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Background and aims: Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies have previously demonstrated a prospective influence of craving on substance use in the following hours. Conceptualizing substance use as a dynamic system of causal elements could provide valuable insights into the interaction of craving with other symptoms in the process of relapse. The aim of this study was to improve the understanding of these daily life dynamic inter‐relationships by applying dynamic networks analyses to EMA data sets. Design, setting and participants: Secondary analyses were conducted on time‐series data from two 2‐week EMA studies. Data were collected in French outpatient addiction treatment centres. A total of 211 outpatients beginning treatment for alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, stimulants and opiate addiction took part. Measurements: Using mobile technologies, participants were questioned four times per day relative to substance use, craving, exposure to cues, mood, self‐efficacy and pharmacological addiction treatment use. Multi‐level vector auto‐regression models were used to explore contemporaneous, temporal and between‐subjects networks. Findings: Among the 8260 daily evaluations, the temporal network model, which depicts the lagged associations of symptoms within participants, demonstrated a unidirectional association between craving intensity at one time (T0) and primary substance use at the next assessment (T1, r = 0.1), after controlling for the effect of all other variables. A greater self‐efficacy at T0 was associated with fewer cues (r = −0.04), less craving (r = −0.1) and less substance use at T1 (r = −0.07), and craving presented a negative feedback loop with self‐efficacy (r = −0.09). Conclusions: Dynamic network analyses showed that, among outpatients beginning treatment for addiction, high craving, together with low self‐efficacy, appear to predict substance use more strongly than low mood or high exposure to cues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge on the biodiversity and abundance of phytoplankton is key for many ecological and societal (e.g., blue growth) questions. Gathering temporal variation and spatial patterns on key indicators requires reliable and standardized protocols on sampling, species identification and counting. Numerous methods are used but consequences for comparing the biodiversity and abundance of phytoplankton of these different techniques are not well known. We evaluated the consequences of different counting protocols using light microscopy (i.e., subsampling transects or wedges within counting chambers) for these indices using samples collected weekly to bi‐weekly (n = 398, 2009–2018) from the Wadden Sea (southern North Sea). Phytoplankton cells were counted (by one person under similar conditions) in a fixed number of viewing fields (58, 70, and 29) at three respective magnifications (10 × 100, 10 × 40, and 10 × 10). Patterns in the spatial distribution of phytoplankton cells varied among species and clustering of cells occurred in more than one‐fifth of the samples. This will induce error in the conversion from counts (per viewing field) to abundance (cells mL−1). Our present effort resulted in a high accuracy (95%) in overall cell abundances. This was not the case for species richness, for example, capturing 90% of all species present in the sample would require an almost threefold increase in effort for the 10 × 40 and 10 × 10 magnifications. We recommend that counting methods be tailored to the main research objectives and that counting protocols should quantify uncertainty as well as potential bias to provide an estimation of the error in phytoplankton abundance and species composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal wetlands play a significant role in the storage of "blue carbon," indicating their importance in the carbon biogeochemistry in the coastal zone and in global climate change mitigation strategies. We present airborne eddy covariance observations of CO2 and CH4 fluxes collected in southern Florida as part of the NASA BlueFlux mission during April 2022, October 2022, February 2023, and April 2023. The flux data generated from this mission consists of over 100 flight hours and more than 6,000 km of horizontal distance over coastal saline and freshwater wetlands. We find that the spatial and temporal heterogeneity in CO2 and CH4 exchange is primarily influenced by season, vegetation type, ecosystem productivity, and soil inundation. The largest CO2 uptake fluxes of more than 20 μmol m−2 s−1 were observed over mangroves during all deployments and over swamp forests during flights in April. The greatest CH4 effluxes of more than 250 nmol m−2 s−1 were measured at the end of the wet season in October 2022 over freshwater marshes and swamp shrublands. Although the combined Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve region was a net sink for carbon, CH4 emissions reduced the ecosystem carbon uptake capacity (net CO2 exchange rates) by 11%–91%. Average total net carbon exchange rates during the flight periods were −4 to −0.2 g CO2‐eq m−2 d−1. Our results highlight the importance of preserving mangrove forests and point to potential avenues of further research for greenhouse gas mitigation strategies. Plain Language Summary: Coastal wetlands play a crucial role in trapping and storing carbon, aiding in climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts. Carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake and methane (CH4) emissions were measured from an aircraft over wetlands of southern Florida during different times of the year. Season, vegetation, ecosystem productivity, and water depth were found to have a large influence on carbon exchange. Mangroves with the largest canopy heights showed the highest CO2 uptake, whereas CH4 emissions peaked during the wet season over freshwater marshes where surface water depths were the greatest. CH4 emissions diminished the overall carbon uptake capacity of southern Florida. Results emphasize the importance of preserving coastal wetland ecosystems and suggest potential directions for further research aimed at mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Key Points: Airborne eddy covariance measurements reveal heterogeneity in CH4 and CO2 fluxes across southern FloridaVariability in carbon fluxes was primarily driven by vegetation types, season, ecosystem productivity, and soil inundationSouthern Florida served as a net carbon sink during all flight periods with CH4 emissions offsetting CO2 deposition by 11%–91% [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) show captivating performances in many large‐scale applications including gas adsorption and separation, heat reallocation, water production, or remediation which can overcome important drawbacks of the conventionally used porous materials in the industry. This raises, therefore, the commercial interest in MOFs which brings the necessity to decrease the cost of their production, calling for the synthesis optimization from small‐scale to large‐scale. However, the commercial availability, yet very limited, is highly dependent on their production cost. Thus, to promote the commercial development and availability of MOFs, many steps can be taken. In this work, the state‐of‐art of the large‐scale production of MOFs can be first outlined, before discussing the criteria of greener MOF synthesis processes. Besides, a critical evaluation of the available synthesis routes for large‐scale production can be given, taking into consideration their cost, environmental impact, safety, and feasibility. Moreover, since there are strong limitations to the use in the powder form, the shaping procedures can thus be discussed briefly to outline the prospects of MOFs for different industrial applications. Finally, yet importantly, the perspective for MOFs commercialization can be highlighted with an emphasis on the necessity of techno‐economic analyses and life‐cycle assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in the expression of cornified envelope (CE) components are a hallmark of numerous pathological skin conditions and aging, underlying the importance of this stratum corneum structure in the homeostasis of the epidermal barrier. We performed a detailed characterisation of LCE6A, a member of the Late Cornified Envelope protein