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This paper examines the effect of human values on consumer CSR perception towards cosmetic companies. Since consumer skepticism is on the rise, its moderating effects are also investigated in this paper. Questionnaires were collected from 479 consumers of seven cosmetic companies which were subsequently analyzed via structural equation modelling. Findings revealed that human values such as self‐enhancement and openness to change have a significant influence on consumer CSR perception. Consumer skepticism was also found to moderate the relationship between human values of openness to change, self‐transcendence and conservation towards consumer CSR perception. The results allow decision‐makers to better understand the influence of consumers' value system on their CSR perception while elucidating the boundary conditions played by consumer skepticism, amplifying the need for organizations to engage in authentic and sincere CSR practices. This study tested the boundaries of the Schwartz Human Values Theory which has been expanded to measure consumer CSR perception.

Children's value systems develop through youth and influence attitudes and actions. But there is a lack of appropriate measures for children and adolescents. The objective of this study was to construct and validate a questionnaire that reveals distinct value systems among adolescents, and to evaluate the identified value systems' relationship to degree of ego-development and moral development. A quantitative study in a Swedish School with ages 12 through 16 (grades 6 to 9) was performed (N = 204). A set of pattern recognition statistical analyses has been used to identify different profiles of values systems and demonstrate that these systems can be arranged in a hierarchical order similar to other development. Results revealed three value systems in this sample. The identified value systems reflect different degrees of moral and ego-development among children in the study. Three distinct value systems were identified: the first (n = 9) and the second value systems (n = 35) correspond to pre-conventional stages, and the third value system (n = 155) corresponds to early conventional stages of ego development. Ego development scoring of test statements to assess stages. The value system was significantly related to moral development in the personal interest and the maintaining norms schemas of the Defining Issues Test (DIT). However, many students did not complete the entire DIT, so those results should be looked at with caution. It appears that this new test (Test for Adolescent Value Systems - TAVS) does relate to an established ego development rating scale.

In this article, we suggest that dogmatic beliefs, manifested as strong beliefs that there is no God (i.e., dogmatic atheism) as well as strong beliefs in God (i.e., religious orthodoxy), can serve as a cognitive response to uncertainty. Moreover, we claim that people who dogmatically do not believe in religion and those who dogmatically believe in religion are equally prone to intolerance and prejudice towards groups that violate their important values. That is because prejudice towards these groups may be an efficient strategy to protect the certainty that strong beliefs provide. We tested these assumptions in two studies. In Study 1 and Study 2, we demonstrated that dogmatic beliefs mediate the relationship between intolerance to uncertainty and both, religious orthodoxy and dogmatic atheism. In addition, in Study 2 we showed that both the religiously orthodox and dogmatic atheists become prejudiced towards groups that violate their values and that these effects are especially strong under experimentally induced uncertainty. In this study, we focused on atheists and homosexuals as groups that pose a threat to Christian's religious worldviews, and Catholics and pro-life supporters as groups that pose a threat to the values of atheists. The results are discussed in relation to past research on dogmatism and religion, as well as with reference to what this means for the study of prejudice.

Female consumer's clothing shopping experience is primarily influenced by the appearance and fit of a garment that may be influenced by their personal values and is a process that involves emotions (Otieno et al., 2005; Lopatovska and Arapakis, 2011). Very little research focussing on the emotional impact and the role that personal values play in the female consumers’ shopping experience of ready-to-wear garment fit has been conducted in South Africa to date. The primary objective of this study was to explore the areas of concern of garment sizing to establish the emotional impact garment sizing and the resulting fit have on the female consumer purchasing behaviour when evaluated against their personal value system. This study applied the means-end chain theory approach that allowed the researcher to explore female consumers’ personal values and the resulting emotions, through the application of the laddering interview techniques. Using open-ended questions, this study aimed to discover the role of female consumers’ perceptions of garment sizing and the resulting emotional effects of garment fit on their purchasing decisions. The findings from the data collected from a purposeful and convenient sample of 62 female consumers from Gauteng, Johannesburg showed that the majority of the participants in this study failed to attain their personal values through the fit of a garment due to inconsistent, unreliable and inaccurate sizing, garment sizing which is unsuitable for various body shapes and the unavailability of certain clothing sizes in ready-to-wear garments. The study established that it is extremely important that South African clothing manufacturers and designers should strategize to satisfy the clothing need of the consumers who are currently having problems with garment sizing, by understanding female consumers’ garment sizing and fit needs through extended research of their target markets.

Mexican American youth often engage in relatively high levels of prosocial behaviors. We theorize that this may be due to a cultural value system that encourages familism values, which, in turn, may foster the development of sociocognitive processes that promote prosocial behaviors. Two hundred and five Mexican American early adolescent youth (Mage = 10.9 years, SD = 0.84; 51% girls) reported their familism values, perspective taking, prosocial moral reasoning, and six types of prosocial behaviors. The results indicated that perspective taking partially mediated the relation between familism values and the specific prosocial tendencies theoretically linked to the Mexican American culture. The study demonstrated the utility of integrating cultural and traditional developmental mechanisms in attempting to explain prosocial behaviors.

