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Background: Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) experience intravascular hemolysis, leading to elevated plasma heme levels. This phenomenon has been associated with increased priapism in men with SCD. The heme group can be metabolized by heme oxygenase (HO), generating carbon monoxide (CO), which is known to promote smooth muscle relaxation via soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)–cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). However, the effects of heme on the relaxation responses of corpus cavernosum (CC) have not been investigated. Objectives: To evaluate the functional and biochemical effects of the heme group on mouse CC smooth muscle in vitro. Materials and methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were used. CC tissues were mounted in organ baths. Measurement of cGMP in mice CC was evaluated. Results: The cumulative addition of heme concentrations promoted the relaxation of CC. HO inhibitor (1J, 100 μM) or sGC inhibitor (ODQ, 10 μM) blocked the relaxing effect of the heme group. Pre‐incubation of CC with heme (100 μM) enhanced relaxation induced by acetylcholine, sodium nitroprusside, and nitrergic relaxation (electrical field stimulation), which was abolished by 1J or ODQ. The heme group increased the cGMP production in CC, which was abolished by 1J or ODQ. cGMP levels were significantly higher in CC treated with heme, and pre‐incubation with compound 1J or ODQ abolished the effect of heme in raising cGMP levels. Discussion and conclusion: The HO–CO–sGC–cGMP pathway appears to play a crucial role in promoting CC relaxation. Our study provides novel insight into the role of group heme in CC relaxation and its potential contribution to priapism in SCD. Heme may serve as a pharmacological target for new therapies to prevent priapism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as a significant global public health concern. Recent epidemiological studies have highlighted the link between exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and a decline in renal function. PM2.5 exerts harmful effects on various organs through oxidative stress and inflammation. Acute kidney injury (AKI) resulting from ischaemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) involves biological processes similar to those involved in PM2.5 toxicity and is a known risk factor for CKD. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of PM2.5 exposure on IRI‐induced AKI. Through a unique environmentally controlled setup, mice were exposed to urban PM2.5 or filtered air for 12 weeks before IRI followed by euthanasia 48 h after surgery. Animals exposed to PM2.5 and IRI exhibited reduced glomerular filtration, impaired urine concentration ability, and significant tubular damage. Further, PM2.5 aggravated local innate immune responses and mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as enhancing cyclic GMP–AMP synthase‐stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS–STING) pathway activation. This increased renal senescence and suppressed the anti‐ageing protein klotho, leading to early fibrotic changes. In vitro studies using proximal tubular epithelial cells exposed to PM2.5 and hypoxia/reoxygenation revealed heightened activation of the STING pathway triggered by cytoplasmic mitochondrial DNA, resulting in increased tubular damage and a pro‐inflammatory phenotype. In summary, our findings imply a role for PM2.5 in sensitising proximal tubular epithelial cells to IRI‐induced damage, suggesting a plausible association between PM2.5 exposure and heightened susceptibility to CKD in individuals experiencing AKI. Strategies aimed at reducing PM2.5 concentrations and implementing preventive measures may improve outcomes for AKI patients and mitigate the progression from AKI to CKD. © 2024 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonication is an innovative green technology with various applications in the food industry. Notably, patent analysis from a technological perspective is essential for monitoring market trends and identifying the technological stage through life cycle modeling. Thus, this study aimed to conduct an investigation using patent documents on the application of ultrasound in the food sector. The Espacenet® database was used with the keywords "Food Processing," "Ultrasound," and "Ultrasonication," along with the code A23. A total of 140 documents were evaluated, with China being the main applicant country. Fruits and vegetables and bioactive compounds were the key technological sectors. Food preservation and extraction processes emerged as the primary applications. The involvement of ultrasound technology in the food industry is entering the maturity stage, as demonstrated by the function adjusted to the BiDoseResp model. This result implies further technological and market development in the food industry in the coming years. Practical applications: This review addressed the evolution and the current scenario of ultrasound applications in food processing through patent documents deposited between 1979 and 2022, which are rich technological information sources. This approach identified the main technological sectors of food and applications in which ultrasound is most used, as well as the main institutions, inventors, and patent‐filing countries. The major challenges, impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic, and market trends were also discussed. Through mathematical modeling of patent mapping, it was detected that ultrasonication is integrated into the food sector while maintaining a highly competitive impact. This development indicates a future with significant advancements in the development of ultrasound in the food industry, with increasing participation of emerging countries in technological monopolies and a trend of associating ultrasound with non‐thermal emerging technologies in patented inventions. Food waste, food printing, and food for people with swallowing difficulties are potential areas for further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The species Lantana camara is used in folk medicine. The biological activities of this medicinal plant are attributable to the presence of various derivatives of triterpenoids and phenolic compounds present in its preparations, indicating excellent economic potential. Objective: In this study, the operational conditions of ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) were optimized using Box–Behnken design to improve the total phenolic content (TPC) recovered in hydroethanolic extracts of L. camara leaves. Material and methods: The TPC, total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities of the hydroalcoholic extracts of L. camara, prepared by UAE and MAE under the optimized extraction conditions, were compared with those of the extracts obtained by conventional extraction methods. Results: Under the optimal conditions, the extracts obtained by UAE (35% ethanol, 25 min, and a solvent‐to‐solid ratio of 60:1 mL/g) and by MAE (53% ethanol, 15 min, and 300 W) provided high yields of 32.50% and 38.61% and TPC values of 102.89 and 109.83 mg GAE/g DW, respectively. The MAE extract showed the best results with respect to TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activities, followed by extracts obtained by UAE, Soxhlet extraction, decoction, maceration, and infusion, in that order. Conclusion: The results obtained indicate that L. camara may be used as an important source of antioxidant phenolic compounds to obtain products with high biological and economic potential, especially when the extraction process is performed under appropriate conditions using MAE and/or UAE, employing environmentally friendly solvents such as water and ethanol. The hydroalcoholic extracts of L. camara, prepared by ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE), under optimized extraction conditions obtained by application of a Box–Behnken design, provided high yields of 32.50% and 38.61% and total phenolic contents (TPCs) of 102.89 and 109.83 mg GAE/g DW, respectively. The MAE extract showed better results with respect to TPC, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activities, followed by the extracts obtained by UAE, Soxhlet extraction, decoction, maceration, and infusion, in that order. Thirty‐three compounds were identified by FT‐Orbitrap MS in hydroethanolic extracts of L. camara. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocomposites containing low wt% of oxidized multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT‐OXI), nanosilica (NS), and its hybrid (MWCNT‐OXI/NS) in epoxy resin were produced and evaluated. The used nanoparticles were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Raman spectroscopy while the nanocomposites were investigated in relation to its morphology, thermal, and mechanical properties. The results demonstrated significant improvements in the storage modulus (E′), glass transition temperature (Tg), and cross link density (CD), for the produced nanocomposites. Increases in thermal conductivity (TC) of up to 85% at 90°C were observed for the nanocomposites containing 1.0 wt% of the hybrid MWCNT‐OXI + NS nanofiller, when compared with neat polymer. It was also verified increases in the resistance to plastic deformation for the nanocomposites, maintained the polymer thermal stability with the addition of these nanoparticles. Finally, the use of MWCNT‐OXI and NS, combined or not, significantly improved the thermal and mechanical properties of polymer, showing multifunctional characteristics for the produced nanocomposites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare plant and vertebrate species have been documented to contribute disproportionately to the total morphological structure of species assemblages. These species often possess morphologically extreme traits and occupy the boundaries of morphological space. As rare species are at greater risk of extinction than more widely distributed species, human‐induced disturbances can strongly affect ecosystem functions related to assemblage morphology. Here, we assess to what extent the distributions of ant morphological traits are supported by morphologically extreme species and how they are distributed among habitats in a global biodiversity hotspot, the Brazilian Amazon. We used a morphological database comprising 15 continuous morphological traits and 977 expert‐validated ant species distributed across the Brazilian Amazon. We produced species range estimates using species distribution models or alpha hulls (when few records were available). Next, we conducted a principal components analysis to combine traits into a space with reduced dimensionality (morphospace). Then, we identified morphologically extreme species in this space and quantified their contributions to morphological diversity across different habitat types in the Brazilian Amazon Basin. We identified 114 morphologically extreme ant species across the Amazon ant morphospace. These species also accounted for a large percentage of morphospace filling, exceeding 99% representation in the most disturbed habitats in the Amazon. Our results suggest that a few morphologically extreme species capture most of the variation in ant morphology and, therefore, the spectrum of ecosystem functions performed by ants in the Brazilian Amazon Basin. Further, unlike in many other groups, these extreme morphologies were represented by the set of most common species. These results suggest greater functional redundancy and resilience in Brazilian Amazon ants, but more broadly, they contribute to our understanding of ecological processes that sustain ecosystem functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to develop a feeding protocol for the larviculture of Apistogramma cacatuoides, using the histological approach to larval nutrition conditions. For this, three experiments were carried out. Experiment 1 was carried out in a randomized design to determine the optimal amount of Artemia nauplii (AN) per larva, and three treatments were evaluated: P1—feeding with 25 A. nauplii per larva (AN/L) during the first 5 days, followed by 50 AN/L from the 6th to the 10th day and 100 AN/L from the 11th to the 20th day; P2 and P3—37 and 50 AN/L during the first 5 days, 75 and 100 AN/L from the 6th to the 10th day and 150 and 200 AN/L from the 11th to the 20th day. Experiment 2 was carried out in a randomized design to determine the daily frequency of feeding and evaluated four feeding frequencies: F1—feeding only once a day (09:00); (F2)—feeding twice a day (09:00 and 17:00); F3—feeding three times a day (09:00, 11:30 and 17:00); and F4—feeding four times a day (09:00, 11: 30, 14:00 and 17:00). Experiment 3 lasted 40 days and was conducted in a randomized design to evaluate three periods for the beginning of the feeding transition: WE10:AN for 10 days, followed by 3 days of co‐feeding and commercial feed until the end of the experimental period; WE15:AN for 15 days, followed by 3 days of co‐feeding and commercial feed; WE20:AN for 20 days, followed by 3 days of co‐feeding and commercial feed. The results of this study showed that, for the best development of the larvae, they should receive the feeding protocol 50−100−200 AN/L (P3) until the 20th day of exogenous feeding. From the 21st day, the transition to inert food should begin with 3 days of co‐feeding, and feeding during larviculture should be carried out at a frequency of twice a day; this protocol provided a good nutritional status for the larvae, as shown by the histological approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to compare the accuracy of the power output, measured by a power meter, with respect to the speed, measured by an inertial measurement unit (IMU) and a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) sport watch to determine the critical power (CP) and speed (CS), work over CP (W') and CS (D'), and long‐duration performance (i.e., 60 min). Fifteen highly trained athletes randomly performed seven time trials on a 400 m track. The CP/CS and W'/D' were defined through the inverse of time model using the 3, 4, 5, 10, and 20 min trials. The 60 min performance was estimated through the power law model using the 1, 3, and 10 min trials and compared with the actual performance. A lower standard error of the estimate was obtained when using the power meter (CP: 2.7 [2.1–3.3] % and W': 13.8 [10.4–17.3] %) compared to the speed reported by the IMU (CS: 3.4 [2.5–4.3] %) and D': 20.7 [16.6–24.7] %) and GNSS sport watch (CS: 3.4 [2.5–4.3] % and D': 20.6 [16.7–24.7] %). A lower coefficient of variation was also observed for the power meter (4.9 [3.7–6.1] %) Regarding the speed reported by the IMU (10.9 [7.1–14.8] %) and GNSS sport watch (10.9 [7.0–14.7] %) in the 60 min performance estimation, the power meter offered lower errors than the IMU and GNSS sport watch for modelling endurance performance on the track. Highlights: Recent advances in wearable technology are creating new opportunities to accurately monitor running intensity in contexts where precision is essential (i.e., track running) for athletes' (e.g., pacing) and coaches' (e.g., performance analysis) tasks.The track mode of recent global navigation satellite system (GNSS) sport watches seems to offer a decent improvement. Alternatively, new inertial measurement units (IMUs) designed specifically for running have emerged offering the capability to monitor distance in specific contexts such as treadmills and indoor tracks. Additionally, these IMUs provide new metrics of the external load.The power meter provided by the Stryd inertial measurement unit (IMU) demonstrated lower estimation errors in modelling endurance running performance on the track compared to speed data reported by the same IMU and a Garmin GNSS sports watch (using the track mode). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) is frequently studied in randomized trials, observational and registry studies. The aim of this expert opinion is to provide guidance for clinicians and industry regarding the development of future clinical studies on catheter ablation of AF, implement lessons learned from previous studies, and promote a higher degree of consistency across studies. Background: Studies on catheter ablation of AF may benefit from well‐described definitions of endpoints and consistent methodology and documentation of outcomes related to efficacy, safety and cost‐effectiveness. The availably of new, innovative technologies warrants further consideration about their application and impact on study design and the choice of endpoints. Moreover, recent insights gained from AF ablation studies suggest a reconsideration of some methodological aspects. Methods: A panel of clinical experts on catheter ablation of AF and designing and conducting clinical studies developed an expert opinion on the design and endpoints for studies on catheter ablation of AF. Discussions within the expert panel with the aim to reach consensus on predefined topics were based on outcomes reported in the literature and experiences from recent clinical trials. Results: A comprehensive set of recommendations is presented. Key elements include the documentation of clinical AF, medication during the study, repeated ablations and their effect on endpoint assessments, postablation blanking and the choice of rhythm‐related and other endpoints. Conclusion: This expert opinion provides guidance and promotes consistency regarding design of AF catheter ablation studies and identified aspects requiring further research to optimize study design and methodology. Recent insights from studies on catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) and the availability of new innovative technologies warrant reconsideration of methodological aspects related to study design and the choice and assessment of endpoints. This expert opinion, developed by clinical experts on catheter ablation of AF provides a comprehensive set of recommendations related to these methodological aspects. The aim of this expert opinion is to provide guidance for clinicians and industry regarding the development of clinical studies, implement lessons learned from previous studies, and promote a higher degree of consistency across studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three dinuclear zinc(II) acetate complexes of the general formula [Zn{Ln}(AcO)]2, namely, di‐μ‐acetato‐κ4O:O′‐bis[({2‐[(pyridin‐2‐ylmethylidene)amino]phenyl}sulfanido‐κ3N,N′,S)zinc(II)], [Zn2(C12H9N2S)2(C2H3O2)2] (n = 1), 4, μ‐acetato‐1:2κ2O:O′‐acetato‐2κO‐[μ‐(2‐{[1‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)ethylidene]amino}phenyl)sulfanido‐1κS:2κ3N,N′,S][(2‐{[1‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)ethylidene]amino}phenyl)sulfanido‐1κ3N,N′,S]dizinc(II), [Zn2(C13H11N2S)2(C2H3O2)2] (n = 2), 5, and μ‐acetato‐1:2κ2O:O′‐acetato‐2κO‐[μ‐(2‐{[phenyl(pyridin‐2‐yl)methylidene]amino}phenyl)sulfanido‐1κS:2κ3N,N′,S][(2‐{[phenyl(pyridin‐2‐yl)methylidene]amino}phenyl)sulfanido‐1κ3N,N′,S]dizinc(II)–bis(2‐aminophenyl) disulfide (2/1), [Zn2(C18H13N2S)2(C2H3O2)2]·0.5C12H12N2S2 (n = 3), 6·0.5(2‐APS)2, were obtained from the reaction of 2‐R‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)benzothiazoline precursors (R = H, 1; R = Me, 2; R = Ph, 3) with zinc acetate dihydrate in a 1:1 ratio. All the complexes crystallized as dinuclear species and complex 6 cocrystallized with one molecule of bis(2‐aminophenyl) disulfide (2‐APS)2. The anionic Schiff base ligands {Ln}− displayed a κ2N,κS‐tridentate coordination mode with the formation of two five‐membered chelate rings. In 4, 5 and 6·0.5(2‐APS)2, both ZnII ions are pentacoordinated and the coordination sphere of 4 was different with respect to those in 5 and 6·0.5(2‐APS)2. For 4, the X‐ray diffraction study showed a dinuclear complex containing two bridging acetate ligands linked to both ZnII ions. For 5 and 6·0.5(2‐APS)2, the dinuclear complexes displayed one bridging acetate ligand linked to both ZnII ions, where the first ZnII ion includes a dative bond with one S atom from an adjacent anionic Schiff base {Ln}−, while the second ZnII ion is coordinated to one terminal acetate ligand. In each dinuclear complex, the geometry is the same for both ZnII metal centres. The local geometry of the ZnII cation in 4 is halfway between trigonal bipyramidal and square pyramidal local geometries; in 5 and 6, the local geometries are described as distorted square pyramidal. Hirshfeld surface analysis of 5 and 6 showed the predominance of H...H interactions, as well as the contribution of C—H...C, C—H...O and C—H...S noncovalent interactions to the cohesion of the crystalline network of the ZnII complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the outcomes of retrograde flexible ureteroscopy (fURS) with retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy (RLU) for large proximal ureteric stones. Patients and Methods: A prospective randomised trial was conducted from January 2018 through December 2022 including patients with impacted proximal ureteric stones of 15–25 mm. Patients underwent fURS or RLU. Primary outcome was the stone‐free rate. Demographic data, stone features, and complications rates were also compared between groups. Results: A total of 64 patients were enrolled, 32 in each group. The mean impacted stone time was similar between groups, as well as stone size (17 mm) and stone density (>1000 Hounsfield Units). The ureteric stone‐free rates between the two groups (93.7% in fURS vs 96.8% in RLU; odds ratio [OR] 0.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] −1.72 to 3.17; P = 0.554), and overall success rates, which take into account residual fragments in the kidney (84.3% in fURS vs 93.7% in RLU; OR 1.02, 95% CI −0.69 to 2.74; P = 0.23), were similar. Operative time was also not statistically significantly different between groups (median 80 vs 82 min; P = 0.101). There was no difference in hospital length of stay. Retropulsion rate was higher with fURS (65.6% vs 3.1%; p < 0.001). Residual hydronephrosis (34.3% each group) and complication rates did no differ according to treatment. Conclusion: Flexible URS and RLU are both highly efficient and present low morbidity for large impacted proximal ureteric stone treatment. RLU is not superior to fURS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Liver transplantation is used for treating end‐stage liver disease, fulminant hepatitis, and oncological malignancies and organ shortage is a major limiting factor worldwide. The use of grafts based on extended donor criteria have become internationally accepted. Oxygenated machine perfusion technologies are the most recent advances in organ transplantation; however, it is only applied after a period of cold ischemia. Due to its high cost, we aimed to use a novel device, OxyFlush®, based on oxygenation of the preservation solution, applied during liver procurement targeting the maintenance of ATP during static cold storage (SCS). Methods: Twenty patients were randomly assigned to the OxyFlush or control group based on a 1:1 ratio. In the OxyFlush group, the perfusion solution was oxygenated with OxyFlush® device while the control group received a non‐oxygenated solution. Liver and the common bile duct (CBD) biopsies were obtained at three different time points. The first was at the beginning of the procedure, the second during organ preparation, and the third after total liver reperfusion. Biopsies were analyzed, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and histological scores of the liver parenchyma and CBD were assessed. Postoperative laboratory tests were performed. Results: OxyFlush® was able to maintain ATP levels during SCS and improved the damage caused by the lack of oxygen in the CBD. However, OxyFlush® did not affect laboratory test results and histological findings of the parenchyma. Conclusion: We present a novel low‐cost device that is feasible and could represent a valuable tool in organ preservation during SCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Extrusion cooking of cereal‐legume flour mixture is an innovative strategy to introduce nutrient‐enriched ready‐to‐eat snacks to the market. However, this thermal process triggers the formation of compounds that could impact safety aspects of these products. Maillard reaction markers and the end products known as melanoidins were evaluated to assess the toxicological and bioactive profiles of extruded snacks from corn‐plus‐common‐bean‐flour combinations. Different molecular weight fractions were isolated and purified to analyze their antioxidant activity and to investigate the role of melanoidins. RESULTS: The snack formulated with an 84:16 ratio of corn:common bean flours exhibited an enhanced toxicological profile. It displayed the lowest levels of acrylamide and furanic compounds, along with reduced blockage of lysine residues in the protein. Extrusion increased the antioxidant activity of uncooked flours (30 to 64%) and total phenolic compounds (26 to 50%), and decreased the available lysine (−72.7 to −79.5%). During the fractionation process, it was established that compounds within the range of 3–10 kDa made the greatest contribution to antioxidant activity. The fraction greater than 10 kDa, which included melanoidins, displayed 7 to 33% lower antioxidant activity. The purification of the fraction greater than 10 kDa revealed that pure melanoidins represented approximately one‐third of the antioxidant activity in that fraction. Non‐covalent adducts linked to the melanoidin core therefore had a relevant role in the antioxidant action of formulated snacks. CONCLUSION: This investigation illustrates the importance of considering both potential risks and associated benefits of compounds formed during the Maillard reaction while developing new extruded snacks. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Discussion of the benefits of moderate alcohol consumption is ongoing. Broadly, research focusing on ethanol consumption tends to report no benefits. However, studies that distinguish between different types of alcoholic beverages, particularly beers, often reveal positive effects. The present study evaluated the genotoxic and mutagenic effects of moderate chronic consumption of India Pale Ale (IPA) craft beer. Sixty‐four adult male Swiss mice were used and divided into control and treatment groups receiving water, IPA beer with 55.23 g of ethanol per liter of beer, aqueous solution with 55.23 g of ethanol per liter, and hop infusion ad libitum for 30 days. After this period, the animals were genetically evaluated with a comet assay. For the ex vivo comet assay, blood was collected and exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). For the in vivo assay, the alkylating agent cyclophosphamide (CP) was administered to the groups after blood collection and sacrificed after 24 h. Brain, liver, and heart tissues were analyzed. Bone marrow was collected and submitted to the micronucleus test. RESULTS: The groups treated with IPA beer, ethanol, and hops did not show genotoxic and mutagenic action in the blood, brain, heart, or liver. The antigenotoxic action of IPA beer and hops was observed in both in vivo and ex vivo models, showing a similar reduction in DNA damage caused by CP. There was no significant difference between the groups with regard to the formation of micronuclei by CP. CONCLUSION: Moderate chronic consumption of IPA beer and hops infusion showed antigenotoxic effects in mice but no antimutagenic action. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine the effects of bribery on the digitization of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) within Latin America. We apply neo‐institutional theory as the overarching theoretical framework to establish that bribery negatively influences digitization. We propose that firm characteristics (i.e., managerial experience and firm size) affect the firm‐level relationship between bribery and digitization. We also examine how the perceived tax burden mediates the effect of bribery on digitization. Our study is both theoretically and practically relevant. Theoretically, we are among the first to explicate the direct relationship between bribery and digitization. This novel perspective extends the information systems literature to explain digitization challenges in Latin America. For managers and policymakers, we present a path towards essential digitization for Latin American SMEs. Our empirical analysis uses secondary data from a World Bank survey of 1549 Latin American SMEs conducted over three years in six countries. Our findings show that bribery negatively influences digitization while SME characteristics positively moderate this relationship. In addition, we show that the perceived tax burden mediates the effects of bribery on digitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric distribution networks increasingly host distributed energy resources based on power electronic converter (PEC) toward active distribution networks (ADN). Despite advances in computational capabilities, electromagnetic transient models are limited in scalability because of their reliance on exact data about the distribution system and each of its components. Similarly, the use of the DER_A model, which is intended to examine the combined dynamic behavior of many DERs, is limited by the difficulty in parameterization. There is a need for improved dynamic models of DERs for use in large power system simulations for stability analysis. This paper proposes an aggregate model‐free, data‐driven approach for deriving a dynamic partitioned model (DPM) of ADNs. Detailed residential distribution feeders were first developed, including PEC‐based DERs and composite load models (CMLDs), from which the aggregated DPM was derived. The performance was evaluated through various case studies and validated against the detailed ADN model and state‐of‐the‐art DER_A model with CMLD. The data‐driven DPM achieved a fitpercent${\it fitpercent}$ of over 90%, accurately representing the aggregated dynamic behavior of ADNs. Furthermore, the DPM significantly accelerated the simulation process with a computational speedup of 68 times compared to the detailed ADN and a 3.5 times speedup compared to the DER_A CMLD model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and tin dioxide (SnO2) form composites in a wide range of SnO2/rGO proportions, which are deposited as thin films on borosilicate glass and silica substrates. The rGO proportion affects the SnO2 optical properties and the sample surface, as observed by optical transmittance and confocal and scanning electron microscopies images, mainly for high proportion of rGO. For low proportion, the presence of small surface islands may contribute to optical confinement. The evaluated bandgap is basically from the SnO2 matrix unless the presence of rGO affects the optical absorption edge. Monochromatic ultraviolet light from a He–Cd laser (325 nm) irradiating on the composite film increases the conductivity, giving rise to the phenomenon of persistent photoconductivity (PPC), even very close to room temperature. Modeling by considering mainly the SnO2/rGO interface barrier for electron transport, yield an interface energy barrier of 250 meV. The strong response to ultraviolet light and the phenomenon of PPC indicates potential application in amplifiers, which could be adjusted by doping with rare‐earth ions, such as Er3+ in the SnO2 matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Persistence of malaria parasites in asymptomatic hosts is crucial in areas of seasonally-interrupted transmission, where P. falciparum bridges wet seasons months apart. During the dry season, infected erythrocytes exhibit extended circulation with reduced cytoadherence, increasing the risk of splenic clearance of infected cells and hindering parasitaemia increase. However, what determines parasite persistence for long periods of time remains unknown. Here, we investigated whether seasonality affects plasma composition so that P. falciparum can detect and adjust to changing serological cues; or if alternatively, parasite infection length dictates clinical presentation and persistency. Data from Malian children exposed to alternating ~6-month wet and dry seasons show that plasma composition is unrelated to time of year in non-infected children, and that carrying P. falciparum only minimally affects plasma constitution in asymptomatic hosts. Parasites persisting in the blood of asymptomatic children from the dry into the ensuing wet season rarely if ever appeared to cause malaria in their hosts as seasons changed. In vitro culture in the presence of plasma collected in the dry or the wet seasons did not affect parasite development, replication or host-cell remodelling. The absence of a parasite-encoded sensing mechanism was further supported by the observation of similar features in P. falciparum persisting asymptomatically in the dry season and parasites in age- and sex-matched asymptomatic children in the wet season. Conversely, we show that P. falciparum clones transmitted early in the wet season had lower chance of surviving until the end of the following dry season, contrasting with a higher likelihood of survival of clones transmitted towards the end of the wet season, allowing for the re-initiation of transmission. We propose that the decreased virulence observed in persisting parasites during the dry season is not due to the parasites sensing ability, nor is it linked to a decreased capacity for parasite replication but rather a consequence decreased cytoadhesion associated with infection length. Synopsis: Persistent malaria parasites bridge transmission seasons months apart. Whether plasma composition is seasonally affected, allowing P. falciparum to adjust to serological cues; or if duration of infection dictates clinical presentation and persistence was investigated in a cohort of Malian children. Seasonal variations and asymptomatic infections resulted in minimal changes in plasma composition. Dry and wet season plasma impacted P. falciparum in vitro similarly. Alleles persisting during the dry season were unlikely to cause clinical malaria within the same host. Asymptomatic carriers exhibited extended circulation of infected erythrocytes in both the wet and dry seasons. Parasite clones transmitted late in the wet season had higher chances of surviving and persisting through the dry season. Persistent malaria parasites bridge transmission seasons months apart. Whether plasma composition is seasonally affected, allowing P. falciparum to adjust to serological cues; or if duration of infection dictates clinical presentation and persistence was investigated in a cohort of Malian children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report the synthesis, structural characterization, and antiviral properties of palladium(II) complexes with amantadine (atd) and memantine (mtn). Elemental and mass spectrometric analyses indicated a 1:2 metal/ligand ratio. The single crystal data for Pd‐mtn revealed that the complex adopts a square geometry with the two memantine ligands bonded to Pd(II) by the nitrogen atoms of the NH2 group, in a trans configuration. Computational studies supported a similar structure for Pd‐atd. The complexes were stable in DMSO solution for 24 h. The antiviral properties of Pd‐atd and Pd‐mtn were evaluated against Zika (ZIKV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses in vitro at their highest noncytotoxic concentrations. The Pd‐atd (at 2 µM) and Pd‐mtn (at 10 µM) complexes were able to impair 76% and 96% of CHIKV replication, respectively, which points the coordination of amantadine and memantine to Pd(II) as a successful strategy to increase their anti‐CHIKV properties. Conversely, the Pd(II) complexes did not significantly inhibit the replication of ZIKV, which confirms the selectivity towards CHIKV. Interaction of the compounds with N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine, a model disulfide‐containing peptide, and plasmid DNA pointed to Cys‐containing peptides as more likely targets than nucleotides for the complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this paper, a new stacked bidirectional non‐isolated DC‐DC converter for uninterruptible power supply applications is presented. It is a stacked adaptation of the classical bidirectional boost/buck converter and presents improvements such as low number of components; low voltage and current stress on components; high efficiency; and simplicity of operation. In addition, in this paper, the modeling and control of the proposed converter are done, and a comparative evaluation among proposed converter with similar topologies is evaluated. A prototype of 1 kW, 144 to 400 V, is developed in laboratory to validate the theoretical evaluations of proposed converter. Besides that, the proposed converter is also evaluated under different dynamic condition, which illustrates the effectiveness