family. Immunohistochemical and immunoblot experiments confirmed that LCE6A is expressed late during epidermal differentiation. Crosslinking assays of recombinant LCE6A performed either in situ on human skin sections or in vitro demonstrated that LCE6A is indeed a substrate of transglutaminases and crosslinked to CEs. LCE6A‐derived peptides containing a glutamine‐lysine sequence retained these properties of the full‐length protein and reinforced the mechanical resistance of CE submitted to sonication. We designed P26, a LCE6A‐derived biomimetic peptide that similarly reinforced CE in vitro, and evaluated its protective properties ex vivo, on human skin explants, and in two double blind and vehicle‐controlled clinical trials. P26 was able to protect the skin from barrier disruption, to limit the damage resulting from a defective barrier, and could improve the signs of aging such as loss of skin firmness and increased skin roughness. Hence, our detailed characterisation of LCE6A as a component of the CE enabled us to develop a LCE6A‐derived peptide, biologically active with a new and original mode of action that could be of great interest as a cosmetic ingredient and a pharmacologic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In April 2023, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), in partnership with the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the National Institute on Aging, and the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research, hosted a 2‐day online workshop to discuss neural plasticity in energy homeostasis and obesity. The goal was to provide a broad view of current knowledge while identifying research questions and challenges regarding neural systems that control food intake and energy balance. This review includes highlights from the meeting and is intended both to introduce unfamiliar audiences with concepts central to energy homeostasis, feeding, and obesity and to highlight up‐and‐coming research in these areas that may be of special interest to those with a background in these fields. The overarching theme of this review addresses plasticity within the central and peripheral nervous systems that regulates and influences eating, emphasizing distinctions between healthy and disease states. This is by no means a comprehensive review because this is a broad and rapidly developing area. However, we have pointed out relevant reviews and primary articles throughout, as well as gaps in current understanding and opportunities for developments in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the pedestal region, electromagnetic effects affect the evolution of micro‐instabilities and plasma turbulence. The transport code Soledge3X developed by the CEA offers an efficient framework for turbulent 3D simulation on an electrostatic model with a fixed magnetic field. The physical accuracy of the model is improved with electromagnetic induction, driven by the local value of the parallel component of the electromagnetic vector potential A∥$$ {A}_{\parallel } $$, known from Ampère's law. It is solved implicitly in a coupled system with the vorticity equation on the electric potential Φ$$ \Phi $$. The consequence is a basic electromagnetic behavior in the form of shear Alfvén waves. A finite electron mass prevents unphysical speeds but requires solving for the time evolution of the parallel current density j∥$$ {j}_{\parallel } $$ in the generalized Ohm's law. This term can be analytically included with little computational overhead in the system on Φ$$ \Phi $$ and A∥$$ {A}_{\parallel } $$ and improves its numerical condition, facilitating the iterative solving procedure. Simulations on a periodic slab case let us observe the predicted bifurcation of the wave propagation speed between the Alfvén wave and the electron thermal wave speeds for varying perpendicular wavenumbers. The first results on a circular geometry with a limiter attest to the feasibility of turbulent electromagnetic scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus linked to nine different human tumors and lymphoproliferative disorders. Immunosuppression promotes EBV‐driven malignancies. The most frequent EBV‐induced malignancies are lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. By promoting smooth muscle proliferation, EBV can induce EBV‐associated smooth muscle tumors (EBV‐SMT). EBV‐SMT is a rare oncological entity for which no current guideline for diagnosis or management exists. Data on posttransplant EBV‐SMT (PT‐SMT) are scarce in kidney transplant recipients. Methods: We conducted a national multicentric retrospective study and collected cases among transplantation centers in France. Kidney transplant recipients experiencing histologically proven PT‐SMT were included. We collected data on demographic characteristics of patient, history of kidney transplantation, history of PT‐SMT, evolution of graft function, and patient survival. Results: Eight patients were included. The median age at PT‐SMT diagnosis was 31 years (range 6.5–40). PT‐SMT occurred after a median delay of 37.8 months after transplantation (range 6–175). PT‐SMT management consisted in immunosuppressive regimen minimization in all patients. Introduction of mTOR inhibitors was performed in two patients. Four patients (50%) needed chemotherapy. Surgical resection was performed in four patients. At last follow‐up after PT‐SMT diagnosis (median 33 months (range 17–132)), five patients were considered in complete remission, and two patients had died. Two patients experienced graft rejection; two resumed dialysis (25%). All patients with available data presented with impaired graft function at last follow‐up. Conclusion: PT‐SMT is a subacute and progressive disease during kidney transplantation. Even if the risk of developing PT‐SMT is low in kidney transplant recipients (0.07% in our cohort), PT‐SMT is associated with significant graft loss, possibly due to reduced immunosuppression. Developing guidelines could help transplantation teams better manage these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present here the encapsulation of a spin crossover complex C1 [FeII(L)] (L: 4‐amino‐, 2‐(2‐pyridinylmethylene)hydrazide) inside MOF‐808(Zr), a chemically robust Metal‐Organic Framework. The compound C1⊂MOF‐808 retains its crystallinity as well as a partial porosity compared to pristine MOF and shows solvatochromism under Volatile Organic compounds (VOCs) sorption associated to a spin state change of the guest complex. More specifically, this compound shows an interesting reversible color change under formaldehyde and formic acid vapor sorption and can therefore be considered as a new kind of optical VOCs chemosensor, opening new doors for developing a broad range of VOCs optical sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterizing the 3D distribution of hydraulic properties in glacial sediments is challenging due to fine‐scale heterogeneity and complexity. Borehole lithological data provide high vertical resolution but low horizontal resolution. Geophysical methods can fill gaps between boreholes, providing improved horizontal resolution but low vertical resolution. Machine learning can combine borehole and geophysical data to overcome these challenges. However, few studies have compared multiple machine learning methods for predicting hydrofacies in glacial aquifer systems. This study uses colocated airborne electromagnetic resistivity and borehole lithology data to train multiple machine learning models and predict the 3D distribution of hydrofacies in glacial deposits of eastern Nebraska, USA. Random Forest, Gradient Boosting Classifier, Extreme Gradient Boosting, Multilayer Perceptron, and Stacking Classifier were used to model 3D probabilistic distributions of hydrofacies (sand and clay) at a grid size of 200 m × 200 m × 3 m. Comparison of the predicted 3D hydrofacies models shows that the probability distributions and the contrasts between hydrofacies vary. The classification metrics show that the Stacking Classifier model performed better than other machine learning models in predicting hydrofacies. Multi‐Layer Perceptron and Stacking Classifier models show sharp vertical transitions between the low and high sand probability while other machine learning models show gradual transitions. K‐means clustering was used to translate the Stacking Classifier model into a 4‐class hydraulic conductivity model. This study shows that