This phenomenological study, based on ecological systems theory, examined the college student bereavement experience in a Christian university. Undergraduate students (N = 127) from a small Christian university provided answers to open-ended questions about their experiences regarding college following a death loss. Results indicate that students are generally successful in adapting to bereavement and prefer an environment open to discussing death and asking difficult religious questions. Implications for counselors are provided. ********** Life on a college campus characterizes both general and distinct experiences. For some students, campus engagement represents a stage in their life span of increased social emphasis, movement away from family to peers as the core group of relatedness, and increased community focus. Within these common characteristics, the culture of the university, as embedded in its central mission, values, and goals statements, interacts with the campus climate to create a potentially unique experience for its students. University campuses that adhere to a specific religious value system, namely Christian, are even more likely to develop highly specific cultural environments. Although research measuring culture and environment on religiously affiliated college campuses is scarce, empirical findings suggest that Christian universities have a qualitatively unique environment (Bryant, 2009; Walker, Hathcoat, & Noppe, 2011-2012), and this may have important implications for grieving students. The challenges associated with dealing with bereavement on a college campus in general are not new to literature. Taub and Servaty-Seib (2008) discussed bereaved students' experiences from an environmental perspective. Grieving students' peers may desire and attempt to be supportive (Walker et ah, 2011-2012), but they may not be comfortable discussing losses (Balk, 1997); these findings are of concern in an environment in which peer relationships are central. Researchers have measured risk factors of close losses (Cupit, Servaty-Seib, Walker, Parikh, & Martin, 2014; Servaty-Seib & Pistole, 2006-2007; Walker et al., 2011-2012) and potential problems meeting immediate educational goals (Servaty-Seib & Hamilton, 2006) and have called for university engagement in bereaved college students' experiences (Balk, 2008; Taub & Servaty-Seib, 2008). To better understand how universities may be more engaged, we believe that it is necessary to examine the interactive relationship of student with environment and propose that using an ecological systems framework is instrumental in this process. Ecological systems theory, originally developed by Bronfenbrenner (2005a, 2005b), conceptualizes factors in human development and behavior by considering overlapping systems of influence ranging from those most central to an individual's experience to those most peripheral. The ecological perspective has been used to explain a number of adolescent issues, including sexual activity (Corcoran, 2000; Meade, Kershaw, & Ickovics, 2008; Van Horne, Wiemann, Berenson, Horwitz, & Volk, 2009), parental relationships (Gallagher, 2002; Jordan, 2005), and educational outcomes (Feldman & Matjasko, 2005; Nichols, Kotchick, Barry, & Haskins, 2010). Noppe (2009) used ecological systems theory to interpret the college student bereavement experience. In Noppe's (2009) interpretation, the microsystem consists of students' dyadic relationships with professors and roommates, and the mesosystem consists of an interaction of several dyadic relationships, such as students' relationships with parent, roommate, and professor. The exosystem places these interactions within the broader context of the institution, which is nested in the broader macrosystem of culture and even broader historical context, or chronosystem (Noppe, 2009). This interpretation led to the first college student bereavement research that we know of focusing mainly on environmental factors (Cupit et al. …

Summary Both the public and the scientific perception of an island's value are important in deciding its future, with regard to the levels of access, protection and funding for research. There is a popular belief that the preservation of islands equates to the slightly idiosyncratic conservation of unique remote habitats, where the value of any island is its isolation. However, by understanding how scientists use islands, a different picture emerges; islands may be seen also as integrated, or representative fragments of the world that contribute to biodiversity and scientific theory far beyond their narrow geographical boundaries. Here, we broadly review the full scope of values science places on islands. We resolve four central perspectives by which scientists view islands, based on how islands are incorporated into their research: (i) species-level studies; (ii) island-level studies; (iii) islands as model systems; and (iv) islands as part of a global network. Recognising this diverse value system helps enlarge our understanding of islands and reforges their importance to the public and policy makers.

