ,Nickel base ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials - Abstract
Coarsening of γ′-precipitates in nickel-base superalloys and of δ′-precipitates in aluminium-rich aluminium–lithium alloys is investigated by analytical transmission electron microscopy. The growth rate of the particles increases with their volume fraction. This increase is described best by Ardell's [6] model. The γ′-volume fractions of the superalloys are independent of the annealing time t. In the case of the Al–Li alloys the analogous statement holds only if t is long enough to yield average δ′-particle radii of 9.4 nm or more. For shorter heat-treatments the δ′-volume fraction increases strongly with t. Die Vergroberung von γ′-Ausscheidungen in Nickel-Basis Superlegierungen und von δ′-Ausscheidungen in Aluminium-reichen Aluminium–Lithium-Legierungen wird mittels analytischer Transmissions-Elektronen-Mikroskopie untersucht. Die Wachstumsrate der Partikel steigt mit ihrem Volumenanteil. Dieser Anstieg wird am besten durch Ardell's [6] Modell beschrieben. Die γ′-Volumenanteile der Superlegierungen sind unabhangig von der Auslagerungszeit t. Das Entsprechende gilt fur die Al–Li-Legierungen jedoch nur dann, wenn t so gros ist, das der mittlere δ′-Partikel-Radius mindestens 9,4 nm betragt. Im Falle von kurzeren Gluhzeiten wachst der δ′-Volumenanteil stark an mit t.
- Published
- 1992
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35. MODELLING SHORT CRACK GROWTH BEHAVIOUR IN NICKEL-BASE SUPERALLOYS
- Author
-
Julia King and L. Grabowski
- Subjects
Materials science ,Mathematical model ,Structural mechanics ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Alloy ,Nickel base ,Fracture mechanics ,Mechanics ,engineering.material ,Microstructure ,Waspaloy ,Superalloy ,Mechanics of Materials ,engineering ,General Materials Science - Abstract
This paper provides a description of the features and mechanisms of facetted short crack growth in Ni-base superalloys, and briefly reviews existing short crack growth models in terms of their application to Ni-base alloys. The concept of “soft barriers” is introduced to produce a new two-phase model for local microstructural effects on short crack growth in Waspaloy. This is derived from detailed observations of crack growth through individual grains. The model differs from all previous approaches in highlighting the importance of crack path perturbations within grains. Potential applications of the model in alloy development are discussed.
- Published
- 1992
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36. MONITORING FATIGUE OF A NICKEL-BASE SUPERALLOY AT POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE STRESS RATIOS USING AN OPTICAL SYSTEM
- Author
-
J. C. Healy, C. J. Beevers, and L. Grabowski
- Subjects
Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Nickel base ,Slip band ,Waspaloy ,Stress (mechanics) ,Superalloy ,Crack closure ,Cracking ,Mechanics of Materials ,mental disorders ,General Materials Science ,Stress concentration - Abstract
— This paper describes the use of an optical crack monitoring system designed to examine the growth behaviour of short/long fatigue cracks in Waspaloy at room and elevated temperature. Its use at 19 and 500°C is demonstrated at stress ratios of 0.1 and -1. Fatigue crack formation was associated with slip band cracking at both R= 0.1 and R= -1. At 19°C short crack growth at R= -1 and R= 0.1 could not be normalized by adopting a positive stress approach. The compressive part of the fatigue cycle at R= -1 contributed to short crack growth at 19°C and long crack growth at 500°C.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
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37. Contributions of the Different Phases of Two Nickel-Base Superalloys to the Elastic Behaviour in a Wide Temperature Range
- Author
-
H. G. Sockel and H.-A. Kuhn
- Subjects
business.product_category ,Chemistry ,Nickel base ,Thermodynamics ,Modulus ,Atmospheric temperature range ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Monocrystalline silicon ,Superalloy ,Die (manufacturing) ,Crystallite ,Porosity ,business - Abstract