machine learning methods advance our understanding of glacial hydrogeology by improving the vertical and horizontal resolution of hydrofacies distribution and resolving aquifer‐aquifer and stream‐aquifer connections. Plain Language Summary: Sediments deposited by glaciers are host to numerous aquifers globally, including the northern USA, providing an important source of groundwater. The size, shape, and physical properties of these aquifers are highly variable, so predicting groundwater flow and resource availability is a challenge. We used machine learning and data from airborne geophysics and boreholes to generate high‐resolution, 3D models of a glacial aquifer in Nebraska, USA. We compare and contrast five different machine learning models, showing that there are differences in the models' performances and abilities to construct geologically plausible results. These models help estimate the aquifer properties, locate aquifer boundaries, and provide a basis for constructing numerical models of groundwater flow. Key Points: A machine learning approach is presented for 3D probabilistic hydrofacies modeling using AEM and borehole dataThis approach generates clustered probabilistic hydrofacies and estimates aquifer and streambed hydraulic conductivity3D probabilistic hydrofacies allow for characterizing the heterogeneity and continuity of aquifer and aquitard units [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: (1) To determine the repartition of criteria which can be considered as marks of lack of assent by the child with intellectual disabilities from the dentist's point of view and whether that influences the decision to examine the patient or not. (2) To explain the decision of practitioners and determine the ethical implications of these practices. Methods: An anonymous and structured questionnaire was distributed online using the scenario of a 9‐year‐old child with moderate cognitive impairment with eight different oppositional behaviours. The practitioners were asked about their perception of the patient's lack of assent and about their decision to perform the dental examination or not. Results: The proportion of them who performed a dental examination despite the patient's refusal represented between 13% and 28.8% of the population of respondents. Conclusion: There was an ambivalence among the practitioners who carried out a dental consultation when children were uncooperative. They adopted a teleological point of view. It calls for us to reflect on the ethical principles of autonomy and beneficence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Deep learning holds immense potential for histopathology, automating tasks that are simple for expert pathologists and revealing novel biology for tasks that were previously considered difficult or impossible to solve by eye alone. However, the extent to which the visual strategies learned by deep learning models in histopathological analysis are trustworthy or not has yet to be systematically analysed. Here, we systematically evaluate deep neural networks (DNNs) trained for histopathological analysis in order to understand if their learned strategies are trustworthy or deceptive. Methods and results: We trained a variety of DNNs on a novel data set of 221 whole‐slide images (WSIs) from lung adenocarcinoma patients, and evaluated their effectiveness at (1) molecular profiling of KRAS versus EGFR mutations, (2) determining the primary tissue of a tumour and (3) tumour detection. While DNNs achieved above‐chance performance on molecular profiling, they did so by exploiting correlations between histological subtypes and mutations, and failed to generalise to a challenging test set obtained through laser capture microdissection (LCM). In contrast, DNNs learned robust and trustworthy strategies for determining the primary tissue of a tumour as well as detecting and localising tumours in tissue. Conclusions: Our work demonstrates that DNNs hold immense promise for aiding pathologists in analysing tissue. However, they are also capable of achieving seemingly strong performance by learning deceptive strategies that leverage spurious correlations, and are ultimately unsuitable for research or clinical work. The framework we propose for model evaluation and interpretation is an important step towards developing reliable automated systems for histopathological analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium–sulfur batteries are considered as promising candidates for next‐generation energy storage devices for grid applications due to their high theoretical energy density. However, the inevitable shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides and/or dendrite growth of Li metal anodes hinder their commercial viability. Herein, the microporous Zr fumarate metal–organic framework (MOF)‐801(Zr) is considered to produce thin (≈15.6 μm, ≈1 mg cm2) mixed‐matrix membranes (MMM) as a novel interlayer for Li–S batteries. It is found that the MOF‐801(Zr)/C/PVDF‐HFP composite interlayer facilitates Li+ ions diffusion, and anchors polysulfides while promoting their redox conversion effectively. It is demonstrated that MOF‐801 effectively trapped polysulfides at the cathode side, and confirmed for the first time the nature of the interaction between the adsorbed polysulfides and the host framework, through a combination of solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular dynamics simulations. The incorporation of MOF‐801(Zr)/C/PVDF‐HFP MMM interlayer results in a notable enhancement in the initial capacity of Li–S batteries up to 1110 mA h g−1. Moreover, even after 50 cycles, a specific capacity of 880 mA h g−1 is delivered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), formed via the Maillard reaction (MR) during processing of foods, have been implicated in inflammatory and degenerative diseases in human beings. Cellular damage is primarily caused by AGE binding with the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) on cell membranes. An isoform of RAGE, soluble RAGE (sRAGE), acts as a decoy receptor binding circulating AGEs preventing cellular activation. Pet food manufacturing involves processing methods similar to human food processing that may increase dietary AGEs (dAGEs). We hypothesized that diet, plasma and urine AGEs, and serum sRAGE concentrations would differ between thermally processed diets. This study examined the association of four differently processed diets: ultra‐processed canned wet food (WF); ultra‐processed dry food (DF); moderately processed air‐dried food (ADF) and minimally processed mildly cooked food (MF) on total plasma levels of the AGEs, carboxymethyllysine (CML), carboxyethyllysine (CEL), methylglyoxal hydroimidazolone‐1, glyoxal hydroimidazolone‐1, argpyrimidine, urine CML, CEL and lysinoalanine, and serum sRAGE concentration. Ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure AGEs. sRAGE concentration was measured using a commercial canine‐specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kit. Total dAGEs (mg/100 kcal as fed) were higher in WF than in other diets. Plasma total AGEs (nM/50 μL) were significantly higher with WF, with no difference found between DF, ADF, and MF; however, ADF was significantly higher than MF. Urine CML (nmol AGEs/mmol creatinine) was significantly higher with DF than with WF and MF. There were no significant differences in total urine AGEs or serum sRAGE concentration between diets. In conclusion, different methods of processing pet foods are associated with varied quantities of AGEs influencing total plasma AGE concentration in healthy dogs. Serum sRAGE concentration did not vary across diets but differences in total AGE/sRAGE ratio were observed between MF and WF and, ADF and DF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Substance use disorders are characterized by inhibition deficits related to disrupted connectivity in white matter pathways, leading via interaction to difficulties in resisting substance use. By combining neuroimaging with smartphone‐based ecological momentary assessment (EMA), we questioned how biomarkers moderate inhibition deficits to predict use. Thus, we aimed to assess white matter integrity interaction with everyday inhibition deficits and related resting‐state network connectivity to identify multi‐dimensional predictors of substance use. Thirty‐eight patients treated for alcohol, cannabis or tobacco use disorder completed 1 week