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Background and purpose: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has an estimated worldwide incidence of >60 million per year, and long‐term persistent postconcussion symptoms (PPCS) are increasingly recognized as being predicted by psychosocial variables. Patients at risk for PPCS may be amenable to closer follow‐up to treat modifiable symptoms and prevent chronicity. In this regard, similarities seem to exist with psychosocial risk factors for chronicity in other health‐related conditions. However, as opposed to other conditions, no screening instruments exist for mTBI. Methods: A systematic search of the literature on psychological and psychiatric predictors of long‐term symptoms in mTBI was performed by two independent reviewers using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Results: Fifty papers were included in the systematic analysis. Anxiety, depressive symptoms, and emotional distress early after injury predict PPCS burden and functional outcome up to 1 year after injury. In addition, coping styles and preinjury psychiatric disorders and mental health also correlate with PPCS burden and functional outcome. Associations between PPCS and personality and beliefs were reported, but either these effects were small or evidence was limited. Conclusions: Early psychological and psychiatric factors may negatively interact with recovery potential to increase the risk of chronicity of PPCS burden after mTBI. This opens opportunities for research on screening tools and early intervention in patients at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the literature on the psychological consequences of poverty, this paper examines whether stress explains poor people's stronger preferences for unhealthy food and whether self‐affirmation mitigates stress and reduces unhealthy food preferences. Through a quasiexperimental field study of patrons of a community kitchen, we show that poor people (vs. controls) prefer more unhealthy food and, more importantly, that chronic stress mediates the relationship between poverty and unhealthy food preferences. A second quasiexperimental study of poor residents of a home for homeless people replicates this effect for actual unhealthy food choices. A final online study reveals that a social‐psychological self‐affirmation intervention mitigates poor people's experienced stress, which in turn helps reduce unhealthy food preferences. The discussion focuses on how managing stress through timely interventions such as self‐affirmation can improve poor people's unhealthy food preferences. Finally, policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to learn the mappings from words to referents, children must integrate co-occurrence information across individually ambiguous pairs of scenes and utterances, a challenge known as crosssituational word learning. In machine learning, recent multimodal neural networks have been shown to learn meaningful visual-linguistic mappings from cross-situational data, as needed to solve problems such as image captioning and visual question answering. These networks are potentially appealing as cognitive models because they can learn from raw visual and linguistic stimuli, something previous cognitive models have not addressed. In this paper, we examine whether recent machine learning approaches can help explain various behavioral phenomena from the psychological literature on crosssituational word learning. We consider two variants of a multimodal neural network architecture and look at seven different phenomena associated with cross-situational word learning and word learning more generally. Our results show that these networks can learn word-referent mappings from a single epoch of training, mimicking the amount of training commonly found in cross-situational word learning experiments. Additionally, these networks capture some, but not all of the phenomena we studied, with all of the failures related to reasoning via mutual exclusivity. These results provide insight into the kinds of phenomena that arise naturally from relatively generic neural network learning algorithms, and which word learning phenomena require additional inductive biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of the greatest challenges in society have emerged as a result of humans acting within complex systems without fully understanding how they work. To address this problem, scholars from diverse fields have appealed to systems thinking. To date, a psychological perspective has been conspicuously absent from scholarship on this topic-a gap that the present paper seeks to fill by situating an individual difference measure of systems thinking in relation to well-studied constructs (e.g. holistic and relational thinking) and decision-making tasks in the psychological literature. Results indicate that the measure of systems thinking captures peoples' tendency to represent and reason about complex systems. The paper helps to validate a novel measure of an individual's tendency to engage in systems thinking and to provide a conceptual foundation for the thinking about the psychological underpinning of a systems thinking mindset. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been considerable debate in the literature concerning the existence of moral character. One lesson we should take away from these debates is that the concept of character, and the role it plays in guiding our actions, is far more complex than most of us initially took it to be. Just as Gilbert Harman, for example, makes a serious mistake in insisting, plain and simply, that there is no such thing as character, defenders of character also make a mistake to the extent that they imply there is no problem raised by the psychological literature for either the concept of character or the nature of character-based ethics. My hope for this paper is to avoid both of these mistakes by first, exploring exactly what is the concept of character that is so firmly rooted in our philosophical and everyday thinking; and second, exploring the implications of the psychological literature for this appropriately understood concept of character. In so doing, I will come to a resolution that vindicates the existence of character, while at the same time calls attention to the real and serious problem suggested by the psychological evidence. This, we will see, is a problem of moral motivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peer‐to‐peer (P2P) lending is referred to as lending money to unknown borrowers