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Aim Methods Results Conclusions Tracheal intubation (TI) is pivotal in managing critically ill neonates. This study aims to investigate the disparities in exposure and training techniques that affect self‐perceived confidence in neonatal fellows concerning TI.A comprehensive, structured questionnaire‐based survey was conducted among neonatal trainees from October to November 2022. Self‐perceived confidence in TI was evaluated using a Likert scale, ranging from 1 to 10. The trainees who scored below seven were categorised as under‐confident, while those who scored seven or more were considered confident in TI. An analysis was done to assess the differences in exposure, training and clinical policies related to TI in both groups. A P‐value <0.05 was considered significant.The final dataset consisted of 93 trainees. Confidence was higher among those who had independently performed TI on more than 30 neonates during their postgraduate training (relative risk (RR) 1.5 (1.03–2.1), P = 0.02) and super‐specialty training (RR 1.5 (1.20–1.93), P = 0.0004). Confidence was also significantly associated with training programmes that incorporated written checklists for intubation instruments and policies (RR 1.4 (1.1–1.8), P = 0.006), conducted debriefing sessions after each TI attempt (RR 1.3 (1.03–1.6), P = 0.005), and implemented regular simulation programmes (RR 1.4 (1.1–1.8), P = 0.0006).Trainees with increased opportunities for intubation and training programmes featuring regular simulations and debriefing sessions tend to possess higher self‐perceived confidence in TI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The corrosion inhibition efficiency of Plumeria rubra flower extract (PRFE) on 5LX70 mild steel in 4% NaCl aqueous medium was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), and density functional theory (DFT). The PRFE was analyzed by FTIR for the confirmation of functional groups in the extract molecules. EIS and PDP methods indicated that the corrosion inhibition was increased with an increase in the concentration of inhibitor, with a surface area coverage of 90.12%. Polarization results revealed that PRFE is a mixed‐type inhibitor. A maximum corrosion inhibition of 90.98% was achieved at 120 ppm of extract concentration. Quantum chemical parameters of the inhibitor molecules were calculated using the DFT method to ascertain the relation between the parameters and inhibition efficiency. Molecular descriptors like HOMO, LUMO, energy gap, absolute electronegativity, electrostatic surface potential, and so on, were determined, and found that the inhibitor molecules favorably formed a protective layer on the metal surface. The Mulliken charge analysis of the constituent atoms of selected PRFE molecules further supported in identifying the active sites for binding with the mild steel surface. Experimental results have confirmed that PRFE is a good corrosion inhibitor for mild steel which was further affirmed by the computational study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As current treatments for Alzheimer's disease (AD) lack disease‐modifying interventions, novel therapies capable of restraining AD progression and maintaining better brain function have great significance. Anti‐inflammatory extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)‐derived neural stem cells (NSCs) hold promise as a disease‐modifying biologic for AD. This study directly addressed this issue by examining the effects of intranasal (IN) administrations of hiPSC‐NSC‐EVs in 3‐month‐old 5xFAD mice. IN administered hiPSC‐NSC‐EVs incorporated into microglia, including plaque‐associated microglia, and encountered astrocyte soma and processes in the brain. Single‐cell RNA sequencing revealed transcriptomic changes indicative of diminished activation of microglia and astrocytes. Multiple genes linked to disease‐associated microglia, NOD‐, LRR‐, and pyrin domain‐containing protein 3 (NLRP3)‐inflammasome and interferon‐1 (IFN‐1) signalling displayed reduced expression in microglia. Adding hiPSC‐NSC‐EVs to cultured human microglia challenged with amyloid‐beta oligomers resulted in similar effects. Astrocytes also displayed reduced expression of genes linked to IFN‐1 and interleukin‐6 signalling. Furthermore, the modulatory effects of hiPSC‐NSC‐EVs on microglia in the hippocampus persisted 2 months post‐EV treatment without impacting their phagocytosis function. Such effects were evidenced by reductions in microglial clusters and inflammasome complexes, concentrations of mediators, and end products of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, the expression of genes and/or proteins involved in the activation of p38/mitogen‐activated protein kinase and IFN‐1 signalling, and unaltered phagocytosis function. The extent of astrocyte hypertrophy, amyloid‐beta plaques, and p‐tau were also reduced in the hippocampus. Such modulatory effects of hiPSC‐NSC‐EVs also led to better cognitive and mood function. Thus, early hiPSC‐NSC‐EV intervention in AD can maintain better brain function by reducing adverse neuroinflammatory signalling cascades, amyloid‐beta plaque load, and p‐tau. These results reflect the first demonstration of the efficacy of hiPSC‐NSC‐EVs to restrain neuroinflammatory signalling cascades in an AD model by inducing transcriptomic changes in activated microglia and reactive astrocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clarifying the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem stability in the context of global environmental change is crucial for maintaining ecosystem functions and services. Asynchronous changes between trophic levels over time (i.e. trophic community asynchrony) are expected to increase trophic mismatch and alter trophic interactions, which may consequently alter ecosystem stability. However, previous studies have often highlighted the stabilising mechanism of population asynchrony within a single trophic level, while rarely examining the mechanism of trophic community asynchrony between consumers and their food resources.In this study, we analysed the effects of population asynchrony within and between trophic levels on community stability under the disturbances of climate warming, fishery decline and de‐eutrophication, based on an 18‐year monthly monitoring dataset of 137 phytoplankton and 91 zooplankton in a subtropical lake.Our results showed that species diversity promoted community stability mainly by increasing population asynchrony both for phytoplankton and zooplankton. Trophic community asynchrony had a significant negative effect on zooplankton community stability rather than that of phytoplankton, which supports the match‐mismatch hypothesis that trophic mismatch has negative effects on consumers. Furthermore, the results of the structural equation models showed that warming and top‐down effects may simultaneously alter community stability through population dynamics processes within and between trophic levels, whereas nutrients act on community stability mainly through the processes within trophic levels. Moreover, we found that rising water temperature decreased trophic community asynchrony, which may challenge the prevailing idea that climate warming increases the trophic mismatch between primary producers and consumers.Overall, our study provides the first evidence that population and trophic community asynchrony have contrasting effects on consumer community stability, which offers a valuable insight for addressing global environmental change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality by design enabled the development of cost‐effective, simple, precise, and rapid Reversed phase‐ high‐performance liquid chromatography techniques for determining ritonavir (RIT) and darunavir (DAR) in the tablet dosage form. Systematic method optimization was performed through central composite design by altering the flow rate and composition of the organic phase in the mobile phase as the critical method parameters for evaluating the necessary analytical attributes, namely, the tailing factor, theoretical plate count, and resolution. The optimal separation was achieved on a column with C18 in nature and dimensions of (250 mm length × 4.6 mm id × 5 µm particle size) using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water (75:25 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min. Detection was carried out at 247 nm. The retention time of DAR and RIT was 2.939 and 3.537 min, respectively, as per International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The developed method was useful for the determination of bulk drug and formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP) and dementia disproportionately burden patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The association between CHIP and cognitive impairment in CKD patients is unknown. METHODS: We conducted time‐to‐event analyses in up to 1452 older adults with CKD from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort who underwent CHIP gene sequencing. Cognition was assessed using four validated tests in up to 6 years mean follow‐up time. Incident cognitive impairment was defined as a test score one standard deviation below the baseline mean. RESULTS: Compared to non‐carriers, CHIP carriers were markedly less likely to experience impairment in attention (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence interval {CI}] = 0.44 [0.26, 0.76], p = 0.003) and executive function (adjusted HR [95% CI] = 0.60 [0.37, 0.97], p = 0.04). There were no significant associations between CHIP and impairment in global cognition or verbal memory. DISCUSSION: CHIP was associated with lower risks of impairment in attention and executive function among CKD patients. Highlights: Our study is the first to examine the role of CHIP in cognitive decline in CKD.CHIP markedly decreased the risk of impairment in attention and executive function.CHIP was not associated with impairment in global cognition or verbal memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Testing cognitive functions in Indians with low literacy and linguistic diversity is challenging. We describe the adaptation process of a comprehensive neurocognitive test battery to suit both literate and illiterate aging rural Indians. Methods: Following the International Test Commission (ITC) guidelines for cross‐cultural adaptation, we adapted the COGNITO battery. This involved translating instructions, linguistic elements, and stimuli of each test from the original English version with the help of bilingual experts. Five stimuli across eight subtests were adapted to maintain construct equivalence and cultural relevance. Results: The Kannada version of COGNITO, a digitally administered tool, was feasible and effective measure for assessing cognitive functions in Kannada‐speaking aging individuals from a rural Indian population. Discussion: We emphasize the importance of maintaining semantic and theoretical construct equivalence with the source tool, and ensuring cultural and socioeconomic congruence for the cross‐cultural adaptation of computerized cognitive batteries. HIGHLIGHTS: Assessed cognitive functions in rural elderly with low literacy and high linguistic diversity.Followed International Test Commission (ITC) guidelines for cross‐cultural adaptation to suit literate and illiterate aging rural Indians.Maintained semantic and theoretical construct equivalence with the source tool, ensuring cultural and socioeconomic congruence for cross‐cultural adaptation of cognitive batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porosity is a critical microstructural factor in ceramic materials, influencing their mechanical and thermal properties. However, the detailed mechanisms through which porosity, grain size, and grain boundary fracture energy affect the thermal shock resistance of porous ceramics are still not fully understood. This study introduces a dual‐scale model that integrates these microstructural parameters to predict fracture toughness and thermal shock resistance. Using the single‐edge V‐notch fracture toughness testing principle, we calculate the thermal stress intensity factor and establish its relationship with temperature differentials. The critical temperature differential, which marks the onset of thermal shock damage, is determined when the thermal stress intensity factor reaches the fracture toughness threshold. The model reveals a significant interplay between porosity, grain size, and grain boundary fracture energy, with fine‐grained ceramics (grain size < 10 µm) showing a sharp decrease in fracture toughness as porosity increases, while coarser‐grained ceramics are less affected by porosity. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the microstructural optimization needed to enhance the thermal shock resistance of high‐performance porous ceramics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bio‐based polymeric materials have recently gained popularity due to their unique properties, including environmental friendliness, biodegradability, and sustainability. In this study, the bio‐based TPUs were successfully synthesized by one‐shot polymerization method, utilizing 100% bio‐based polytrimethylene ether glycol (PO3G) as polyols, 71% bio‐based 1,5‐pentamethylene diisocyanate (PDI) as isocyanates, and 100% bio‐based 1,4‐butanediol BDO as chain extenders. The as‐prepared TPUs, which contained up to 92% bio‐based material were investigated using a variety of analytical methods, including morphological investigations, mechanical testing, thermal analysis, rheological behavior, docking analysis, and cytotoxicity studies. For PPB 3 (1:3:2), PPB 4 (1:4:3), PPB 5 (1:5:4), and PPB 7 (1:7:6), the initial modulus values were 78, 151, 194, and 314 GPa, and the shore‐A hardness values were 92, 93, 93, and 94. Additionally, a notable variation in the degree of phase separation (DPS) of 0.575, 0.647, 0.716, and, 0.738 between hard segment (HS) and soft segment (SS) was noticed among synthesized bio‐based TPUs and an increase in DPS with higher molar ratios corresponded to a higher content of HS. Besides, the bio‐based TPU proved outstanding cell viability results, representing its potential appropriateness for various biomedical applications. Eventually, docking simulations were shown in silico to evaluate the interaction of bio‐based TPU with the DNA gyrase enzyme. Furthermore, the results of bio‐based TPUs demonstrated excellent applications in the production of 3D printing using FDM. We effectively prepared 3D printing to provide a viable answer to environmental concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appreciation/understanding of the factors that affect proximal coupling in magnetic circuits and the manifestations of the effect of coupling due to magnetic proximity are of paramount importance in electrical engineering. In this paper and in another companion paper we endeavor dealing with each of the aspects critically and putting them in one place. Mainly three aspects—factors that affect the coefficient of coupling, expressing the coefficient of coupling in terms of the design parameters—thus showing the symmetry of the inductance matrix, and the factors that contribute to the deviation of the voltage/current ratios from turns‐ratio is considered, with the introduction of a new factor—a measure of (a)symmetry between the magnetic paths seen by the associated coils. It is also attempted to counter the wide‐spread myth that the proximal coupling imperfection is because of the air‐medium and to highlight the fact that it can also arise because of and be controlled by providing controlled magnetic shunting between the associated coils—a very useful insight. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Obesity always leads to profound perturbation of metabolome. Metabolome studies enrich the knowledge on associations between endogenous metabolites and obesity, potentially providing innovative strategies for the development of novel anti‐obesity pharmacotherapy. This study aims to identify an endogenous metabolite that regulates energy expenditure and to explore its application for obesity treatment. Materials and Methods: C57BL/6 mice were fed with a high‐fat and high‐cholesterol (HFC) diet, comprising 60% fat and 1.2% cholesterol, for 12 weeks to induce obesity. Significant metabolites were identified in the livers of both health and obese mice through comparative hepatic metabolomics analysis. Correlation between serum or adipose L‐aspartate level and body weight in obese mice, as well as human body mass index (BMI), was evaluated. In addition, saline or 200 mg/kg L‐aspartate was orally administrated to HFC diet mice and HFC diet‐induced obese mice for 6–7 weeks. Body weight, adipose tissue weight, glucose tolerance and liver damage were assessed to evaluate the effect on obesity prevention and treatment. Comprehensive lab animal monitoring system (CLAMS) and seahorse assay were employed to investigate the regulatory effect of L‐aspartate on energy metabolism in vivo and in vitro, respectively. 