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Ion‐conductive elastomers capable of damping can significantly mitigate the interference caused by mechanical noise during data acquisition in wearable and biomedical devices. However, currently available damping elastomers often lack robust mechanical properties and have a narrow temperature range for effective damping. Here, precise modulation of weak to strong ion‐dipole interactions plays a crucial role in bolstering network stability and tuning the relaxation behavior of supramolecular ion‐conductive elastomers (SICEs). The SICEs exhibit impressive mechanical properties, including a modulus of 13.2 MPa, a toughness of 65.6 MJ m−3, and a fracture energy of 74.9 kJ m−2. Additionally, they demonstrate remarkable damping capabilities, with a damping capacity of 91.2% and a peak tan δ of 1.11. Furthermore, the entropy‐driven rearrangement of ion‐dipole interactions ensures the damping properties of the SICE remain stable even at elevated temperatures (18–200 °C, with tan δ > 0.3), making it the most thermally resistant damping elastomer reported to date. Moreover, the SICE proves effective in filtering out various noises during physiological signal detection and strain sensing, highlighting its vast potential in flexible electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogels hold great promise in the field of flexible electronics. Attempts in this area tend to the microstructure design of hydrogels, giving them specific adhesion and multi‐sensing functions. Here, a novel phase separation‐derived anisotropic adhesive structural color hydrogel film is presented for visually flexible electronics. The hydrogel film is generated by template replicating colloidal crystal by using phase separation emulsions of hydrophilic monomer (acrylic acid, AA), hydrophobic monomer (lauryl methacrylate, LMA), co‐monomer ([2‐(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] dimethyl‐(3‐sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide (SBMA)), surfactants (hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, CTAB) and initiator (ammonium persulphate (APS)). The appearance of phase separation results in asymmetric morphologies of hydrogel film, imparting them with anisotropic adhesive performance. Attributed to the formation of inverse opal scaffold structure, the hydrogel film is featured with vivid structural color, showing superior capability in self‐reporting mechanical behavior. Additionally, benefitting from the presence of abundant ions, the hydrogel film exhibits great conductivity. Thus, the resultant hydrogel film is demonstrated with stable dual‐signal sensing properties involving color‐changing and conductivity feedback ability to respond to human activities. These features make the proposed anisotropic adhesive structural color hydrogel film highly potential in the flexible electronic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogel‐based flexible solid‐state supercapacitors (SSCs) hold great promise for wearable electronics, yet significant challenges persist in simultaneously achieving excellent mechanical properties, high ionic conductivity, outstanding electrochemical properties, and wide operating temperature ranges. Here, this study presents a straightforward method for synthesizing dual crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol‐polyimide (PVA‐PI) organohydrogels via a simple one‐pot synthesis followed by a freezing‐thawing process. The controlled dual crosslinked networks with significanonetly different crosslinking densities and robust intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions facilitated by the macromolecular crosslinker of PI, endow the organohydrogels with both high mechanical properties and ionic conductivity. Furthermore, SSCs based on PVA‐PI organohydrogels are fabricated, which can exhibit outstanding electrochemical performance at temperatures ranging from −40 to 80 °C. Specifically, the energy density reaches 16.7 µWh cm−2 even at −40 °C under a power density of 410.0 µW cm−2. These SSCs also show excellent performance stability under various deformations, such as bending and compression, alongside exceptional long‐term cycling stability (over 10 000 cycles) with high capacitance retention from −40 to 50 °C. The synthesis strategy, along with a robust mechanism for enhancing mechanical properties of hydrogels, demonstrated in this study offers insights for the development of strong hydrogels/organohydrogels with broad temperature adaptability for soft electronic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of nanotechnology, laser matter interaction has become intriguing for many applications, including the manufacturing of flexible electronics to improve interface behaviors. Employing high laser repetition rate nanojoining transfer patterning, this study ensures the robust and consistent stability of electrical properties of MWCNTs. This procedure meticulously eliminates contaminants from the interface between flexible PET substrates and carbon nanotube‐containing epoxy, significantly influencing the degree of alteration in composite material and interface behaviors. By increasing the laser repetition rate from the original sample to the sample irradiated by a laser with a repetition rate of 80 kHz, the defect concentration in carbon nanotubes decreases from 0.448 × 106/nm2 to 0.39376 × 106/nm2, respectively. The relationship between defect concentration and electrical conductivity in semiconductor carbon nanotubes under laser irradiation is multifaceted and context‐dependent. Optimizing the laser repetition rate is crucial in defining the kind and density of semiconductor carbon nanotubes. This study found an electrical conductivity of 3.6799 × 10−4 S/m at a laser repetition rate of 80 kHz. Laser ablation nanojoining with a high laser repetition rate is poised to become a key recycling method for plastic materials in future industries. When MWCNTs are used in processing new materials, this method not only enhances the electrical and mechanical properties of recycled plastics but also creates high‐performance composites with added value. Additionally, the quick nature of this process helps minimize toxicity in material processing by reducing exposure time and the need for harmful chemicals. These composites exhibit superior properties suitable for advanced applications such as flexible electronics, sensors, and nanocomposite materials, contributing to both sustainability and economic value in various industrial sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible and stretchable organic solar cells (FOSCs and SOSCs) hold immense potential due to their versatility and applicability in emerging areas such as wearable electronics, foldable devices, and biointegrated systems. Despite these promising applications, several challenges remain, primarily related to the mechanical durability, material performance, and scalability required for commercialization. This review comprehensively highlights recent advancements in the design and fabrication of FOSCs and SOSCs, with a particular emphasis on key functional layers, including transparent conductive electrodes, interfacial layers, photoactive materials, and top electrodes. Innovations in material design, such as active layers and transparent conductive electrodes with improved flexibility, are discussed alongside developments in device processes to achieve power conversion efficiencies exceeding 19%. Furthermore, the review addresses remaining challenges, including the need for scalable manufacturing techniques and enhanced mechanical robustness under strain. Finally, the prospects of FOSCs and SOSCs are analyzed, providing insights into how these technologies can contribute to the development of sustainable, high‐performance power sources for wearable electronic devices and other flexible electronics. This review offers valuable insights, bringing the commercialization of wearable, high‐performance FOSCs and SOSCs closer to reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers and scientists have focused on the development and future opportunities of flexible sensors in food, environment and defense fields. In this study, we propose a flexible substrate material‐based nanofibril cellulose empty fruit bunch (NEFB)‐reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) blend nanocomposite for flexible substrate materials. Untreated and treated nanofibril cellulose samples of empty fruit bunch (NEFB, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 wt. %) were treated with 6 wt.% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and subjected to internal Brabender mixer followed by a hot‐pressing machine. The density and tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of the nanocomposites were investigated for the treated and untreated samples. Tensile properties were characterized using a Universal Testing Machine, and the fracture mechanism after post‐tensile testing was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Increasing the content of untreated NEFB/TPU improved the tensile strength compared with 6% treated NEFB/TPU blend nanocomposites. Incorporating the nanofibril cellulose of empty fruit bunch at 2% into the TPU blend nanocomposites significantly increased E′, E" and Tg compared with other formulations. Highlights: Nanocellulose derived from plants is considered a promising material for flexible substrates in electronics due to its robust mechanical properties and eco‐friendliness.Malaysia's abundant empty fruit bunch (EFB) resources make it a possible source of nanocellulose, which improves the properties of polymers.The effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment on the compatibility of EFB‐derived nanocellulose with polymer matrices was investigated.The addition of nanocellulose, particularly at a concentration of 1%, significantly increases the tensile strength of thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites, whereas 6% NaOH treatment has no effect.Dynamic mechanical analysis reveals high storage modulus at 2% nanofibril cellulose empty fruit bunch (NEFB) and energy dissipation at 4% NEFB as well as enhanced interfacial bonding at 1% NEFB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spintronics, micro/nanofabrication, and the semiconductor industry are undergoing significant transformations, highlighting the need for flexible technologie. This study examines the possibility of integrating topological insulators (TIs), specifically Bi2Te3 thin films (13–191 nm), into flexible spintronic applications through scalable magneto‐sputtering techniques, and investigates how structural organization influences electrical and topological properties through post‐thermal annealing. Films annealed above 250 °C display improved polycrystalline structure, larger crystallites, fewer local defects, and higher a room‐temperature Seebeck coefficient (S) and resistivity (ρ), suggesting decreased bulk electronic contributions. A metastable transport regime is identified in the temperature‐dependent resistivity of films annealed at 300 °C between 20–100 K; in this range, the thinnest film exhibits markedly metallic behavior, signaling the presence of topological surface states (TSS). Magnetoresistance measurements of as‐grown and annealed films, between 3–20 K, demonstrate weak antilocalization. Applying the Hikami‐Larkin‐Nagaoka model, α‐coefficients are found to scale with thickness from 0.5–1, indicating thickness‐controlled coupling of the TSS. Post‐annealing at 300 °C, the phase coherence length, Lϕ, of the thinner films increases, while the temperature dephasing rate shifts from ∼0.7 (as‐grown) to ∼0.5 (post‐annealing), aligning with expected values for 2D TSS. These are encouraging findings for large‐scale manufacturing flexible TI technologies, without sacrificing tunabilit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The photovoltaic devices offer promising eco‐friendly solution for self‐powered flexible electronics. However, their fabrication on flexible substrate is not easy due to mismatches between the requirements of conventional microfabrication and the thermal, and mechanical features of the substrates. Herein, direct roll printed nanoscale photoactive electronic layers are presented, which are further processed to develop ≈315 µm2 sized miniaturized photovoltaic microcells. Using a set of 32 microcells, connected in parallel configuration, indoor light harvesting is shown at a maximum power density of ≈10 µW cm−2 under white LED illumination. Further, the dual functionality of developed microcells i.e., energy harvesting as well as wideband photodetection is demonstrated. As self‐powered photo sensors the developed photovoltaic microcells exhibit distinctive photo responses under white LED‐UV (365 nm)‐ NIR (850 nm) light illumination, with exceptionally high‐speed response (rise time τRise = 205 µs and fall time τFall = 2000 µs), and a peak responsivity of 2.48 A W−1 to UV light at zero bias voltage. The presented results show the potential usage of printed multifunctional photovoltaic microcells in a wide variety of applications such as self‐powered wearable and flexible electronic systems for health monitoring and indoor robotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the forefront of technological advancement, the proliferation of portable and wearable electronics has necessitated the development of innovative power solutions. As these devices become increasingly indispensable in daily life, the demand for sustainable and adaptable power sources has intensified. This review focuses on integrated self‐charging power systems (SCPSs), which synergize energy storage systems, particularly through rechargeable batteries like lithium‐ion batteries, with energy harvesting from solar, mechanical, thermal, and chemical energy. These SCPSs extend operational times, reduce recharging frequency, and have the potential to develop self‐sufficient power systems. The study explores various approaches to optimize both individual components and the integrated power system for wearable and flexible electronics, covering SCPSs that combine multiple energy‐harvesting strategies. Special attention is given to design considerations, material advancements, and engineering challenges, alongside the latest research breakthroughs in energy harvesting and storage technology. The review concludes with an assessment of the prospects and challenges in the field of battery‐integrated energy harvesting systems, highlighting the need for advancements in energy density, power output, and safety to meet the demands of modern electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a pressing need for flexible integrated systems owing to the swift progress of flexible electronics. Apart from flexibility, flexible supercapacitor (FSC) integrated systems exhibit certain characteristics like rapid charge–discharge rates, high power density, and excellent cycling stability, which makes them a promising candidate to serve as a vital component in flexible electronics. In this context, an in‐depth overview of recent progress in FSC‐integrated systems, including their design of structure, materials, fabrication techniques, and applications, is offered. On the basis of the current progress, the existing challenges and future prospects are also outlined and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the development of flexible electronics continuously progresses, so does the demand for fabricated 3D electrodes via patterning technology. Electrochemical replication and transfer (ERT) has emerged as an efficient patterning technique, which deposits materials of interest on a predefined template via electroplating and subsequently transfers them onto target substrates. ERT can pattern large‐area 2D electrodes on nontraditional substrates whilst maintaining adequate flexibility, stretchability, and complex surface structures. This study extends the capability of ERT from 2D into 3D patterning. Via the rational design of a 3D SiO2/Si template, in which conductive Si trenches or holes are patterned with insulating SiO2 banks, electroplating of materials only occurs in the exposed Si surfaces so that both continuous and isolated 3D patterns with high aspect ratios up to 4:1 are realized. 