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The Pd‐catalyzed three‐component coupling polycondensation of diiodoarenes, nonconjugated dienes, and carbonucleophiles afforded poly(arylene alkenylene)s with moderate molecular weight in good yield. The reaction involves Mizoroki‐Heck coupling, olefin migration via chain walking, and addition of the carbonucleophile to the resulting π‐allylpalladium species. The polymerization with a slight excess of nucleophile with respect to diiodoarene also proceeded to give the polymer without significant decrease in molecular weight in spite of the nonstoichiometric mixture of the monomers. The Pd‐catalyzed three‐component coupling polycondensation of diiodoarenes, nonconjugated dienes, and diimide also proceeded. The base used in the reaction is critical for yield and molecular weight of the product. The reaction using NaHCO3 afforded the product with low solubility, which can be explained by the high molecular weight of the polymer and/or the strong interaction of the electron donating dimethoxyphenylene groups and electron accepting diimide groups in the polymer. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 2535–2542 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A unique, covalently constructed capsular catalyst obtained by reaction of [Ni(η5‐C5H5)(1,5‐cyclooctadiene)] BF4 with the double‐calixarene‐derived diphosphine 1,3‐bis(5‐diphenylphosphino‐25,26,27,28‐tetrapropoxycalix[4]aren‐17‐yl)benzene (1) has been shown to polymerise butadiene at a rate considerably superior to that of previously known catalysts. The reported results indicate that the container structure of the covalent complex is retained during catalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To create low band‐gap, fluorescent, and elastic organic crystal emitters, we focused on an extended π‐conjugated system based on: a) a planar conformation,b) a rigid structure, and c) controlled intermolecular interactions. Herein, we report on two fluorescent and highly flexible organic crystals (1 and 2) which could bend under an applied stress. The bent crystals rapidly recover their straight shape upon release of the stress. Crystal 1 with a tetrafluoropyridyl terminal unit and a lower band‐gap energy (orange emission, λem=573 nm, ΦF=0.50), showed no bending mechanofluorochromism and had superior performance as an optical waveguide with reddish orange emission. The waveguide performance of the crystal did not decrease under bending stress. For crystal 2 with a pentafluorophenyl terminal unit (green emission, λem=500 nm, ΦF=0.38), the original waveguide performance decreased under an applied bending stress; however, this crystal showed a unique bending mechanofluorochromism. Two elastic and fluorescent organic single crystals were successfully created based on an original molecular design. The crystals showed bending mechanofluorochromism and high performance as a flexible waveguide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Five π‐extended lactam‐fused conjugated oligomers (5FO, 5FS, 4FPO, 4FPS, and R‐4FPO) were synthesized by the tandem direct arylation. The intermolecular oxidative direct arylation was applied in the second step. These conjugated oligomers had fine‐tuned FMO energies predictable by the theoretical calculation and excellent thermal stabilities. 4FPO and 4FPS bearing tetrafluoropyridine exhibited lower LUMO energy levels (−3.20 eV and −3.39 eV, respectively) compared with others. Based on the X‐ray crystallography, 4FPO was found to have a herringbone crystal packing and a considerably large electron transfer integral value (137 meV). 4FPO‐based bottom‐gate, bottom‐contact FET device demonstrated an electron mobility of 5.2×10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 as a result of an edge‐on alignment on the SiO2 substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cationic PdII monophosphine complexes derived from α- and β-cyclodextrins (CDs) promote the homopolymerization of styrene under carbon monoxide pressure. Although reversible CO coordination takes place under catalytic conditions according to 13C NMR studies with 13Cenriched CO, both complexes catalyze the formation of COfree styrene polymers. These macromolecules display optical activity as a result of the presence of stereoregular sequences within the overall atactic polymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In our previous study, we reported that patients using a day‐care clinic for less than 1 year were older than those who continued day‐care activities for more than 1 year. We found that dementia symptoms, as assessed by caregivers using the initial Assessment Scale for Symptoms of Dementia score, influenced the length of day‐care clinic attendance (LDC). However, these results were obtained by univariate analysis. In this study, we investigated the factors that influenced LDC using multivariate analysis. Methods: We studied data from 457 patients with dementia who attended our day‐care clinic for dementia patients from 1 April 2000 to 31 March 2012 and continued intervention until 31 March 2013. We evaluated the factors that influenced LDC using Cox's proportional hazards model for each sex. Results: Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a gender difference in LDC. The median LDC was 18 months (interquartile range: 3–37 months) for men and 21 months (interquartile range: 5–53 months) for women (P = 0.027). In model 1, the low initial Assessment Scale for