The contributions of the different metallurgical phases to the Young's modulus E of a monocrystalline and a polycrystalline γ′-hardened nickel-base superalloy (MAR-M002 mod. and MAR-M247) are investigated in a wide temperature range. Theoretical rules of mixtures are applied to calculate the Young's modulus in dependence on the temperature. The model alloys Ni3Al, NiCrCoW, and TiC are used to obtain data for γ′-precipitates, γ-matrix material, and MC-carbides. The presence of the γ′-phase is assumed to be responsible for a strong change in the slopes of the Young's modulustemperature curves at high temperatures. The influence of porosity of the elastic behaviour has been investigated at different temperatures. Es werden die Beitrage von verschiedenen metallurgischen Phasen auf den Elastizitatsmodul E eines einkristaliinen und einer polykristallinen γ′-geharteten Nickel-Superlegierung (MAR-M002 mod. und MAR-M 247) in einem weiten Temperaturbereich untersucht. Theoretische Mischungsregeln werden benutzt, um den Elastizitatsmodul in Abhangigkeit von der Temperatur zu berechnen. Die Modelllegierungen Ni3Al, NiCrCoW und TiC werden verwendet, um Daten uber γ′-Ausscheidungen, γ-Matrixmaterial und MC-Karbide zu erhalten. Es wird angenommen, das die Anwesenheit der γ′-Phase verantwortlich ist fur eine starke anderung der Elastizitatsmodul–Temperatur-Kurven bei hohen Temperaturen. Der Einflus von Porenbildung auf das elastische Verhalten bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen wird untersucht.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
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38. Cover Picture: Joining Strategies for Open Porous Metallic Foams on Iron and Nickel Base Materials (Adv. Eng. Mater. 8/2007)
- Author
-
Stefanie Angel, Alexander Harms, Damian Piontek, Ulrich Dilthey, Peter Ohse, Wolfgang Bleck, and Stefan Longerich
- Subjects
Metal ,Materials science ,law ,visual_art ,Metallurgy ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Nickel base ,General Materials Science ,Cover (algebra) ,Welding ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Porosity ,law.invention - Abstract
The cover shows a cavity in a metal foam which developed due to large heat effects in the foam during welding. More about joining strategies of open porous metallic foams can be found in the paper by S. Angel, W. Bleck et al. on page 670.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
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39. TECHNICAL NOTE: SURFACE DEGRADATION OF A NICKEL BASE SUPERALLOY UNDER SO2ENVIRONMENT
- Author
-
E. Aghion
- Subjects
Superalloy ,Materials science ,Mechanics of Materials ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Nickel base ,Degradation (geology) ,General Materials Science ,Technical note - Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Metal dusting of nickel-base alloys
- Author
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E. M. Müller-Lorenz, Jutta Klöwer, and Hans Jürgen Grabke
- Subjects
Materials science ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Alloy ,Inorganic chemistry ,Metals and Alloys ,Nickel base ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Medicine ,engineering.material ,Chromia ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Carburizing ,chemistry ,Mechanics of Materials ,Metal dusting ,Materials Chemistry ,engineering ,Environmental Chemistry ,Carbon - Abstract
Nickel-base alloys are generally less susceptible to metal dusting than steels and the attack is slower. Exposures in strongly carburizing CO-H 2 -H 2 O mixtures at 650 °C and 750 °C have shown, however, gradually increasing attack on the alloys with lower Cr-content. Alloy 600 and even 601 were gradually attacked by pitting, whereas for alloys with > 25 % Cr the materials loss was negligible even after 10,000h. For these alloys such as 602 CA and 690 the formation of a protective chromia scale is strongly favored compared to carbon ingress and metal dusting.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
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41. The effect of variations in mould temperature, metal temperature and mould size on the development of internal porosity in cast structures
- Author
-
A. J. Lewis
- Subjects
inorganic chemicals ,Materials science ,Alloy ,Nickel base ,chemistry.chemical_element ,engineering.material ,Metal ,Nickel ,immune system diseases ,Porosity ,General Dentistry ,Dental Casting Technique ,Metallurgy ,Temperature ,Cobalt ,respiratory tract diseases ,Radiography ,chemistry ,Casting (metalworking) ,visual_art ,Unidirectional solidification ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,engineering ,Gases ,Dental Alloys - Abstract
— Three series of two types of specimens were cast from a cobalt and a nickel base alloy using variation in mould and metal temperatures and in mould size. The casting procedures included a unidirectional solidification system and a problem of feeding. Porosity was assessed by radiographic and metallographic analyses.
