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The aim of this paper is to test the way in which geographical proximity and technological relatedness relate to an industry's innovative output. Two mechanisms are therefore tested, namely, urbanization economies and the regional exploitation of technological relatedness. A new dataset is applied, which includes German patent applications from within the period 1995 to 2006. Four industries are considered, two of which are science-based, whereas the remaining two are specialized supplier industries. While diversity is associated with high innovative output in the specialized supplier industries, the same does not hold for science-based industries. However, both kinds of industries seem to benefit from recombinant innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open systems theory purports to offer many benefits related to developing an innovative and sustainable organization. In this paper, we examine if collaborative tools afford a move towards a more open‐orientated organizational form that can support innovation capability and the issues that need to be managed in the process. Constructs that characterize open systems are identified from the literature, and these are used to frame the case analyses on the nature of collaborative tools and changing organizational forms. The validity of the open systems concept is explored through an examination of three case studies. Although collaborative tools offer potential organizational benefits, issues exist in relation to its management and use that can circumscribe its impact. Collaborative tools were used in contexts where there was a weak understanding of open systems concepts, and this resulted in a weak conceptual strategy. The lack of methodological guidance on how to use collaborative tools to become more open was a significant issue. The combination of these two issues created a number of implementation problems including lack of widespread participation and an inability to obtain and leverage knowledge via collaborative tools to improve innovation. The paper highlights that a tool‐focused collaborative systems approach produces less effective integration of collaborative tools and creates problems in moving to a more open organizational form. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Open systems theory offers a conceptual platform to understand how systems can be effective in adapting to their environments through purposeful action. It is relevant to the performance of national systems of innovation: open‐oriented countries are more likely to be successful in innovation because of the knowledge exchange between international organizations and organizations within the same country. In this paper, the open systems concept is defined and measured by a number of factors including extent of open trade, information and communication technology development, and online government service measures. In this study, the relationship between the measures of openness and the level of innovation of each country (measured using the Global Innovation Index) is analysed using analysis of variance, with results indicating a positive relationship. The theoretical contribution resides in the argument that a nation's openness relates to innovation capability and that this can be assessed by the factors in the model used in the paper. We argue that rather than focusing on innovation, countries should consider developing an open systems platform for innovation by maximizing their interactions with the international environment and developing mechanisms to circulate knowledge internally within the country. This should result in a supportive context where innovations can emerge. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assumption that 'local search' constrains the direction of corporate R&D is central in evolutionary perspectives on technological change and competition. In this paper, we propose a network-analytic approach for identifying the evolution of firms' technological positions. The approach (1) permits graphical and quantitative assessments of the extent to which firms' search behavior is locally bounded, and (2) enables firms to be positioned and grouped according to the similarities in their innovative capabilities. The utility of the proposed framework is demonstrated by an analysis of strategic partnering and the evolution of the technological positions of the 10 largest Japanese semiconductor producers from 1982 to 1992. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on the complementary asset theory, this paper develops a conceptual model to explain the relationships among intrafirm knowledge sharing, knowledge application, and innovation as well as the moderating effect of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) on the intrafirm knowledge sharing and knowledge application. Using a sample of 607 Chinese firms, this paper empirically examines this model. The results show that, under China's transition economy, the positive relationship between intrafirm knowledge sharing and a firm's innovation is mediated by knowledge application. Furthermore, intrafirm knowledge sharing facilitates knowledge application, and EO positively moderates this relationship. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper takes a critical look at progress and prospects regarding the sociology of pharmaceuticals over the years. Key themes examined include: (i) medicalisation and pharmaceuticalisation; (ii) regulation; (iii) consumption and consumerism; (iv) expectations and innovation. Papers in the monograph are also introduced and discussed in relation to these themes. The paper concludes with some further comments and reflections on progress and prospects in this field, emphasising the continuing importance of sociological engagement with these personal and political issues in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Papers in Regional Science is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Knowledge‐intensive services firms prefer to locate in cities that provide access to rich information flows and abundant opportunities for learning‐by‐recruiting. Focusing specifically on such locations, this paper explores how innovation is associated with work experiences "collected" by employees through their recent career paths and the implementation by current employer firms of practices to manage knowledge. Strong complementarities are found using a unique Norwegian dataset: The statistical association between practices and innovation outcomes depends strongly on variety of experience‐knowledge among employees. Conversely, while said variety does not affect innovation in the absence of dedicated practices, it strongly does in their presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design thinking (DT) is gaining ground among academics and practitioners as a means to improve the innovativeness of organizations. However, with few exceptions, DT studies are most entrenched in practice rather than theory‐driven research. This weak tie between theory and managerial practice calls for delving into the dynamics of DT for innovation to build stronger foundations for future studies. Therefore, this study provides a theory‐based framing of DT for innovation and a critical review of the DT literature to reconcile theory and practice. To this end, we propose framing and advancing DT as a dynamic capability for innovation rooted in lower‐level aspects, namely microfoundations. Based on our theoretical framework, we conduct a systematic literature review that unveils the dynamics of DT and the context‐specific capabilities to innovate. The contributions of the paper are twofold. First, we provide a theory‐based framing of DT and combining it with existing theories in innovation and management (i.e., dynamic capabilities and microfoundations). Second, we review the extant literature on DT for innovation to reconcile previous studies with these theoretical lenses to, hence, guide future research. Based on this interpretation, we then define a number of avenues for future research, thus reconciling practical evidence with theories that can further explain how DT relates to firm innovativeness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated the spatial effects of innovation and entrepreneurial activity on income inequality of 64 middle‐and‐low‐income countries and 25 high‐income countries from 2000 to 2016. Spatial panel methods are used to address the issues of spatial dependency and spillover effects among neighboring countries. We find the following: (1) Evidence of spatial correlations in income inequality across countries. (2) A positive direct effect between innovation and inequality but a positive feedback from innovation. (3) The relationship between entrepreneurial activity and inequality is mixed. The relationship is positive if entrepreneurial activity is proxied by self‐employment but negative if measured by entry rate. Both produced a negative feedback effect, which suggests that entrepreneurial activity is linked to rising inequality in developing countries. (4) A positive spillover effect from innovation and negative spillover effect from self‐employment. We also investigated whether the linkages between innovation–inequality and entrepreneurial activity–inequality are subject to a country‐level institutional quality. The findings suggest that the interaction terms have negative effects on income inequality. For policy implications, innovation sharing should be encouraged to reduce monopoly power that increases the tendency for wealth accumulation. Another possible solution to increase entrepreneurial activities while reducing inequality is for governments in developing countries to offer various schemes targeted at the poor, especially finance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissemination, the second stage of Experimental Social Innovation and Dissemination (ESID) is a critical, if not defining, element of this social change model. This paper attempts to assess the extent to which community psychology has adopted and implemented ESID's dissemination focus in its training and publications. We identify four levels of commitment to dissemination: dissemination advocate, dissemination activist, dissemination researcher, and experimental dissemination researcher. Content analyses of textbooks, journal publications, and conference papers and a brief survey of doctoral training in the field were conducted. Findings suggest that the dissemination aspects of ESID have been modestly and partially implemented within the field. That is, although there is some evidence of a commitment to dissemination practice (advocate, activist), there is much less evidence of a commitment to dissemination research. The implications of these findings for the effectiveness of the ESID model and for training and practice in community psychology are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online social networks (OSN) are major platforms of ICT-enabled communication, supporting place-independent social life. However, recent findings suggest that the geographical location of users strongly affects network topology. Therefore, OSNs may be simultaneously related to locations and also unlocked from offline geographies. Our paper addresses this dual-faced phenomenon, analysing the location-specific effect on OSN diffusion and OSN usage. Findings on iWiW (International Who Is Who), the leading OSN in Hungary in the 2000s with more than 4 million users, suggest that the rate of users (proxy for OSN diffusion) is positively associated with the geographical proximity of Budapest, the foremost urban centre in the country. On the contrary, the average number of connections (proxy for OSN usage) is independent of the geographical proximity of the capital, and it is even higher in peripheral regions when controlling for other offline factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Papers in Regional Science is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Application of BIM in the context of Construction 4.0 in the Oberbürgermeister‐Karl‐Lehr bridge project