Symptoms of Dementia score for each sex and high initial scores for Hasegawa's Dementia Scale‐Revised and Nishimura's activity of daily living scale in women were related to the long‐term use of day care. Model 2 indicated that a low final score for Nishimura's activity of daily living scale increased LDC for each sex. LDC was not affected by variables related to the caregiving system except for the number of cohabitants in men. Conclusions: It was suggested that patients with high cognitive and physical functions attend the day‐care clinic for a long time. It was necessary to control the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia for those using day care in the long term. However, patients with low physical function at the end of day‐care attendance may also attend our day‐care service in the long term if they receive favourable assistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dipalladium complexes of a cyclic bis(diimine) ligand with a double-decker structure catalyze polymerization of ethylene and α-olefins and copolymerization of ethylene with 1-hexene. The polymerization of 1-hexene yields a polymer that is mainly composed of the hexamethylene unit formed by 2,1-insertion of the monomer into the palladium-carbon bond, followed by chain-walking (6,1-insertion). The polymerization of 4-methyl-1-pentene proceeds by 2,1-insertion with a selectivity of 92-97 %, and affords the polymer with methyl and 2-methylhexyl branches. 2,1-Insertion occurs selectively in all of the polymerization reactions of α-olefins catalyzed by the dipalladium complexes. Ethylene polymerization with the catalyst at 100 °C lasts over 24 h, whereas the monopalladium-diimine catalyst loses its activity within 8 h at 60 °C. Polyethylene obtained by the dipalladium catalyst is less-branched and has a higher molecular weight compared to that of the monopalladium catalyst under the same conditions. Copolymerization of ethylene with 1-hexene affords solid products with melting points and molecular weights that vary depending on the polymerization time, suggesting formation of a block and/or gradient copolymer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To realize an ultra-flat diamond surface with a three-dimensional (3D) structure, we performed dressed-photon-phonon (DPP) etching. A DPP is generated on nano-scale protrusions. Hence, the generation of DPPs results in selective removal of nano-scale protrusions, thereby achieving an ultra-flat surface even on the sidewall of a diamond mesa structure. By controlling the polarization of the incident light, a smooth diamond mesa structure sidewall was obtained, and a higher etching rate was obtained with a perpendicular polarization on the corrugations. In addition, by selective deposition of n-layer diamond on the p-layer diamond mesa structure, smooth n-layer diamond was confirmed on the DPP etched sidewall. Schematic of dressed-photon-phonon (DPP) etching on the sidewall: (a) before and (b) after etching, in which DPP selectively generates on the corrugations and etching automatically stops when the surface was smooth. Scanning electron microscopy image of the selective deposition of the n-layer (c) without and (d) with the DPP etched sidewall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dipalladium complex with a double-decker structure catalyzes ethylene-acrylate copolymerization to produce the branched polymer containing the acrylate units in the polymer chain, not at the branch terminus. The cooperation of the two palladium centers, which are fixed in a rigid framework of the macrocyclic ligand, is proposed to have a significant dinuclear effect on the copolymerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim The existence of other primary tumors during the treatment and management of gastric cancer ( GC) is an important issue. The present study investigated the prevalence and management of synchronous colorectal neoplasms ( CRN) in surgically treated GC patients. Methods Of 381 surgically treated GC patients, 332 (87.1%) underwent colonoscopy to detect CRN before surgery or within a year after surgery. Results CRN were synchronously observed in 140 patients (42.2%). Adenoma was observed in 131 patients (39.4%). Endoscopic resection was done in 18 patients with adenoma. Colorectal cancer ( CRC) was observed in 16 patients (4.8%), superficial CRC in 13 and advanced CRC in three patients. Endoscopicresection of superficial CRC was carried out in seven patients, whereas simultaneous surgical resection of CRC was done in nine patients. CRN were more frequently observed in men. CRC was more frequently observed in GC patients with distant metastasis, albeit without significance. The overall survival of GC patients with CRN or CRC was poorer than that of patients without CRN or CRC. Conclusion Synchronous CRN were commonly associated with GC and screening colonoscopy should be offered to patients with GC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Few reports have investigated factors related to the outcomes of day-care attendance. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the factors related to the outcomes of patients who attended day-care clinics, with special attention to the differences between hospitalization in the dementia ward and institutionalization. Methods We analyzed data from 333 patients in consecutive cases who attended day care between 1 April 2000 and 31 March 2010 and then followed them until 31 March 2011. For univariate and multivariate analyses, patients were divided into seven groups characterized by their outcomes: (i) patients who continued day-care attendance (continued); (ii) those hospitalized for physical problems (hospital (physical)); (iii) those hospitalized in the dementia ward (ward (dementia)); (iv) those hospitalized in the psychiatric ward for psychiatric problems (ward (psychiatric)); (v) those institutionalized (institution); (vi) those who stopped day-care attendance by choice (intention); and (vii) those who stopped day-care attendance for other or unknown reasons (others). Results Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia were the main reasons for hospitalization and institutionalization. Men were easier to hospitalize in the dementia ward. Patients who applied for insurance were more likely to be institutionalized. The differences between patients who were hospitalized (dementia ward) and institutionalized were age and cognitive function. Conclusions Patients who were older and had high cognitive function were institutionalized rather than hospitalized in the dementia ward. Patients with severe dementia symptoms were advised to be treated in the dementia ward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contact resistance between heavily phosphorus doped n-type (n+-type) diamond (111) layers and graphite electrodes was investigated. To analyze the contact resistance properties in detail in the low-voltage region, the transfer length method including nonlinear terms with a constant current was analyzed based on the double Schottky contact configuration. Using this method, we have revaluated the metal contact resistance reported previously. Using the graphite electrodes, the linearity of current-voltage characteristics was improved. The contact resistance was reduced by a factor of ten compared to that of conventional Ti/Pt/Au electrodes. The graphite electrodes were formed directly by thermal annealing at 1300 °C for 10 min from an n+-type diamond surface. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim The aim of the present retrospective study was to investigate the time-courses of the cognitive, behavioral and physical status of day care service users with dementia, and to determine the factors associated with the long-term use of day care in order to aid the development of better interventions. Methods We analyzed the data of 162 consecutive patients who attended our day care clinic for 1 year or more between 1 April 2000 and 31 March 2010. The patients were divided into three groups according to the length of their day care attendance (the 1-year, 3-year and 5-year groups). Then, we investigated the time-courses of their cognitive, behavioral and physical status. Logistic regression analysis was used to detect the factors that affect the duration of day care service attendance in dementia patients. Results The Hasegawa Dementia Scale- Revised ( HDS-R), Assessment Scale for Symptoms of Dementia ( ASSD) and Nishimura's Activities of Daily Living ( N- ADL) scores of the three groups all significantly deteriorated during the study period except for the HDS-R score of the 3-year group. Higher age and a high ASSD score were associated with a short period of day care service attendance, whereas the patients' daughters-in-law acting as a caregiver was related to the long-term use of day care services in model 1. Conclusions It is better to control behavioral and psychological symptoms in order to improve the utilities of day care for dementia patients. The caregiving environment of dementia patients might be associated with the length of day care attendance. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 14: 138-145. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doppeldecker: Ein Nickel ‐ Zweikernkomplex mit Doppeldeckerstruktur (siehe Schema) und kleinem Ni ‐ Ni ‐ Abstand vermittelt die Copolymerisation von Ethylen mit funktionalisierten Monomeren. Das Abstimmen des Ni ‐ Ni ‐ Abstands auf die Comonomerstruktur ergibt Polymere mit hohen Comonomerdichten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reverse characteristics of diamond PiN diodes were studied under high reverse bias for high voltage applications. We have fabricated vertical diamond PiN diode structures consisting of a phosphorus-doped n-type diamond layer and an undoped intrinsic diamond layer on a heavily boron-doped p-type diamond substrate with Au/Pt/Ti Ohmic contacts on both the top and the bottom surfaces. Temperature dependent current-voltage ( I- V) and capacitance-voltage ( C- V) measurements were carried out to reveal the diode characteristics. The fabricated PiN diodes exhibited a sharp and repeatable reverse breakdown with positive temperature dependence indicating an avalanche mechanism. The obtained maximum breakdown field was 2.3 MV cm−1 (920 V) which is comparable to the ideal dielectric breakdown field of SiC. The reverse breakdown field and the leakage current were correlated with the hillock density. This research indicates that robust diamond power devices with high breakdown reliability can be achievable after improvement the quality of the intrinsic layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the factors related to readmission to a ward for dementia patients with special attention to sex-related issues. Methods: We reviewed the data of 326 patients who were hospitalized in a ward for dementia patients between 1 April 2000 and 31 March 2008, and followed up for 24 months after discharge. For