- Published
- 1977
- Full Text
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42. Einfluß von Heißgasatmosphären auf Zeitstandverhalten und Gefüge einer mit Beschichtung versehenen Nickelbasislegierung
- Author
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H. Meisel, Kh. G. Schmitt‐Thomas, and G. Johner
- Subjects
Chemistry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metals and Alloys ,Nickel base ,Life time ,General Medicine ,engineering.material ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Superalloy ,Coating ,Mechanics of Materials ,Polymer chemistry ,Materials Chemistry ,engineering ,Environmental Chemistry ,Composite material - Abstract
Alitier- und Chromalitierschichten, die durch Diffusion in einer Pulverpackung auf Nickelbasislegierungen erzeugt werden, zeigen nach Beanspruchung durch heise Turbinenverbrennungsgase Sprodphasenausscheidungen, die vorzugsweise im Bereich zwischen der Beschichtung und dem Grundwerkstoff auftreten. Parallel zu dieser Erscheinung treten wahrend der Heisgasbeanspruchung Risse quer zur Oberflache in den Beschichtungen auf. Entsprechend dieser Schichtschadigung ist eine Lebensdauerverlangerung des beschichteten Werkstoffs gegenuber dem unbeschichteten Zustand in Form einer Erhohung der Zeitstandfestigkeit nicht mesbar. Dies gilt sowohl fur eine Zeitstandprufung in ruhender Heisluft als auch in stromendem JP 4-Verbrennungsgas. Mikroanalytische Untersuchungen zeigen einen engen Zusammenhang zwischen der Schichtschadigung und der Bildung nadelformiger Ausscheidungen, vorzugsweise Chromkarbide, zwischen Beschichtung und Grundwerkstoff. Auger-Untersuchungen und chemische Analysen lassen deutliche Stickstoffanreicherungen in diesem Nadelbereich erkennen. Gemas der vorliegenden Untersuchungen wird die Schadigung der Beschichtung schr wesentlich durch den hohen Stickstoffgehalt der Heisgase verursacht. Influence of hot gas atmospheres on creep rupture behaviour and structure of coated nickel base alloys Al- and AlCr-coatings on nickel base super alloys show precipitations of a brittle phase after exposure to hot combustion gases. The precipitations are localized mainly in the transient area between coating and base material. Apart from this appearance cracks originating in the coating can be observed, propagating at right angle to the surface. Due to that failure in the coating no increase of the life time of coated materials can be observed compared with uncoated materials. This can be stated under the conditions of creep rupture tests in still hot air as well as in the stream of JP 4 combustion gases. Microanalytical investigations yield a close connection between the failure of the coating and the formation of needle shaped precipitations – mainly Cr-carbides – in the interface area of coating and base material. Auger analytical investigations and chemical analyses reveal distinct concentrations of nitrogen in the needle shaped area. The investigations revealed that the failure of the coating is mainly caused by the high content of nitrogen in the hot gases.