of the converter. Finally, the maximum efficiency obtained is 96.38% in step‐up mode and 95.7% in step‐down mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Perceived ethnic discrimination is known to be associated with anxiety and depression, and in turn, anxiety and depression are known to be associated with nightmare frequency and distress. This elicits a question: is perceived ethnic discrimination associated with nightmare frequency and distress? In this study, 179 female university students from the United Arab Emirates were assessed to answer that question. Results showed that while anxiety and depression were related to nightmare experiences, perceived ethnic discrimination was a stronger predictor of nightmare experiences. We posit two explanations for this finding: one based on psychoanalytical insights, and the other based on the Disposition–Stress model with neurobiological correlates. No significant differences were found across ethnicity when it comes to nightmare experiences or perceived ethnic discrimination. This is an encouraging sign of optimal societal integration in the United Arab Emirates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and multisystem organ dysfunction, is a life‐threatening disease. Patients with TMA who do not exhibit a severe ADAMTS‐13 deficiency (defined as a disintegrin‐like and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 motif no. 13 activity ≥10%: TMA‐13n) continue to experience elevated mortality rates. This study explores the prognostic indicators for augmented mortality risk or necessitating chronic renal replacement therapy (composite outcome: CO) in TMA‐13n patients. We included 42 TMA‐13n patients from January 2008 to May 2018. Median age of 41 years and 60% were female. At presentation, 62% required dialysis, and 57% warranted intensive care unit admission. CO was observed in 45% of patients, including a 9‐patient mortality subset. Multivariate logistic regression revealed three independent prognostic factors for CO: early administration of eculizumab (median time from hospitalization to eculizumab initiation: 5 days, range 0–19 days; odds ratio [OR], 0.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.02–0.94), presence of neuroradiological lesions (OR, 6.67; 95% CI, 1.12–39.80), and a PLASMIC score ≤4 (OR, 7.39; 95% CI, 1.18–46.11). In conclusion, TMA‐13n patients exhibit a heightened risk of CO in the presence of low PLASMIC scores and neuroradiological lesions, while early eculizumab therapy was the only protective factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several theoretical frameworks have been used to understand exercise adherence. Basic psychological needs (BPN), grounded on self‐determination theory, have received large attention for this purpose. More recently, the hedonic theory and the assumptions related to the exercise characteristics (e.g., intensity) that can bolster positive affective responses have been revitalized. This study aimed to explore the associations between the agreement of current exercise intensity and the one individually preferred, BPN satisfaction/frustration, enjoyment, the intention to continue exercise, and exercise frequency. Additionally, an exploration of the direct and indirect effects while testing sex as a moderator was performed. A sample of 369 exercisers (Mage = 43.6, standard deviation = 12.96; 214 females) enrolled in 26 health clubs participated in this study voluntarily. Data were received in a first‐approach descriptive and correlational analyses. Next, a moderated mediation was performed using model 15 (PROCESS v.4.2). As a result, agreement in preference for exercise intensity was positively associated with enjoyment (r = 0.35), intention (r = 0.43), and all needs satisfaction (ranging from r = 0.12 to r = 0.45) and negatively associated with all needs frustration (ranging from r = −0.15 to r = −0.31). In the moderated mediation analysis, the same pattern of results emerged in direct effects. Indirect effects were significant for autonomy in the enjoyment and frequency models. Findings suggest that promoting an individually adjusted training intensity may foster BPN satisfaction. It appears to be present an independent (of needs) and positive association with exercise enjoyment and intention to continue exercising. Highlights: An agreement between exercise intensity and the one individually preferred can be seen as a need‐supportive toolExercise intensity agreement presents an independent effect on exercise enjoyment and intentionThe way autonomy promotes enjoyment may be different between sexes, a relation that seems to favor menFemales appear to be more dependent on preference agreement to support enjoyment and intention, while in men, this relation appears to be valid only for intention [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis among indigenous people in Brazil. The researchers accessed a Brazilian national database to gather information on AD and psoriasis diagnoses between 2010 and 2022. They found varying rates of AD and psoriasis across different regions of Brazil. The study highlights the importance of understanding the epidemiology of these skin conditions in indigenous populations for effective healthcare planning and interventions. The study found that the prevalence of AD and psoriasis is lower among indigenous populations compared to urban populations, particularly in remote regions like the Yanomami territory. However, it is important to note that AD and psoriasis can still occur in indigenous communities, especially those located near or within urban areas. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The goal was to determine trends in immunosuppression use and its impact on cytomegalovirus (CMV) outcomes over the past 10 years. Methods: This was a single‐center longitudinal cohort study of adult kidney recipients transplanted between Jan 2012 and June 2021. Baseline and follow‐up data were gathered via chart abstraction and analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: Of 2392 kidney transplants conducted, 131 patients did not meet inclusion criteria. The mean age was 52 years, 41% were female, 57% were black, and 19% were CMV high‐risk. The use of rabbit anti‐thymocyte globulin (RATG) induction (odds ratio [OR] 1.6, 1.3–2.1), tacrolimus (FK) level >8 ng/mL (OR 1.1, 1.09–1.11), CMV D+/R‐ rates (OR 1.06, 1.02–1.10), white blood cell count <3000 (OR 1.22, 1.18–1.26) and valganciclovir prophylaxis (OR 1.7, 1.6–1.9) have significantly increased over the past 10 years. Rejection rates (OR 0.86, 0.82–0.91) and BK viremia >2000 (OR 0.91, 0.91–0.98) have decreased. RATG induction (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.35, 1.2–1.5), FK >8 ng/mL (aHR 3.5, 3.2–3.9), Belatacept conversion (aHR 2.5, 2.1–3.1), and rejection (aHR 1.8, 1.6–2.0) were significant risk factors for developing CMV infection, while mycophenolate mofetil <1500 mg (aHR 0.52, 0.47–0.59), mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor (mTORi) conversion (0.77, 0.56–0.89), cyclosporine‐A conversion (aHR 0.68, 0.56–0.84) were associated with lower risk of CMV infection. Conclusion: Increasing use of potent immunosuppression coupled with higher CMV D+/R‐ F rates may be driving higher rates of CMV infection. Cyclosporine and mTORi conversion appears to be protective against CMV. A more individualized immunosuppression regimen based on infection risk merits consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ramon syndrome (OMIM #266270) was first described in a patient with cherubism, gingival fibromatosis, epilepsy, intellectual disability, hypertrichosis, and stunted growth. In 2018, Mehawej et al. described a patient with Ramon syndrome in whom a homozygous variant in ELMO2 was identified, suggesting that this gene may be the causative for this syndrome. ELMO2 biallelic pathogenic variants were also described in patients with a primary intraosseous vascular malformation (PIVM; OMIM #606893). These patients presented gingival bleeding and cherubism phenotype. Herein, a patient with gingival hypertrophy, neurodevelopmental delay, and cherubism phenotype with a novel homozygous predicted loss‐of‐function (LOF) variant in the ELMO2 gene and family recurrence was reported. A surgical approach to treat gingival bleeding and mandible vascular malformation was also described. Furthermore, this study includes a comprehensive literature review of molecular data regarding the ELMO2 gene. All the variants, except one described in the ELMO2, were predicted as LOF, including our patient's variant. There is an overlapping between PIVM, also caused by LOF biallelic variants in the ELMO2 gene, and Ramon syndrome, which can suggest that they are not different entities. However, due to a limited number of cases described with molecular evaluation, it is hard to establish a genotype–phenotype correlation. Our study supports that LOF pathogenic biallelic variants in the ELMO2 gene cause a phenotype that has cherubism and gingival hypertrophy as main characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypotension is one of the main characteristics of the systemic inflammation, basically caused by endothelial dysfunction. Studies have shown that the amino acid L‐kynurenine (KYN) causes vasodilation in mammals, leading to hypotensive shock. In hypotensive shock, when activated by the KYN, the voltage‐gated potassium channel encoded by the family KCNQ (Kv7) gene can cause vasodilation. Fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate (FBP) it is being considered in studies an anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulator, and a modulator of some ion channels (Ca2+, Na+, and K+). We analyzed the effects of KYN and FBP on mean blood pressure (MBP), systolic and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, and heart rate variability (HRV) in Wistar rats. Results demonstrated that the administration of KYN significant decreased MBP, DBP, and increased HRV. Importantly, the FBP treatment reversed the KYN effects on MBP, DBP, and HRV. Molecular Docking Simulations suggested that KYN and FBP present a very close estimated free energy of binding and the same position into structure of KCNQ4. Our results did demonstrate that FBP blunted the decrease in BP, provoked by KYN. Results raise new hypotheses for future and studies in the treatment of hypotension resulting from inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of the REFIX technology in the remineralization process of initial caries simulated on bovine enamel. The assessment involved the analysis of backscatter intensity, which was determined from laser speckle images. Method: Twenty‐one bovine teeth were divided into three groups: G1 and G7 were submitted to treatment with the REFIX technology for 1 and 7 days, respectively. The control group was treated with deionized water. Results: A significant difference in backscatter was found between the carious and sound areas in all groups (p = 0.0038, p < 0.0001, and p = 0.0002 for the control group, G1, and G7, respectively). The intergroup comparison revealed no significant difference among the groups studied. Conclusion: REFIX technology did not alter the optical properties of the samples of bovine teeth with simulated initial caries lesions after 1 and 7 days of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence and impact of obesity on outcomes of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have not been well studied. Objective: To examine the proportion of participants with obesity enrolled in RCTs of AF ablation and outcomes of ablation when subgroup analysis of participants with obesity were available. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed and EMBASE for AF ablation RCTs published between January 1, 2015 to May 31, 2022. When body mass index (BMI) data were available, normal distribution was assumed and a z score was used to estimate the proportion of obesity. Results categorized by BMI or body weight status were reviewed. Authors were contacted for additional information. Results: Of 148 eligible RCTs with 30174 participants, 144 (97.30%) RCTs did not report the proportion of participants with obesity, while published information regarding BMI was available in 63.51%. Three trials excluded patients based on BMI. Using reported BMI, we estimated the proportion of participants with obesity varied greatly across these trials, ranging from 5.82%–71.9% (median 38.02%, interquartile 29.64%, 49.10%). Patients with obesity were represented in a greater proportion among trials conducted in North America (50.23%) and Asia (44.72%), compared to others (32.16%), p <.001. Subgroup analysis or analysis adjusting for BMI was reported in only 13 (8.78%) RCTs; four (30.77%) of these suggested that BMI or body weight might negatively affect primary outcomes. Conclusion: Obesity is a common comorbidity among AF patients. However, most AF ablation RCTs underreported the proportion of participants with obesity and its impact on the primary outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To perform a systematic review with meta‐analysis to assess recent scientific evidence on the association between periodontitis and systemic parameters/conditions in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Materials and Methods: The search for studies was performed in MedLine/PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and BIREME databases. Reference lists of selected articles were also searched. Studies with different epidemiological designs evaluating the influence of exposure to periodontitis on serum markers and mortality in individuals with CKD were eligible for inclusion. Three independent reviewers performed the article selection and data extraction. The assessment of methodological quality used the adapted Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Random effects meta‐analysis was performed to calculate association measurements and 95% confidence intervals. Results: In total, 3053 records were identified in the database search, with only 25 studies meeting the eligibility criteria and, of these, 10 studies contributed data for meta‐analysis. Using a random‐effects model, periodontitis was associated with hypoalbuminemia (PRunadjusted = 2.47; 95%CI:1.43–4.26), with high levels of C‐reactive protein (PRunadjusted = 1.35; 95%CI%:1.12–1.64), death from cardiovascular disease (RRunadjusted = 2.29; 95%CI:1.67–3.15) and death from all causes (RRunadjusted = 1.73; 95%CI:1.32–2.27). Conclusions: The findings of this review validated a positive association between periodontitis and serum markers and mortality data in individuals with CKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: To characterize the experience of people with epilepsy and aligned healthcare workers (HCWs) during the first 18 months of the COVID‐19 pandemic and compare experiences in high‐income countries (HICs) with non‐HICs. Methods: Separate surveys for people with epilepsy and HCWs were distributed online in April 2020. Responses were collected to September 2021. Data were collected for COVID‐19 infections, the effect of COVID‐related restrictions, access to specialist help for epilepsy (people with epilepsy), and the impact of the pandemic on work productivity (HCWs). The frequency of responses for non‐HICs and HICs were compared using non‐parametric Chi‐square tests. Results: Two thousand one hundred and five individuals with epilepsy from 53 countries and 392 HCWs from 26 countries provided data. The same proportion of people with epilepsy in non‐HICs and HICs reported COVID‐19 infection (7%). Those in HICs were more likely to report that COVID‐19 measures had affected their health (32% vs. 23%; p < 0.001). There was no difference between non‐HICs and HICs in the proportion who reported difficulty in obtaining help for epilepsy. HCWs in non‐HICs were more likely to report COVID‐19 infection than those in HICs (18% vs 6%; p = 0.001) and that their clinical work had been affected by concerns about contracting COVID‐19, lack of personal protective equipment, and the impact of the pandemic on mental health (all p < 0.001). Compared to pre‐pandemic practices, there was a significant shift to remote consultations in both non‐HICs and HICs (p < 0.001). Significance: While the frequency of COVID‐19 infection was relatively low in these data from early in the pandemic, our findings suggest broader health consequences and an increased psychosocial burden, particularly among HCWs in non‐HICs. Planning for future pandemics should prioritize mental healthcare alongside ensuring access to essential epilepsy services and expanding and enhancing access to remote consultations. Plain Language Summary: We asked people with epilepsy about the effects of COVID‐19 on their health and healthcare. We wanted to compare responses from people in high‐income countries and other countries. We found that people in high‐income countries and other countries had similar levels of difficulty in getting help for their epilepsy. People in high‐income countries were more likely to say that their general health had been affected. Healthcare workers in non‐high‐income settings were more likely to have contracted COVID‐19 and have the care they deliver affected by the pandemic. Across all settings, COVID‐19 associated with a large shift to remote consultations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ameloblastoma is a locally destructive benign odontogenic tumor. While the neoplastic cells of conventional ameloblastoma can infiltrate the connective tissue and bone, in unicystic ameloblastoma the epithelium is encapsulated. The mechanisms driving ameloblastoma's bone resorption remains unclear. Methods: RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) was performed in a discovery cohort of conventional ameloblastoma, and pathway enrichment analysis was carried out. mRNA levels of MMP13, a gene associated with bone resorption, were assessed using RT‐qPCR in a larger cohort of conventional ameloblastoma and in unicystic ameloblastoma. Zymogram gels and the immunoexpression profile of collagenase 3 (encoded by MMP13 gene) were evaluated as well. Results: Enriched pathways related to bone mineralization and upregulation of MMP13 were observed in ameloblastomas. Collagenolytic activity of collagenase 3 was detected in the tumor lysates. Collagenase 3 immunopositivity was observed in ameloblastomatous epithelium infiltrating the fibrous capsule of unicystic ameloblastoma. At the tumor–bone