Conservation ethics have been based on 2 philosophical value systems: extrinsic value (defined broadly to include all values that derive from something external to the thing valued) and intrinsic value. Valuing biological diversity on the basis of an extrinsic value system is problematic because measurement is often difficult; extrinsic value changes as spatial or temporal scales change; extrinsic value differs on the basis of external factors; some species have trivial or negative extrinsic values; and extrinsic value varies across human cultures and societies and with such factors as socioeconomic conditions, individual experiences, and educational backgrounds. Valuing biological diversity on the basis of an intrinsic value system also poses challenges because intrinsic value can be seen as a disguised form of human extrinsic value; intrinsic value is initially ambiguous as to which objects or characteristics of biological diversity are to being valued; all aspects of biological diversity (e.g., species and ecosystems) are transitory; species and ecosystems are not static concrete entities; and intrinsic value of one species is often in conflict with the intrinsic value of other species. Extrinsic and intrinsic value systems share a common origin, such that extrinsic values are always derived from intrinsic value and life mutely expresses both intrinsic and extrinsic values-these are derived from and are products of biological evolution. Probing the values that underlie conservation helps the community clearly articulate its aims. Derivacion de los Valores Extrinsecos de la Biodiversidad a Partir de sus Valores Intrinsecos y de Ambos a Partir de los Primeros Principios de la Evolucion.

There is a gap between what we think and what we think we think about ethics. This gap appears when elements of our ethical reflection and our moral theories contradict each other. It also appears when something that is important in our ethical reflection is sidelined in our moral theories. The gap appears in both ways with the ethical idea glory. The present exploration of this idea is a case study of how far actual ethical reflection diverges from moral theory. This divergence tells against moral theory, and in favour of less constricted and more flexible modes of ethical reflection.

This study examines the link between social structural variables (gender, race, education, age, rural childhood), individual social psychology (altruism, self-interest, traditionality, and openness to change), and beliefs about the benefits of vegetarianism (for health, the environment, animals, and world hunger) and self-reported vegetarianism . Data from a random sample of 420 adult U.S. residents showed that 5 .2 percent considered themselves vegetarian . The strongest predictor of vegetarianism as a di- etary choice was the belief that vegetarianism is beneficial to the environ- ment . None of the social structural variables had a direct influence on vegetarianism as a dietary choice . Of the four values studied, only altru- ism and traditional values influenced beliefs about the benefits of vege- tarianism . Altruistic values increased, and traditional values decreased, be- liefs that vegetarianism is beneficial to health, the environment, farm animals, and world hunger . Blacks were more likely than Whites to adhere to the beliefs that vegetarianism helps prevent cruelty to farm animals, is beneficial to personal health, and is beneficial to the environment . The

Since the late 1970s, ceramics producers in the Nicaraguan village of San Juan de Oriente have repeatedly transformed both the design of and the technology for making their products. Different types of Scandinavian museums exhibited the most recent form of San Juanense pottery in 2006–08, which provided me with an opportunity to reflect on the history and character of the pottery in light of my own involvement with its producers since the early 1980s. This article unpacks those reflections in terms of the discourse of authenticity that anthropologists have elaborated over the past three decades. [multiple forms of authenticity, ceramics production, artisan communities, San Juan de Oriente, Nicaragua, role of anthropology, systems of value]

Nursing and caring research has followed various paths in different countries and there are diverse views regarding the central phenomena in nursing science. An overview of Nordic nursing and caring science from 1974 to 2000 revealed that conceptualizations and design of enquiry differed. It therefore was of interest to investigate the overall picture regarding more recent and present doctoral dissertations on this subject. The aim of this study was to investigate the locus of interest and the content of current nursing and caring research in Nordic doctoral dissertations within the field presented during 2003. A total of 26 doctoral dissertations were read and studied. The analysis was inspired by Kim's metaparadigmatic typology of four domains for structuring nursing knowledge. The investigation shows that the research in these dissertations, with some exceptions, was oriented towards phenomena belonging to the client domain (18 dissertations). Less knowledge has been gained in the client-nurse (two dissertations); four dissertations were categorized within the practice domain and environment domain includes two dissertations. The research conducted was primarily oriented towards pragmatic aspects and the practical application of knowledge, whereas basic research aiming at defining an autonomous science is exceptional. This means that scientific knowledge regarding and forming the discipline's unique perspective and value system could still be in evolution. A combination of a carefully and well-designed research practice, reflecting the need to further research and investigate new theoretical regions would appear to constitute the direction forward.

Palestinian students live in a turbulent socio-political environment, often subjected to violent repression. Our paper seeks to understand the dialectic relationship between domination and resistance in the redefinition and reinforcement of students’ use of ICTs to achieve desirable freedoms. We will adopt a freedom view of development and use structuration theory to analyse macro social structures and its relation with the knowledgeable and reflexive agent. Our research took place in two Al-Quds University campuses located on opposite sides of the Israeli separation wall. We found that Al-Quds university students use ICTs as part of collective resistance to Israeli military occupation, emphasizing agency’s active role in monitoring wider social structures. Students use ICTs to ‘work around’ unplanned obstacles to their daily routines, sometimes in inadvertent ways and often for short-term gains. Nevertheless, the effects of Israeli policies have shown signs of disintegrating Palestinian collectiveness, provoking uncoordinated efforts amongst students. The concept of freedom has become relative and conflicting on both sides of the wall, even though both campuses are within what once was the greater Jerusalem area. Students have consequently used ICTs in different ways to pursue what they interpret as freedoms. In addition, ICTs may be facilitating a Palestinian exodus abroad and enabling the dissemination of new ideas that create tensions with the existing value system.