3D‐ERT offers a high‐throughput and low‐cost approach to fabricating high Figure of Merit (>30 000) flexible transparent electrodes. Also, the application of 3D‐ERT in constructing highly sensitive, and self‐powered pressure sensors is showcased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of flexible electronics technology has led to the creation of flexible energy storage devices (FESDs). In recent years, flexible self‐supporting cathodes have gained significant attention due to their high energy density, excellent mechanical performance, and strong structural plasticity among various cathode materials. Flexible self‐supporting cathodes enable larger active material loading capacity and conductive networks for electrodes, thereby perfectly meeting the mechanical and electrochemical performance requirements of FESDs. Currently, the focus of flexible self‐supporting cathodes lies in exploring flexible substrates or novel binders to enhance the flexibility of conventional cathode materials. However, the flexibility of cathode poses challenges as they are primarily composed of transition metal oxides, resulting in limited research on their flexibility. A comprehensive review and prospective analysis are of utmost importance to effectively advance the progress of flexible self‐supporting cathodes and propel their development forward. Herein, the present discourse delves into the latest advancements concerning flexible self‐supporting cathode, focusing on synthesis methodologies, structural design approaches, and characterization parameters. Examining the current progress, the inherent advantages, existing challenges, and potential prospects of these materials are comprehensively elucidated and emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the constant increase of electronic waste globally, society is demanding and governments are boosting the development of electronics with less pollutant materials and reduced environmental impact. One way to achieve this is to implement materials that are functional and structural at the same time, reducing material use and assembling parts. Further, printing techniques, such as screen printing, reduce considerably costs and time compared with conventional electronics; combined with methods to conform printed electronics to a 3D shape, such as thermoforming, allow to obtain nonplanar surface electronics simply and efficiently. Herein, screen‐printable inks made of styrene–ethylene/butylene–styrene and different aspect‐ratio carbon‐based materials for conformable electronics are reported. The inks are prepared with carbon black, carbon nanotubes, and reduced graphene oxide as conductive fillers, printed on a flexible substrate and thermoformed. Carbon black and carbon nanotube samples are functional after the process, with conductivities of 96 and 141 S m−1 for the best performing sample of each filler, respectively. Rheological, morphological, thermal, and electrical properties of the materials are also characterized. This study shows the influence of the filler's type and aspect ratio on the morphology and electrical conductivity of the printed materials before and after thermoforming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mica is a promising substrate for flexible photonic applications because it can be fabricated using wafer‐scale multiple exfoliations. However, the large lattice mismatch between mica and III‐nitrides hinders their application in III‐nitride semiconductor devices. In this study, two types of light‐emitting diode (LED) epilayers, blue and green, are epitaxially fabricated on 2‐inch exfoliated mica substrates using sputtered AlN as a buffer layer to address the lattice mismatch. The LED epilayers on mica substrate exhibit excellent single‐crystalline quality with a low threading dislocation density of 2.07 × 109 cm−2 in the GaN region and smooth surface morphology with a root mean square (RMS) roughness of 0.58 nm in a 5 × 5 µm2 scanned area, demonstrating that mica is an excellent platform for III‐nitride semiconductors. Moreover, the structures are reproduced stably on multiple exfoliated mica at the wafer scale, which verified the reusability and reproducibility of III‐nitride/mica in terms of crystallinity, surface morphology, and transparency. Strong electroluminescence of the LED epilayers confirmed the potential of mica in electrically driven flexible opto‐electronics. Therefore, this results demonstrated the potential of mica substrates in III‐nitride semiconductors and provide a novel pathway for revolutionizing the fabrication of III‐nitride‐based flexible devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dielectrics are non‐conducting substances that are primarily utilized to hold electric charges. These materials are widely employed in the field of chemical mechanical, civil and structural engineering, because of their inherent insulating properties. Besides these domains, dielectric materials are also used in electrical and electronic applications. Dielectric materials have shown an ever‐increasing potential in recent years in the fabrication of antennas, sensors, and optical devices that are extensively utilized for on‐body, environmental, robotics, and biomedical applications. With inherent electrostatic shielding, insulation, and dielectric relaxations, these materials are used in intelligent electronic devices used for biomedical applications, smart devices, vehicles, and future IoT applications. Numerous applications necessitate multiple kinds of dielectric, classified based on their polarization, flexibility, thickness, dielectric constant, and specific application. In this extensive research review, the characteristics and various aspects of dielectric materials are discussed, followed by a thorough and detailed review of flexible dielectrics and their usage in flexible electronics. Additionally, the practicality and applications of these materials which come from a variety of publications in the literature are also discussed. Moreover, in‐depth study of dieletrics in sensors and RF applications are performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the development of indoor solar cells to power the increasing number of IoT devices expected to be used indoors. Researchers are focusing on materials that can harvest indoor light efficiently, with organic photovoltaics, dye-sensitized solar cells, and perovskite solar cells being key technologies. Companies like Epishine, Saule Technologies, and Oxford PV are already showcasing products powered by indoor solar technologies, indicating a growing interest in integrating solar cells into electronics for sustainable energy solutions. [Extracted from the article]

The development of multifunctional supramolecular nanocomposite hydrogels remains challenging. Here, the dynamic host–guest interactions involving the host molecule CB[8] and guest units were utilized to prepare Fe3O4 hybrid supramolecular nanocomposite hydrogels. The results showed that the hydrogels obtained possessed a porous structure. The CB[8]‐modified Fe3O4 (Fe3O4@CB[8]) nanoparticles served as cross‐linkers in forming the network of hydrogels. By adjusting the Fe3O4@CB[8] content, the mechanical properties of the hydrogels could be controlled. The tensile stress was measured at 160 kPa with a fracture strain of 1380%, while the compression stress was 230 kPa at 70% compression strain. The self‐healing efficiency of the hydrogels at room temperature reached 95% after 24 h. The as‐obtained hydrogels show strain sensitivity and have the potential for applications in detecting elbow and finger movements. Our supramolecular nanocomposite hydrogels exhibit multiple functions, including self‐healing, injectability, photothermal responsiveness, and conductivity, making them suitable for integration into flexible electronics. Highlights: Fe3O4@CB[8] nanoparticles serve as cross‐linkers for the nanocomposite hydrogels.CB[8] based host–guest interactions enable hydrogels to self‐heal.Fe3O4@CB[8] endow hydrogels with stretchability and photothermal responsiveness.Hydrogels exhibit injectability, NIR responsiveness, and conductive ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stretchable electrodes are essential parts for flexible electronics which are widely applied in human health monitoring, wearable electronics, robotics etc. Conductive elastomer composites are good candidates for stretchable electrodes; however, it is a challenge to maintain the resistance of conductive elastomer composites during elongation due to the departure of filler networks. In this work, highly stretchable and conductive polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/nickel‐coated graphite (NCG) composites were fabricated based on the filler sedimentation method, in which NCG was modified by the coupling agent of the end alkyl group (dodecyltriethoxysilane, DTES) and end vinyl group (vinyltriethoxysilane, VTEO), considering the force between the filler networks and filler–matrix interface. The DTES modified NCG mainly improved the filler–matrix interface, which made the resistance of the composites clearly increase with strain, while the VTEO mainly heightened the NCG networks and made the resistance of the composites insensitive to a strain of 114% when the NCG content was 23.1 wt%. These quite interesting results are closely related to the force between the filler networks and filler–matrix interface during strain and they were proved in detail through the mechanical and electrical hysteresis performance. This work presents a facile method from the concept of stability of filler networks during strain to prepare highly stretchable and conductive composites. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of flexible electronics has experienced remarkable expansion in response to the escalating demand for lightweight, bendable, and multifunctional electronic devices. As the world increasingly integrates electronics seamlessly into everyday life, the importance of flexible electronics becomes more apparent. While existing reviews have examined materials used in flexible devices, they often overly focus on specific materials or provide broad generalizations about different material types. Thus, this review offers a concise yet comprehensive overview of critical inorganic film materials crucial to the advancement of flexible and wearable devices. Each material is introduced with a succinct overview of its structure and production processes. This review elucidates their unique characteristics and potential applications in flexible electronics by comparing their mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. This review is a valuable resource for researchers entering this emerging field of flexible electronics, providing a concise yet comprehensive insight and property comparisons. Accompanied by figures illustrating material structures and applications, readers will gain access to summarized discussions. Comparative figures of material properties will enhance comprehension. Additionally, discussions on diverse applications will offer insight into their versatility across various fields of flexible electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible resonant acoustic sensors exhibit enhanced sensitivity near their resonant frequencies and have attracted increasing interest as essential components for next‐generation human‐machine speech interactions. However, membrane‐based resonant acoustic sensors are bulky owing to the inherently high bending stiffness of the sensing membrane. Inspired by the tiny hair‐based sensitive acoustic receptors of spiders, this study reports a hair‐like piezoelectric resonant acoustic particle velocity sensor (HP‐APVS) that enables highly sensitive sound sensing with a significantly reduced size. The HP‐APVS device is essentially a polyimide cantilever array fabricated using Nb0.02‐Pb(Zr0.6Ti0.4)O3 (PZT) on polyimide and self‐bending processes. The experimental results demonstrate that the HP‐APVS shows a linear response to acoustic particle velocity instead of acoustic pressure, with enhanced sensitivity in the resonance mode. Additionally, the proposed HP‐APVS exhibits an outstanding speaker recognition rate of 95.3% with an error rate reduction of 75% compared with that of a reference commercial microphone, indicating many potential applications in the realms of biometric authentication, voice user interfaces, and other intelligent acoustic electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovative approach has been adopted through the synthesis of a cost‐effective ferroelectric host polymer, which was integrated with Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) to develop an efficient electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride‐Hexafluoropropylene/BaTiO3 (PVdF‐HFP/BaTiO3) nanocomposite (PBT), designated for energy harvesting and piezocatalytic applications. FT‐IR affirmed the existence of the crystalline β‐phase within the nanofibers. SEM images showed that nanofiber diameter decreases as applied voltage is increased in electrospinning. The BaTiO3 nanoparticles were scattered evenly in PBT, but at lower voltages, they aggregate. PBT showed enhanced piezoelectric performance under higher voltage conditions, registering a maximum piezoelectric output of ~7.7 V and an output current of 0.77 μA. Moreover, the composite exhibited a power density of 14.15 mW/m2 at a load resistance of 20 MΩ. Fabricated piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) demonstrated practical utility in flexible electronics, notably in charging capacitors of 0.47 μF and 1 μF. Additionally, the piezocatalytic degradation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) was effectively achieved using the electrospun nanofibers, with an impressive degradation rate of up to 99.6 % within 30 minutes under acidic conditions, and the material displayed notable reusability, maintaining up to 95.5 % efficiency after five cycles. DFT calculations and COMSOL simulations alongside a comparative examination of the electronic properties of PBT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reaping the benefits of the burgeoning investigation of gels in recent decades, flexible electronics based on conductive gels have been extensively explored. Gels consisting of polymer networks and solvents provide ideal platforms for fabricating flexible electronics due to their soft mechanical nature, excellent biocompatibility, water‐like environment, and ease of processing. The majority of investigations of flexible electronics primarily focus on functionalities such as sensing capability, energy density, luminance, fluctuating frequency, and so on, whereas the distinguishing feature of flexible electronics lies in its inherent deformable mechanics in comparison to metal‐ or semiconductor‐based stiff electronics. However, the comprehensive design and investigation of the mechanical properties of deformable conductive gels have not received sufficient attention to improve the overall performance of flexible electronics. A comprehensive summary is provided, listing six crucial mechanical parameters—stretchability, modulus, strength, elasticity, hysteresis, and fatigue—which exert significant influence on the functionalities of flexible electronics. This review aims to direct researchers’ attention toward the mechanical design of deformable conductive gels and presents representative strategies for their mechanical modulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polydiacetylenes (PDAs) are renowned for their exceptional optical properties intricately linked to the polymer conformation, yet they exhibit poor conductivity in their undoped state. Despite this drawback, PDAs have garnered significant interest as sensing materials owing to their ability to undergo colorimetric shifts from blue to red in response to external stimuli. However, the irreversible nature of this transition has limited their utility in dynamic environments. In this study, we augment the sensing capabilities of PDA films beyond their irreversible optical response by inducing a reversible electronic response through conductivity modulation. We investigated polyamine‐substituted PDAs with enriched hydrogen‐bonding interaction sites for the concurrent changes in colorimetry and conductivity upon acetic acid (AA) vapor exposure. Coated on a flexible interdigitated electrode (IDE), we monitor the conductivity change throughout the blue‐to‐red phase transition. Remarkably, AA molecules act as dopants, significantly amplifying the system's conductivity. Although the PDA coating retains its red phase at postdopant removal, the electronic response reverts to its initial state, demonstrating reversibility. This reversible electronic response offers invaluable real‐time insights into the specific triggers within dynamic environments, underscores the adaptability of responsive conjugated polymers, and highlights a promising avenue for their utilization in various sensing and monitoring applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass three‐dimensional composite aerogels have garnered significant attention in the realm of wearable electronic skin owing to their favorable properties, including excellent human compatibility, environmentally benign degradability, and continuous porous architecture. However, conventional biomass aerogels suffer from inadequate mechanical flexibility, susceptibility to irreversible deformation under high compressive stress, and limited reusability, thereby constraining their applicability in sensing technologies. To address these limitations, this study presents the development of porous CCS/KH560/PEI/CNT‐COOH (CKPC) composite aerogels through a freeze–drying process. Chemical crosslinking was achieved using silane coupling agent (KH560) with carboxymethyl chitosan (CCS) and polyethyleneimine (PEI), while carboxylated carbon nanotubes (CNT‐COOH) were incorporated as conductive fillers. This approach successfully overcame the issues of poor mechanical properties, low elasticity, and unbalanced sensitivity‐sensing range trade‐off in chitosan‐based aerogel sensors. The results revealed that the porous CKPC aerogels exhibited a remarkable mechanical compressive strain of 86.3% while maintaining structural integrity post‐unloading. The CKPC composite aerogel‐based sensor demonstrated a high sensitivity of 42.9 within a wide strain range of 60%–76.3%, accompanied by a stable and repeatable electrical signal response across varying strains. The porous structure of the CKPC conductive aerogel sensor holds promising applications in human motion monitoring and flexible electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare sensing devices enable continuous monitoring of diverse biosignals, such as respiration, heartbeat, temperature, inflammation, Electroencephalogram (EEG), and biomechanical movement, contributing to the management of health conditions and early diagnosis of diseases. However, clinically available tools have several limitations for real‐time measurement of biosignals in non‐hospital environments owing to their cumbersome, complex designs, and rigidity. To address these limitations, there has been a growing body of research that explores flexible and soft electronics for healthcare applications, which feature high mechanical compliance and adaptability. Especially, sensing devices based on fiber structures have attracted significant attention due to high flexibility, lightweight design, effective workspace and unique structural adaptability. Moreover, 1D sensing devices can be seamlessly integrated into garments and the human body with complex structures without any unconformity. In this perspective, The fabrication and electrical functionalization of fiber substrates and focus on recent advances in various fiber‐based sensing systems for strain, pressure, temperature, pH, biomarkers, and neural activity is explored. Additionally, biodegradable fiber‐based sensing devices as future healthcare technologies are briefly discussed. Finally, this article provides a summary and outlook on the remaining challenges for current fiber‐based sensing devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of next‐generation flexible electronics hinges on the creation of materials that are not only mechanically robust but also multifunctional. Herein, a novel approach is presented to fabricate an aramid nanofibers/cellulose nanocrystals/montmorillonite nanoplates (ACM) composite substrate with a robust "brick and mortar" microstructure. This substrate is seamlessly integrated with a high‐performance graphene/silver nanowire (G/Ag) composite conductive layer, resulting in the creation of ACM&G/Ag nanopapers. The resulting nanopapers achieve remarkable tensile strength (δc) (543.82 MPa), tensile modulus (Ec) (10.93 GPa), and toughness (Uc) (95.18 MJ m−3). Notably, when normalized by weight, the specific tensile strength of these nanopapers surpasses that of commercial titanium alloy, reaching 399.87 MPa g−1 cm3, compared to titanium alloy's 257.00 MPa g−1 cm3. With a high conductivity of 1398.08 S cm−1, ACM&G/Ag nanopapers exhibit impressive electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 39.59 dB and EMI SE/t of 16359.26 dB cm−1. Moreover, ACM&G/Ag nanopapers exhibit exceptional thermal management performance, featuring high electrical heating temperature (280 °C), rapid response time (<6 s), enduring heating stability, deicing capacity, and reliable heating performance even in humid environments. These results underscore the substantial potential of these high‐performance nanopapers in diverse applications such as wearable devices, electromagnetic compatibility, thermal management, human health, and aerospace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implantable flexible electronic has attracted significant research interest in various fields. However, it still faces the challenge of simultaneously achieving tight adhesion to tissues in a mildly wet environment and possessing excellent biocompatibility to reduce immune rejection reactions after implantation. Here, a degradable wet‐adhesive flexible electronic device based on liquid metal and ultrathin gelatin film is developed. The ultrathin gelatin film forms numerous hydrogen bonds with tissue in a slightly humid environment, rapidly constructing a wet‐adhesive interface without damaging tissue structure. Inkjet printing is utilized to pattern the mixture of liquid metal and PVP on the surface of the ultrathin gelatin to create flexible patch. With the excellent conductivity of liquid metal, low toxicity, and similarity to natural tissue components of gelatin, flexible patch exhibits outstanding biocompatibility and fatigue resistance. It can be implanted in the body for up to 6 weeks, retaining monitoring capabilities and resisting 1 000 000 cycles of bending fatigue. This study provides a novel strategy for the future development of implantable flexible electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intrinsically stretchable conductors are vital components in next‐generation flexible electronics. However, solid conductive networks are generally vulnerable to external deformations due to their incompatible mechanical properties with the highly elastic substrates or matrixes. It is still challenging to achieve precisely controlled conductive structure with stable electromechanical performances. Herein, a nanocomposite conductor with 3D engineered bicontinuous phase system is developed, which is constructed by alternately arranged robust solid‐phase and conductive liquid‐phase via additive liquid/solid assembly. The proper rheological properties and extraordinary structural compatibility of the liquid‐phase prompt the formation of bridged structure within the 3D periodic solid‐phase main skeleton, giving rise to stable and even strain‐enhanced electrical and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties under external deformation. A negative resistance change of −37% along with unabated EMI shielding effectiveness and mechanical properties are obtained at 100% strain, showing negligible performance degradation even after 10,000 cycles of rigorous stretching and releasing. A strain‐tolerant pressure‐sensing device is further demonstrated using the liquid/solid nanocomposite structure, delivering a unique function of precisely recognizing the local pressure at large tensile loading interference. This work provides a new paradigm for the manufacturing of nanocomposites with desired functionalities using the adequate nanofiller reserve toward practical strain‐tolerant applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phase change materials that can absorb or release large amounts of heat during phase transition, play a critical role in many important processes, including heat dissipation, thermal energy storage, and solar energy utilization. In general, phase change materials are usually encapsulated in passive modules to provide assurance for energy management. The shape and mechanical changes of these materials are greatly ignored. An emerging class of phase change materials, liquid metals (LMs) have attracted significant interest beyond thermal management, including in transformable robots, flexible electronics, soft actuators, and biomedicine. Interestingly, the melting point of LM is highly tunable around body temperature, allowing it to experience considerable stiffness change when interacting with human organisms during solid–liquid change, which brings about novel phenomena, applied technologies, and therapeutic methods, such as mechanical destruction of tumors, neural electrode implantation technique, and embolization therapy. This review focuses on the technology, regulation, and application of the phase change process along with diverse changes of LM to facilitate emerging biomedical applications based on the influences of mechanical stiffness change and versatile regulation strategies. Typical applications will also be categorized and summarized. Lastly, the advantages and challenges of using the unique and reversible process for biomedicine will be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D materials are highly regarded for their exceptional sensing application prospects, stemming from their distinctive atomic layer structure and exceptionally sensitive surfaces. Over the past decade, numerous high‐performance 2D material sensors are extensively developed; however, challenges related to sensitivity, selectivity, and stability continue to impede their industrial advancement. The interaction between light and 2D materials has introduced unique properties, including absorption and emission characteristics, photoelectric effects, nonlinear optical effects, surface‐enhanced Raman scattering, and light response enhancement. Consequently, exciting and adjusting the electronic structure and carrier concentration of 2D materials through light with specific wavelength ranges is an effective strategy for enhancing sensing performance. This strategy has yielded remarkable breakthroughs in applications such as photodetectors, semiconductor gas sensors, and fiber optic sensors. Moreover, it demonstrates extraordinary potential in emerging applications such as image sensors, flexible electronics, and biomedical sensors. However, the sensing mechanism, device structure design, and specific applications of 2D materials