The construction industry is facing new demands, such as the creation of a more sustainable building culture and the necessary increase in efficiency. These challenges can only be solved with the help of modern planning and construction methods such as Building Information Modelling, which opens the way to Building 4.0. Due to the increasing requirements for implementing the BIM method in infrastructure projects, it is important for companies to build up experience. For this reason, the Max Bögl Group decided to use the BIM method in the production and construction phase of the Oberbürgermeister‐Karl‐Lehr bridge project. In addition to an overview of the project, this paper provides a summary of the BIM methods used and the lessons learned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation research is motivated by the understanding that new technologies contribute to address societal challenges and foster welfare. Extant research in the economics of innovation has, however, adopted a narrow definition of social welfare, which focuses on economic performance and material well‐being, and that mostly disregards distributional impacts of innovation. This paper critically reviews the concept of social welfare in the economics of innovation literature, and it outlines a new research agenda that will investigate the impacts of innovation on individuals' well‐being and aggregate social welfare. The new research program has two major pillars. First, it adopts a broader notion of agents' well‐being that comprises also non‐economic factors and capabilities alongside income and material wealth. Second, it argues that welfare analyses of innovation must explicitly take into account equity and social justice in addition to efficiency and economic performance. This new research agenda opens up several novel questions for future innovation research and policy‐making, pointing to the existence of trade‐offs and dilemmas between efficiency and equity, and between short‐ and long‐run impacts of innovation on social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design thinking has proven to be an effective approach to driving innovation in diverse contexts and has attracted increasing interest from scholars and practitioners. However, the plurality of points of view about design thinking can bring diffuse understandings and hinder a cohesive perspective on the construct. This work continues the research stream to provide greater specificity about design thinking practice. The paper focuses on new solution development projects, investigating how design thinking contributes to advance from value creation to value capture—which are two fundamental achievements of successful innovations. Based on three in‐depth case studies of new product development conducted in healthcare innovation projects, this work indicates that design thinking is more prone to promoting value creation rather than value capture. Design thinking principles work as a compass that guides the development team, getting clues from users to direct the value creation. In addition, the study shows the importance of complementing design thinking with specialist knowledge to build solutions that can create value. Finally, the study shows that value capture is not an immediate outcome of design thinking. Therefore, this work indicates the need to complement design thinking with business‐oriented approaches to provide market‐related results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulation is often seen as a barrier to innovation. However, if done properly, it can actually serve as a driver of innovation. To understand how environmental regulation can be designed to stimulate innovation, we scrutinise the scientific literature related to regulation, innovation and the environment. Fifty one carefully selected studies are examined with regard to their scope, results and geographical affiliation, and their findings were distilled into ten lessons on how to design environmental regulation to stimulate innovation. Subsequently, we discuss the validity and implications of the lessons. We find that the lessons are overarching concepts of principal nature that are applicable for most regulatory settings. We also find that recent EU regulations on plastics, nanomaterials and waste support many of the lessons learned, while some are completely neglected. The lessons offer important guidance and can be seen as a checklist of what regulators must consider when designing new regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The empirical evidence on the economic impacts of diversity is mixed. Many studies in the literature present context‐dependent and data‐driven results which are challenging to reconcile with each other. This paper offers a systematic synthesis of the empirical findings on the economic impacts of diversity on innovation, productivity and the labour market. It presents a structured framework which takes the spatial scale of the analysis in the papers as a reference to understand the inconsistency of some previous predictions and the varying magnitudes of the diversity impact. The empirical findings reconcile more meaningfully when diversity effects are documented discretely at the regional, firm and individual levels. The paper further sets out an agenda for future research and links the findings for policy relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate how the procurement activity of government‐funded science organizations support the performance of the firms involved in their supply chain. Specifically, the aim of the paper is to identify the mechanisms and disentangle the channels driving this process. Our testing ground is the Italian Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN). We frame our study as a mixed‐methods research project: three distinct but complementary methodologies are employed, which combine quantitative and qualitative evidence. Firstly, econometric and Bayesian Network analyses are performed, using the information collected through an online survey to suppliers as well as balance‐sheet data