- Published
- 1981
- Full Text
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43. Natrium als flüssiger Wärmeträger bei Temperaturen von 500-750°C
- Author
-
Günter Frees and Hans Ulrich Borgstedt
- Subjects
Chemistry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Sodium ,Metallurgy ,Molten metal ,Metals and Alloys ,Nickel base ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Medicine ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Mechanics of Materials ,Materials Chemistry ,Environmental Chemistry ,Chemical purity ,Closed loop ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Natrium, das bei Atmospharendruck im Temperaturbereich von rund 100 bis 881°C im flussigen Zustand vorliegt, hat hervorragende Eigenschaften als Warmeubertragungsmedium. Wahrend es in seiner Viskositat bei 300°C etwa dem Wasser vergleichbar ist, ist es hinsichtlich seines Leitvermogens fur Warme und Elektrizitat nicht nur dem Wasser, sondern auch vielen Metallschmelzen deutlich uberlegen. Der niedrige Dampfdruck bis nahezu 900°C erlaubt es, die Apparate zum Warmetransport als Niederdruckanlagen auszulegen. Bis zur Temperaturgrenze von etwa 750°C weist Natrium eine ausgezeichnete Vertraglichkeit mit hochwarmfesten austenitischen Stahlen auf. Die Stromungsgeschwindigkeit und die chemische Reinheit beeinflussen die Korrosionsraten. In schnell stromendem Natrium von technisch guter Reinheit treten nur Korrosionsraten von etwa 0,05 mm/Jahr auf. Nickelbasislegierungen weisen eine etwas hohere Korrosionsempfindlichkeit auf. In einem Natriumkreislauf konnen Werkstoffe stark unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung Massetransport von einem zum anderen Werkstoff bedingen, was bei einem der Werkstoffe zu einer erhohten Korrosion Anlas gibt. Werkstoffkombinationen, die sich nicht vermeiden lassen, mussen auf diese Erscheinung hin untersucht werden. Ergebnisse einer Vielzahl von Korrosionsuntersuchungen in Natriumkreislaufen erlauben es, fur die Konstruktion von Warmetransportvorrichtungen Werkstoffempfehlungen zu geben. Aufgrund der relativ geringen Korrosionsraten kann die Auslegung der Apparate mit niedrigen Korrosionszuschlagen auskommen. Geschlossene Kuhlkreislaufe mit gut gereinigtem Natrium konnen ohne umfangreiche Wartung betrieben werden, eine Nachreinigung des Flussigmetalls wahrend des Betriebs erubrigt sich. Wie die anderen Alkalimetalle wirkt auch Natrium nicht als versprodendes Flussigmetall auf Stahle oder Nickellegierungen. Bei starkerer Kriechverformung ist bei einigen Werkstoffen ein Natriumeffekt auf das Zeitstandverhalten beobachtet worden. Sodium as liquid heat transfer medium at 500–750°C Sodium is liquid between about 100 and 881°C and has excellent properties as a heat transfer medium. Its viscosity at 300°C is comparable to water, the conductivities of heat and electricity are, however, superior to water and many other molten metals. Its vapour pressure up to nearly 900°C allows the design of the cooling circuits as low pressure devices. Up to a limit of around 750°C sodium is excellently compatible with austenitic stainless steel of good high-temperature strength. The flow velocity and the chemical purity influence the corrosion rates. In fast flowing sodium of good technical purity corrosion rates of about 0.05 mm/a are observed. Nickel base alloys show a somewhat poorer compatibility. Different materials which are combined in a sodium circuit may cause mass transfer from one material to the other. This may lead to higher corrosion rates of one of the materials. If combinations of materials cannot be avoided, the degree of mass transfer has to be evaluated before the designing. Many corrosion tests in liquid sodium have been done so far, one can give recommendations for the use of materials in heat transfer circuits. The design of the piping does not need to consider large corrosion rates. Closed loops filled with sodium of high-degree purity may be operated without any maintenance, a purification during the operation does not seem to be necessary in many cases. As the other alkali metals sodium does not tend to act as an embrittling liquid metal. In some cases sodium has shown an effect on creep life of heavily strained steels.
- Published
- 1987
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44. Electrical resistivity of some directionally solidified nickel-base eutectic composites
- Author
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T. A. Jenkins and S. Arajs
- Subjects
Chemistry ,Electrical resistivity and conductivity ,Nickel base ,Composite material ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Eutectic system - Abstract
The electrical resistivity of directionallysolidified Ni-base eutectic composites is measured as a function of temperature between 77 and 300 K. These measurements are made with electric current being parallel and perpendicular to the fibers. Various theories are applied to the measured longitudinal and transverse electrical resistivities to obtain the resistivities of the components. Der elektrische Widerstand von richtungsverfestigten eutektischen Zusammensetzungen auf Ni-Basis wird als Funktion der Temperatur zwischen 77 und 300 K gemessen. Diese Messungen werden mit einem elektrischen Strom parallel und senkrecht zur Faser durchgefuhrt. Verschiedene Theorien werden fur die gemessenen longitudinalen und transversalen elektrischen Leitfahigkeiten herangezogen, um die Widerstande der Komponenten zu erhalten.