of EMA to report substance use five times and complete Stroop inhibition testing twice daily. Before EMA tracking, participants underwent resting state functional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) scanning. Regression analyses were conducted between mean Stroop performances and whole‐brain fractional anisotropy (FA) in white matter. Moderation testing was conducted between mean FA within significant clusters as moderator and the link between momentary Stroop performance and use as outcome. Predictions between FA and resting‐state connectivity strength in known inhibition‐related networks were assessed using mixed modelling. Higher FA values in the anterior corpus callosum and bilateral anterior corona radiata predicted higher mean Stroop performance during the EMA week and stronger functional connectivity in occipital–frontal–cerebellar regions. Integrity in these regions moderated the link between inhibitory control and substance use, whereby stronger inhibition was predictive of the lowest probability of use for the highest FA values. In conclusion, compromised white matter structural integrity in anterior brain systems appears to underlie impairment in inhibitory control functional networks and compromised ability to refrain from substance use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improvement of the Total Isomerization Process (TIP) for the production of high‐quality gasoline with the ultimate goal of reaching a Research Octane Number (RON) higher than 92 requires the use of specific sorbents to separate pentane and hexane isomers into classes of linear, mono‐ and di‐branched isomers. Herein we report the design of a new multi‐cage microporous Fe(III)‐MOF (referred to as MIP‐214, MIP stands for materials of the Institute of Porous Materials of Paris) with a flu‐e topology, incorporating an asymmetric heterofunctional ditopic ligand, 4‐pyrazolecarboxylic acid, that exhibits an appropriate microporous structure for a thermodynamic‐controlled separation of hydrocarbon isomers. This MOF produced via a direct, scalable, and mild synthesis route was proven to encompass a unique separation of C5/C6 isomers by classes of low RON over high RON alkanes with a sorption hierarchy: (n‐hexane≫n‐pentane≈2‐methylpentane>3‐methylpentane)low RON≫(2,3‐dimethylbutane≈i‐pentane≈2,2‐dimethylbutane)high RON following the adsorption enthalpy sequence. We reveal for the first time that a single sorbent can efficiently separate such a complex mixture of high RON di‐branched hexane and mono‐branched pentane isomers from their low RON counterparts, which is a major achievement reported so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to their high porosity and tunability, porous solids such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), zeolites, or activated carbons (ACs) are of great interest in the fields of air purification, gas separation, and catalysis, among others. Nonetheless, these materials are usually synthetized as powders and need to be shaped in a more practical way that does not modify their intrinsic property (i.e., porosity). Elaborating porous, freestanding and flexible sheets is a relevant shaping strategy. However, when high loadings (>70 wt.%) are achieved the mechanical properties are challenged. A new straightforward and green method involving the combination softwood bleached kraft pulp fibers (S) and nano‐fibrillated cellulose (NFC) is reported, where S provides flexibility while NFC acts as a micro‐structuring and mechanical reinforcement agent to form high loadings porous solids paper sheets (>70 wt.%). The composite has unobstructed porosity and good mechanical strength. The sheets prepared with various fillers (MOFs, ACs, and zeolites) can be rolled, handled, and adapted to different uses, such as air purification. As an example of potential application, a MOF paper composite has been considered for the capture of polar volatile organic compounds exhibiting better performance than beads and granules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present high precision negative ion thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (N‐TIMS) Os isotope measurement results for the DROsS isotope reference material (iCRM), to investigate the limits on the precision of TIMS‐based 186Os/188Os results. We used analytical conditions previously highlighted to optimise precision, present a new flexible data processing protocol, and measured 184Os intensities on a Faraday Cup equipped with an amplifier using a 1012 Ω resistor. Despite a measurement procedure that minimised uncertainty contributions from counting statistics and Johnson‐Nyquist noise, the intermediate measurement precision of our approach does not significantly improve on previous high precision Os isotope measurements, with the exception of 184Os/188Os. This is probably due to uncertainties in measured amplifier gain factors, which are greater when using mixed arrays of 1011 and 1012 Ω resistors than when using 1011 Ω resistors alone, though Faraday Cup deterioration could also contribute. We propose that multi‐dynamic Os isotope measurements could largely eliminate both of these uncertainties. Our 184Os/188Os measurement results are the most precise yet, yielding 184Os/188Os = 0.0013036 ± 0.0000007 (2s, n = 38). Additionally, we average our data with published data to recommend the following isotope ratios for DROsS: 186Os/188Os = 0.1199319 ± 0.0000024, 187Os/188Os = 0.1609227 ± 0.0000022, 189Os/188Os = 1.219709 ± 0.000010, 190Os/188Os = 1.983793 ± 0.000011. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The editorial discusses the challenges of treating perianal fistulising Crohn's disease (PFCD) and the potential of mesenchymal stem cell therapy as an innovative treatment strategy. A study on locally injected allogenic, adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) showed promising results with 62% of patients achieving fistula closure at week 52. However, the study was uncontrolled, raising questions about the effectiveness of MSC therapy compared to other treatment approaches. Future research is needed to understand the reasons for the differences in outcomes seen in previous trials and to determine the optimal surgical approach for PFCD. [Extracted from the article]

Cyclic peptides are important molecules, playing key roles in protein architecture, as chemical probes, and increasingly as crucial structural elements of clinically‐useful therapeutics. Herein we report methodology using azodicarboxylates as efficient reagents for the facile synthesis of cyclic peptides through a disulfide bridge. The utility of this approach in both solution and solid‐phase, and compatibility with common amino acid side chain functionalities is demonstrated, resulting in cyclic peptides in good yield and purity. This approach has significant potential application for synthesis of molecules of biological or therapeutic significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the microbiocidal efficacy of a cleaning and disinfection (C&D) treatment using stainless‐steel coupons applied to three common types of animal mortality transport vehicles when exposed to agricultural conditions. Metal test coupons, inoculated with bacteriophage MS2, were affixed to the undercarriage of three types of animal mortality transport vehicles at various locations. Coupons were grimed by maneuvering the test vehicles down a series of wet dirt roads. Coupons were attached and extracted at various points to evaluate C&D performance with and without grime. C&D efficacy using a water‐supplied pressure washing system and a dilute sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution was determined by comparing the difference in recovered viable virus between positive control coupons and test coupons. The results demonstrated a relatively high surface decontamination efficacy, with all but one location showing >5 log reduction of MS2. Coupons located on the roll‐off truck's inside‐back bumper contained the highest level of grime and resulted in a 4 log reduction of MS2. There was no significant difference in C&D efficacy across vehicle types, but locations impacted by grime and lack of accessibility achieved lower efficacies on average. These findings suggest that common C&D protocols, when applied to farm mortality transport vehicles, are effective. Hard‐to‐access locations containing high levels of grime may be candidates