extracted from online databases. Then, five case studies are investigated in depth, carrying out direct interviews with company staff. Our findings suggest that four types of benefits stem from suppliers' cooperation with INFN: learning, innovation, market penetration, and networking. These gains represent "intermediate outputs" which in turn impact on suppliers' socio‐economic performance. We provide evidence that suppliers involved in innovative procurement usually experience the greatest benefits. This is mainly explained by the new technical competencies acquired, which are exploited to develop new products that support company business development and sales. In contrast, reputational gains, leading to the acquisition of new clients, are experienced also by companies involved in regular procurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Regional Science Policy & Practice is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to analyse the effects of quality competitiveness based on technological innovation on the bilateral trade of goods. Our approach is based on the estimation of an import demand model that uses the data for 19 manufacturing sectors across 28 OECD countries over the period of 1998–2012. In the first step, to identify quality from prices, the logarithm of unit value (a proxy of price) is regressed on the logarithm of private R&D expenditure (a proxy for quality). The quality‐adjusted prices are derived from the difference between the unit value and its predicted value. In the second step, an import demand function is used to distinguish the effects of quality (private R&D expenditure) from the effects of other factors, such as production costs, which are approximated by the quality‐adjusted prices. The results of the first step indicate a significant positive effect of quality on the prices of imported goods in 7 out of 19 sectors. The results of the second step emphasise significant nonlinear effects of prices and quality on the import demand of goods: when the quality of imported goods is higher, the marginal effect of an increase in quality on the import demand is greater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore the relationship between inflation and unemployment in a monetary Schumpeterian growth model. Under the cash‐in‐advance (CIA) constraint on research and development (R&D), higher inflation reduces innovation and increases unemployment. Under the CIA constraint on consumption, higher inflation also reduces innovation but decreases unemployment instead. Therefore, the two CIA constraints imply drastically different relationships between inflation and unemployment. This theoretical result is consistent with our empirical finding, and it provides a plausible explanation for the mixed empirical results in the literature. Calibrating our model to aggregate data in the United States and the Eurozone, we also explore the relationship between inflation and unemployment quantitatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shapes and identifies the varieties and dynamics of service economies in the EU 25. By adopting a neo-Schumpeterian and evolutionary approach it contributes to enrich previous research dealing with national disparities from the perspective of services economic structures. Communalities across countries and time are detected and discussed at different levels of analysis. A wide set of models across the European region is found from an aggregated perspective. Moreover, the paper analyses the key dimensions explaining the different service models at sectoral level: structural change, knowledge and innovation, internationalisation and competition restrictions. The main result shows that structural composition of countries plays a prominent role, while heterogeneity is driven by dissimilarities in knowledge bases and innovative efforts across Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT This paper explores environmental innovation in the largest emerging economy - China - and its potential for contributing to global transitions to low-carbon, more sustainable patterns of development. It builds on earlier studies bringing alternative forms of low(er)-technology, 'below-the-radar', 'disruptive' and/or social innovation into its analysis. In addition, however, the paper develops our understanding of low-carbon innovation by paying particular attention to issues of changing power relations and social practices: theoretical issues that need attention in the literature generally but are notably absent when studying transitions in China. This shift in perspective allows four neglected questions to be introduced and, in each case, points to both opportunities and challenges to low-carbon system transition that are overlooked by an orthodox focus on technological innovations alone. These are briefly illustrated by drawing on examples from three key domains of low-carbon innovation: solar-generated energy, electric urban mobility, and food and agriculture. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistics is one of the paramount sciences of the 21st century because of the emergence of the value of data as a key asset for development. It is of fundamental importance to deliver statistical methods and tools for the progress of science and sustainable economic growth. Statistics for Innovation (sfi)2 has been, between 2007 and 2014, a centre of excellence providing new statistical methodology for selected Norwegian industries and service providers. In this paper, we trace the history of (sfi)2, describe the way it operated and the type of projects it has run over 8 years. We discuss challenges and the way we tried to overcome them. The purpose of this paper is to share our experience for similar centres, outline the advantages and challenges and indicate some recommendations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last several decades have seen increases in patenting activity worldwide, as well as growing issues related to patent quality. In response to these quality issues a recent patent literature has emerged, that