3T3‐L1 preadipocytes and murine white adipose tissue (WAT) were utilized to examine the impact of L‐aspartate on adipocyte adipogenesis and lipogenesis and cellular signalling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Results: L‐aspartate, an approved drug for liver injury and chronic fatigue, was identified as an endogenous inducer of energy expenditure. Serum or adipose L‐aspartate levels were found to be negatively correlated with the severity of obesity in both humans and mice. Administration of L‐aspartate to HFC diet mice led to a significant reduction in body weight, with decreases of 14.5% in HFC diet mice and 8.5% in HFC diet‐induced obese mice, respectively. In addition, the treatment improved related metabolic syndrome (Figure 2 and Figure S3). These therapeutics were associated with enhancements in whole‐body energy expenditure and suppression of adipocyte adipogenesis along with activation of Adenosine 5′‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway. Conclusion: L‐aspartate may serve as a novel endogenous inducer of energy expenditure and suppressor of adipogenesis and lipogenesis along with activation of AMPK, thereby offering a promising therapeutic strategy for obesity prevention and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately diagnosing rare pediatric diseases frequently represent a clinical challenge due to their complex and unusual clinical presentations. Here, we explore the capabilities of three large language models (LLMs), GPT‐4, Gemini Pro, and a custom‐built LLM (GPT‐4 integrated with the Human Phenotype Ontology [GPT‐4 HPO]), by evaluating their diagnostic performance on 61 rare pediatric disease case reports. The performance of the LLMs were assessed for accuracy in identifying specific diagnoses, listing the correct diagnosis among a differential list, and broad disease categories. In addition, GPT‐4 HPO was tested on 100 general pediatrics case reports previously assessed on other LLMs to further validate its performance. The results indicated that GPT‐4 was able to predict the correct diagnosis with a diagnostic accuracy of 13.1%, whereas both GPT‐4 HPO and Gemini Pro had diagnostic accuracies of 8.2%. Further, GPT‐4 HPO showed an improved performance compared with the other two LLMs in identifying the correct diagnosis among its differential list and the broad disease category. Although these findings underscore the potential of LLMs for diagnostic support, particularly when enhanced with domain‐specific ontologies, they also stress the need for further improvement prior to integration into clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In cognitive radio (CR) networks, the automatic modulation classification (AMC) is considered as the significant role in smart wireless communications. Due to the high growth of deep learning in the modern days, neural network‐aided automated modulation categorization tasks have become highly demanded. Nevertheless, an enormous amount of attributes and the neural network's complexity make them complex to adopt in various scenarios. Moreover, the receiver systems are limited by the latency and less storage resources. Additionally, the detection system of the signal modulation is mostly hampered by overfitting issues and insufficient information. Therefore, a robust AMC model based on adaptive deep learning is implemented to determine the type of modulation used at the transmitter by observing the received signal. Initially, the necessary raw data for the suggested model is garnered from benchmark dataset. Also, the optimal features from the raw data are selected with the help of the fitness‐revised position updating in Kookaburra optimization (FPUKO) for minimizing the computation time and enhancing the accuracy rates in the classification process. Moreover, this optimal feature selection makes the modulation selection process quick and efficient. Finally, the optimal features are fed to a cascaded and attention‐based recurrent neural network (CA‐RNN) in the modulation classification, which is designed to classify the type of modulation used on the transmitter side. Various experiments are conducted for the designed framework by comparing it with the existing models to view its efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to design hybrid analog and digital beamforming to improve the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and spectral efficiency (SE) of communication links. Considering the complexity and cost associated with fully connected multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) communication models, a partially connected system model is adopted for the downlink millimeter‐wave (mmWave) communication model. The analog beamforming utilizes the adaptive search (AdaLS) algorithm to minimize interference and enhance user power, whereas digital beamforming is optimized using the proposed Chaotic Chebyshev Aquila Optimization (CCAO) algorithm. The CCAO algorithm integrates chaotic Chebyshev–based solution mapping with the conventional Aquila Optimization Algorithm to enhance exploration capability. The system model is illustrated, and the problem is formulated to maximize the signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio (SINR) through the selection of the required signal at the receiver. The digital beamformer is designed using Lagrange's multiplier, and the analog beamformer is optimized using AdaLS. The proposed CCAO algorithm is detailed, incorporating chaotic dynamics to explore the solution space effectively. The research evaluates the performance of the proposed method against conventional approaches, showcasing improved normalized beam gain and SINR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the growing concern over the depletion of the global crude oil stock and environmental issues, the replacement of petroleum‐based polymers with environmentally benign alternatives derived from renewable resource has attracted great attention. In the current study, four different polyurethane (PU) sheets were synthesized from unmodified castor oil (CO) and hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), incorporating cellulose nanofibers (CNF) as a filler. The mixture consisting molar ratio of CO, HDI, and CNF in a ratio of 1:5:0.8 yielded the best results. This formulation achieved a tensile strength of 22.55 MPa and an elongation at break of 55.9%. Additionally, the resulting PU sheets exhibited excellent thermal properties, with a glass transition temperature (Tg) and melting temperature (Tm) that were notably enhanced, further highlighting the effectiveness of this specific mixture in producing high‐performance, bio‐based PUs. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal, and mechanical characterizations indicated that both reinforced and unreinforced PU exhibited properties within acceptable ranges. Given the bio‐based origins of CO and cellulose, the synthesized polymers are biodegradable and suitable for biomaterial applications. The study confirms that the bio‐based origins of CO and cellulose render synthesized polymers biodegradable, suitable for various biomaterial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The design of a miniaturized frequency‐tunable circularly polarized twin dual folded inverted‐L antenna with varactor‐loaded split‐sing resonator structure is proposed in the paper. The design integrates two linearly polarized inverted‐L antenna elements with double‐folded arms and with a split‐ring resonator (SRR) structures on both sides. To improve the impedance matching and radiation characteristics the double‐folded structure plays a significant role. Although the use of SRRs to the dual inverted‐L antenna elements achieves compact volume, the antenna's radiation efficiency rapidly decreases around the SRR's resonant frequency. The decrease is avoided by employing a variable capacitance diode loaded on both SRR structures (dual folded inverted‐L antenna, VLSRR). The antenna structure is minimized to be about 66 mm in length, 10 mm width, and 1 mm in height (66 × 10 × 1 mm3). The configuration is simplified by using wave feeding. The better values are obtained between the theoretical calculations and simulated results, which validate the design concept and have a wide varactor tuning bandwidth. The simulated and measured results show that the proposed antennas resonate at multiband frequencies: Band 1 (3.28–3.70 GHz) with varactor tuning of 425 MHz; Band 2 (6.42–6.75GHz) with varactor tuning of 331 MHz; and Band 3 (13.75–14.21 GHz) with varactor tuning of 463 MHz, with the impedance bandwidth of 6%, VSWR < 2, and 3‐dB axial ratio (AR) < 3 across the entire operating bands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights The introduction of poly‐p‐hydroxybenzoate (PHB) and fibrous wollastonite can effectively improve the comprehensive properties of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)‐based composites, but its properties are significantly influenced by hot‐pressing pressure during sintering. In this article, PTFE/fibrous wollastonite/PHB composites were prepared by using different hot‐pressing pressures, that is, 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 MPa. The relationship between the morphology, compressive strength, creep deformation and tribological properties of PTFE composites and sintering pressure was investigated. The results indicated that the prepared composites had the lowest friction coefficient of 0.208, the smallest creep value of 0.061 mm and the largest compressive strength of 35.2 MPa, and a minimum wear rate of 0.11 × 10−6 mm3/N m when the hot‐pressing pressure was 40 MPa. It was found that appropriate hot‐pressing pressure applied during sintering process facilitated the penetration of polytetrafluoroethylene macromolecules in the molten state through the reinforcing filler network interface around PTFE resin domains and the entanglement of PTFE macromolecules separated by the reinforcing fillers, thus effectively improving the friction and wear properties and compressive creep resistance of PTFE/PHB/fibrous wollastonite composites. Appropriate hot‐pressing pressure facilitated the better dispersion of fillers. The worn surface and transfer film were examined to analyze wear mechanism. Tribological and creep properties of the composites were noticeably improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Examine the association between age and treatment outcomes in conditions causing single‐ versus multilevel airway restriction. Study Design: Multi‐institutional retrospective cohort study. Setting: Tertiary laryngology centers. Methods: Participants included younger (18‐64 years) and geriatric (≥65 years) adults with posterior glottic stenosis (PGS), multilevel airway stenosis (MLAS), and bilateral vocal fold paralysis (BVFP). Subgroup demographics, comorbidities, type, and etiology of airway compromise were described. Associations between age and primary outcome variables (i.e., tracheostomy and decannulation rates, number of surgeries performed, time between surgeries, and change in quality‐of‐life patient‐reported outcome measures [PROMs]) were evaluated. Statistical analyses included independent t tests, χ2, Fisher's exact, or Mann‐Whitney tests. Results: In 158 patients [96 younger (30 PGS, 29 MLAS, 37 BVFP) and 62 geriatric (24 PGS, 9 MLAS, 29 BVFP)], age differences were not significant for gender (P =.990), tracheostomy placement (70% vs 66%, P =.629), or decannulation success (40% vs 24%, P =.091) in younger versus geriatric groups, respectively. In younger patients, MLAS was more common (30.2% vs 14.5%, P =.024), and BVFP patients were more likely to decannulate (50% vs 12%, P =.017). Geriatric patients were more likely to have a history of prior radiation (26% vs 10%, P =.016), stenosis due to malignancy (23% vs 9%, P =.022), and fewer overall surgeries (median 1 vs 3, P =.003). Median PROMs were comparable between age subgroups (P >.05). Conclusion: Younger adults underwent more surgeries, but overall comorbidities, tracheostomy decannulation rates, and PROMs were comparable between groups. Age does not negatively impact treatment outcomes and should not be a deterrent in treatment decision‐making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a feasibility study on using artificial intelligence (AI) for telephone triage of patients with suspected head and neck cancer (HNC). During the COVID-19 pandemic, telephone triage was necessary, and a validated HNC risk-calculator was recommended for stratifying patients. Ufonia, a digital health company, developed an AI-driven clinical assistant named 'Dora' for HNC triage, which showed high data capture and accuracy levels. The study highlights the potential of AI-led telephone calls in remotely triaging suspected HNC patients, offering a promising solution for resource-constrained healthcare settings. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features of individuals who have cervical lymph node metastasis (CLNM) from non‐head and neck primary carcinomas. Methods: The data of 1448 patients diagnosed with CLNM from non‐head and neck primary carcinomas at the Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, China, from January 2013 to December 2023 were collected. The patients' general information, imaging data, and pathological information were retrospectively analyzed. Results: There were 780 men and 668 women among the 1448 patients, for a male‐to‐female ratio of 1.17:1. The median age was 56 years (range 21–81 years). The most prevalent primary sites in males were the lung (n = 508, 65.1%) and, in females, the breast (n = 276, 41.3%). The most prevalent pathological kind (n = 949), or 65.5% of cases, was adenocarcinoma. There was a significant difference in the proportion of adenocarcinoma between males (n = 385, 49.4%) and females (n = 564, 84.4%). The common sites of CLNM from non‐head and neck primary carcinomas were level V (1,236 cases, 85.4%). In a subgroup of 1133 patients with primary cancer located in symmetrical or unilateral organs, 60.3% exhibited ipsilateral lymph node metastasis, 27.6% had bilateral lymph node metastasis, and 12.1% showed contralateral lymph node metastasis exclusively. Conclusion: For patients with CLNM, especially those with metastasis to cervical areas IV‐V and those with adenocarcinoma pathology, it is particularly important to screen for primary foci in the lungs, breast, urogenital system, and digestive system after excluding head and neck primary cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effectively treating multidrug‐resistant bacterial infections remains challenging due to the limited drug development pipeline and a scarcity of novel agents effective against these highly resistant pathogens. Bacteriophages (phages) are a potential addition to the antimicrobial treatment arsenal. Though, phages are currently being tested in clinical trials for antibiotic‐resistant infections, phages lack a fundamental understanding of optimal dosing in humans. Rationally designed preclinical studies using in vitro and in vivo infection models, allow us to assess clinically relevant phage +/− antibiotic exposure (pharmacokinetics), the resulting treatment impact on the infecting pathogen (pharmacodynamics) and host immune response (immunodynamics). A mechanistic modeling framework allows us to integrate this knowledge gained from preclinical studies to develop predictive models. We reviewed recently published mathematical models based on in vitro and/or in vivo data that evaluate the effects of varying bacterial or phage densities, phage characteristics (burst size, adsorption rate), phage pharmacokinetics, phage–antibiotic combinations and host immune responses. In our review, we analyzed study designs and the data used to inform the development of these mechanistic models. Insights gained from