- Published
- 1988
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45. Systematic of the equivalent influence of alloying elements on the nitrogen and hydrogen solubility in iron, cobalt, and nickel base alloys
- Author
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Matthias Sittard, Eberhard Schürmann, and Rita Völker
- Subjects
Materials science ,Hydrogen ,Inorganic chemistry ,Metallurgy ,Metals and Alloys ,Nickel base ,chemistry.chemical_element ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Nitrogen ,020501 mining & metallurgy ,0205 materials engineering ,chemistry ,Solubility ,0210 nano-technology ,Cobalt - Published
- 1986
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46. Temperature dependence of the Dynamic Fracture Toughness and the specific impact energies of the alloy nimonic 86
- Author
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G. Ullrich and K. Krompholz
- Subjects
Chemistry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Alloy ,Nickel base ,Charpy impact test ,Mechanical engineering ,Thermodynamics ,Nimonic ,engineering.material ,Atmospheric temperature range ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Fracture toughness ,Mechanics of Materials ,engineering ,Impact energy ,General Materials Science - Abstract
Precracked Charpy V-notch specimens of the nickel base alloy Nimonic 86 in the as-received condition have been tested using an instrumented impact tester (hammer) in the temperature range 293 ≤ T/K ≤ 1223. The specific impact energies were determined by dial readings from the maximum angle of the afterswing after the impact, from the integration of the load versus time and the load versus load point displacement diagrams; in all cases the agreement was excellent. The specific impact energy and the impulse are correlated with the test temperature. The dynamic fracture toughness values were determined following the equivalent energy approach. While the temperature dependency of the specific impact energies and the impulses reveal a distinct maximum at T = 773 K (500°C) no such maximum in the temperature dependence of the dynamic fracture toughness was observed. The fracture surfaces show distinct elasto-plastic fracture behaviour of the material in the temperature regime investigated. Temperaturabhangigkeit der dynamischen Bruchzahigkeit und der spezifischen Schlagenergien an der Legierung Nimonic 86 im Temperaturbereich 293 ≤ T/K ≤ 1223 Angerissen ISO-V-Proben der Nickelbasislegierung Nimonic 86 im Anlieferungszustand wurden mit Hilfe eines instrumentierten Pendelschlagwerkes im Temperaturintervall 293 ≤ T/K ≤ 1223 untersucht. Die spezifischen Schlagenergien wurden mit Hilfe des Schleppzeigers, des maximalen Winkels des Nachschwingens des Pendels nach dem Schlag, der Integration des Kraft-Zeit und des Kraft-Weg Diagrammes ermittelt. In allen Fallen war die Ubereinstimmung ausgezeichnet. Die spezifischen Schlagenergien und die Impulse wurden mit der Versuchstemperatur korreliert. Die dynamische Bruchzahigkeit wurde mit Hilfe der aquivalenten Energie-Naherung ermittelt. Wahrend die Temperaturabhangigkeit der spezifischen Schlagenergien und der Impulse bei T = 773 K (500°C) ein deutliches Maximum zeigte, wurde ein solches Maximum in der Temperaturabhangigkeit der dynamischen Bruchzahigkeit nicht gefunden. Die Bruchflachen zeigen klar das elasto-plastische Bruchverhalten des Materials im untersuchten Temperaturbereich.