The focus of this article is on the process whereby offenders sent to a medium-security reformatory in central Canada are socialized to accept and support its inmate sub-culture and value system. An examination is made of the inmates’ culture, the stages by which the new inmate is introduced to it, the means used to induce him to accept and internalize the norms and values that compose it, and some of the changes in self-image and role which occur, as well as the difficulties faced by inmate culture-bearers in socializing the new inmates fully.

L'impact de la societe moderne sur l'identite et les traditions ethniques a ete tres documente. Une quantite considerable de recherches portant sur un large eventail de groupes ethniques ont traite de la relation entre l'ethnicite au Canada et le processus de modernisation. Le but de cet article est de voir dans quelle mesure les medias sont un indicateur de l'impact de la modernisation chez les Mennonites, au Canada et aux Etats-Unis

The rapid industrialization of a country can be a major disrupting factor in the economic, social, and political balance which that country has established. Whether a breakdown in the system occurs, or there is an impoverishment or change in the value system, depends to a great extent on the regulatory machinery that is put into effect to counter this disruption. A conceptual model of the adaptation of a system, by pointing out the essential features of adaptation, helps in our understanding of how such problems can be dealt with.

An ethical attitude in the analytic process is essential. This paper presents a brief overview of theories of moral development and the origins of an ethical attitude. Moral development and integrity are discussed as basic aspects of an ethical attitude. An analytic attitude encompasses an ethical attitude. Differences between these attitudes are noted. Ethical dilemmas are presented in the context of the complexities involved in maintaining an ethical attitude in relation to the proscriptions of legal and ethical codes in the profession. An ethical attitude involves struggling with an outer authority as well as inner authority.

This essay addresses the question of what happens when authors import into their own culture a genre whose structures and conventions have been moulded in another culture. If the imported structures and conventions include a certain value system, does an author's adaptation cause them to express markedly different values than they do in their original context? I explore this question by analysing the detective stories by Mika Waltari, a reowned Finnish author, who used both the British whodunit and Edgar Allan Poe's Dupin stories as models. I first consider Waltari's use of specific generic conventions and consider the national values he makes them express. I then analyse Waltari's insertion of himself into the textual roles of detective and culprit in order to examine the link between writing detective stories and ideology. I show how Waltari creates a fundamental discrepancy between the whodunit world and the Finnish context in which he sets this world in order to emphasize the literariness of the imitated model. In his hands, writing detective stories becomes first and foremost a literary exercise that enables him to show his skilful, self-reflexive, and ironic play with literary forms and conventions.

The practice of clinical medicine cannot be isolated from ethical judgements. These judgements must take full account of all the circumstances of the case and be based on sound principles. Decisions must be consistent, free from contradiction and clinically relevant. Some of the principles are outlined here and a guide is provided to facilitate the translation of ethical analysis into moral action. The purpose of this brief outline is to assist in the development of consistent, critical and reflective attitudes to ethical decision making. My aim is to make you think and the ‘further reading’ is designed to assist in this.

This study examined relationships between college students' alcohol consumption and epistemological development. Results indicate students who are frequent binge drinkers have not developed a value system that transcends the influences of peers. On the basis of these findings, a constructivist approach to counseling students with problems related to high-risk drinking is discussed.

Psychoanalysis and psychological humanism are theories that provide ways of understanding the psychotherapeutic process. These orientations have somewhat incompatible assumptions, thereby making integration difficult. Efforts at theoretical integration of psychoanalysis and humanism are critically reviewed along the lines of F. Pine's (1990) 4 psychologies of psychoanalysis. The author concludes that psychoanalysis and humanism have certain compatible features, but that they generally represent opposing vantage points in the study of subjectivity. Each orientation is grounded in a particular epistemic value system that dictates the way knowledge about others should be acquired. Recommendations for integrating these orientations in the psychotherapeutic process are provided.

This paper employs an Eliasian perspective to provide an historical overview to the contemporary crisis in British prisons. It argues that some of the roots of this crisis lie within the very attempts to bring prison development in line with the cultural values of modern society.

Why did Israeli women not fight for social equality until the late 1980s ? And what changed their individual and collective willingness to act ? The paper maintains that social action to improve women's positions in society did exist before the late 1980s but it was mostly not rebellious in the sense that it was not directed against men or the existing social order. The main factor behind the inaction is the lack of feminist ideologies that affect and support gender identities. This kind of feminist gender identity was inhibited in Israel by the inter-relations among three factors : (1) the lack of ideological pluralism, (2) the influence of traditional and religious beliefs, and (3) the effect of national, total, and masculine institutions (like the Israeli army). The same factors -or some combinations of these factors- may inhibit women's activism in other societies as well.