interface, collagenase 3 expression was detected in stromal cells, osteoblasts, and osteocytes. Conclusion: The results indicate a potential involvement of MMP13 in ameloblastoma‐related bone resorption and progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been increasing interest in the use of squaraines with different physicochemical properties. However, their applications in nanoplasmonics are limited. For that, detailed information on the interactions of squaraines with plasmonic nanostructures is required. In this work, we have studied the adsorption of the squaraine cis‐dicyanomethylene squarate (CDSQ) on the surface of Ag nanoparticles (AgNP). We have combined normal Raman, surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and DFT calculations to get insights into the configuration of its adsorption. DFT calculations have been carried out using simplified models of different adsorption geometries for comparison with the results of the SERS experiments. A comparison between the relative intensities of the normal Raman and SERS spectra indicates that CDSQ is adsorbed perpendicular to the AgNP surface. The predicted spectra suggest that CDSQ is chemically adsorbed on the silver surface through one of its N atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the COVID‐19 pandemic persists, SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is increasingly associated with long‐term neurological side effects including cognitive impairment, fatigue, depression, and anxiety, colloquially known as "long‐COVID." While the full extent of long‐COVID neuropathology across years or even decades is not yet known, we can perhaps take direction from long‐standing research into other respiratory diseases, such as influenza, that can present with similar long‐term neurological consequences. In this review, we highlight commonalities in the neurological impacts of influenza and COVID‐19. We first focus on the common potential mechanisms underlying neurological sequelae of long‐COVID and influenza, namely (1) viral neurotropism and (2) dysregulated peripheral inflammation. The latter, namely heightened peripheral inflammation leading to central nervous system dysfunction, is emerging as a shared mechanism in various peripheral inflammatory or inflammation‐associated diseases and conditions. We then discuss historical and modern examples of influenza‐ and COVID‐19‐associated cognitive impairment, depression, anxiety, and fatigue, revealing key similarities in their neurological sequelae. Although we are learning that the effects of influenza and COVID differ somewhat in terms of their influence on the brain, as the impacts of long‐COVID grow, such comparisons will likely prove valuable in guiding ongoing research into long‐COVID, and perhaps foreshadow what could be in store for individuals with COVID‐19 and their brain health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Warm night frequency has increased steadily in the last years across maize production regions, but high night temperature (HNT) effects on growth, grain yield and maize dry matter allocation (DMA) to different plant organs remain poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to (i) analyse the DMA among reproductive and vegetative organs, (ii) evaluate the individual kernel weight through its determinants, rate and duration of grain filling and (iii) quantify changes in grain yield per plant and its components due to HNT during the postflowering and early grain‐filling period. Field‐grown maize was subjected to HNT induced by shelters during a 15‐ or 30‐day period after silking, encompassing the postflowering period (HNT15) and extending the heating into early grain filling (HNT30), respectively. The HNT was applied from 1900 to 0700 h while control plots remained at ambient night temperature (ANT). Kernel number per plant was decreased under both temperature regimes (i.e., HNT15 and HNT30); however, significant reductions in grain yield were only observed under HNT30. The DMA during the heating period was differentially affected by the duration of heating. While DMA to the stem was likewise reduced by both heating treatments, the partition to the uppermost ear was only reduced under HNT30. Related to the lack of response to HNT treatments of the rate and duration of grain filling, the individual kernel weight was not reduced. The source‐sink ratio was not affected by HNT, meanwhile, the apparent reserve use was significantly reduced under HNT30. Our results demonstrate that the magnitude of HNT effects is subjected to the duration of the heating period, but also depends on the intensity of heating explored across seasons, especially for kernel number and grain yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effect of solutions containing aminomethacrylate copolymer (AA) and sodium fluoride (F; 225 ppm F−) or fluoride plus stannous chloride (FSn; 225 ppm F−, 800 ppm Sn2+) against enamel and dentin erosion/abrasion. Solutions F, FSn, AA, F+AA, FSn+AA, and deionized water as negative control were tested. Bovine enamel and dentin specimens (n = 13/solution/substrate) underwent a set of erosion‐abrasion cycles (0.3% citric acid [5 min, 4×/day], human saliva [1 h, 4×/day], brushing [15 s, 2×/day], and treatments [2 min, 2×/day]) for each of five days. Initial enamel erosion was evaluated using Knoop microhardness after the first and second acid challenge on day 1, and surface loss with profilometry after day 5. KOH‐soluble fluoride was assessed. Data were analyzed with ANOVA/Tukey tests. The combination of fluoride and AA resulted in higher protection against enamel erosion, whereas this was not the case for the combination of AA and FSn. All treatments protected against enamel and dentin loss. The lowest surface loss values were observed with F+AA and FSn+AA. The polymer did not significantly influence the KOH‐soluble fluoride formation on enamel/dentin specimens. The aminomethacrylate copolymer effectively enhanced the efficacy of sodium fluoride against initial erosion and improved the control of enamel and dentin wear of F and FSn solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pantanal is considered the largest continuous freshwater wetland in the world, and its sustainable use requires a unified conceptual framework. The lengthy process to establish public policies has contributed to the increasing vulnerability of the Pantanal. Given the need for a conceptual basis to help this process, we elaborate a list of eight basic principles based on the accumulated scientific evidence: (i) Consider the Paraguay River Basin a management unity; (ii) Establish rules that follow the concept of restricted use approach; (iii) Ensure the ecologically sustainable use of the Pantanal; (iv) Maintain the environmental heterogeneity and functionality in the Pantanal landscapes; (v) Maintain the hydrological integrity and connectivity; (vi) Ensure the environmental representativeness of the protected areas network; (vii) Provide economic incentives for conservationist use of the land; and (viii) Recognize and protect traditional people, their values, resources, and way of living. However, the elaboration of public policies should be a participatory and inclusive decision‐making process towards a more just and sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the sintering of bismuth germanate through hot pressing and the improvement of scintillator performance were investigated. The linear shrinkage, crystalline structure, microstructure, transparency degree, and radioluminescence (RL) were studied as functions of the sintering pressure. X‐ray diffraction revealed that the samples were predominantly composed of the Bi4Ge3O12 phase, accompanied by small amounts of Bi12GeO20, with concentrations varying according to the sintering parameters. These concentrations were quantified through Rietveld refinement, which also indicated a tendency for the cell parameters to shrink as the sintering pressure increased. The microstructure of the ceramic pellets produced under varying hot‐pressing parameters was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing that while the grain size was preserved, the porosity and grain boundary thickness were reduced by the hot pressing, forming a quasicontinuum in some areas of the sample. The RL of all the samples exhibited a green color, with a maximum at 540 nm, ascribed to the transitions from the 3P0,1,21P1 excited states to the fundamental 1S0 state of the Bi3+ ions. For samples sintered under a pressure of .18 MPa, the enhancement in the optical transmittance, accompanied by a 61.36% increase in light output at the maximum wavelength, was observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the behavioral responses and circadian rhythms of mice to both rapid and gradual increases in photoperiod, mimicking the transition from winter to summer, which is associated with a heightened prevalence of hospitalizations for mania and suicidal behavior. Behavioral tests were performed in C57BL/6 male mice exposed to a transitional photoperiod, from short to long durations. To determine if circadian rhythms are affected, we measured spontaneous locomotor activity and body temperature. Mice exhibited heightened exploratory and risk‐taking