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Interpreting gravity anomalies caused by fault formations is associated with hydrocarbon systems, mineralized areas and hazardous zones and is the main goal of this research. To achieve an effective and robust model over the geologically faulted structures from gravity anomalies, we present a nature‐inspired hybrid algorithm, which synergizes the physics of the particle swarm optimization and gravitational search algorithm with variable inertia weights. The basic principle of developed particle swarm optimization and gravitational search algorithm method is to synergistically use the exploratory strengths of gravitational search algorithm with the exploitation capacity of particle swarm optimization in order to optimize and enhance the effectiveness by both algorithms. The technique has been tested on synthetic gravity data with varying settings of noises over geologically faulted structure before being applied to field data taken from Ahiri‐Cherla and Aswaraopet master fault present in Pranhita–Godavari valley, India. The optimization process is further refined through normalized Gaussian probability density functions, confidence intervals, histograms and correlation matrices to quantify uncertainty, stability, sensitivity and resolution. When dealing with field data, the true model is never known; in these circumstances, the quality of the outcome can only be inferred from the uncertainty in the mean model. The research utilizes a 68.27% confidence intervals to identify a location where the probability density function is more dominant. This region is then used to evaluate the mean model, which is expected to be more appropriate and closer to the genuine model. Correlation matrices further provide a clear demonstration of the strong connection between layer parameters. The results suggest that particle swarm optimization and gravitational search algorithm is less affected by model parameters and yields geologically more consistent outcomes with little uncertainty in the model, aligning well with the available results. The analysed results show that the method we came up with works well and is stable when it comes to solving the two‐dimensional gravity inverse problem. Future research may involve extending the approach to three‐dimensional inversion problems, with potential improvements in computational efficiency and search accuracy for global optimization methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Superficial mycoses are fungal infections limited to the outermost layers of the skin and its appendages. The chief causative agents of these mycoses are dermatophytes and yeasts. The diagnosis of dermatophytosis can be made by direct mycological examination with potassium hydroxide (10%–30%) of biological material obtained from patients with suspected mycosis, providing results more rapid than fungal cultures, which may take days or weeks. This information, together with clinical history and laboratory diagnosis, ensures that the appropriate treatment is initiated promptly. However, false negative results are obtained in 5%–15%, by conventional methods of diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Objectives: To study the metabolic profiles of the commonly occurring dermatophytes by NMR spectroscopy. Patients/Materials: We have used 1D and 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments along with Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) and Chenomx database search for identification of primary metabolites in the methanol extract of two fungal species: Trichophyton mentagrophyte (T. mentagrophyte) and Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum). Both standard strains and representative number of clinical isolates of these two species were investigated. Further, metabolic profiles obtained were analysed using multivariate analysis. Results: We have identified 23 metabolites in the T. mentagrophyte and another 23 metabolites in T. rubrum. Many important metabolites like trehalose, proline, mannitol, acetate, GABA and several other amino acids were detected, which provide the necessary components for fungal growth and metabolism. Altered metabolites were defined between Trichophyton mentagrophyte and T. rubrum strains. Conclusion: We have detected many metabolites in the two fungal species T. mentagrophyte and T. rubrum by using NMR spectroscopy. NMR spectroscopy provides a holistic snapshot of the metabolome of an organism. Key metabolic differences were identified between the two fungal strains. We need to perform more studies on metabolite profiling of the samples from these species for their rapid diagnosis and prompt treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognizing patient activity in real‐time from video or images collected by a CCTV camera available in the hospital during a Covid‐19 situation has proven challenging. The dilemma of patient activity recognition is identifying and recognizing a patient's various actions in a series of videos. The process presented in our paper needs to achieve unrestricted, generic behavior in videos. Detecting events in any video is often difficult because we use Bidirectional ConvLSTM to create a robust patient in the sense behaviors (PSB) framework capable of eliminating certain barriers. To begin this paper by proposing a new Bidirectional ConvLSTM for establishing a stable PSB scheme. Our proposed model is capable of accurately predicting patient's behaviors like seated, standing, and so on. Using Bidirectional ConvLSTM, learning information from a pre‐trained model is