Research addressing how values held by individuals in organizations influence strategy choice and implementation is as yet fragmented. Different strands of this research have yielded contradictory prescriptions for strategy. This paper examines how values affect strategy, by focusing on the social control they exert. Social control manifests itself through the behaviours permitted and proscribed by given values. We call a value a core value when the social control it exerts supersedes that of most other values in a value system. When the social control a value exerts is itself superseded by that exerted by most other values in a system, we call the value a peripheral value in that system. Strategies could be depicted as containing implicit values, in that they too entail prescriptions for behaviour. Thus, core values implicit to strategies enable behaviour essential for the success of strategies. Values seemingly peripheral to strategies enable behaviour peripheral or even tangential to their success. This paper discusses several contingencies – clashes between core values of decision makers and values implicitly at the core of strategies, core and peripheral values, as well as clashes between peripheral values – in the context of both corporate and competitive strategies. Finally, some factors that might mitigate these clashes, are also discussed

This study examined the contextual factors that influence what students deem interesting and important by examining what teachers signal as interesting and important in their classroom discussions and assessments. Participants in this investigation were three high school science teachers and their students. We created portraits of these high school science teachers and their students as a way to describe the instructional value system that seemed to be operating in their classrooms. These value systems were evidenced by teacher interviews, text ratings, text recall performances, classroom discussions, and assessment questions. Results revealed that the valuing system within these three classrooms varied in noticeable ways. Students were differentially successful at ascertaining the instructional value system within their respective classrooms, as indicated by their discussion patterns and test questions. This variation among students seemed partially attributable to their teachers' content and pedagogical knowledge. At several instances when either form of knowledge was limited or not well utilized, the students were more at a loss in deciding what was instructionally important or in applying that understanding. We also found that the teachers' and students' determination of important content did not correspond well with the structurally important elements of the text (i.e., main ideas). Other similarities and differences between the value system of the teachers and their students' questions are discussed, along with implications for research and practice. ESTE ESTUDIO examino los factores contextuales que influencian lo que los estudiantes consideran interesante e importante, estudiando lo que los docentes senalan como importante en sus disucsiones y evaluaciones en el aula. Los participantes de este estudio fueron tres docentes de ciencia de escuela media y sus alumnos. Creamos retratos de estos docentes y sus alumnos como una forma de describir el sistema de valores didacticos que parecia operar en sus clases. Estos sistemas de valores quedaron en evidencia en entrevistas con los docentes, evaluacion de textos, desempeno en relato de textos, discusiones en clase y preguntas de evaluacion. Los resultados revelaron que el sistema de valores en estas tres clases variaba notablemente. El exito de los estudiantes para descubrir el sistema de valores didacticos dentro de sus respectivas clases no fue uniforme, como lo indican los patrones de discusion y preguntas. Esta variacion entre estudiantes parece parcialmente atribuible a los conocimientos pedagogicos y concimientos sobre contenidos de los docentes. En varias instancias, cuando alguna de las dos formas de conocimiento era limitada o mal utilizada, los estudiantes se hallaban mas desconcertados para decidir que era didacticamente importante o para aplicar esa percepcion. Tambien encontramos que la determinacion de los docentes y los alumnos acerca de los contenidos importantes no correspondia bien con los elementos estructuralmente importantes del texto (por ej., ideas principales). Se discuten otras similitudes y diferencias entre el sistema de valores de los docentes y las preguntas de sus alumnos, conjuntamente con implicancias para la investigacion y la practica. DIESE STUDIE untersuchte die sinnstiftenden Faktoren, die beeinflussen, was Schuler interessant und wichtig finden, indem sie prufen, was Lehrer als interessant und wichtig ihnen signalisieren, und zwar in ihren Unterrichtsgesprachen und bei der Leistungsbeurteilung. An dieser Untersuchung nahmen drei High-School-Lehrer der naturwissenschaftlichen Facher und deren Schuler teil. Wir erstellten Portrats dieser High-School-Lehrer und ihrer Schuler als methodischen Weg, um die Schwerpunkte der Unterrichtsarbeit zu beschreiben, wie sie schienen in diesen Klassen gehandhabt zu werden. Diese Zielorientierungen in der Unterrichtsarbeit kristallisierten sich heraus aus den Interviews mit den Lehrern, den Texteinstufungen, den Beurteilungen von Textzusammenfassungen, den Unterrichtsgesprachen und Prufungsfragen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, das das Bewertungssystem innerhalb dieser drei Klassen sich in bemerkenswerter Weise voneinander unterschied. Die Schuler waren auf unterschiedliche Weise erfolgreich, wenn sie herauszufinden suchten, was die Schwerpunkte der Unterrichtsarbeit in ihren Klassen ausmachte und wie sie diese den Mustern der Unterrichtsgesprache und den Testfragen entnehmen konnten. Die unterschiedliche Bewertung durch die Schuler schien teilweise abhangig zu sein vom Fachwissen und der padagogischen Fahigkeit ihrer Lehrer. Wiederholt, wenn entweder der Wissensstoff eingeschrankt war oder nicht gut genutzt werden konnte, waren die Schuler uberfordert in der Entscheidung, was nun lernmasig wichtig oder wie das Gelernte anzuwenden ware. Wir fanden auch heraus, das die Ansicht von Lehrern wie Schulern in der Frage, was nun die wesentliche Kernaussage ware, meist nicht ubereinstimmte mit den strukturell wichtigen Elementen eines Textes (wie z.B. den Hauptgedanken). Weitere Ahnlichkeiten mit und Unterschiede im Wertesystem von Lehrern und den sich daraus ergebenden Schulerfragen werden diskutiert, ebenso die damit verbundenen Vorgaben im Bereich von Forschung und Lehre. CETTE ETUDE a examine les facteurs contextuels qui influent sur ce que les eleves jugent interessant et important, en examinant ce que les enseignants signalent comme interessant et important dans leurs discussions pedagogiques et dans leurs evaluations. Trois professeurs de sciences de lycee et leurs eleves ont participe a cette recherche. Nous avons realise des portraits de ces trois professeurs de sciences de lycee et de leurs eleves de facon a decrire le systeme de valeur pedagogique qui semblait operer dans leurs classes. Ces systemes de valeur ont ete mis en evidence par des entretiens avec les maitres, des notations de textes, les performances en rappel de textes, des discussions en classe, et des questions sur l'evaluation. Les resultats ont revele que le systeme de valeur varie sensiblement d'une classe a l'autre. Les eleves sont parvenus a discerner le systeme de valeur pedagogique de leur classe de maniere variable, si l'on en juge par leurs patrons de reponses et les questions des tests. Ces variations entre eleves semblent en partie liees au contenu enseigne et aux competences pedagogiques des professeurs. A plusiers reprises, quand une connaissance etait limitee ou qu'elle etait mal utilisee, les eleves sont apparus davantage desorientes pour decider de ce qui est important du point de vue des connaissances ou pour en faire usage. On a trouve egalement que le contenu que les enseignants et les eleves jugent important ne correspond pas bien avec les elements structurellement importants du texte (c'est-a-dire les idees principales). On a discute egalements d'autres similitudes et d'autres differences entre le systeme de valeur des enseignants et les questions des eleves, ainsi que des implications de ceci pour la recherche et pour la pratique.