model‐based simulations were reviewed as they help identify crucial phage parameters for determining effective phage dosing. These efforts contribute to bridging the gap between phage therapy research and its clinical translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new mycotrophic species of the genus Gastrodia (Orchidaceae), is described and illustrated from Arunachal Pradesh, India. The species is unique within the genus in having two oblong–linear calli which are parallelly arranged along the margins of the claw of the labellum, and white flowers. The new species is assessed as 'Endangered' according to the IUCN red list criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Four polycyclic ten‐membered lactones possessing unprecedented 10/6/5 tricyclic ring skeleton, named eutypetides A—D (1—4), and an intriguing polyketide containing a hexahydroisobenzofuran‐1(3H)‐one motif, named eutypetide E (5) were isolated from the marine‐derived fungus Eutypella sp. F0219, together with three new related biosynthetic polyketides eutypetides F—H (6—8). The absolute configurations of 1—5 were unequivocally determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses (Cu Kα), modified Mosher's method and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Eutypetides G (7) showed remarkable anti‐inflammatory activity and could reduce the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α, and iNOS induced by LPS. Most notably, compounds 1—4 were formed biogenetically from 6—7 via the key intramolecular [4+2] cycloaddition, while compound 5 could be constructed biogenetically from 8 through the intramolecular [4+2] cycloaddition. All the above eight polyketides are proposed to originate from a C10 and a C6 fatty acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper complexes exhibit promising anticancer properties, which can be further promoted by suitable ligands. In this study, we synthesized and investigated the anticancer effects of three copper(I) complexes with N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands derived from phenanthroline‐functionalized imidazole salts. The synthesis of these NHC‐copper(I) complexes (Cu1‐Cu3) was meticulously characterized using NMR and elemental analysis; their crystal structures were further delineated by X‐ray diffraction. Our findings illustrate the unique geometric configurations of these complexes: Cu1 features a dinuclear arrangement with off‐linear geometry; Cu2 and Cu3 are characterized by a bi‐copper core stabilized by two phenanthroline‐modified carbene ligands. Crucially, in vitro cytotoxic evaluations revealed that these complexes possess suitability anticancer activity. Among them, Cu2 exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity activity, achieving a half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 4.36 ± 0.25 μM in colon cancer cell line HCT‐116, markedly surpassing the efficacy of cisplatin. Subsequent investigations elucidated that Cu2 notably increases intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and induces mitochondrial membrane depolarization and endoplasmic reticulum stress, leading to oxidative stress‐mediated apoptosis of colon cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to investigate the current state of the literature on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing, and study the impact of ESG ratings on firm performance. Corporate sustainability has evolved as a concept and is increasingly being integrated with investment analysis. The present study performs a systematic literature review (SLR) using the theory, context, characteristics, and methodology (TCCM) framework to provide valuable insights and research directions in the context of ESG investing. The review is based on 198 articles published from 2010 to 2022 and follows the scientific procedures and rationales for systematic literature reviews (SPAR‐4‐SLR) protocol using the Scopus database. Further, the research also re‐examines the empirical studies based on ESG as a determinant of firm performance using a meta‐analytical approach. The research findings suggest a positive impact of ESG ratings on firm performance. However, an intriguing discovery surfaced when empirical studies were segmented according to the ESG rating methodologies provided by Bloomberg and Thomson Reuters. The purpose of this research is to offer a comprehensive and collective scholarship of the subject by adopting a mixed‐method approach. Further, it provides a conceptual framework, thereby linking the various elements of ESG investing and explaining the channels of transmission of ESG translates into value creation for the shareholders. It encompasses extensive research agendas discussing barriers to ESG implementation, the materiality of ESG practices, informativeness of sustainability reporting, sustainability performance, and sustainable underpinnings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There exists a potential gap between individual intention to purchase eco‐products and their actual purchase behaviors, which contributes to low eco‐friendly consumption. The study investigates the intention‐behavior gap in eco‐friendly food consumption, and how consumer trust affects the gap. We focus on consumer trust in eco‐friendly food regulator, manufacturer, certifier, and farmer. Evidence from Chinese consumers reveals that individuals with low trust in the certifier have high intention to purchase green food but fail to make actual purchases. Trust in the manufacturer is positively associated with actual purchases of organic food regardless of intention. We also find that trust exerts the greater impact in bridging the intention‐behavior gap among female, younger, more educated, and more environmentally conscious consumers. Our findings highlight the importance of consumer trust in the certifier and manufacturer. Implications for promoting eco‐friendly food consumption are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Here we report, synthesis of ferrocenyl based bis(pyrazolyl) palladium complexes. The catalytic utility of the complexes in the cross‐coupling of triarylbismuthanes and aryl bromides was evaluated. Our ferrocenyl based palladium complex showed wide substrate scope for both triarylbismuthanes and aryl bromides. Further, the current catalytic system also showed superior activity over the well‐established palladium‐phosphine catalytic system using triarylbismuthanes as reagents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new stability‐indicating RPHPLC method with short run time has been developed and validated for tofacitinib citrate and its related substances. The novel HPLC method integrates hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) technology as the stationary phase and employs a mobile phase composed of phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) and acetonitrile (45:55, %v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min under isocratic elution. Analytes were monitored via a UV detector at 210 nm and with the column oven temperature at 30°C for a 20‐min analysis. Precision (%RSD) for Impurity‐A and Impurity‐B and tofacitinib met specifications at 2.4%, 0.8%, and 0.0%, respectively. Accuracy ranged from 86% to 100% for impurities, with LOD at 0.03% and LOQ at 0.05%–0.06%. Correlation coefficients exceeded 0.999 for impurities and tofacitinib citrate. Solution stability was confirmed for 24 h at room temperature. The method range was extended from LOQ to ∼1.5% for impurities and LOQ to ∼150% for tofacitinib citrate. The method's stability was evaluated under acid and base hydrolysis, oxidative and water hydrolysis, and thermal and photolytic degradation. Introducing HILIC as the stationary phase for this work proved effective, eliminating the need of ion pair reagents, reducing analysis time, and ensuring consistent results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein sequence classification needs to be performed quickly and accurately to progress bioinformatics advancements and the production of pharmaceutical products. Extensive comparisons between large databases of known proteins and unknown sequences are necessary in traditional protein classification methods, which can be time‐consuming. This