an excellent place to start for rapidly developing a new PSB system using a current PSB database, as both the source and target datasets are critical. All parameters are frozen in a pre‐trained PSB device. Then, using the UCI and HMDB51 dataset to train the model, variables and local relations are progressively fixed. A novel PSB framework is developed using the target dataset. Relevant tests are conducted using commonly used research indices to assess prediction precision accuracy. They acknowledge six patient's behavior with a weighted accuracy rate of 92%. For recognizing novel activity, laying, the precision of a corresponding prediction is the best, 91%, of all six test results. The proposed work uses bidirectional ConvLSTM with modified activation layers to sense the patients' behavior. This article may be a patient activity recognition system to identify an individual. It takes a clip of COVID‐19 patients as input and looks for matches inside the hold‐on images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present communication, a species of Megacollybia (M. platyphylla) belonging to the family Marasmiaceae has been described and illustrated for the first time in the Indian mycobiota. This is a lignicolous species found on the dead tree trunks of Cedrus deodara from the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Here, we investigated the identity of M. platyphylla based on detailed morphology and nrITS‐based phylogeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microtubules have been an attractive target of cancer drug discovery due to their highly dynamic nature during mitosis. Griseofulvin, a natural antifungal compound, is known to interfere with microtubule dynamics. In the present study, we prepared and analyzed twenty‐seven novel griseofulvin derivatives. Three of these compounds had GI50 values <10 μM (5.74 to 9.7 μM) in breast cancer cell line CAL‐51. The most promising compound ((2S,6'R)‐4'‐(benzhydrylamino)‐7‐chloro‐4,6‐dimethoxy‐6'‐methyl‐3H‐spiro[benzofuran‐2,1'‐cyclohexan]‐3'‐ene‐2',3‐dione), was characterized as a microtubule‐stabilizing agent with a GI50 value of 5.74±1.43 μM compared to 10.79±3.06 μM GI50 for parental griseofulvin. It also inhibited the proliferation of other cancer cell lines, including KB‐3‐1 and HCT116, with GI50 values of 1.19±0.34 μM and 2.48±0.40 μM, respectively. Treatment of cancer cells with it resulted in aberrant mitosis causing G2/M arrest. Finally, we show that this compound increased the expression of p53 protein and induced apoptotic cell death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crop models are powerful tools to support breeding because of their capability to explore genotype × environment×management interactions that can help design promising plant types under climate change. However, relationships between plant traits and model parameters are often model specific and not necessarily direct, depending on how models formulate plant morphological and physiological features. This hinders model application in plant breeding. We developed a novel trait‐based multi‐model ensemble approach to improve the design of rice plant types for future climate projections. We conducted multi‐model simulations targeting enhanced productivity, and aggregated results into model‐ensemble sets of phenotypic traits as defined by breeders rather than by model parameters. This allowed to overcome the limitations due to ambiguities in trait‐parameter mapping from single modelling approaches. Breeders' knowledge and perspective were integrated to provide clear mapping from designed plant types to breeding traits. Nine crop models from the AgMIP‐Rice Project and sensitivity analysis techniques were used to explore trait responses under different climate and management scenarios at four sites. The method demonstrated the potential of yield improvement that ranged from 15.8% to 41.5% compared to the current cultivars under mid‐century climate projections. These results highlight the primary role of phenological traits to improve crop adaptation to climate change, as well as traits involved with canopy development and structure. The variability of plant types derived with different models supported model ensembles to handle related uncertainty. Nevertheless, the models agreed in capturing the effect of the heterogeneity in climate conditions across sites on key traits, highlighting the need for context‐specific breeding programmes to improve crop adaptation to climate change. Although further improvement is needed for crop models to fully support breeding programmes, a trait‐based ensemble approach represents a major step towards the integration of crop modelling and breeding to address climate change challenges and develop adaptation options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genomic deoxyribounucleic acid (DNA) extracted from Brucella and Bacillus genera including Bacillus anthracis was investigated for the first time using Raman spectroscopy coupled with deep learning technique. Since DNA sequence is unique and independent of growth phases of bacteria, Raman spectroscopy can be a potential molecular diagnostic tool to identify different pathogens. Additionally, pure cellular components such as DNA provide pure Raman spectra and are not corrupted by spectral features from other cell components which is usually the case in whole organism detection. In this work, 15 DNA samples (two from Brucella genus and 13 from Bacillus genus) were studied. Raman signatures revealed unique features for Brucella and Bacillus genus bacteria. We propose an artificial