directly through online platforms without using traditional financial intermediaries. We leverage insights from the literature on psychological distancing and affective intensity to argue that linguistic styles, as the manifestation of social psychological distance, have a negative impact on P2P funding success. Testing our arguments with data from a major Chinese P2P platform, we find that using too many "you" and negations (proxies for social psychological distance) in the borrower's description will dampen a lender's willingness to support a funding campaign. Moreover, when the social psychological distance is large, language intensity can be perceived as desperate, making a lender even less willing to support the funding campaign. Our research shed new light on the role of language in P2P funding success and has practical implications for lenders, borrowers and regulators in overcoming barriers in P2P lending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central tenet of open innovation (OI) is that useful knowledge is widely distributed. By purposively engaging in knowledge sourcing and sharing (KSS) activities, organisations can create and capture value through collaborative exchange with others. Organising for OI relies on the assumption that individual managers tasked to bring it to fruition will enact behavioural responses conducive to external KSS. However, understanding what characterises and informs managers' disengagement in OI remains an unresolved challenge. The interactions between managers' in‐role demands in OI and their self‐concept, which guide behavioural responses, are under‐investigated. Drawing on cognitive dissonance theory (CDT), this article conceptualises the sources of managerial dissonance and situates discussions on underlying influencing mechanisms, culminating towards a cognitive model of disengagement in OI. Bridging OI, psychology and management literature, hypotheses are developed to stimulate investigations into what characterises and influences managers' disengagement in OI. Managerial implications are discussed to curate approaches that can help manage managerial dissonance in order to attain the desired organisational OI goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attending to clients' psychological needs during career counseling merits more attention in career theory and practice. We describe how the elaboration of clients' needs during career construction counseling supports clients' problem formulation. After reviewing the literature on the psychology of needs, we present and illustrate an intervention strategy with a case example. Counseling vignettes from the initial counseling task of problem formulation illustrate how to facilitate clients' narrative symbolization of their emotional experiences and associated needs. We explain how this strategy contributes to deepening clients' understanding of their problems and facilitates both the rewriting of a career narrative and the construction of new career plans. Analysis of the possibilities and limits of this practice merits attention in career counseling process research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When engaging with a textbook, students are inclined to highlight key content. Although students believe that highlighting and subsequent review of the highlights will further their educational goals, the psychological literature provides little evidence of benefits. Nonetheless, a student's choice of text for highlighting may serve as a window into her mental state—her level of comprehension, grasp of the key ideas, reading goals, and so on. We explore this hypothesis via an experiment in which 400 participants read three sections from a college‐level biology text, briefly reviewed the text, and then took a quiz on the material. During initial reading, participants were able to highlight words, phrases, and sentences, and these highlights were displayed along with the complete text during the subsequent review. Consistent with past research, the amount of highlighted material is unrelated to quiz performance. Nonetheless, highlighting patterns may allow us to infer reader comprehension and interests. Using multiple representations of the highlighting patterns, we built probabilistic models to predict quiz performance and matrix factorization models to predict what content would be highlighted in one passage from highlights in other passages. We find that quiz score prediction accuracy reliably improves with the inclusion of highlighting data (by about 1%–2%), both for held‐out students and for held‐out student questions (i.e., questions selected randomly for each student), but not for held‐out questions. Furthermore, an individual's highlighting pattern is informative of what she highlights elsewhere. Our long‐term goal is to design digital textbooks that serve not only as conduits of information into the reader's mind but also allow us to draw inferences about the reader at a point where interventions may increase the effectiveness of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we give much needed attention to the nature and value of corporate prayer by drawing together insights from theology, philosophy, and psychology. First, we explain what it is that distinguishes corporate from private prayer by drawing on the psychological literature on joint attention and the philosophical notion of shared situations. We suggest that what is central to corporate prayer is a "sense of sharedness," which can be established through a variety of means—through bodily interactions or through certain environments. Second, we argue that corporate prayer, when understood as a kind of shared situation, enables common knowledge, as well as a kind of alignment between participants. Through this process, participants' attention is focused on the same target and affiliation between participants increases. Thus, we suggest, one benefit of understanding corporate prayer as a shared situation is that it establishes and deepens a sense of community in such a way that common purposes and goals can be enacted more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider asset prices and informational efficiency in a setting where owning stock confers direct utility due to an affect heuristic. Specifically, holding equity in brand name companies or those indulging in "socially desirable" activities (e.g., environmental consciousness) confers positive consumption benefits, whereas investing in "sin stocks" yields the reverse. In contrast to settings based on wealth considerations