An analytical framework is used to review the socio-cultural experiences of African societies with an emphasis on their organizations, interaction and action toward development as well as their demographic experiences. In this framework, the socio-cultural setting which influences the way of life— values, beliefs systems, norms, ideas and idealogies—evolved in response to the people's existential experiences. This variable influences both the demographic experiences and the social organization (family and kinship) of a society as well as its value system. These, as intermediate variables, in turn influence the appropriate strategy to be adopted for the development of society. Resume: S'inspirant d'un cadre analytique, les auteurs examinent les experiences socio-culturelles des societes africaines en privilegiant l'organisation de ces societes, leur interaction, leur action de developpement ainsi que leur experience demographique. Vu sous cet angle, le cadre socio-culturel determinant le mode de vie—valeurs, systemes de croyances, normes, idees et ideologies—a evolue en reponse a l'experience existentielle des populations. Cette variable influence tant l'experience demographique et l'organisation sociale (famille et parente) que le systeme de valeurs de la societe. Et en tant que variables intermediaries, ces variables influencent a leur tour la strategie a adopter pour le developpement de la societe.

Cette etude constate les effets nefastes des considerations d'ordre economique au coeur de la pratique de la medecine, en denoncant le cynisme accompagnant ces changements. La formation des etudiants en medecine doit etre adaptee et laisser apparaitre les bases d'une ethique professionnelle. C'est dans cette direction que les professionnels de l'enseignement medical doivent orienter leurs recherches...

This chapter presents a model within which to view the potential conflict between the political (doing things right) and the ethical (doing the right thing).