intelligence (AI) based method, convolutional neural network (CNN) to discriminate all 15 DNA samples. The results reveal that Bacillus anthracis has distinct Raman DNA signatures compared to Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis and could be discriminated from the latter two using principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component‐linear discriminant analysis (PC‐LDA). In addition to these multivariate analysis techniques, we show that using convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture all 15 DNA samples could be discriminated with 100% accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) are essential nutrients for optimum plant growth. A commercial‐grade biosolid‐enriched ammonium sulfate (Bio/AMS) was evaluated and compared with a conventional, commercial‐grade ammonium sulfate (AMS) to investigate the release patterns of N and S in soils. The laboratory‐based studies included (a) characterization of fertilizer sources, (b) soil leaching columns with 0.01% citric acid in an acid soil, (c) soil incubation followed by 1 M KCl extraction in a neutral soil, and (d) NH3 volatilization measurements in an alkaline soil. With one exception, the results showed no significant difference in the amount or the rate of N or S released from each between the two products in all the studies. In that one exception, the Bio/AMS leached significantly less N after 56 d, but not before 14 d, than the conventional AMS application. In greenhouse‐based evaluations, the Bio/AMS and AMS performed comparably at providing S nutrient to the biomass yield and S uptake by canola (Brassica napus L.) at maturity in neutral and alkaline soils. The studies also showed no significant N uptake differences between Bio/AMS and AMS by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) biomass at maturity in acid and neutral soils. The results from these laboratory and greenhouse studies demonstrated that the Bio/AMS product is a simple physical mixture of biosolids with AMS. Core Ideas: Nitrogen and S are essential nutrients for plant growth.Ammonium sulfate provides both N and S nutrients.Can enriched biosolids enhance N and S availability of ammonium sulfate? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obtaining dermatologic data on the prevalence of different skin diseases across the Western Pacific region has been hampered by the paucity of dermatologists and dermatology clinics. In Fiji, inpatient hospital data have shown I skin and subcutaneous tissue i as the fifth most common cause of morbidity.1 Clinic data are an important tool in assessing the national skin disease picture and facilitating resource allocation. Additional data on the skin diseases seen in the outreach clinics and complex review dermatology clinics would further supplement the non-referral clinic data and help provide a better overall national picture. Methods A retrospective clinical audit was undertaken of patients who presented to the non-referred walk-in skin clinic at Tamavua Twomey Hospital, the national skin disease hospital in Suva, Fiji, between January and June 2019. [Extracted from the article]

Consumption of junk food among adolescents has been recognized as a serious health problem in the world. Therefore, this study aims to assess the effectiveness of an educational intervention program (interactive lecture) based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) for reducing junk food consumption among school adolescents in Birgunj Metropolitan City, Nepal. A structured questionnaire was deployed for collecting the data from four government schools. Pretest and Posttest group study design and simple random sampling techniques were used. A multiple linear regression model and a paired t-test were used to assess the effectiveness of an educational intervention program. The theory of planned behavior indicates that behavioral intention of junk food consumption was different in pretest and posttest [5.43 ± 1.3 and 7.96 ± 0.3]. Furthermore, the average score of attitude toward junk food consumption was 11.9 ± 1.5 and 16.3 ± 1.6. Meanwhile, perceived behavior control (PBC) toward junk food was also different after intervention [2.42 ± 0.50 and 3.13 ± 0.58]. The interactive lecture method was proved an effective education program for changing the intentions of adolescent students and preventing them from consuming junk food which were statistically significant (<0.05). In addition, behavioral intention of junk food consumption, attitude toward junk food consumption, and perceived behavioral control toward junk food were statistically significant (<0.05). Therefore, study concluded that the intervention program has positive influence on the perceived behavior without control group of school-going adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Declining maize yields in the Guinea Savanna ecological zone of Ghana call for effective nutrient management strategies that increase maize productivity and profitability among smallholder farmers. Field trials were conducted during 2016 and 2017 in three locations in northern Ghana to evaluate the agronomic effectiveness of one-time application of multi-nutrient fertilizer briquettes for maize production. The treatments were: (i) farmer practice (FP); (ii) NPK fertilizer briquettes applied at the recommended N, P, and K rates (100%-Briquette); (iii) 75%-Briquette; (iv) modified farmer practice (MFP) with N, P, and K applied at the recommended rate (100%-MFP); (v) 75%- MFP; and (vi) control, with no fertilizer applied. The farmer practice involved surface broadcasting the