- Published
- 1988
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47. Kupfer-, Nickel- und Titanlegierungen für Seewasseranwendungen
- Author
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Herbert Richter
- Subjects
Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Metals and Alloys ,Nickel base ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Medicine ,Water velocity ,Copper ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Corrosion ,Brass ,Nickel ,chemistry ,Mechanics of Materials ,Aluminium ,visual_art ,Materials Chemistry ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Environmental Chemistry ,Titanium - Abstract
Als Werkstoffe fur Warmetauscher in schiffen, Kraftwerken und Chemieanlagen sowie fur Leitungssysteme haben sich aufgrund ihrer Korrosionsbestandigkeit gegen Seewasser Kupfer und Nickellegierungen sowie Titan bewahrt. Sondermessing und Kupfer-Nickellegierungen, die Standard werkstoffe fur Kondensatoren und Kuhler, konnen jedoch abhangig von Wasserqualitat und Stromungsgeschwindigkeit und den konstruktiven Gegebenheiten angegriffen werden. Die Korrosionsmechanismen werden diskutiert. Unter besonders schwierigen Wasserbedingungen bietet sich Titan als Warmetauscherwerkstoff an. Nickelbasislegierungen bieten vor allem bei anwendung hoherer Temperaturen Vorteile, z. B. in chemischen Prozessen und bei Eindampfvorgangen. Es werden Beispiele fur die Anwendung und Masnahmen zur Verhutung von Korrosionsschaden beschrieben. Copper and nickel alloys and titanium for seawater applications Copper and nickel alloys and titanium have been successfully used for heat exchangers on ships. In power plants and for chemical apparatus and piping systems because of their resistance against corrosion in sea water. Aluminium brass and copper nickel alloys, the standard materials for condensers and coolers, however, may be attacked, the corrosion depending on water quality, water velocity, and structural conditions. The mechanisms of corrosion are discussed. Under severe conditions the use of titanium may be indecated. The use of nickel base alloys is advantageous at elevated temperatures, e. g. for chemical reactions and for evaporation processes. Examples are given for application and for prevention of corrosion.
- Published
- 1977
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48. Rauchgasentschwefelung — eine Herausforderung an die Werkstofftechnik
- Author
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G. H. Wagner
- Subjects
Periodic system ,Flue gas ,Chemistry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metals and Alloys ,Nickel base ,General Medicine ,Materials testing ,Material technology ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Flue-gas desulfurization ,Service experience ,Mechanics of Materials ,Corrosion resistant ,Materials Chemistry ,Environmental Chemistry ,Nuclear chemistry - Abstract
Seit 1. Juli 1988 ist fur alle fossil gefeuerten Kraftwerke in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland mit einer thermischen Leistung von uber 300 MW die Emission von SO2 auf maximal 400 mg/m3 Rauchgas beschrankt. Hierdurch wurde in den letzten Jahren der Bau und insbesondere die Nachrustung von Rauchgasentschwefelungsanlagen (REA) auch in schon bestehenden groseren Kraftwerken notwendig. Grostechnisch realisiert wurden im wesentlichen sogenannte Naswaschen. In der uberwiegenden Zahl der Falle wurden Verfahren gewahlt, in denen das SO2 durch Kalkmilch oder Kalkstein-Suspension als Gips gebunden wird. Beim sogenannten Wellman-Lord-Verfahren wird das SO2 von einer Natriumsulfitlosung absorbiert. Das gebildete Natriumbisulfit kann durch Erwarmen und Aufkonzentration wieder in die Ausgangsstoffe zersetzt werden, wodurch das abgespaltene SO2 industriell nutzbar wird. Der eigentlichen Absorptionsstufe mus dann eine Vorwasche mit Wasser vorgeschaltet werden. Da fossile Brennstoffe neben den eigentlichen brennbaren Bestandteilen eine grose Anzahl von Begleitstoffen enthalten, findet man auch in den Rauchgasen in unterschiedlichen Mengen fast die gesamte Palette der naturlichen Elemente des periodischen Systems. Fur alle Werkstoffe besonders aggressiv, besonders nach Unterschreiten des Taupunktes der Rauchgase, sind neben den Schwefelverbindungen vor allem Halogenide. Je nach Problembereich stehen Beschichtungen auf unlegiertem Stahl (z. T. gefullte, organische oder anorganische Beschichtungen, Gummierungen, z. T. auch Ausmauerungen), hochlegierte Sonderstahle und Nickelbasislegierungen oder auch glasfaserverstarkte Kunstharze (GFK) als Werkstoffe zur Bewaltigung dieser Probleme zur Verfugung und wurden auch eingesetzt. Am Beispiel des fur die BASF-Kraftwerke „Mitte” in Ludwigshafen und in Marl gewahlte Wellman-Lord-Verfahrens wird uber Bestandigkeitsuntersuchungen berichtet, die zu einem eigenen Werkstoffkonzept fuhrten. Wie die Betriebserfahrung in verschiedenen Waschen nachweist, kommt der sorgfaltigen handwerklichen Ausfuhrung und ihrer konsequenten Uberwachung um so grosere Bedeutung zu, je mehr sich die werkstofftechnischen Losungen im Grenzbereich ihrer technischen Realisierbarkeit befinden. Flue gas desulfurization — a challenge to materials technology Since July 1st, 1988, within the Federal Republic of Weinheim the emission of SO2 from all fossil fired power stations having a thermal output of more than 300 MW is limited to max. 400 mg/m3 of flue gas. In the last years all bigger power plants, especially also the already existing ones, had to be equipped with flue gas desulfurization (FGD) plants. Mostly “wet washing processes” were chosen for technical realization. Mainly such processes were selected, where the SO2-gas is absorbed as gypsum by lime solutions or limestone suspensions. In the so-called Wellman-Lord-process SO2 is absorbed by a sodium sulfite solution. The sodium hydrogensulfite formed can be decomposed to the primary components by heating and concentrating rendering SO2 industrially usable. In this case at least it is necessary to clean the flue gases by a water wash first. Fossil fuels consist of a lot of elements besides of inflammable matters. Therefore, flue gases can contain nearly all the natural elements of the periodic system in different concentrations. Especially below the flue gases' dew point, very aggressive conditions to all materials are created by compounds of sulphur and all halides. Different solutions can be chosen to solve the given problems in the different areas of such plants with respect to materials, such as coatings or coverings on unalloyed steel (organic coatings with different fillers, rubber lining, eventually with supplementary coffering with heat resisting stones), high alloyed corrosion resistant steels and nickel base alloys, or also glas fiber reinforced resins (GRP). They have been applied in different installations. Using as an example the Wellman-Lord-process, which was chosen in the FGD-plants of the Ludwigshafen and Marl power stations of BASF, results of materials testing are described which led to an original solution to build such plants. Service experience of several FGD-installations shows: sorrow workman-ship, and its consistent control is the more important the more materials characteristics are close to the border lines.
- Published
- 1989
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49. Werkstoff- und Korrosionsprobleme in wäßrigen Lösungen bei hohen Temperaturen und Drücken
- Author
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G. Herbsleb
- Subjects
Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Alloy ,Metals and Alloys ,Nickel base ,chemistry.chemical_element ,General Medicine ,engineering.material ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Corrosion ,Nickel ,Chromium ,chemistry ,Mechanics of Materials ,Materials Chemistry ,engineering ,Environmental Chemistry ,Nichrome ,Inconel ,Incoloy - Abstract
In dem vorliegenden Bericht wird eine Ubersicht uber Werkstoff-und Korrosions-probleme bei hohen Temperaturen und Drucken gegeben, die sich auf Vortrage und Diskussionsbemerkungen einer internationalen Konferenz uber Elektrochemie bei hohen Temperaturen und Drucken stutzt. Auf der Konferenz wurden unter anderem Korrosions-probleme in Kraftwerken behandelt, die vor allem hochlegierte Chrom-Nickel-Stahle und Nickelbasislegierungen, welche vorwiegend in Kernkraftwerken angewendet werden, betrafen. Unlegierte und niedriglegierte Stahle waren dagegen weniger angesprochen. Von besonderem Interesse waren Untersuchungen and Aussagen uber Riskorrosionsschaden, die an Chrom-Nickel-Stahlen und Nickel-Chrom-Eisen-Legierungen unter recht unterschiedlichen Bedingungen hinsichtlich des Warmebehandlungszustandes der Werkstoffe (losungsgegluht oder