investigates the behavior and incentives of patent examiners, applicants, and third parties. In this paper, we provide an overview of patent procedures, patent systems and a survey of the new economic literature on patent systems. Both theoretical and empirical papers are considered. Policy implications coming from this literature are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the call for papers for this Special Issue, we sought submissions that would introduce innovative methods with the potential to shape counselling and psychotherapy research into the future. We believe that we accomplished this goal and that this issue introduces a range of valuable examples of current innovations in counselling and psychotherapy research methods. Through the review process, we encouraged authors to offer practical guidelines on how to innovatively assess and analyse change and other relevant aspects of therapy. We also guided authors to not only provide the field with an update on cutting‐edge methodology, but also describe these methods in a practice‐friendly way. As such, the Special Issue aims at becoming a building block for future practice‐friendly research in counselling and psychotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the limitations (excluding funding) of the UK Dearing Report and likely influences of what might be considered ‘Dearingesque proposals’, increasingly invoked throughout the world as ‘solutions’ to the challenges of ‘the learning society’. It is concerned with emphases of the report on structural solutions to complex problems that are by no means structural in nature. The tendency is to ‘order the mess’, through increased standardisation, specification of outcomes and centralised control. Implementation of ‘Dearingesque proposals’ are likely to ossify traditional academic status hierarchies, subject boundaries, and the normative criteria by which teaching and learning quality and research tend to be judged. This trend will work against academics, and professional groups who recognise the need to build capacity for ‘second-order change’ and for new kinds of social learning in an essentially ‘unstable state’. It will also discourage the engagement of diversity.It is argued that innovation, development and partnership can only come from systemic learning and inquiry from ‘within the mess’. Working with, rather than controlling, this epistemological diversity and richness could lead to the visualisation and enactment of alternative epistemological and ethical positions by government, employers and academics, working in partnership. Systemic learning and inquiry could lead to new understandings of ‘responsiveness’ and quality in higher education for the millennium, that could enhance the capacity of society to work with and learn from challenges of complexity, change and systemicity. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper describes a new database with detailed information on standardization procedures at the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). 3GPP is the most relevant standard‐setting organization (SSO) in the field of mobile telecommunications. Empirical research on technology standards and SSOs has so far been limited by the scarcity of available data. The present database contains information on membership, meeting attendance, chairmanship, work items, contributions, and votes at 3GPP. These data shed light on the technical complexity of standard development and illustrate the importance of voluntary contributions from SSO members. The data allow addressing important policy questions regarding the regulation of voluntary SSOs and the role of standard‐essential patents in standardization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flood resistance (FRe) and resilience technologies hold considerable potential to limit the damage caused by flooding. Resistance technologies generally aim to keep water out of buildings, while resilient measures may allow ingress but create the conditions for a quicker recovery of individuals, communities and buildings. However, despite their potential contribution to flood risk management (FRM), their use remains uncommon. This paper draws on pan‐European research of local communities at risk and their representatives, and professional stakeholders working at a more strategic scale, to explore the barriers to use and describe the co‐production of new best practice. It interrogates the issues in terms of level of awareness, degree of acceptance and the integration into decision making. We found that even where awareness was high, there was a reluctance to use these measures. This is due to issues related to comparability, costs, installation, performance and maintenance. The research also revealed that FRM policy and practice has struggled to incorporate this emergent approach and that many individuals at risk are reluctant to take responsibility and protect their properties in this way. In response, this paper details how good practice guidance – the ‘Six Steps approach’ – was co‐produced with key stakeholders to facilitate the wider contribution of FRe to FRM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In pharmacy education, we are experiencing the "new normal" after an "inflection point" along with a host of other overused phrases. Yet, without doubt, there is pressing need to reconsider what was once standard operating procedure. When an inflection point is viewed as opportunity, it sparks a strategic boom. Indeed, the confluence of threats and opportunities caused—or revealed—by the COVID‐19 pandemic is setting the stage for an acceleration of change in professional education. In this paper, we investigate the motivations and approaches to accelerate needed change in pharmacy education. Though prompted by the demand for rapid restructuring in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic, these ideas transcend any one driver. We argue that now is the time to disrupt current practices through innovation leading to new educational models and present sample solutions. We consider