alone, expected stock prices deviate from expected fundamentals even when assets are in zero net supply. Stocks that yield high direct utility are, on average, more informationally efficient as they stimulate more entry into the market for these stocks and, consequently, more information collection. The analysis also accords with a value effect, high valuations of brand‐name stocks, abnormally positive returns on "sin stocks," volume premia in the cross‐section of returns, proliferation of mutual funds and ETFs, and yields untested implications. If, as psychological literature suggests, agents derive greater utility from successful companies by "basking in reflected glory," then asset prices react to public signals non‐linearly, leading to booms and busts, as well as crashes and recoveries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Barefield presented only the tip of the iceberg represented by the psychological literature on information processing, and conducted an experiment involving aggregation as an alternative to disaggregated data. Therefore I feel that his results should be considered exploratory in nature. I agree, in direction, that "the conclusions of this study are somewhat restricted and are based on an incomplete understanding of decision behavior" [1, p. 241]. However, I disagree with his contention that "this literature (psychological) provided the support for the two hypotheses which were tested by examining data generated by an accounting experiment" [1, p. 241]. In closing, I hope this note will encourage those doing future experiments relating to psychological literature on information processing to be more specific in developing a direct link of the theory to their hypotheses and in identifying variables under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information about the write up "A Multisite Cross-Cultural Replication of Upper's Unsuccessful Self-Treatment of Writer's Block." It is stated that the preparation of the said article was supported by a grant of $2.50 from the personal funds of the first author. Among the write up's authors are Robert Didden, Jeff Sigafoos and Mark F. O'Reilly. According to the author, the write up is particularly rare in behavior analysis wherein no revision was done. He adds that the paper the character of brevity.

The use of subjective wellbeing (SWB) data in economic analysis has increased dramatically in recent years and has now become mainstream, despite some lingering concerns about the quality of these data. Although the psychology literature to a certain extent has succeeded in addressing the issues of interpersonal, intertemporal and international comparison of SWB data, the issues of cardinality, neutrality and additivity continue to be contentious among economists. This article surveys the existing literature relevant to these issues in an effort to provide clarity and thus assist SWB data users to develop more robust research designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the outline of framework on the constrained attentional associative learning (CAAL) as discussed by David H. Rakison and David Lupyan, in their attempt to give a mechanistic explanation for the development of the conceptual understanding of animacy in infancy. It is the author's view that the framework adds to a growing collection of theoretical perspectives that the infant's conceptual understanding came from the general-purpose learning mechanism, including identification of statistical regularities and the formation of associations between objects in the world.

The article explores brain imaging in the context of social neurosciences. The field of social neuroscience has now joined cognitive neuroscience in a rapidly expanding effort to understand the relationship between brain function and behavior in humans. For neurophysiologists and cognitive scientists to communicate, they must first realize that the aspects of brain function they routinely measure are different. The developmental psychology literature is rich in detail about the developmental milestones associated with the maturation of the human brain.

During limes of crisis, do cognitive processes shape leaders' procurement decisions in predictable ways? Drawing on psychological literature, we propose four factors that may have a substantial influence on how much money leaders engaged in ongoing disputes allocate to their military: (1) striving for superiority versus striving for parity in military resources; (2) uncertainty regarding the characteristics of weapons systems; (3) ambiguity regarding the overall capacities of weapons systems; and (4) the tone of messages that adversaries send to one another. The effects of these factors are investigated using a laboratory simulation that combines both experimental and quasi-experimental elements. The results indicate that striving for superiority has a significant effect on defense spending, as does the tone of an opponent's message. By way of contrast, neither uncertainty nor ambiguity exerts a statistically discernable impact on the level of defense spending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An enclave of animists in a predominantly Muslim nation, Temiars of peninsular Malaysia forge ingenious techniques to convert the commodities, concepts, and technologies that assault them towards their own religious and ideological uses. These aboriginal forest-dwellers, a Senoi or Orang Asli people known in the anthropological and psychological literature for their techniques of dreaming, use songs received in dreams for healing purposes. Temiars are Austroasiatic-speakers in a now Malay-dominant nation. Battling colonial and neo-colonial pressures in the Malay postcolony and the global economy, the members of this small-scale society take refuge in montane forests, yet they have long interacted with Malays, British colonists, Chinese and Tamils brought to work in British mines and plantations, and communist guerillas in the aftermath of the Second World War. The key element in their survival is a technique economically combining music, medicine, and culture. This medico-acoustic armature crafts the winds of breath, life, and voice into song. I explore how Temiars call on spirits through song, dance, and ceremony to address both individual and social wounds, as they craft their dances of healing and survival across the proverbial winds of history. Comparative materials on music, medicine, healing, and the environment from Africa, Europe, and elsewhere are examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]