sensibilisiert) und des Angriffsmittels auftreten konnen. Unter Hinweis auf die entsprechenden Schrifttumsangaben werden die Kenntnisse uber die verschiedenen Arten von Riskorrosion, die an den interessierenden Werkstoffen /Chrom-Nickel-Stahle der Art 18/8 CrNi und Incoloy 800 sowie Nickelbasislegierungen der Art Inconel 600 festgestellt wurden, zusammengefast. Materials and corrosion problems in aqueous solutions at high temperatures and pressures The present report, based on papers and discussions of an international conference on electrochemistry at high temperatures and pressures forms a survey of materials and corrosion problems at high temperatures and pressures. Among the topics of the conference there were, among others, corrosion problems in power stations with particular emphasis on high alloy chromium nickel steels and nickel base alloys which are preferentially used in nuclear power stations. Unalloyed and low alloy steels were lower on the scale of interests. A matter of particular interest, however, were investigations and findings on corrosion cracking failures, which may occur on chromium nickel steels and nickel chromium iron alloys under rather different conditions of heat treatment of the materials (solution annealed or sensitized) and of the corrosive medium. With reference to pertaining literature data a summary is presented of the present state of knowledge concerning the various type of cracking corrosion which may occur on the materials of interest, i. e. chromium nickel steels of the 18 8 type, Incoloy 800 und nickel base alloys of the Inconel 600 type.
- Published
- 1976
- Full Text
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50. Heißgaskorrosion und Zeitstandsfestigkeit an einer Nickelbasislegierung unter betriebsnahen Bedingungen bei 750°C bis 950°C
- Author
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H. Meisel, H.-J. Dorn, and Kh. G. Schmitt‐Thomas
- Subjects
Yield (engineering) ,Scanning electron microscope ,Chemistry ,Mechanical Engineering ,Metallurgy ,Alloy ,Metals and Alloys ,Analytical chemistry ,Nickel base ,General Medicine ,engineering.material ,Surfaces, Coatings and Films ,Corrosion ,Creep ,Mechanics of Materials ,Air atmosphere ,Materials Chemistry ,engineering ,Environmental Chemistry ,Grain boundary - Abstract
Zeitstandversuche am Nickelbasiswerkstoff Rene-41 im JP 4-Heisgasstrom und in Luftatmosphare ergeben einen deutlichen Abfall der Zeitstandfestigkeit in korrosivem Medium. Dotierungen des Heisgases mit kunstlichem Meersalz bewirken eine weitere Verminderung der Zeitstandfestigkeit. Metallographische, rasterelektronenmikroskopische und mikroanalytische Untersuchungen ergeben vergleichbare Gefugezustande und Deckschichtausbildungen bei Beanspruchung in Luft- und JP 4-Heisgasatmosphare. Das Kriechverhalten weist jedoch spezifische Abhangigkeiten vom umgebenden Medium auf. In korrosiver Atmosphare wird der stationare Bereich der Kriechkurven stark eingeschrankt. In korrosivem Medium bilden sich auf den Korngrenzflachen duktile Phasenanteile, die vorzeitigen Bruch des Werkstoffes einleiten. Durch Auger-Mikrosonden-Untersuchungen ist der Nachweis gelungen, das Schwefelbestandteile des Treibstoffes den durch Heisgas in Fluggasturbinen spezifischen Korrosionsmechanismus auslosen. Hot gas corrosion and creep strength of a nickel base alloy in close-to-operating conditions at 750 to 950°C Creep rupture tests of the nickel base alloy Rene-41 in JP 4 hot gas stream and in air atmosphere show a significant decrease in the creep strength. Dotations of the hot gas with synthetic sea salt cause a more extensive decrease of the creep strength. Metallographic, scanning electron microscopic and microanalytical investigations yield comparable structure conditions and protective layer configurations under the stress of air and exhaustion gas atmosphere. The creep behaviour shows characterizing dependence of the surrounding medium. Within corrosive atmosphere there is no stationary region at the creep curves. Components of the power fuel diffuse into the material and cause ductile grain boundary coverings, which cause premature break of the material. By means of Auger microanalysis increased concentrations of sulphur could be proved in regions close to the surface.
- Published
- 1978
- Full Text
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