academic, social, technological, economic, and political (ASTEP) forces driving the imperative to educational change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relationship between corporate social responsibility, corporate innovation, and corporate performance in developing countries. Firm level governance and corporate social responsibility data for 150 companies from 12 developing countries were collected from Datastream and Bloomberg for 2014–2019. The results show that in the context of developing countries there is no significant relationship between corporate social responsibility and corporate innovation. Our findings raise concerns about the level of R&D investments and commitment to corporate social responsibilities in developing economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal governance is the monitoring of a CEO by immediate subordinate executives with different career horizons. In this paper, we examine the role of internal governance on corporate innovation. Conducting a study of privately owned firms listed in China, we find that internal governance significantly increases firms' innovation investment, but we uncover little evidence that it affects innovation quality as indicated by patents. We further discuss that a possible channel for increased innovation investment is enhanced decision‐making quality. Regarding the quality of innovation, executives' knowledge plays a larger role than internal governance. In sum, this study provides evidence about the innovation consequences of internal governance in China's weak internal governance culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study challenges existing literature which maintains that technology latecomers usually depend on imported technologies to develop emerging high-tech sectors. This paper argues that the domestic institutional environment in facilitating networking might be more important for developing academia-industry ( A- I) networks. The co-evolution of institutions and the knowledge transfer process in the Taiwanese Biopharmaceutical Innovation System ( TBPIS) is a case in point. Far from relying purely on foreign technologies, several important institutional and policy changes, which transform the institutional environment from prohibiting A- I intertwining into encouraging A- I collaborations, have enabled domestic research institutes to influence the acquisition, creation, and diffusion of knowledge in the innovation network. Nonetheless, the country continues to struggle in commercializing domestic scientific research to step into a knowledge-based economy. Therefore, this paper suggests that more productive strategies would be helpful to advance domestic academic research, sustain A- I networks, and strengthen the innovation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses a uniquely designed analytical framework based on technological learning and capability development to examine the extent of multinational company spillover occurrence in the Kenyan manufacturing industry. Using a firm-level survey data, we examined the kind of spillovers occurring, extent of occurrence as well as the channels through which such spillovers occurred. The results obtained showed that the main kinds of spillovers occurring were product and process spillovers followed by marketing, management and organisation. Results of t-tests analysis showed significant differences between competition and demonstration, and linkage and labour mobility implying that the first two mechanisms were extremely important in spillover occurrence compared with the latter two in the Kenyan context. These have implications that linkage and labour mobility have weaker learning effects, hence weak in stimulating capability building. T-test analysis showed that more spillovers occurred from foreign firms than from locally owned firms. The results also showed that spillovers were likely to occur due to foreign presence, firm and machine age, skill level, research and development, training and participation in imports. Based on the results generated, the paper portends that foreign direct investment can play an important role in the country's manufacturing industry by stimulating learning and capability development via spillover occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early‐stage gene therapy (GT) clinical trials are demonstrating exciting results for persons with haemophilia (PWH), with the first products possibly licenced over the next few years for haemophilia A and B. These new treatments offer the possibility of a one‐off approach to the treatment of haemophilia, with demonstrated increases in factor level expression and substantial reductions in both bleeds and factor utilization. However, clinical trial participants have demonstrated variable expression in factor levels, including decreases, over time, suggesting in some cases the effect may not last. The consequence of this uncertainty has led to challenging discussions on value and reimbursement. In most national healthcare systems, the relatively high cost of paying for GT on a one‐off basis may be prohibitive, resulting in a lack of access and less post‐marketing data generated, ultimately keeping these performance uncertainties high for payers. Economic models have demonstrated the cost‐effectiveness of GT in haemophilia based on current clinical trial inputs, but it is in the certainty of these inputs and concomitant budget impacts where the lack of available data will be a concern for payers. To overcome the 'chicken and egg' discussion in relation to reimbursement and data, GT will necessitate new pricing and reimbursement models that share the risk between the manufacturer and the payer. New models have been described for other conditions. The aim of this paper is to propose illustrative concepts of haemophilia reimbursement models that may be further considered in the assessment of a less predictable therapeutic such as GT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the review of the research papers concerning nanobubble generation. In main section of this