labour‐intensive and slow manual matching and classification method depends on functional and biological commonalities. Protein classification is one of the many fields in which deep learning has recently revolutionized. The data on proteins are organized hierarchically and sequentially, and the most advanced algorithms, such as Deep Family‐based Method (DeepFam) and Protein Convolutional Neural Network (ProtCNN), have shown promising results in classifying proteins into relative groups. On the other hand, these methods frequently refuse to acknowledge this fact. We propose a novel hybrid model called ProteinCNN‐BLSTM to overcome these particular challenges. To produce more accurate protein sequence classification, it combines the techniques of amino acid embedding with bidirectional long short‐term memory (BLSTM) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The CNN component is the most effective at capturing local features, while the BLSTM component is the most capable of modeling long‐term dependencies across protein sequences. Through the process of amino acid embedding, sequences of proteins are transformed into numeric vectors, which significantly improves the precision of prediction and the representation of features. Using the standard protein samples PDB‐14189 and PDB‐2272, we analyzed the proposed ProteinCNN‐BLSTM model and the existing deep‐learning models. Compared to the existing models, such as CNN, LSTM, GCNs, CNN‐LSTM, RNNs, GCN‐RNN, DeepFam, and ProtCNN, the proposed model performed more accurately and better than the existing models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sine cosine algorithm (SCA), a meta‐heuristic optimization method, is used in this study to provide a precise linear and elliptical antenna array design for synthesizing the ideal far‐field radiation pattern in the fifth‐generation (5G) communication spectrum. The wireless communication system will undergo dramatic changes thanks to the forthcoming 5G technology, which offers exceptionally high data rates, increased capacity, reduced latency, and outstanding service quality. The most important component of 5G communications is an accurate antenna array design for an optimum far‐field radiation pattern synthesis with a suppressed sidelobe level (SLL) value and half power beam width (HPBW). While long‐distance communication necessitates a low HPBW, the entire side lobe area needs a suppressed SLL to prevent interference. The SCA is used in this case to the optimal feeding currents applied to each array member in the design examples of the concentric circular antenna arrays (CCAA) discussed in this article. It shows the litheness and attainment of the propound algorithm named SCA, chosen CCAAs with three rings and varying amounts of components or antenna array sets those are stated as follows: Set I (4, 6, 8 elements), Set II (8, 10, 12 elements), Set III (6, 12, 18 elements), Set IV (8, 14, 20 elements) with and without the center element are amalgamate. Apply the PSO, Jaya, and SCA optimization algorithms for all four Sets of antenna arrays and compare the attained results; the SLL values achieved by the SCA technique are contrasted with those of other current optimization techniques. The outcomes of all examinations reveal that the SCA algorithm achieved a superior SLL reduction over other optimization techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: The exploration of the gut microbiome and related metabolites holds an exciting future in health science. The challenges associated with fecal sample testing are proper sample collection, sterile transportation, optimal transport conditions, and processing as all these factors could potentially change the microbiome composition, further exacerbated by the patient's customary discomfort regarding feces samples. The study aimed to compare the usage of rectal swabs and stool samples for short‐chain fatty acid estimation using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and indole estimation using spectrophotometry. Method: From May 2022 to June 2022, three women were recruited from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBG) in a secondary care hospital in coastal Karnataka. During their clinical visit, a rectal swab was collected, and the stool sample was transported to the hospital from the patient's home in sterile containers provided. After the extraction, short‐chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) were quantified using GC–MS. The fecal indole concentration was determined using a hydroxylamine‐based assay. Results: The GC–MS analysis failed to detect the concentrations of short‐chain fatty acids in rectal swab samples. Indole concentrations in stool and swab samples were significantly different. Conclusion: The study's findings do not support the use of rectal swabs to analyze gut metabolites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of housing temperature on exercise‐induced metabolic adaptations is not well understood, despite extensive research on the benefits of exercise for metabolic health. The aim of this study was to elucidate how housing temperatures influence the molecular responses and metabolic benefits of exercise in mice. Male C57BL/6N mice were housed at either room temperature (RT, 21°C) or in a thermoneutral environment (TN, 29°C) and subjected to either a 6‐week or acute exercise regimen. The results demonstrated that chronic exercise in TN conditions significantly improved glucose tolerance, whereas no such improvement was observed in RT conditions. Exercise reduced adipocyte size in inguinal and epididymal white adipose tissue in RT conditions, but no significant exercise‐induced browning of inguinal white adipose tissue was detected at either housing temperature. Additionally, housing temperature predominantly influenced key metabolic proteins in skeletal muscle, with exercise and temperature exhibiting interactive effects on glycogen synthase, Glut4 and Pgc‐1α. Moreover, the regulation of exerkines, including Fgf21, fetuin‐A, irisin, Gdf15, spexin and apelin, was temperature dependent after both long‐term and acute exercise. Notably, expression of Metrnl was consistently upregulated in skeletal muscle after long‐term exercise in both RT and TN environments, but was downregulated after acute exercise. These findings highlight that environmental temperature critically modulates the metabolic benefits of exercise and the expression of exerkines. The results of this study suggest that conventional RT conditions might obscure the full metabolic effects of exercise. We recommend the use of TN conditions in future research to reduce confounding factors and provide a more accurate assessment of the metabolic benefits of exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the concepts of prime filters and minimal prime filters on a paradistributive latticoid (PDL) and discuss various results. In addition, we prove that the annihilator filter S• is equal to the intersection of all prime filters not containing S. Furthermore, we explore minimal prime filters and study certain results associated with them. We provide some equivalent conditions for a PDL to be relatively complemented. Additionally, we derive some topological properties of the space of prime filters and minimal prime filters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Designing solid electrolyte is deemed as an effective approach to suppress the side reaction of zinc anode and active material dissolution of cathodes in liquid electrolytes for zinc metal batteries (ZMBs). Herein, kaolin is comprehensively investigated as raw material to prepare solid electrolyte (KL−Zn) for ZMBs. As demonstrated, KL−Zn electrolyte is an excellent electronic insulator and zinc ionic conductor, which presents wide voltage window of 2.73 V, high ionic conductivity of 5.08 mS cm−1, and high Zn2+ transference number of 0.79. For the Zn//Zn cells, superior cyclic stability lasting for 2200 h can be achieved at 0.2 mA cm−2. For the Zn//NH4V4O10 batteries, stable capacity of 245.8 mAh g−1 can be maintained at 0.2 A g−1 after 200 cycles along with high retention ratio of 81 %, manifesting KL−Zn electrolyte contributes to stabilize the crystal structure of NH4V4O10 cathode. These