behaviors compared with equatorial and static long (16:8 h of light–dark cycle for several days) groups. These behaviors were prevented by lithium. Spontaneous locomotor activity and body temperature rhythms persisted and were effectively synchronized; however, the relative amplitude of activity and interdaily stability were diminished. Additionally, the animals displayed increased activity during the light phase. Photoperiodic transition modulates behavior and circadian rhythms, mirroring certain features observed in bipolar disorder patients. This study introduces an animal model for investigating mania‐like behavior induced by photoperiodic changes, offering potential insights for suicide prevention strategies and the management of mood disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diseases such as anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum) and angular leaf spot (Pseudocercospora griseola) can occur in common bean and compromise crop production, especially if susceptible cultivars are grown under conditions favorable to these diseases. The most efficient and sustainable alternative for controlling these diseases is the use of resistant cultivars. The identification of sources of resistance and the use of tools that assist in accurate selection of resistant cultivars are crucial to the success of breeding programs. The aim of this study was to characterize 67 carioca common bean cultivars recommended in Brazil regarding reaction to races 65, 73, 81, and 89 of C. lindemuthianum and to races 63‐23 and 63‐63 of P. griseola and to verify the application of factor analysis in the selection of cultivars resistant to both pathogens. The cultivars and resistant controls BRS Esplendor and MAIII.16‐159 were inoculated in a greenhouse in two experiments for each race. Cultivars were assessed for resistance to multiple races of anthracnose and angular leaf spot using artificial inoculation of plants at V2 stage. Factor analysis proved to be a good alternative for accurate selection of resistant cultivars. The percentage of cultivars simultaneously resistant to all races was low (8.95%). The cultivars Rudá R, VC 15, IAC‐Apuã, IAC‐Carioca Pyatã, BRSMG Amuleto, and BRS FC104 selected by factor analysis showed resistance to anthracnose and angular leaf spot. Therefore, these cultivars are potential sources of resistance for incorporation in bean breeding programs. Core Ideas: Tools for selecting resistant lines are crucial for the success in breeding programs aiming resistance.Factor analysis proved to be an alternative for accurate selection of resistant cultivars.Six cultivars were selected by factor analysis as resistant to anthracnose and angular leaf spot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management can affect soil quality through changes in carbon (C) stock, especially in protected C fractions of soil aggregates. Soil aggregation and C sequestration may be improved with soil correction (liming and gypsum) and nitrogen (N) fertilization, but it is not clear how these factors might interact to affect humic substances. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and N fertilizatilizer amendments on the accumulation of C, N, and humic substances in soil aggregates from an Oxisoil in Brazil. The production system was no-till soybean [Gycine max (L.) Merr.] double-cropped with maize (Zea mays L.) and intercropped with forage grass since 2016. Treatments were no amendment, lime only, and lime + phosphogypsum, factorially arranged with and without annual N fertilization of maize. Soil was collected at 0–10, 10–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm 6 years after initiation of the experiment. The combination of lime, gypsum, and N led to 13% greater total C stock and 20% greater total N stock within the 0–60 cm soil profile than the control. Levels of fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) were similar among aggregate classes, but humin was greatest in larger aggregates. Liming plus N decreased FA and HA, but gypsum application mitigated this negative effect. Application of limestone, gypsum, and N increased humin, mainly in the soil surface (0–10 cm). Soil C storage and stabilization was enhanced in large soil aggregates with the combined use of lime, gypsum, and N fertilization in humid tropical soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, photovoltaic (PV) solar energy is one of the most promising sources of renewable energy. Solar trackers (ST) are devices that track and maintain the alignment of solar collectors with the sun's rays, thereby increasing energy generation. This article reports on the development of a microcontrolled dual‐axis solar tracker. The system lacks feedback and relies on astronomical equations to calculate the position of the sun. The positioning of the solar panel is controlled by an on–off controller, while the energy generated by the tracker is compared to the output of a stationary panel. Unlike other studies, this work takes into account the energy consumed during the process, including powering the control system and moving the structure. The true tracking gain is estimated using this method. The tracker was analyzed over three days under different climatic conditions, including sunny, partly cloudy, and cloudy weather. After evaluation, the average error of the solar positioning algorithm was 1%. On a sunny day, the tracker produced 52.96% more energy than the fixed system. Considering the energy consumed by the tracking system, the net gain was 48.88%. The average gross gain for the three days analyzed was 45.64%, which is higher than the results of recent studies using the same tracker configuration. For the cloudy day, tracking was not very effective, resulting in a net gain of only 2.14%. In future work, an irradiation sensor could be included to reduce energy consumption on cloudy days. Additional studies are needed to more accurately evaluate the performance of the trigger, preferably with a one‐year data collection period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, Eastern Africa has been severely impacted by extreme climate events such as droughts and flooding. In a region where people's livelihoods are heavily dependent on climate conditions, extreme hydrometeorological events can exacerbate existing vulnerabilities. For example, suppressed rainfall during the March to May 2019 rainy season led to substantial food insecurity. In order to enhance preparedness against forecasted extreme events, it is critical to assess rainfall predictions and their known drivers in forecast models. In this study, we take a case study approach and evaluate drivers during March to May seasons of 2018, 2019 and 2020. We use observations, reanalysis and predictions from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) to identify and evaluate rainfall drivers. Extreme rainfall during March to May 2018 and 2020 was associated with an active Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) in Phases 1–4, or/and a tropical cyclone to the east of Madagascar. On the other hand, the dry 2019 March to May MAM season, which included a delayed rainfall onset, was associated with tropical cyclones to the west of Madagascar. In general, whilst ECMWF forecasts correctly capture temporal variations in anomalous rainfall, they generally underestimate rainfall intensities. Further analysis shows that underestimated rainfall is linked to a weak forecasted MJO and errors in the location and intensity of tropical cyclones. Taking a case study approach motivates further study to determine the best application of our understanding of rainfall drivers. Communicated effectively, knowledge of rainfall drivers and forecast uncertainty will inform preparedness actions and reduce climate‐driven social and economic consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most invasive type of breast cancer with high risk of brain metastasis. To better understand interactions between breast tumors with the brain extracellular matrix (ECM), a 3D cell culture model is implemented using a thiolated hyaluronic acid (HA‐SH) based hydrogel. The latter is used as HA represents a major component of brain ECM. Melt‐electrowritten (MEW) scaffolds of box‐ and triangular‐shaped polycaprolactone (PCL) micro‐fibers for hydrogel reinforcement are utilized. Two different molecular weight HA‐SH materials (230 and 420 kDa) are used with elastic moduli of 148 ± 34 Pa (soft) and 1274 ± 440 Pa (stiff). Both hydrogels demonstrate similar porosities. The different molecular weight of HA‐SH, however, significantly changes mechanical properties, e.g., stiffness, nonlinearity, and hysteresis. The breast tumor cell line MDA‐MB‐231 forms mainly multicellular aggregates in both HA‐SH hydrogels but sustains high viability (75%). Supplementation of HA‐SH hydrogels with ECM components does not affect gene expression but improves cell viability and impacts cellular distribution and morphology. The presence of other brain cell types further support numerous cell–cell interactions with tumor cells. In summary, the present 3D cell culture model represents a novel tool establishing a disease cell culture model in a systematic way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]