La question centrale de cet article traite du lien entre les actions et le systeme de valeurs. Pour ce faire, il faut differencier plusieurs types de valeurs et plusieurs domaines de l'existence. On met l'accent sur deux grandes classes de valeurs: ce qui est considere comme important pour le bien-etre personnel (les moyens en vue d'une fin) et ce qui releve de principes directeurs (qui valent pour eux-memes). Pour ce qui est des domaines de l'existence, on a retenu des realites etudiees dans bien d'autres recherches: le travail, la famille, la religion, l‘economie, le social. Les valeurs liees aux domaines peuvent etre egotistes (“devenir riche”) ou altruistes (“etre volontaire”, “dispenser de l'amour”, “etre un excellent ami”). Un autre classement de ces valeurs renvoie a l'opposition permissivite’ autoritarisme. On distingue aussi les comportements internes et externes. On s'est apercu que toutes les facettes jouaient un role legitime (lawful role) dans la structure des correlations de l'ensemble des variables (valeurs et actions). Dans tous les secteurs de la vie, les actes correlent plus fortement avec les valeurs renvoyant aux moyens en vue du bien-etre personnel qu'avec les valeurs definies comme principes directeurs. The central problem of this paper is how well does what people do relate to their value system. To do this requires differentiating between different kinds of values and different areas of life. We focus on two major classes of values: what is regarded as important to one's personal well-being (means to an end) and what is regarded as guiding principles (ends-in-themselves). For areas of life were chosen topics studied in many other researches: work, family, religion, economy, social, etc. Values for the areas could be further classified as being either egotistic (e.g. “to get rich”) or altruistic (e.g. “to volunteer”, “give love”, “be a good friend”, etc). A further classification of the area values is permissive versus authoritarian. A distinction is also made between internal and external behaviour. All these facets were found to play lawful roles in the structure of the correlations of all the variables together: values and deeds. In all areas of life personal doing tends to correlate more strongly with values which are means to personal well-being than with values which are guiding principles.

Although much research has been conducted in the area of organizational commitment, few studies have explicitly examined how organizations facilitate commitment among members. Using a sample of 291 respondents from 45 firms, the results of this study show that rigorous recruitment and selection procedures and a strong, clear organizational value system are associated with higher levels of employee commitment based on internalization and identification. Strong organizational career and reward systems are related to higher levels of instrumental or compliance-based commitment.

Accountability is a vogue word. It has been around for a while now, but does not seem to be going out of fashion. Probably that is because the word reflects and reinforces a value system in relation to government and administration which is solid and good, not just a passing fad. If that is right, then the only difficulty with the notion of accountability is that it may be bandied round to such an extent as to become a mere slogan, a substitute for thought.

This is a papa which reviews and discusses the implications of Chine value systems for managerial behaviour in Taiwan. With a central assumption that managerial behaviour and styles are largely shaped by the values and normative systems of senior members of corporate management, a study of 43 industrial firms in Taiwan investigating their organisational structure and the managerial assumptions. values and other socio-demographical features of their senior managers was conducted. The results of the research lead to the construction of a typology of four managerial patterns in Taiwan today, viz. the ‘grass-roots’ type, the ‘Mainlander’ type, the ‘specialist’ type and the ‘transitional’ type. While the ‘transitional’ type is more or less by definition ‘transient’, a tendency is postulated by the authors for both the ‘grass-roots’ and ‘Mainlander’ types to move gradually to converge with the ‘specialist’ type which will become increasingly widespread in Taiwan.

Hypothesized a list of potential values that are common among all cultures. They tested the potential values in populations in Germany and Israel and found striking similarities between the two countries and their individual value systems. The study was based on the Rokeach value system which postulates that 18 terminal values may be reached by means of 18 instrumental values. Schwartz and then studied another seven more than 70 additional countries. A fourth study centered on predicting political views based on subjects’ individual value configurations. Keywords: Shalom H. Schwartz; self and identity

The present paper deals with a number of aspects concerning principles and problems of pesticides legislation. Consideration is first given to the definition of the term pesticide, both in the context of legislation, which requires a precise description, and for the purpose of international organisations, such as for example the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. A general outline is given of the pesticide situation, summarising the benefits derived from the use of pesticides, and the risks involved concerning man, environment and food. The necessity of regulations in this field is stipulated, though it is emphasised that such regulations should not jeopardise justified plant health requirements. Consideration is further given to the criteria, which are relevant in any approval scheme, mandatory or voluntary, for pesticides. The main criteria should refer to efficacy and risk of undesirable side-effects on the basis of toxicological and environmental data. Reference is given to some principles of the present Netherlands Pesticides Act and of the proposed amendments. A survey is given of the present position within the European Economic Community with respect to harmonisation of tolerances, and of the difficulties encountered in the FAO/WHO Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues in agreeing on international tolerances. A certain degree of uncoupling of tolerance regulations from national use pattern regulations would be desirable. The question is raised whether it is theoretically possible to cover all requirements in one single tolerance figure, applicable world-wide, and thought might be given to a dual value system.

This paper discusses one procedure for examining technology policy objectives. A set of technology policy objectives was selected from a report prepared by a group of Commonwealth experts. These were then partially structured using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) methodology. The resulting structure is presented and discussed. Deductions made from these are used to indicate a possible mode of efficiently implementing the main policy recommendations of the expert report consistent with the value system of the society concerned.