satisfying performances can be attributed to the enlarged interlayer spacing, zinc (de)solvation‐free mechanism and fast diffusion kinetics of KL−Zn electrolyte, availably guaranteeing uniform zinc deposition for zinc anode and reversible zinc (de)intercalation for NH4V4O10 cathode. Additionally, this work also verifies the application possibility of KL−Zn electrolyte for Zn//MnO2 batteries and Zn//I2 batteries, suggesting the universality of mineral‐based solid electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper (Cu) is a transition metal that plays crucial roles in cellular metabolism. Cu+ homeostasis is upregulated in many cancers and contributes to tumorigenesis. However, therapeutic strategies to target Cu+ homeostasis in cancer cells are rarely explored because small molecule Cu+ chelators have poor binding affinity in comparison to the intracellular Cu+ chaperones, enzymes, or ligands. To address this challenge, we introduce a Cu+ chaperone‐inspired supramolecular approach to disrupt Cu+ homeostasis in cancer cells that induces programmed cell death. The Nap‐FFMTCGGCR peptide self‐assembles into nanofibers inside cancer cells with high binding affinity and selectivity for Cu+ due to the presence of the unique MTCGGC motif, which is conserved in intracellular Cu+ chaperones. Nap‐FFMTCGGCR exhibits cytotoxicity towards triple negative breast cancer cells (MDA‐MB‐231), impairs the activity of Cu+ dependent co‐chaperone super oxide dismutase1 (SOD1), and induces oxidative stress. In contrast, Nap‐FFMTCGGCR has minimal impact on normal HEK 293T cells. Control peptides show that the self‐assembly and Cu+ binding must work in synergy to successfully disrupt Cu+ homeostasis. We show that assembly‐enhanced affinity for metal ions opens new therapeutic strategies to address disease‐relevant metal ion homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vaporisation thermodynamic studies were performed over and biphasic region of Al‐Zr system by employing Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry (KEMS) in the temperature range between 1,233 to 1,535 and 1,208 to 1,458 K, respectively. It was observed that these samples undergo incongruent vaporisation with Al(g) alone in the vapour phase. Following are the recommended p–T relations deduced in the present study: log (pAl/Pa) = (−18,663 ± 132)/T + (12.23 ± 0.10) (1,233–1,535 K) < ZrAl3(cr) + ZrAl2(cr)>. log (pAl/Pa) = (−18,982 ± 112)/T + (11.92 ± 0.08) (1,208–1,458 K) < ZrAl2(cr) + Zr2Al3(cr)>. From the p–T and K‐T relations, based on the second and third law methods of thermodynamics, the enthalpy changes of the following reactions were evaluated: ZrAl3(cr) = ZrAl2(cr) + Al(g) and 2ZrAl2(cr) = Zr2Al3(cr) + Al(g). Subsequently, the enthalpies of the formation of ZrAl2(cr) and Zr2Al3(cr) were deduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the current study is to produce metal matrix composites (MMCs) using ultrasonic‐assisted stir casting and Al6061 alloy reinforced with silicon carbide (SiC) microparticle reinforcement in weight percentages of 0, 2, 4, and 6. The microstructural alterations of Al6061–SiC composites are investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDAX). By adding more nucleation sites for the formation of smaller grains, SiC reinforcement of the Al6061 matrix encourages grain refining. The SiC addition significantly changes the microstructure of Al6061 composites, enhancing their mechanical qualities. In addition to increasing density by 0.6%, hardness by 33%, and tensile strength by 33%. The increased SiC content dramatically decreases elongation by 42%. The strength of Al6061–SiC MMCs is predicted using several strengthening mechanism concepts as part of the continuing investigation. For Al6061–SiC composites, the strengthening contribution from thermal mismatch is more significant than that from Orowan strengthening, Hall–Petch mechanism, and load transmitting effect. Grain refinement interactions, load transmission mechanisms, and the strengthening effects of CTE differences and dislocations between matrix and reinforcement particles are studied. The composite with 6‐weight percent SiC reinforcement performs better in dry sliding wear and corrosion resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates platelet‐related subtypes in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and seeks to identify genes associated with prognosis, focusing on the clinical significance of the chloride ion channel gene BEST3. We utilised sequencing and clinical data from GEO, TCGA and the Xena platform, building a risk model based on genetic features. TCGA and GSE37745 served as training cohorts, while GSE50081, GSE13213, GSE30129 and GSE42127 were validation cohorts. Immunotherapy datasets (GSE135222, TCGA‐SKCM) were also analysed. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using Limma, subtypes through ConsensusClusterPlus and key prognostic genes using COX regression, Random Forest and LASSO‐COX. BEST3 expression was validated by flow cytometry (FCM) and functional assays in A549 cells with lentiviral overexpression evaluated its impact on apoptosis, proliferation and migration. Three platelet‐related subtypes were identified, with ten key prognostic genes (including BEST3). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed six genes involved in platelet pathways. BEST3 was highly expressed in the platelet subtype 1. Flow cytometry confirmed elevated BEST3 levels in NSCLC (35.9% vs. 27.3% in healthy individuals). Overexpression of BEST3 in NSCLC cells suppressed apoptosis and promoted proliferation and migration. The discovery of three platelet subtypes and the role of BEST3 in promoting tumour growth and migration highlights its potential as a therapeutic target and prognostic marker in NSCLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating issue of plastic waste generation has prompted the search for an effective solution to address these challenges. In this study, we present a novel plasma‐enabled strategy for the rapid breakdown of various types of plastic wastes, including mixtures, into high‐value carbon nanomaterials and hydrogen. The H2 yield and selectivity achieved through the implemented catalyst‐free plasma‐enabled strategy are 14.2 and 5.9 times higher, respectively, compared to those obtained with conventional thermal pyrolysis under similar conditions. It is noteworthy that this catalyst‐free plasma alone approach yields a significantly higher energy yield of H2 (gH2/kWh) compared to other pyrolysis processes. By coupling plasma pyrolysis with thermal catalytic process, employing of 1 wt. % M/CeO2 (M=Fe, Co, and Ni) atomically dispersed catalysts can further enhance hydrogen production. Specifically, the 1 wt. % Co/CeO2 catalyst demonstrated excellent catalytic performance throughout the 10 cycles of plastic waste decomposition, achieving the highest H2 yield of 46.7 mmol/gplastic (equivalent to 64.4 % of theoretical H2 production) and nearly 100 % hydrogen atom recovery efficiency at the 7th cycle. Notably, the H2 yield achieved over the atomically dispersed Fe on CeO2 surface (1 wt. % Fe/CeO2) in the integrated plasma‐thermal catalytic process is comparable to that obtained with Fe particles on CeO2 surface (10 wt. % Fe/CeO2). This outcome, demonstrated with single‐atom catalysts, offers a promising avenue for cost‐effective and efficient chemical plastic recycling. Through a combination of experimental and computational efforts, we have provided an in‐depth understanding of the catalytic mechanisms of the investigated single atom catalysts in the developed plasma‐enabled process. This innovative and straightforward approach provides a promising and expedient strategy for continuously converting diverse plastic waste streams, including mixed and contaminated sources, into high‐value products conducive to a circular plastic economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Die stetig steigende Menge an Kunststoffabfällen erfordert effektive Lösungen zur Bewältigung dieser Herausforderung. In dieser Studie stellen wir eine neuartige plasmagestützte Strategie zur schnellen Zersetzung verschiedener Plastikabfälle, einschließlich Mischungen, in hochwertige Kohlenstoffnanomaterialien und Wasserstoff vor. Die H2‐Ausbeute und die H2‐Selektivität, die durch die katalysatorfreien plasmagestützten Prozesse erzielt wurden, sind 14,2‐ bzw. 5,9‐mal höher als bisher unter ähnlichen Bedingungen mit konventioneller thermischer Pyrolyse erreicht wurde. Bemerkenswert ist, dass dieser katalysatorfreie Plasmaprozess einen signifikant höheren Energieertrag an H2 (gH2/kWh) im Vergleich zu anderen Pyrolyseprozessen liefert. Durch die Kopplung von Plasmapyrolyse mit thermischer Katalyse durch den Einsatz von atomar dispergierten Katalysatoren 1 Gew.