under light excitation remain unclear. This perspective endeavors to elucidate the intrinsic photophysical mechanisms between light‐excited 2D materials and their target sensing analytes. Furthermore, it aims to explain the evolutionary pattern of sensing applications and provide novel insights and inspiration to advance this burgeoning field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) thin films have demonstrated various advantages in flexible electronics. So far, solution processes are widely used for making rGO thin films for their mild operation conditions and low cost. However, wrinkles are frequently formed due to the capillary contraction during drying, which severely deteriorates the conductivity and the transparency of rGO thin films. Here, an ultra‐smooth rGO nano‐thin film, featuring wrinkle‐free and a rather low surface roughness of 1.38 nm is developed, which is attributable to a steady and homogeneous thin liquid film confined by a conical fiber array. The thin liquid film facilitates both in‐plane stacking of nanosheets and reducing the buried solvent under nanosheets. Notably, with the capillary flow replenishing the tri‐phase contact line evaporation, a semi‐dry film near the tri‐phase contact line is produced, that enables the force equilibrium of multi‐directional capillary forces on dispersed nanosheets for depositing a wrinkle‐free nanofilm. The as‐prepared rGO nanofilm gives a low sheet resistance of 8.3 kΩ sq−1 and a high transmittance of 91.9%, showing better performances than other reported rGO nanofilms. On this basis, it is demonstrated that a high‐sensitive pressure sensor with a detection limit as low as 0.02 Pa, highlighting the solution‐processed innovative ultra‐smooth 2D nanomaterial thin films, and devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combination of fluidity and metallic conductivity has attracted considerable attention to liquid metal (LM), but its development remains challenging due to enormous surface tension. Here, vinyl‐terminated silicone oil and platinum catalyst are added to LM to reduce its surface tension, which develops a special type of liquid‐metal‐silicone (LMS) ink with a catalyst diffusion effect. Combined with an embedded three‐dimentional (3D) printing method, the LMS ink is printed on the support matrix, and the catalyst diffuses outward along the print path to cure the silicone around it, directly constructing self‐encapsulated conductive composites with excellent conductivity and self‐encapsulated flexible tactile sensors based on triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). The sensor exhibits excellent sensitivity (0.308 V kPa−1), high linearity (≈0.99), and good durability (over 10 000 cycles). Furthermore, when used in flexible wearable electronics, the sensor demonstrates a good performance with an accuracy of ≈96% in classifying different human postures using a convolutional neural network. Finally, through embedded 3D printing with LMS ink and silicone ink, a somatosensory soft robotic gripper with complex cavity structures is designed and manufactured in one step, achieving the all‐in‐one integration of sensors and actuators. This study shows great application potential in flexible electronics and soft robotic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc–air batteries (ZABs) hold significant promise for flexible electronics due to their high energy density and low cost. However, their practical application is hindered by the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution and oxygen reduction reactions (OER/ORR). This study highlights a novel design of vertical graphene arrays (VGs) anchored on PrBa0.5Sr0.5Co1.8Ru0.2O5+δ (PBSCRu) perovskite nanofibers, fabricated via plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Notably, the VG growth induces the exsolution of Co nanoparticles from the PBSCRu perovskite, resulting in a unique PBSCRu‐Co‐VG heterostructure. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that constructing PBSCRu‐Co‐VG heterojunction regulates interfacial electronic redistribution, thereby lowering energy barriers for both OER and ORR. As a result, the PBSCRu@VG‐5 electrocatalyst exhibits superior stability and higher peak power density in both liquid and flexible solid‐state ZABs compared to the pristine PBSCRu electrocatalyst. This protocol advances the integration of synergetic perovskite/metal/graphene composites, offering considerable potential for next‐generation energy conversion technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inorganic semiconductor‐based nano/micro‐membranes are of great interest and can be used as active materials for high‐performance and flexible electronics, due to their unique and stable physical or chemical properties. However, the creation of high‐quality and single‐crystalline semiconducting membranes, particularly germanium (Ge) membranes, remains a significant challenge. In this study, a wet etching approach is developed to thin bulk Ge into soft Ge membranes, which are further used to fabricate flexible and stretchable photodetectors. The thickness of the obtained Ge membranes can be precisely controlled, with a minimum thickness of ≈1.6 µm. Investigations on the surface morphology, surface chemical composition, and Raman shifts indicate that the prepared Ge membranes are single‐crystalline and suitable for the following device fabrication. As an example, flexible and stretchable Ge photodetectors, of which the stretchability is realized by a meshed‐structure design, are demonstrated. Bending (with a minimum radius of 4 mm and a bending cycle of 10 000 times) and stretching (with a stretching strain of up to 10%) tests result in negligible variations in the device performance, revealing good flexibility, and stretchability, as well as the significant potentials of the prepared Ge membranes as candidates for flexible electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flexible electronic sensor is a critical component of wearable devices, generally requiring high stretchability, excellent transmittance, conductivity, self‐healing capability, and strong adhesion. However, designing ion‐conducting elastomers meeting all these requirements simultaneously remains a challenge. In this study, a novel approach is presented to fabricate highly stretchable, transparent, and self‐healing ion‐conducting elastomers, which are synthesized via photo‐polymerization of two polymerizable deep eutectic solvents (PDESs) monomers, i.e., methacrylic acid (MAA)/choline chloride (ChCl) and itaconic acid (IA)/ChCl. The as‐prepared ion‐conducting elastomers possess outstanding properties, including high transparency, conductivity, and the capability to adhere to various substrates. The elastomers also demonstrate ultra‐stretchability (up to 3900%) owing to a combination of covalent cross‐linking and noncovalent cross‐linking. In addition, the elastomers can recover up to 3250% strain and over 94.5% of their original conductivity after self‐healing at room temperature for 5 min, indicating remarkable mechanical and conductive self‐healing abilities. When utilized as strain sensors to monitor real‐time motion of human fingers, wrist, elbow, and knee joints, the elastomers exhibit stable and strong repetitive electrical signals, demonstrating excellent sensing performance for large‐scale movements of the human body. It is anticipated that these ion‐conducting elastomers will find promising applications in flexible and wearable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of flexible Zn‐ion batteries (FZIBs) significantly hinges on the development of gel electrolytes, characterized by their mechanical properties, ionic conductivity, and environmentally friendly production processes. The prevailing challenge in this domain has been devising a gel electrolyte that encapsulates all these critical attributes effectively for practical application. This study presents a novel zinc ion gel (Zn‐gel) electrolyte developed for FZIBs, synthesized via ethanol vapor‐induced assembly of cellulose molecules. This innovative process fosters significant hydrogen bonding and ion‐complexation with Zn2+ ions, resulting in a gel with exceptional mechanical strength (0.88 MPa), high ion transference (over 0.7), and impressive ionic conductivity (8.39 mS cm−1). The Zn‐gel enables a FZIB to achieve a reversible capacity of 207.3 mAh g−1 and over 93% Coulombic efficiency after 500 cycles, devoid of liquid electrolyte. Highlighting a promising route for high‐performance, eco‐friendly gel electrolytes, this research advances flexible electronics and portable device applications, demonstrating the profound potential of bio‐based polymers in enhancing energy storage technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible electronics which are easy to manufacture and integrate into everyday items require suitable memory technology that can function on flexible surfaces. Herein, the properties of Ge‐rich GeSbTe (GST) and Se‐substituted GeSbSeTe (GSST) phase‐change alloys are investigated for application as nonvolatile write‐once and rewritable memories in flexible electronics. These materials have a higher crystallization temperature than the archetypal composition of Ge2Sb2Te5 and hence better data retention properties. Moreover, their high crystallization temperature provides for a particularly straightforward implementation of a write‐once memory configuration. Material properties of Ge‐rich GST and GSST are measured as a function of temperature using four‐point probe electrical testing, Raman spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Following this, the switching of flexible memory devices is investigated through both simulation and experiment. More specifically, crossbar memory devices fabricated using Ge‐rich GST are experimentally fabricated and tested, while the operation of GSST pore cell structures suitable for flexible memory applications is demonstrated through simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, textile sensors have played a crucial role in the development of smart clothing, which integrates electronic components and technology into garments. Furthermore, a variety of textile sensors in smart clothing have gained attention for their healthcare applications, including analyzing sweat, monitoring biomarkers, and sensing electrophysiology. The conductive polymer poly (3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene): polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) has been explored for various applications, such as flexible and wearable electronics, neural interfaces, and bioelectronics devices. Herein, a sensitive and selective ion detection utilizing cotton yarn‐based textile sensors integrated with ion‐selective membranes (ISMs) is presented. First, a straightforward and reproducible approach for manufacturing textile sensors based on PEDOT:PSS is described. The relationship between the resistance change of these sensors and their performance, encompassing stability and flexibility is investigated. Following this, ISMs are integrated into the sensors to detect sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions, separately. The sensors display a consistent linear response toward the detected ion in a concentration range from 1 to 50 mM. Moreover, the sensors exhibit notable selectivity against the undesired ion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma jet printing, which does not require preprocessing and postprocessing, is a promising technology for manufacturing flexible electronics. The conductive properties should be confirmed to ensure the performance of the flexible electronics. In this study, the conductive properties and control mechanism of plasma jet‐printed silver patterns were investigated. Analyses show that high‐energy particles in the plasma decomposed organic solvents and induced the interconnection between silver nanoparticles. The plasma jet‐printed silver patterns had high uniformity in vertical spatial distribution. The dense packing of the silver patterns was achieved by increasing the number of printed layers, reducing the print speed, and increasing the focusing ratio. Oxidation of the silver nanoparticles was reduced and the conductivity was improved by increasing the focusing ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuromorphic computing, inspired by the functionality of biological neural networks, has emerged as a promising paradigm for artificial intelligence applications, especially in the field of flexible electronics. Among the various artificial synaptic devices, floating‐gate synaptic transistors exhibit long‐term synaptic plasticity, but they face the challenge of achieving flexible compatibility. In this work, the first demonstration of a flexible MXene floating‐gate synaptic transistor is reported, which uses multiple layers of MXene as floating gates and MXene nanosheets as charge state modulators. The device shows excellent mechanical flexibility and can operate at low voltages, which improves its suitability for wearable electronic devices. It can also emulate Pavlovian conditioned reflexes under external stress, suggesting its potential for cognitive learning. Moreover, the device is utilized for handwritten digit recognition by simulating a fully connected neural network, achieving a high recognition accuracy of 92.0%. This demonstrates its practical applicability in neuromorphic computing. Besides, this research achieves the patterning of MXene and its application in flexible floating‐gate transistors. It provides a new solution for the integrated fabrication of flexible artificial synaptic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The physiological pH level at wound sites is one of the fundamental factors for monitoring wound conditions in clinical practice. To continuously assess the wound conditions, a variety of bioelectronic pH sensors are extensively developed. However, despite significant advances in bioelectronics for wound monitoring, the application of existing bioelectronic devices, primarily designed as bandages or patches, remains challenging for monitoring pH levels in deep wounds. Here, a flexible pH‐sensing suture is introduced that can be simultaneously used as both a precise pH sensor for wound monitoring and a conventional medical suture. The electrochemical pH‐sensing suture comprises Au nanoparticle‐based flexible electrodes functionalized with polyaniline for the working electrode and Ag/AgCl for the reference electrode, seamlessly integrated onto a standard medical suturing thread. This dual‐function sensing suture offers a reliable and high sensitivity of 58.9 mV pH−1, negligible hysteresis, high stability, and excellent selectivity in pH sensing. The biocompatibility of the sensing suture is systematically verified for its in vivo use. To demonstrate the capabilities of the pH‐sensing suture, it is successfully applied to an incision and chronic wound model of mouse to perform continuous and accurate monitoring of the inflammation and healing progress of the wound throughout the healing period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D metal oxides (2DMOs) have recently emerged as a high‐performance class of ultrathin, wide bandgap materials offering exceptional electrical and optical properties for a wide area of device applications in energy, sensing, and display technologies. Liquid metal printing represents a thermodynamically advantageous strategy for synthesizing 2DMOs by a solvent‐free and vacuum‐free scalable method. Here, recent progress in the field of liquid metal printed 2D oxides is reviewed, considering how the physics of Cabrera‐Mott oxidation gives this rapid, low‐temperature process advantages over alternatives such as sol‐gel and nanoparticle processing. The growth, composition, and crystallinity of a burgeoning set of 1–3 nm thick liquid metal printed semiconducting, conducting, and dielectric oxides are analyzed that are uniquely suited for the fabrication of high‐performance flexible electronics. The advantages and limitations of these strategies are considered, highlighting opportunities to amplify the impact of 2DMO through large‐area printing, the design of doped metal alloys, stacking of 2DMO to electrostatically engineer new oxide heterostructures, and implementation of 2D oxide devices for gas sensing, photodetection, and neuromorphic computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionogels are promising for soft iontronics, with their network structure playing a pivotal role in determining their performance and potential applications. However, simultaneously achieving mechanical toughness, low hysteresis, self‐healing, and fluorescence using existing network structures is challenging. Drawing inspiration from jellyfish, we propose a novel hierarchical crosslinking network structure design for in situ formation of hyperbranched cluster aggregates (HCA) to fabricate polyurea ionogels to overcome these challenges. Leveraging the disparate reactivity of isocyanate groups, we induce the in situ formation of HCA through competing reactions, enhancing toughness and imparting the clustering‐triggered emission of ionogel. This synergy between supramolecular interactions in the network and plasticizing effect in ionic liquid leads to reduced hysteresis of the ionogel. Furthermore, the incorporation of NCO‐terminated prepolymer with dynamic oxime–urethane bonds (NPU) enables self‐healing and enhances stretchability. Our