A case study that describes the process of establishing mental health services in the medium-sized Howard County (Maryland) jail is presented. Built in 1878, the county jail provided virtually no rehabilitative services to its inmates until 1972. At that time, personnel from the Howard County Bureau of Mental Health began to gain access to the jail, establish rapport with the jail staff, assess the mental health needs of the inmates, and implement various programs to meet these needs. Implementation and development of services are described for the 12-year span between 1972 and 1984. The concept of providing community-based services has been accepted and incorporated into the value system and structure of the jail. It is concluded that the viability of programs depended upon interactions among continuation of strong leadership for each component of the rehabilitation program, acceptance of the value of these services by the jail administration and staff, and availability of community resources. The linkage between the jail and community agencies is discussed.

A study by Gastil concludes that the Southern area of the United States constitutes a regional subculture of violence. Loftin and Hill (1974) empirically challenge Gastil's findings at the ecological level of analysis. This study adds a further dimension to that line of research by examining violence-related items from a national survey at the individual level of analysis. Results fail to confirm the existence of a divergent value system among Southerners today. It is suggested that if a “regional culture of violence” once existed, it has vanished over the years.

This study assesses the value systems held by supervisors and supervisees in the counseling practice. The relation between value system similarity and two dependent measures was examined; the level of communication within and the overall satisfaction with the relationship. Participants included 37 student supervisees and seven supervisors in a master's program. Correlation coefficients were computed to establish the relationships between the dependent measures and between value similarity measures and the dependent variables. The results did not indicate a meaningful relation between the similarity of value systems for supervisee and supervisor and either dependent measure. The results, however, did indicate a strong relationship between the supervisee's satisfaction with the supervisory relationship and the level of communication that was developed in supervision.

The theme of this paper is that the proliferation of service-wide controls and the emphasis on conformity with centrally prescribed rules and policies have seriously damaged the free play of conscience and discretion in the value system of the federal civil service. Managerial behaviour, as a consequence, now responds excessively to accountability to others, defined as “dependent accountability,” and insufficiently to individual conscience, defined as “independent accountability.” The author deplores this direction in the culture of the federal bureaucracy and gives examples of how the dominance of conformity over conscience impedes productivity and erodes managerial morale. Sommaire: Selon cet article, la proliferation des controles au niveau des services et l'importance attachee a la conformite des regles et politiques edictees par les organismes centraux ont porte tres serieusement atteinte au libre jeu de la conscience et de la discretion dans le systeme de valeurs de la fonction publique federale. En consequence, le comportement des gestionnaires est trop conditionne par l'imputabilite vis-a-vis d'autrui, ce que l'on appelle “l'imputabilite dependante”, et ne l'est pas assez par le controle de la conscience individuelle, “l'imputabilite independante”. L'auteur deplore cette orientation de la culture de la bureaucratie federale et montre par des exemples comment la suprematie de la conformite sur la conscience diminue la productivite et erode le moral des gestionnaires.

This article describes men's gender role conflict and strain that emanate from rigid gender socialization. The author proposes 10 assumptions about how gender role socialization and sexism can be psychologically dysfunctional for both men and women. The masculine mystique and value system and men's fear of femininity produce six patterns of gender role conflict and strain in men's lives. These patterns are discussed and their effects on men's psychological and physical well being are presented. Four recommendations for counselors and psychologists are offered to increase sensitivity to gender role conflict and decrease the emotional pain in people's lives caused by sexism and restrictive gender role socialization.

In terms of balance theory formulations, and on the basis of previous findings with the IE scale, it was hypothesized that Externals would show an increase in the importance of certain values after being made aware of inconsistencies already existing within the value system (Rokeach effect) significantly more than Internals. Further, it was hypothesized that Internals would change in the opposite direction, though to a lesser degree. The hypotheses were not supported, but instead it was found that those subjects who showed the Rokeach effect also showed a change in their IE score, becoming more External, and that those subjects who changed in the opposite direction became more Internal. The implications of this finding for the Internal-External locus of control construct are discussed.

Past research has consistently shown marked differences between religious believers and nonbelievers. Such differences were suggested in this study to be due to the presence of religious schema in believers. It was hypothesized that non-believers would be less schematic, or aschematic with respect to religion. This hypothesis was examined by comparing the value system of college student believers (Protestants and Catholics) and non-believers (those indicating no religious faith). Extensive differences were found. Consistent with the hypothesis, the differences were found mainly on the schema-relevant values. In essence, believers showed greater preference for and possession of the moral and relational values, and lesser on the personal-extrinsic, competency, and egoistic values. As predicted, no difference was found on the social and intellectual types of values which are basically schema-irrelevant. The notion of schema availability was also supported. When subjects' religiosity (as indicated by their preference for the salvation value and their self-rated possession of the religiousness value) was controlled for, all the above differences were removed. When high and low religiosity believers were compared, great differences were found. The differences between the high and low religiosity non-believers were however much less extensive.