granular N, P, and K fertilizer at the recommended rate. The MFP involved subsurface incorporation of the granular fertilizer into the soil. Across all three locations and in both years, maize grain yield resulting from the treatments followed this order: 100%-Briquette > 100%-MFP = 75%-Briquette > 75%-MFP > FP > control. Despite the greatest grain yields resulting from the 100%-Briquette treatment, the greatest gross profit margin of 0.46 was obtained with the 75%-Briquette treatment, followed by the 100%-Briquette treatment (~0.43), 100%-MFP (~0.39), 75%-MFP (~0.24), and FP (0.03). From the combined results, we conclude that the one-time application of multi-nutrient fertilizer briquettes could be an efficient fertilizer management strategy to increase maize yields and profitability for smallholder farmers in the Guinea Savanna zone. This presents a real strategy for improved productivity across diverse agroecologies for food security among smallholder farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hygrocybe rajendrae, a new species belonging to subgen. Pseudohygrocybe sect. Coccineae subsect. Squamulosae, is described and illustrated based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of nrITS. It is characterized by its yellow pileus with very fine, yellowish fibrillose‐squamules at disc, yellowish white to pale yellow distant lamellae, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid basidiospores and lack of hymenial cystidia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The Central Indian region has a complex geology covering the Godavari Graben, the Bastar Craton (including the Chhattisgarh Basin), the Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt, the Mahanadi Graben and some part of the Deccan Trap, the northern Singhbhum Orogen and the eastern Dharwar Craton. The region is well covered by reconnaissance-scale aeromagnetic data, analysed for the estimation of basement and shallow anomalous magnetic sources depth using scaling spectral method. The shallow magnetic anomalies are found to vary from 1 to 3 km, whereas magnetic basement depth values are found to vary from 2 to 7 km. The shallowest basement depth of 2 km corresponds to the Kanker granites, a part of the Bastar Craton, whereas the deepest basement depth of 7 km is for the Godavari Basin and the southeastern part of the Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt near the Parvatipuram Bobbili fault. The estimated basement depth values correlate well with the values found from earlier geophysical studies. The earlier geophysical studies are limited to few tectonic units, whereas our estimation provides detailed magnetic basement mapping in the region. The magnetic basement and shallow depth values in the region indicate complex tectonic, heterogeneity, and intrusive bodies at different depths, which can be attributed to different thermo-tectonic processes since Precambrian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactarius kumaonensis, characterized by the combination of presence of greyish olive viscid pileus with glutinous crenulate margin, unchanging white latex and very thick ixocutis type of pileipellis, is proposed as new to science. A detailed macro- and micro-morphological description, illustrations and ITS-based phylogenetic reconstructions are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient use of fertilizer is needed to meet the increasing food demand, minimize negative environmental impacts, and maximize farmers' profits. Fertilizer deep placement (FDP) could be one of the best management techniques to achieve these multiple benefits. Experiments were conducted in 115 farmers' fields spread over 35 upazilas across eight districts over nine contiguous rice (Oryza sativa L.) growing seasons during 2009 to 2012 in southern Bangladesh to compare the effects of deep placement of urea briquettes (UB) and nitrogen-phosphorus- potassium briquettes (NPK), with farmers' broadcast prilled urea (PU) on rice yield and net economic return. Deep placement of either UB or NPK significantly increased grain yields and net economic return across all the rice-growing seasons and years compared to PU. Across the years, average yield increase in UB and NPK over PU was higher during the Aus and Aman (wet) seasons (21-31%) than in the Boro (dry) season (11-17%). In addition to increase in grain yield, deep placement of UB and NPK saved urea by 33 and 44%, respectively, during the Aus- Aman seasons, and by 35 and 28% during the Boro season. The deep placement of one 2.4 g NPK (~44 kg N ha-1) for the Aus-Aman season and two NPK (87 kg N ha-1) for the Boro season would be more profitable for southern Bangladesh. The FDP also provides the greatest benefits under rainfed wet season conditions where farmers have little control of water management and timing of N application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several spectroscopic approaches namely fluorescence, time-resolved fluorescence, UV-visible, and Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopywere employed to examine the interaction between ethane-1,2-diyl bis(N,N-dimethyl-N-hexadecylammoniumacetoxy) dichloride (16-E2-16) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). Fluorescence studies revealed that 16-E2-16 quenched the BSA fluorescence through a static quenching mechanism, which was further confirmed by UV-visible and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. In addition, the binding constant and the number of binding siteswere also calculated. The thermodynamic parameters at different temperatures (298 K, 303 K, 