investigations highlight the significant influence of HCA on ionogel performance, showcasing mechanical robustness including high strength (3.5 MPa), exceptional toughness (5.5 MJ m−3), resistance to puncture, and low hysteresis, self‐healing, as well as fluorescence, surpassing conventional dynamic crosslinking approaches. This network design strategy is versatile and can meet the various demands of flexible electronics applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser induced graphene (LIG), prepared directly with an in situ synthesis method onto Kraft Paper substrates, is proposed for the manufacture of biodegradable electronic devices. The investigation explores the influence of laser power and scanning speed on the properties of LIG conductive tracks and a sheet resistance of up to 0.25 kΩ sq−1. Raman spectroscopy and microscopy is used to analyse the interfacial properties, in particular the transition of cellulose fibers to carbonized graphene flakes through photothermal pyrolysis, leading to the formation of coral‐like structures. To demonstrate the applicability of the approach, flexible resistive heaters have been manufactured and tests show rapid heating with a homogeneous distribution and a maximum temperature of 145.5 °C. Additionally, an electro‐thermal conversion efficiency (hr+c) of 17.05 mW (°C cm2)−1 is achieved. Finally, a comparative Life Cycle Assessment with FR‐4 based electronics has been undertaken and the environmental impacts are calculated. The impact assessment shows a two magnitude lower impact on the environment for most categories, which suggests the approach is beneficial for the environment at a global production level. The results show that the photothermal pyrolysis of Kraft paper using a laser diode allows for low‐impact devices flexible and green electronics products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In integrated circuits (ICs), the parasitic capacitance is one of the crucial factors that degrade the circuit dynamic performance; for instance, it reduces the operating frequency of the circuit. Eliminating the parasitic capacitance in organic transistors is notoriously challenging due to the inherent tradeoff between manufacturing costs and interlayer alignment accuracy. Here, we overcome such a limitation using a cost‐effective method for fabricating organic thin‐film transistors and rectifying diodes without redundant electrode overlaps. This is achieved by placing all electrodes horizontally and introducing sub‐100 nm gaps for separation. A representative small‐scale IC consisting of five‐stage ring oscillators based on the obtained nonparasitic transistors and diodes is fabricated on flexible substrates, which performs reliably at a low driving voltage of 1 V. Notably, the oscillator exhibits signal propagation delays of 5.8 μs per stage at a supply voltage of 20 V when utilizing pentacene as the active layer. Since parasitic capacitance has been a common challenge for all types of thin‐film transistors, our approach may pave the way toward the realization of flexible and large‐area ICs based on other emerging and highly performing semiconductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer networks have emerged as materials with widespread application, including their use in drug delivery, catalysis, and flexible electronics. They have traditionally been derived from organic building blocks using well‐developed reaction types. Advances in main group synthetic chemistry have opened the door for the production of new polymer networks, including those containing phosphorus atoms that offer the traits of Lewis basic phosphorus centers. Here, the radical‐catalyzed phosphane‐ene reaction is used to prepare (co)polymer networks from iBuPH2, trivinyltriptycene (TVT), and 1,3,5‐triallyl‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4,6‐trione (TTT), which are the first of their type to include TVT. Networks rich in TVT exhibited greater thermal stability and reduced network mobility compared to those rich in TTT. Despite the rigidity, 3D, and internal free volume associated with the triptycene units present in TVT‐rich networks, their swellability is similar to networks rich in TTT indicating that the presence of phosphines may be a dominating factor in the respective structure‐property relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) have revolutionized our lives, however, their associated waste (WEEE) presents a global challenge because at this time EEE relies heavily on metals that are not commonly found in the living environment (Biosphere), which find their way into the environment during both production/disposal of EEE/WEEE. The use of organic components in EEE is increasingly common, particularly with the growing interest in flexible electronics. Here we describe an approach to device design employing in silico toxicity screening to assess the toxicity of the components chosen for use in EEE that is exemplified using inorganic and organic components known in the literature for the production of prototype organic light‐emitting electrochemical cells. This approach could easily be employed to screen a variety of components for which datasets to produce safety data sheets (SDSs) don't yet exist because they have not been produced in large scale or in a regulatory environment which necessitates this. The approach has significant potential to improve high throughput screening of components for EEE that are "safe‐by‐design", potentially in combination with AI and ML approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible electronics is an emerging and cutting‐edge technology which is considered as the building blocks of the next generation micro‐nano electronics. Flexible electronics integrate both active and passive functions in devices, driving rapid developments in healthcare, the Internet of Things (IoT), and industrial fields. Among them, flexible temperature sensors, which can be directly attached to human skin or curved surfaces of objects for continuous and stable temperature measurement, have attracted much attention for applications in disease prediction, health monitoring, robotic signal sensing, and curved surface temperature measurement. Preparing flexible temperature sensors with high sensitivity, fast response, wide temperature measurement interval, high flexibility, stretchability, low cost, high reliability, and stability has become a research target. This article reviewed the latest development of flexible temperature sensors and mainly discusses the sensitive materials, working mechanism, preparation process, and the applications of flexible temperature sensors. Finally, conclusions based on the latest developments, and the challenges and prospects for research in this field are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It remains a challenge to produce soft robots that can mimic the responsive adaptability of living organisms. Rather than fabricating soft robots from bulk hydrogels,hydrogels are integrated into the interfacial assembly of aqueous two‐phase systems to generate ultra‐soft and elastic all‐aqueous aquabots that exhibit responsive adaptability, that can shrink on demand and have electrically conductive functions. The adaptive functions of the aquabots provide a new platform to develop minimally invasive surgical devices, targeted drug delivery systems, and flexible electronic sensors and actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D materials possess significant potential across various applications, with physical and chemical properties that can be effectively modulated by their thickness, enabling tailored optimization for specific uses. For instance, 2D monolayers are ideal for transparent and flexible electronics, while 2D multilayers are more suitable for solar cells and high‐speed devices. Although scalable methods for synthesizing large‐area 2D materials and their applications have been developed, most research has focused on monolayers, with comparatively limited efforts directed toward multilayers. This review provides an overview of the emerging field of 2D multilayers, revisiting the analysis of layer‐dependent properties to determine the optimal material thickness for various applications. It introduces representative techniques for synthesizing 2D multilayer films and presents applications where multilayer structures demonstrate superior performance compared to monolayers, particularly in electronics and optoelectronics. The review advocates for the development of synthesis and integration methods for 2D multilayers, calling for a shift in research focus toward these materials to enhance their technological impact and unlock new industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]