for additional targeted treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Strongyloidiasis is a nematode infection caused by Strongyloides stercoralis. Previous studies have addressed the possibility of the parasite to establish a complex relationship with the host that could affect the risk of developing diabetes mellitus or modify its presentation. This study aims to evaluate the potential impact of strongyloidiasis in diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases. Methods: Case–control observational retrospective study that included 95 S. stercoralis‐infected patients and 83 non‐infected individuals. Epidemiological and clinical variables were retrieved from medical records, and a statistical analysis was carried out to explore any association between strongyloidiasis and diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases. Results: Most of the patients were men (99, 55.60%) with a mean age of 42.53 ± SD 14 years. Twelve (6.70%) patients were diabetic; 30 (16.90%) presented arterial hypertension; 28 (15.70%) had dyslipidaemia; and 10 (5.60%) had thyroid pathology. When comparing patients with strongyloidiasis and uninfected patients, no differences were found regarding diabetes mellitus or other metabolic diseases. Conclusions: The results obtained in the present study do not confirm any type of association between strongyloidiasis and diabetes mellitus or other metabolic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countless people have been affected by the COVID‐19 pandemic on a global scale. Favipiravir, has shown potential as an effective drug for SARS‐CoV‐2, attracting scientists' attention. However, overuse of Favipiravir easily leads to serious side effects, requiring real‐time monitoring in body fluids. Given this, a new lanthanide metal‐organic framework (MOF) was prepared under solvothermal conditions from either Eu (Eu‐MOF or (1)) or Tb (Tb‐MOF or (2)) using the highly delocalized imidazoledicarboxylic acid linker H2L (H2L=5‐(4‐(imidazol‐1‐yl) phenyl) isophthalic acid) and could be successfully applied to selective optical detection of Favipiravir. In this MOF framework, the organic linker H2L provides a high excitation energy transfer efficiency that can sensitize luminescence in lanthanides. In addition, through deliberate tuning of Eu/Tb molar ratio and reaction concentration in the lanthanide framework, ratiometric recyclable luminescent EuxTb1‐x‐MOF nanoparticles with open metal sites have been constructed, which present a high detection sensitivity (Ksv=1×107 [M−1], detection limit is 4.63 nM) for Favipiravir. The detection mechanism is discussed with the help of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations that sheds light over the selective sensing of Favipiravir over other related COVID‐19 drug candidates. Finally, to explore the practical application of Favipiravir sensing, MOF based thin films have been used for visual detection of Favipiravir and recycled 5 times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) with open metal sites (OMS) interact strongly with a range of polar gases/vapors. However, under ambient conditions, their selective adsorption is generally impaired due to a high OMS affinity to water. This led previously to the privilege selection of hydrophobic MOFs for the selective capture/detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Herein, we show that this paradigm is challenged by metal(III) polycarboxylates MOFs, bearing a high concentration of OMS, as MIL‐100(Fe), enabling the selective capture of polar VOCs even in the presence of water. With experimental and computational tools, including single‐component gravimetric and dynamic mixture adsorption measurements, in situ infrared (IR) spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory calculations we reveal that this adsorption mechanism involves a direct coordination of the VOC on the OMS, associated with an interaction energy that exceeds that of water. Hence, MOFs with OMS are demonstrated to be of interest for air purification purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We previously observed increased levels of adenosine‐deaminase‐acting‐on‐dsRNA (Adar)‐dependent RNA editing during mesothelioma development in mice exposed to asbestos. The aim of this study was to characterize and assess the role of ADAR‐dependent RNA editing in mesothelioma. We found that tumors and mesothelioma primary cultures have higher ADAR‐mediated RNA editing compared to mesothelial cells. Unsupervised clustering of editing in different genomic regions revealed heterogeneity between tumor samples as well as mesothelioma primary cultures. ADAR2 expression levels are higher in BRCA1‐associated protein 1 wild‐type tumors, with corresponding changes in RNA editing in transcripts and 3'UTR. ADAR2 knockdown and rescue models indicated a role in cell proliferation, altered cell cycle, increased sensitivity to antifolate treatment, and type‐1 interferon signaling upregulation, leading to changes in the microenvironment in vivo. Our data indicate that RNA editing contributes to mesothelioma heterogeneity and highlights an important role of ADAR2 not only in growth regulation in mesothelioma but also in chemotherapy response, in addition to regulating inflammatory response downstream of sensing nucleic acid structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Particulate air pollutants may induce neurotoxicity by increasing homocysteine levels, which can be lowered by high B vitamin intakes. Therefore, we examined whether intakes of three B vitamins (folate, B12, and B6) modified the association between PM2.5 exposure and incidence of all‐cause dementia. Methods: This study included 7183 women aged 65 to 80 years at baseline. B vitamin intakes from diet and supplements were estimated by food frequency questionnaires at baseline. The 3‐year average PM2.5 exposure was estimated using a spatiotemporal model. Results: During a mean follow‐up of 9 years, 342 participants developed all‐cause dementia. We found that residing in locations with PM2.5 exposure above the regulatory standard (12 μg/m3) was associated with a higher risk of dementia only among participants with lower intakes of these B vitamins. Discussion: This is the first study suggesting that the putative neurotoxicity of PM2.5 exposure may be attenuated by high B vitamin intakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encapsulating ultrasmall Cu nanoparticles inside Zr‐MOFs to form core–shell architecture is very challenging but of interest for CO2 reduction. We report for the first time the incorporation of ultrasmall Cu NCs into a series of benchmark Zr‐MOFs, without Cu NCs aggregation, via a scalable room temperature fabrication approach. The Cu NCs@MOFs core–shell composites show much enhanced reactivity in comparison to the Cu NCs confined in the pore of MOFs, regardless of their very similar intrinsic properties at the atomic level. Moreover, introducing polar groups on the MOF structure can further improve both the catalytic reactivity and selectivity. Mechanistic investigation reveals that the CuI sites located at the interface between Cu NCs and support serve as the active sites and efficiently catalyze CO2 photoreduction. This synergetic effect may pave the way for the design of low‐cost and efficient catalysts for CO2 photoreduction into high‐value chemical feedstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encapsulating ultrasmall Cu nanoparticles inside Zr‐MOFs to form core–shell architecture is very challenging but of interest for CO2 reduction. We report for the first time the incorporation of ultrasmall Cu NCs into a series of benchmark Zr‐MOFs, without Cu NCs aggregation, via a scalable room temperature fabrication approach. The Cu NCs@MOFs core–shell composites show much enhanced reactivity in comparison to the Cu NCs confined in the pore of MOFs, regardless of their very similar intrinsic properties at the atomic level. Moreover, introducing polar groups on the MOF structure can further improve both the catalytic reactivity and selectivity. Mechanistic investigation reveals that the CuI sites located at the interface between Cu NCs and support serve as the active sites and efficiently catalyze CO2 photoreduction. This synergetic effect may pave the way for the design of low‐cost and efficient catalysts for CO2 photoreduction into high‐value chemical feedstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zeolites and metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are considered as "competitors" for new separation processes. The production of high‐quality gasoline is currently achieved through the total isomerization process that separates pentane and hexane isomers while not reaching the ultimate goal of a research octane number (RON) higher than 92. This work demonstrates how a synergistic action of the zeolite 5A and the MIL‐160(Al) MOF leads to a novel adsorptive process for octane upgrading of gasoline through an efficient separation of isomers. This innovative mixed‐bed adsorbent strategy encompasses a thermodynamically driven separation of hexane isomers according to the degree of branching by MIL‐160(Al) coupled to a steric rejection of linear isomers by the molecular sieve zeolite 5A. Their adsorptive separation ability is further evaluated under real conditions by sorption breakthrough and continuous cyclic experiments with a mixed bed of shaped adsorbents. Remarkably, at the industrially relevant temperature of 423 K, an ideal sorption hierarchy of low RON over high RON alkanes is achieved, i.e., n‐hexane ≫ n‐pentane ≫ 2‐methylpentane > 3‐methylpentane ⋙ 2,3‐dimethylbutane > isopentane ≈ 2,2‐dimethylbutane, together with a productivity of 1.14 mol dm−3 and a high RON of 92, which is a leap‐forward compared with existing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The realization of metal‐organic framework (MOF) layers onto solid surfaces is a prerequisite for their integration into devices. This work reports the direct growth of Fe3+/benzene di‐carboxylate MOFs onto functionalized silicon surfaces, compatible with a wide range of MOF synthesis conditions. The co‐nucleation and growth of different crystalline phases are evidenced, whose coverage depends on the surface chemistry and/or the solution composition. Three structural phases – the cubic MIL‐101(Fe), a hexagonal phase with a structure close to MOF‐235 and a MIL‐53(Fe) with a monoclinic symmetry ‐ are identified through characteristic crystal shapes and their structural parameters inferred from X‐Ray Diffraction. In addition to the oriented growth of 3D crystallites, the formation of two‐dimensional MIL‐101 nano‐crystallites or thin layers/islands exhibiting extended monocrystalline domains with (111) texture is also demonstrated through high‐resolution atomic force microscopy. Post‐synthesis treatments reveal a weak adhesion of the hexagonal phase, indicating a different surface anchoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the ultimate goal to predict plasmas heat and particle fluxes in ITER operation, more efforts are required to deal with realistic magnetic configurations and tokamak geometries. In an attempt to achieve this goal, we propose an adaptive mesh refinement method added to a fluid solver based on a high‐order hybrid discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) method. Based on unstructured meshes, this magnetic equilibrium free numerical scheme has shown promising and encouraging features to solve 2D/3D transport reduced Braginski fluid equations. To improve its numerical efficiency, a mesh refinement based on h‐adpativity is investigated. We describe here an adaptive refinement strategy on a reduced edge particle transport model based on electron density and parallel momentum. This strategy is illustrated in realistic tokamak wall geometry. Computations performed show potential gains in the required number of degrees of freedom against benchmark computations with uniform meshes, along with the potential to give an automated, goal‐oriented, mesh generation technique for edge transport simulations in 2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide the 21N‐moment multi‐temperature collision coefficients for the Boltzmann collision operator using the Sonine‐Hermite polynomial ansatz in the style of Zhdanov et al. First, we outline the general derivation method. Then, we provide the collision coefficients in the most general form in terms of the Chapman‐Cowling integrals for any potential of interaction for the 21N‐moment approximation. Then, we provide the collision coefficients for the specific case of the approximated Coulomb potential cross‐section with Debye cutoff. These coefficients help in order to find easy implementation in current scrape‐off layer/edge fluid packages, which currently implement the 21N‐moment single‐temperature coefficients. This provides the completion of a missing link in the current literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Children with intellectual disabilities experience major inequality in the field of oral health, including a higher number of extracted teeth. The literature explains this difference in terms of higher levels of dental disease but does not mention the possibility of inequality in the treatment options offered these children.Aim: The aim is to investigate whether the same treatment options are offered by practitioners to children with and without intellectual disability in equivalent clinical circumstances.Design: A scenario involving a clinical dental situation was developed, with one varying parameter: the patient described was a child with or without cerebral palsy.Results: One hundred and thirty-nine dental specialists from France and Europe were recruited. A large number of practitioners (68%) chose the same treatment for both patients, but 32% declared modifying the dental treatment planning in the case of the child with cerebral palsy. The most frequently chosen treatment for the scenario of irreversible pulpitis for the child without disability was conservative endodontic treatment (73%) whereas the most frequently chosen treatment for the child with intellectual disability was tooth extraction (54%).Discussion: These results are discussed in terms of beneficence, fear of restorative failure, lack of guidelines, practitioner experience and the implications for equity in healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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External control over the pore size of flexible metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) has recently emerged as an intriguing concept, with possible applications to gas storage and separation. In this work we present a new pressure cell capable for the first time of monitoring through in situ X‐ray powder diffraction an adsorbent powder under combined uniaxial applied mechanical stress (up to 1 GPa) and gas pressure (up to 20 bar). The combined stress–pressure clamp (CSPC) cell was successfully exploited to follow the evolution of the CO2 breathing behaviour of the prototypical complex breathing MIL‐53(Al) system under mechanical compression obtaining structural evidence that this MOF can be maintained in its closed pore state upon compression, precluding its re‐opening at high gas pressure (>7 bar). This novel setup shows potential for the in‐operando exploration of flexible systems, in equilibrium and flow configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: Angiosperm leaves present a classic identification problem due to their morphological complexity. Computer‐vision algorithms can identify diagnostic regions in images, and heat map outputs illustrate those regions for identification, providing novel insights through visual feedback. We investigate the potential of analyzing leaf heat maps to reveal novel, human‐friendly botanical information with applications for extant‐ and fossil‐leaf identification. Methods: We developed a manual scoring system for hotspot locations on published computer‐vision heat maps of cleared leaves that showed diagnostic regions for family identification. Heat maps of 3114 cleared leaves of 930 genera in 14 angiosperm families were analyzed. The top‐5 and top‐1 hotspot regions of highest diagnostic value were scored for 21 leaf locations. The resulting data were viewed using box plots and analyzed using cluster and principal component analyses. We manually identified similar features in fossil leaves to informally demonstrate potential fossil applications. Results: The method successfully mapped machine strategy using standard botanical language, and distinctive patterns emerged for each family. Hotspots were concentrated on secondary veins (Salicaceae, Myrtaceae, Anacardiaceae), tooth apices (Betulaceae, Rosaceae), and on the little‐studied margins of untoothed leaves (Rubiaceae, Annonaceae, Ericaceae). Similar features drove the results from multivariate analyses. The results echo many traditional observations, while also showing that most diagnostic leaf features remain undescribed. Conclusions: Machine‐derived heat maps that initially appear to be dominated by noise can be translated into human‐interpretable knowledge, highlighting paths forward for botanists and paleobotanists to discover new diagnostic botanical characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Encapsulation of active guest compounds inside metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) architectures is one of the most promising routes to reach properties beyond those of the bare MOFs and/or guest species. In contrast with the conventional host/guest composites that rely on the encapsulation of guest species into MOF cavities, core–shell composites display a better accessibility to the pores ensuring an optimal diffusion of the substrate while presenting a unique structure that prevents the aggregation and the runoff of the active guests and ensures a tight interaction between core and shell, leading to synergistic effects. Herein, the recent advances in this field are summarized. The main synthetic strategies are first discussed before highlighting a few potential applications, such as heterogeneous environmental catalysis, gas separation, and sensing, while others (bio‐applications...) are briefly mentioned. This review is concluded by a critical perspective in order to promote new generations of MOFs based composites for energy‐related applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amine‐functionalized MIL‐101(Cr)‐NH2 metal–organic frameworks (MOF‐N)/epoxy nanocomposites with Excellent cure label and high thermal stability were developed. Structure–property relationship was discussed by comparison of the cure state, thermal and viscoelastic behavior of epoxy nanocomposites containing pristine MOF or MOF‐N applying differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. Epoxy containing 0.3 wt% MOF‐N exhibited high glass transition temperature (Tg) of 96°C compared with 85°C observed for epoxy/MOF system. Thus, MOF‐N played the role of catalyst in epoxy/amine curing reaction. Correspondingly, a lower activation energy was obtained based on cure kinetics modeling based on DSC measurements. Besides, incorporation of low amount (0.5 wt%) MOF‐N induced an early‐state resistance against decomposition, featured by 11°C rise in decomposition temperature at 5% weight loss. This was ascribed to the formation of porous metallic oxides during thermal decomposition of MOF‐N in the epoxy system acting as a heat barrier, which increased the activation energy of decomposition. Amine‐functionalization considerably prevented from further oxidation of the inner part of the matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to wildfire smoke increases the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions. Health impact assessments, used to inform decision‐making processes, characterize the health impacts of environmental exposures by combining preexisting epidemiological concentration–response functions (CRFs) with estimates of exposure. These two key inputs influence the magnitude and uncertainty of the health impacts estimated, but for wildfire‐related impact assessments the extent of their impact is largely unknown. We first estimated the number of respiratory, cardiovascular, and asthma hospital admissions attributable to fire‐originated PM2.5 exposure in central California during the October 2017 wildfires, using Monte Carlo simulations to quantify uncertainty with respect to the exposure and epidemiological inputs. We next conducted sensitivity analyses, comparing four estimates of fire‐originated PM2.5 and two CRFs, wildfire and nonwildfire specific, to understand their impact on the estimation of excess admissions and sources of uncertainty. We estimate the fires accounted for an excess 240 (95% CI: 114, 404) respiratory, 68 (95% CI: −10, 159) cardiovascular, and 45 (95% CI: 18, 81) asthma hospital admissions, with 56% of admissions occurring in the Bay Area. Although differences between impact assessment methods are not statistically significant, the admissions estimates' magnitude is particularly sensitive to the CRF specified while the uncertainty is most sensitive to estimates of fire‐originated PM2.5. Not accounting for the exposure surface's uncertainty leads to an underestimation of the uncertainty of the health impacts estimated. Employing context‐specific CRFs and using accurate exposure estimates that combine multiple data sets generates more certain estimates of the acute health impacts of wildfires. Plain Language Summary: Health impact assessments are public health decision‐making tools that quantify the health impacts of environmental exposures by combining two key pieces of information: estimates of the population's level of exposure and a function describing the relationship between exposure and the risk of adverse health outcome(s). For wildfire smoke, an environmental exposure of increasing importance, it is largely unknown how different choices for these two inputs impact the magnitude and uncertainty of the health impacts estimated. To understand this, we evaluated the sensitivity of an impact assessment, which estimated the number of hospital admissions attributable to smoke exposure during the October 2017 California wildfires, to four different estimates of smoke exposure and two different health risk functions. We find that smoke exposure accounted for an estimated 308 excess respiratory and cardiovascular admissions. The health impact assessment is sensitive to the inputs selected, with the admissions estimates' magnitude most impacted by the health risk function and the uncertainty most impacted by the estimates of exposure. In order to estimate the health impacts of wildfires with greater certainty, we recommend using more informed and accurate estimates of smoke exposure and health risk functions that are specific to wildfire smoke. Key Points: PM2.5 exposure during the 2017 California fires accounted for an estimated 308 excess respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissionsHealth impact assessments, used to inform decision‐making processes, are sensitive to the exposure and epidemiologic inputs specifiedAccurate exposure estimates and context‐specific health risk functions estimate fire‐attributable health impacts with greater certainty [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous depth to groundwater (DTG) data collection is challenging in remote regions. Community participation offers a way to both increase data collection and involves the local community in scientific projects. Local knowledge, which is often descriptive, can be difficult to include in quantitative analysis; however, it can increase scientists' ability to formulate hypotheses or identify relevant environmental processes. We show how Community Science Research can add useful descriptive information for a study based in rural Colombia. To estimate the spatiotemporal distribution of DTG, the community collected water level measurements during a wet (La Niña) year and an average year. We built one spatial and two spatiotemporal models (with and without probabilistic data) using Bayesian Maximum Entropy. Due to the inclusion of local knowledge, the spatiotemporal model with probabilistic data reduced its mean square error by a factor of 15 compared to the spatial model. Using this model, we found that 13% of the study area has a high probability of very shallow DTG (<0.1 m) during an average year, whereas during La Niña, this area increases to 56%. The difference in shallow DTG between the average and wet year implies that after reaching a precipitation threshold, the study region may lose its flow regulation capacity, contributing to flooding during extreme precipitation events. Our approach presents a method to incorporate local knowledge in data‐driven models by combining qualitative and quantitative information. Plain Language Summary: Groundwater is a key source of water supply in many regions, supporting crop yields and maintaining water levels in rivers and wetlands. In unconfined aquifers, groundwater may reach the surface during wet periods, contributing to overland flow and intensifying erosion. Identifying groundwater level changes helps to establish