308 K and 313 K) indicated that 16-E2-16 binding to BSA is entropy driven and that themajor driving forces are electrostatic interactions. Decrease of the α-helix from 53.90 to 46.20% with an increase in random structure from 22.56 to 30.61%were also observed by FT-IR. Furthermore, the molecular docking results revealed that 16-E2-16 binds predominantly by electrostatic and hydrophobic forces to some residues in the BSA sub-domains IIA and IIIA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Herein, we are reporting the interaction of ionic liquid type gemini surfactant, 1,4-bis(3-dodecylimidazolium-1-yl) butane bromide ([C12−4-C12im]Br2) with lysozyme by using Steady state fluorescence, UV-visible, Time resolved fluorescence, Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy techniques in combination with molecular modeling and docking method. The steady state fluorescence spectra suggested that the fluorescence of lysozyme was quenched by [C12−4-C12im]Br2 through static quenching mechanism as confirmed by time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. The binding constant for lysozyme-[C12−4-C12im]Br2 interaction have been measured by UV-visible spectroscopy and found to be 2.541 × 105M−1. The FT-IR results show conformational changes in the secondary structure of lysozyme by the addition of [C12−4-C12im]Br2. Moreover, the molecular docking study suggested that hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions play a key role in the protein-surfactant binding. Additionally, the molecular dynamic simulation results revealed that the lysozyme-[C12−4-C12im]Br2 complex reaches an equilibrium state at around 3 ns. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 406-415, 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predicting rice ( Oryza sativa) productivity under future climates is important for global food security. Ecophysiological crop models in combination with climate model outputs are commonly used in yield prediction, but uncertainties associated with crop models remain largely unquantified. We evaluated 13 rice models against multi-year experimental yield data at four sites with diverse climatic conditions in Asia and examined whether different modeling approaches on major physiological processes attribute to the uncertainties of prediction to field measured yields and to the uncertainties of sensitivity to changes in temperature and CO2 concentration [ CO2]. We also examined whether a use of an ensemble of crop models can reduce the uncertainties. Individual models did not consistently reproduce both experimental and regional yields well, and uncertainty was larger at the warmest and coolest sites. The variation in yield projections was larger among crop models than variation resulting from 16 global climate model-based scenarios. However, the mean of predictions of all crop models reproduced experimental data, with an uncertainty of less than 10% of measured yields. Using an ensemble of eight models calibrated only for phenology or five models calibrated in detail resulted in the uncertainty equivalent to that of the measured yield in well-controlled agronomic field experiments. Sensitivity analysis indicates the necessity to improve the accuracy in predicting both biomass and harvest index in response to increasing [ CO2] and temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using temperature-programmed desorption, supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy, a comprehensive overview of the main reactions of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21 H,23 H-porphyrin (2HTPP) on Cu(111) as a function of coverage and temperature is obtained. Three reactions were identified: metalation with Cu substrate atoms, stepwise partial dehydrogenation, and finally complete dehydrogenation. At low coverage the reactions are independent of coverage, but at higher coverage metalation becomes faster and partial dehydrogenation slower. This behavior is explained by a weaker interaction between the iminic nitrogen atoms and the Cu(111) surface in the high-coverage checkerboard structure, leading to faster metalation, and the stabilizing effect of T-type interactions in the CuTPP islands formed at high coverage after metalation, leading to slower dehydrogenation. Based on the amount of hydrogen released and the appearance in STM, a structure of the partially dehydrogenated molecule is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of hepatic portal venous gas (HPVG) may be secondary to bowel necrosis, mechanical distension, or intraabdominal sepsis. We describe an unusual and hitherto unreported presence of HPVG manifesting as gas embolization and the unique 'aquarium sign' in a patient of Kawasaki's disease. Continuous passage of bubble-like echoes flowing from the hepatic portal venous system into the inferior vena cava and right-sided chambers of heart was noted on echocardiography. The patient was treated with intravenous immune-globulins and made an uneventful recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A colorful representation of temperature‐programmed desorption spectra for a Cu(111) surface fully covered by tetraphenylporphyrin is depicted. In their Full Paper on page 8948, O. Lytken et al. report on their investigations on the release of hydrogen during the metalation and dehydrogenation of tetraphenylporphyrin on the Cu(111) surface. The desorption of hydrogen is indicated as balloons and bubbles of hydrogen. The reactions producing the desorbing hydrogen are shown at the bottom of the image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]