article, numerous methods of nanobubble generation have been discussed pinpointing the differences in results obtained in similar experimental setups. Different generation methods have been tabularized to present the composition of phases, the diameter of generated bubbles as well as the commentary concerning discrepancies within one method. The number of nanobubble applications in environmental processes is increasing in the last year; however, the thorough investigation of their generation methods is not covered in literature. This review article is gathering knowledge about nanobubble generation methods and is comparing results obtained by different research teams. It should lay foundation for future research concerning nanobubbles, what will lead to increasing the efficiency of various environmental processes, including wastewater flotation, metal recovery, and soil and groundwater remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization has led to the metamorphosis of SMEs for over a decade and half with the onset of innovation process. Despite this, several barriers prevent the SMEs owners from acting as intelligent and proactive firms. This paper seeks to understand what and how barriers related to innovation processes and relationships among them in SMEs influence entrepreneurs to innovate and to reap the benefits of innovation. We address this by identifying factors and determining the causal relationship among the barriers using Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory technique (DEMATEL) approach. The original contribution of the study lies in the fact that no study so far determines the causal relationship among the barriers to innovation in SMEs. Entrepreneurs and academicians would stand to gain by knowing which barrier leads to which specific outcome barrier. Knowledge and elimination of these barriers may help in fostering the process of innovation in SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Familiness, perceived as family members' involvement in and influence on the functioning of the family business, constitutes the distinguishing feature of every family firm. In the paper, we empirically test the relationships between familiness, innovation input and output and organizational performance in a post‐transition economy using data from 200 Polish family firms. Our research results reveal that high levels of ownership, management and control of the firm by the family members, perceived as part of familiness, lead to increased firm performance. Second, results show that the increase in the degree of familiness lowers the innovation input. We also found out that increases in the transgenerational orientation of a family business and family–employee bonds lead to decreased innovation output and higher family business identity generate higher innovation output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Could the negative effect of air pollution be a threat to regional innovation and stunt economic growth in the most polluted Chinese cities? Considering that the generation of innovation can greatly rely on skilled workers and their productivity, this paper examines the association between air quality and regional innovation. An instrumental variable for air quality—the central heating policy—is used to address potential endogeneity problems. The results suggest a growing negative and significant impact of air pollution on city‐level innovation. A corresponding mechanism analysis rules out the possibility that self‐selection of skilled workers has accounted for the negative impact of air pollution on innovation and consequently infers that the productivity effects may have explained the negative impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a plant-product-matched dataset for Korean manufacturing, this paper examines the effect of import tariff reductions on plants' product portfolios in domestic and export markets. We find that the responses of innovators are quite different from those of non-innovators, particularly in the domestic market. When import tariffs are reduced, innovators reduce their product scope but increase their average scale of production in the domestic market. By contrast, non-innovators do not change their domestic product scope significantly, but they experience a decrease in the average scale of production, leading to a significant reduction in domestic shipments. We do not find significantly different responses between innovators and non-innovators in the export market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces an innovation - CBM- lite - designed by a small Ugandan non-governmental organisation ( NGO) to remedy the shortfall of operation and maintenance (O&M) funds, identified as the key explanation behind the poor sustainability record of the community-based management ( CBM) model. Without a radical change in government and NGO policy concerning post-construction support, the financing of hand pump O&M must come from communities themselves: hence the user pays principle is fundamental. CBM- lite aims to reduce hand pump downtime by replacing the voluntary water user committees with an incentivised water operator bolstering the user pays principle, and through an insurance-style micro-finance product that ensures funds are available for expedient repairs. This innovation refines organisation and governance arrangements of CBM, but as the rules of operation and enforcement of sanctions are communally arranged, remains within the existing institutional framework of CBM. Drawing on original and extensive ethnographic fieldwork, surveys and interviews, we argue that a relational reading of risk applied to an innovation that deviates from mainstream CBM goes some way towards explaining the intransigence within the rural water sector. This novel application of relational risk theory advances the conceptual and empirical contribution of geography to the conundrum of realising sustainability in the rural water sector. The known risks associated with CBM - a third of hand pumps being non-functional at any one time - may be seen as preferable to potential harm to ideology, to policy coherence, to organisational reputation, and to social and cultural norms. Finally, the study reconsiders current views about rural water management - notably the actual level of support for the user pays principle, key to both CBM and CBM- lite. Unpacking sectoral inertia assumes greater significance with estimates that 57% of the global population will be reliant on communally managed water sources by 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper uses company level data from the Eurostat's Community Innovation Survey 2008 and applies CDM model in order to estimate the links between R&D engagement, R&D intensity, innovation output and productivity in selected Central and Eastern European Countries - Bulgaria and Romania, and compares their performance with Germany. The results showed that different processes drive company's decision to engage in R&D in Bulgaria and Romania in comparison to Germany; R&D intensity is an important factor of product innovation in the observed CEE countries and product innovation leads to higher productivity in Bulgaria and Romania, while process innovation leads to higher productivity in Bulgaria, but not in Romania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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ABSTRACT The concepts of sustainable development and social economy are currently undergoing a process of convergence, determined by the extension of the concept of sustainability and the role of social enterprise. In a context in which the primary focus of management literature, especially of North American origin, concerns the concept and practices of social entrepreneurship, this paper explores the experiences of European social enterprises and in particular of Italian social cooperatives. Social cooperatives are experimenting with initiatives capable of responding to the emergence of new needs and changes in society in a sustainable way. Based on an analysis of the experience of various social cooperatives operating in the field of renewable energy sources, tourism, and the use of assets confiscated from the Mafia, this paper aims to highlight how social enterprise manages to create contexts of sustainable development, thereby building interorganizational and intersectoral collaborative networks aimed at the activation of new paths for local development. This represents evidence of the specific nature of the social enterprise, which is able to establish a number of coordination mechanisms. It creates new businesses with public and private, and profit and non-profit partners, with the aim of achieving a stated goal, or enters into contractual arrangements, in order to establish business partnerships and build entire local manufacturing supply chains. In this way social enterprise promotes interaction between resources of a public, market and community nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a systems perspective on the cognitive foundations of innovation and knowledge creation. We show that the (standard) way we perceive, think and act is opposed to creating (radically) new knowledge. For example, the predictive coding paradigm claims that our brain is a highly complex 'prediction machine' being mainly driven by its past experiences. Although this claim may initially seem counterintuitive from a systems thinking perspective, we will show in the first part of this paper that a systems thinking perspective provides a well-suited framework to explain this phenomenon. The second part proposes a framework to overcome these limitations of our common way of thinking and perceiving in the context of creating novelty. We argue that, in order to create (radically) new knowledge, we can (i) modify the knowledge structures underlying our perception of the world and (ii) affect the way we perceive our environment. We present a framework as well as concrete strategies and tools to do so. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation policy has emerged as a new field of economic policy during the last few decades. This paper explores the rationales for national innovation policies, as laid out in the existing literature on the subject, and considers what the lessons and challenges for theory and practice in this area are. Innovation policy attempts to influence innovation activity, often with the purpose of increasing economic growth. But it can also have more specific aims such as preventing unwarranted climate change, improving national health, and so on. The increasing attention given to innovation policy at the national level from the 1990s onwards went hand in hand with the development of a new, systemic understanding of innovation, which in a better way than before accounted for the 'stylised facts' of innovation activity as identified by empirical work. The system approach, as the paper shows, came to have a significant influence on the subsequent policy discourse. Drawing on recent advances in innovation-systems theory, a synthetic framework for the analysis of innovation policy is developed and used to highlight issues of particular relevance for the conduct of innovation policy and future scholarly work in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The governments of Bangladesh and India have set impressive targets to expand hybrid rice cultivation as part of their national food security strategies for the next decade. Although hybrid rice offers significant yield improvements over varietal rice, adoption by farmers remains low and unstable. This paper analyzes the technical challenges, market opportunities, and policy constraints associated with hybrid rice in both countries. It argues that while many of the technical constraints can be addressed through continued investment in breeding, significant challenges remain relating to product development, marketing, and economic policy. Solutions require new insight into relationships between industry structure, business strategies, and public policy incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]