‐ % M/CeO2 (M=Fe, Co und Ni) kann die Wasserstoffproduktion weiter gesteigert werden. Insbesondere der 1 Gew.– %Co/CeO2 Katalysator zeigte eine hervorragende katalytische Leistung über 10 Zyklen der Kunststoffabfallzersetzung hinweg und erreichte die höchste H2‐Ausbeute von 46,7 mmol/gplastic (entsprechend 64,4 % der theoretischen H2‐Ausbeute) und nahezu 100 % Wasserstoffatom‐Rückgewinnungseffizienz im 7. Zyklus. Atomar dispergiertes Fe auf der CeO2‐Oberfläche (1 Gew.– % Fe/CeO2) konnte im integrierten plasma‐thermischen Katalyseprozess eine H2‐Ausbeute erzielen wie sie sonst nur mit deutlich höheren Beladungen von Fe‐Partikeln auf der CeO2‐Oberfläche (10 Gew.– % Fe/CeO2) erreicht wird. Daher wurde demonstriert, dass Einzelatom‐Katalysatoren einen vielversprechenden Weg für ein kostengünstiges und effizientes chemisches Kunststoffrecycling darstellen. Durch eine Kombination aus Experiment und Modellierung haben wir ein tiefgehendes Verständnis der katalytischen Mechanismen der untersuchten Einzelatom‐Katalysatoren im entwickelten plasmagestützten Prozess erzielt. Dieser innovative und unkomplizierte Ansatz bietet eine vielversprechende und schnelle Strategie zur kontinuierlichen Umwandlung verschiedener Kunststoffabfallströme, einschließlich gemischter und kontaminierter Quellen, in hochwertige Produkte, die eine Kreislaufwirtschaft für Kunststoffe unterstützen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for strong, compact permanent magnets essential for the energy transition drives innovation in magnet manufacturing. Additive manufacturing, particularly Powder Bed Fusion of metals using a laser beam (PBF‐LB/M), offers potential for near‐net‐shaped Nd‐Fe‐B permanent magnets but often falls short compared to conventional methods. A less explored strategy to enhance these magnets is feedstock modification with nanoparticles. It is demonstrated that modifying a Nd‐Fe‐B‐based feedstock with 1 wt.% Ag nanoparticles boost the coercivity of the magnets to a record value of 935 ± 6 kA m−1 without further post‐processing or heat treatments. Suitable volumetric energy densities for the PBF‐LB/M process are determined using finite element simulations predicting melt pool behavior and part density. Microstructural analyses reveal finer grain sizes and more equiaxed nanocrystalline structures due to the modification. Atom probe tomography identifies three phases in the Ag‐modified samples, with Ag forming nanophase regions with rare‐earth elements near the amorphous Zr‐Ti‐B‐rich intergranular phase, potentially decoupling the Nd2Fe14B primary phase. The study shows that superior magnetic properties primarily result from microstructure modification rather than part density. These findings highlight inventive material design approaches via feedstock surface modification to achieve superior magnetic performance in additively manufactured Nd‐Fe‐B magnets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal thiophosphates (MTPs) are a large family of 2D materials that exhibit large structural and chemical diversity. They also show promise for applications in energy harvesting and photodetection. Strain and defect engineering have previously been demonstrated as useful mechanisms to tune several properties of MTPs such as resistivity, magnetic state, and electronic band gap. However, the effect of these stimuli on engineering tunable light emission in MTPs remains unexplored. Here, it is experimentally demonstrated that sulfur vacancies in metal thiophosphate AgScP2S6${\rm AgScP_{2}S_{6}}$ allow defect‐state‐to‐valence‐band transitions leading to visible light emission at sub‐bandgap energies, while structural defects in the material can enhance and modulate the photoluminescence spectrum. It is also showed that the structural‐defect‐enhanced light emission can be further tuned by temperature‐induced strain gradients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

3D printing of continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic (C‐CFRTP) composites is a promising fabricating process to achieve complex lightweight structures within a short time; nevertheless, low mechanical performance between printed layers is always a limitation. Adding short carbon fibers during C‐CFRTP fabrication could achieve short‐continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic (S/C‐CFRTP) composites with enhanced mechanical properties. However, the underlying reinforcement mechanism is not well understood, which hinders the optimization of 3D printing process for S/C‐CFRTP. This paper investigates reinforcing behavior of short carbon fibers and impregnation behavior of the matrix (short carbon fiber reinforced PA6) under various 3D printing conditions. The results indicate that promoting both reinforcing and impregnation behaviors during S/C‐CFRTP 3D printing can improve mechanical performance. As short carbon fiber content increases, the mechanical performance initially experiences enhancement caused by the reinforcing behavior of short fibers, followed by a decline attributed to the insufficient impregnation of the molten matrix. Higher nozzle temperatures facilitate the impregnation behavior of the molten matrix, resulting in superior mechanical performance. Moreover, by leveraging the reinforcement mechanism, the optimal parameter combination is proposed to improve tensile, flexural, and interlaminar shear strengths of the 3D‐printed S/C‐CFRTP to approximately 368.27, 319.80, and 20.09 MPa, respectively. Highlights: Reinforcement mechanism is revealed by reinforcing and impregnation behaviors.Short carbon fiber content affects both reinforcing and impregnation behaviors.Beyond 15 wt%, short carbon fiber content shows adverse effects on performance.High nozzle temperature promotes impregnation behavior to improve performance.Optimal parameters raise 19.8% tensile, 39.9% flexural and 161.2% shear strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Aims and Objectives Results Conclusion Trial Registration Tunneled dialysis catheters (TDCs) are preferred over temporary noncuffed catheters for access in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. The removal of TDC after catheter‐related blood stream infections (CRBSIs) is often not practiced even when indicated, and the adverse outcomes after such salvage are presently unclear.The study aimed to evaluate adverse outcomes after the first episode of definite or probable CRBSI. The composite adverse outcome was recorded as the presence of at least one of three adverse outcomes—death in the index hospital admission, occurrence of recurrent bacteremia, and death within 3 months.During the study period, the TDC CRBSI incidence rate was 6.9/1000 catheter days. Of the 110 study participants, majority were male (63%), with a median age of 35 years, belonging to rural (56%) and agrarian (39%) communities, and 66% were getting dialyzed at stand‐alone dialysis units. Gram‐negative infections predominated (64%), with 37% of isolates showing resistance to carbapenems. Catheter salvage was practiced in 80%, and immediate catheter removal was done only in the sickest of patients (in seven of eight with in‐hospital mortality). Predictors of composite adverse outcomes included sites other than right internal jugular vein (OR 3.6) and resistance to β lactam‐β lactamase inhibitors (OR 16.2). At a median follow‐up of 7 months, all survivors at 3 months were alive and 46% had recurrent TDC CRBSIs.Up to one‐half of patients with end‐stage kidney disease experienced composite adverse outcomes after the first episode of TDC CRBSI, with infection‐related 3‐month mortality of 15%.Clinical trial number: CTRI/2023/10/058556 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]