water and land management activities. However, continuous depth to groundwater (DTG) data collection, essential for identifying groundwater level changes, is challenging in remote rural areas. We show how Community Science Research, an approach involving active community participation, added crucial information to a statistical model to represent shallow aquifer's groundwater levels in Colombia. The community collected DTG during an extreme wet year and an average year in a middle‐low‐elevation watershed. We created DTG maps using three statistical models. DTG is better represented by the model that combines descriptive observations with DTG measurements. We also created a map with the probability that the groundwater is near the surface and showed that the area was much larger in the wet year than during the average year. This difference implies that after the watershed receives a lot of precipitation, its flow regulation capacity decreases, which is threatened by land‐use activities. Key Points: We built one spatial and two spatiotemporal models using Bayesian Maximum Entropy to estimate Depth to Groundwater (DTG) in a rural regionThe addition of probabilistic data, based on local knowledge collected through Community Science Research, improved the space‐time modelThe watershed's portion more likely to have shallow DTG increased from 13% in an average year to 56% in a La Niña year [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the number and severity of complications related to cocaine use reported to the French Addictovigilance Network have increased, the French health authorities requested a national epidemiologic study of the data collected by this network from 2010 to 2016. For this purpose, the spontaneous reports (SRs) linked to cocaine notified by health professionals were analyzed as well as the data from the pharmacoepidemiological surveys OPPIDUM (observation of illegal drugs and misuse of psychotropic medications) and DRAMES (deaths related to the abuse of licit and illicit psychoactive substances). In total, 1 265 SRs were analyzed (510% increase from 2010 to 2016). Users were mainly men (952/1 261; 75%), with a median age of 35.0 years [IQ25–75: 28–42]. Cocaine was consumed through the intranasal route by 52% of users (416/797), followed by intravenous administration (32%, 253/797) and inhalation (24%, 190/797). The use of cocaine powder and crack cocaine was reported in 70% (475/674) and 23% (154/674) of SRs, respectively. Cocaine was consumed with other psychoactive substances and alcohol in 47% (603/1265) and 60% (387/649) of cases, respectively. The main cocaine‐related complications were psychiatric complications (29%), neurologic complications (24%) and cardiovascular complications (23%). Analysis of the OPPIDUM survey data showed that in 2016, 15.9 and 2.4% of the included subjects consumed cocaine or crack cocaine the week preceding the survey, the highest rate for the 2006–2016 period. The DRAMES survey indicated that cocaine‐related deaths increased by threefold from 2014 to 2016. These data confirm that cocaine use in France is worrying with an increase in the number of severe complications and deaths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The tools that have been used to assess the function of the vagus nerve lack specificity. This could explain discrepancies about the role of vagal gut‐brain signalling in long‐term control of energy balance. Here we use a validated approach to selectively ablate sensory vagal neurones that innervate the gut to determine the role of vagal gut‐brain signalling in the control of food intake, energy expenditure and glucose homoeostasis in response to different diets. Methods: Rat nodose ganglia were injected bilaterally with either the neurotoxin saporin conjugated to the gastrointestinal hormone cholecystokinin (CCK), or unconjugated saporin as a control. Food intake, body weight, glucose tolerance and energy expenditure were measured in both groups in response to chow or high‐fat high‐sugar (HFHS) diet. Willingness to work for fat or sugar was assessed by progressive ratio for orally administered solutions, while post‐ingestive feedback was tested by measuring food intake after an isocaloric lipid or sucrose pre‐load. Results: Vagal deafferentation of the gut increases meal number in lean chow‐fed rats. Switching to a HFHS diet exacerbates overeating and body weight gain. The breakpoint for sugar or fat solution did not differ between groups, suggesting that increased palatability may not drive HFHS‐induced hyperphagia. Instead, decreased satiation in response to intra‐gastric infusion of fat, but not sugar, promotes hyperphagia in CCK‐Saporin‐treated rats fed with HFHS diet. Conclusions: We conclude that intact sensory vagal neurones prevent hyperphagia and exacerbation of weight gain in response to a HFHS diet by promoting lipid‐mediated satiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Room‐temperature syntheses of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are of interest to meet the demand of the sustainable chemistry and are a pre‐requisite for the incorporation of functional compounds in water‐stable MOFs. However, only few routes under ambient conditions have been reported to produce metal(IV)‐based MOFs. Reported here is a new versatile one‐step synthesis of a series of highly porous M6‐oxocluster‐based MOFs (M=Zr, Hf, Ce) at room temperature, including 8‐ or 12‐connected micro/mesoporous solids with different functionalized organic ligands. The compounds show varying degrees of defects, particularly for 12‐connected phases, while maintaining the chemical stability of the parent MOFs. Proposed here are first insights into in situ kinetics observations for efficient MOF preparation. Remarkably, the synthesis has a high space‐time yield and also provides the possibility to tune the particle size, therefore paving the way for their practical use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the relationship between anti–citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs), specific ACPA subspecificities, rheumatoid factor (RF) isotypes, and incident cardiovascular (CV) events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: Serum samples from Swedish patients with new‐onset RA (diagnosed within 1 year of symptom onset between 1996 and 2009) were centrally typed for anti–cyclic citrullinated peptide 2 (anti‐CCP2) antibodies, 20 ACPA subspecificities, and RF isotypes. Patients were followed up longitudinally in nationwide registers to monitor the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), stroke, CV‐related death, and major adverse CV events (MACE). The association between each serologic marker and CV outcome, and the impact of adjustment for the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28), smoking status, and income at baseline, were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models. In addition, associations of serologic markers with all‐cause mortality were explored. Results: In total, 2,814 patients with RA were included in the study. The median follow‐up was 13 years, during which the CV end points of ACS, stroke, or CV‐related death were reported to occur in 375 patients. Occurrence and/or levels of anti‐CCP2 were associated with risk of incident ACS (hazard ratio [HR] 1.46, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.03–2.06), stroke (HR 1.47, 95% CI 1.03–2.10), CV‐related death (P = 0.024 for association with anti‐CCP2 levels), and MACE (HR 1.34, 95% CI 1.06–1.70). Similarly, an association with the number of ACPA subspecificities was observed; however, this could not be attributed to any individual or group of ACPA subspecificities. Presence of IgM‐RF was associated with all CV end points except ACS, and IgA‐RF was exclusively associated with CV‐related death. Adjustment for smoking status, income, and DAS28 scores decreased most of the HRs, whereas IgA‐RF remained associated with CV‐related death (HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.05–2.48). All of the assessed serologic makers were associated with all‐cause mortality. Conclusion: RF isotypes and ACPAs are associated with future CV events in patients with RA. ACPA levels and number of subspecificities seem more important than the occurrence of particular subspecificities, and these associations were not explained by a history of ever smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]