univariate and multivariate analyses, patients were divided into: (i) patients who were not readmitted to our ward within 24 months (control); (ii) patients who were readmitted to our ward within 3 months (early readmission); and (iii) patients readmitted within 4 to 24 months (late readmission). Results: Factors related to readmission differed between sexes as well as between the early and late stage. A small number of cohabitants and outcome (hospital) were factors related to early readmission in men, while outcome (hospital) and long stay in the ward were related to early readmission in women. High physical function, care distress and short stay in the ward were the factors related to late readmission in women. Conclusions: Most patients who were transferred to another hospital were readmitted within 3 months. Some women were readmitted in the late stage. They had relatively high cognitive and physical functions and most of their caregivers had care distress. The causes of readmission were not due to a decline in cognitive function. It is important to prevent complications in dementia patients and to establish a caregiving system for dementia patients that decreases the burden on caregivers in order to reduce the rate of readmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In our previous studies, we found both gender differences among care recipients and predictors that influenced outcomes after discharge from a ward for demented elderly. Here, we investigate predictors that influence the length of stay for each sex. Methods: We studied the data of 390 patients with dementia who were hospitalized in a ward for demented elderly between 1 April 2000 and 31 March 2008, and treated until 31 March 2009. The patients were divided into groups classified by gender. We analyzed the gender differences of characteristics and evaluated the predictors that influenced the length of stay in the ward for demented elderly using Cox's proportional hazards model. A model using the initial scores of the Revised Hasegawa Dementia Scale (HDS-R), Assessment Scale for Symptoms of Dementia (ASSD) and Nishimura's activity of daily living scale (N-ADL), which were examined on admission, was named Model 1. In Model 1, we checked the effect of each patient's characteristics, except for complications and destinations, on their length of stay. Model 2 used the final scores of HDS-R, ASSD and N-ADL including complications and destinations. Results: There was a clear gender difference in the length of stay. The length of stay of women was longer than that of men. It was difficult to predict the length of stay in Model 1. Age was the only predictor in women and no predictor was identified in men. In Model 2, complications and the final HDS-R and N-ADL scores were predictors of the length of stay in men. Age, complications and destinations were predictors of the length of stay in women. Conclusions: It was observed that there were gender differences among predictors of the length of stay. However, it was difficult to predict the length of stay on admission. Retrospectively, the length of stay was determined by physical and psychological conditions, not by the social variables in men. In women, it was supposed that the caregiver's wish to give care at home reduced the length of stay. Besides, complication was a common predictor of the extension of stay in each sex. We have to decrease the number of complications as much as possible to reduce the length of stay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In a previous study, we found gender differences among care recipients and suggested that elderly women living alone have difficulty receiving care from their families. We investigated the gender differences among predictors which influenced outcomes after discharge from a ward for treatment of demented elderly with severe psychotic symptoms. Methods: We enrolled the data of 325 patients with dementia who were hospitalized between 1 April 2000 and 31 March 2007, and discharged by 31 March 2008. Two hundred and ninety-four patients were divided into men and women. We checked the gender differences of their characteristics. After that, they were subdivided into three groups to analyze the effect of each patient's characteristics and care situation on their outcomes: (i) given home care (home); (ii) became institutionalized (institution); and (iii) transferred to another hospital (hospital). Results: In the hospital groups, the incidence of complications was high for each sex. The differences between the institution group and home group were shown by N-ADL score in men. In contrast, the predictors in women were the HDS-R score, the number of cohabitants and the caregiver. Conclusions: It was observed that there were gender differences among outcome predictors. The outcomes of demented patients were predicted by both complications and condition on admission. Most women did not return to their homes because of the situation in which they received care. It is necessary to establish a clear system for providing care for the demented elderly, especially for women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crystal structure of flavoredoxin from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Miyazaki F was determined at 1.05 Å resolution and its ferric reductase activity was examined. The aim was to elucidate whether flavoredoxin has structural similarity to ferric reductase and ferric reductase activity, based on the sequence similarity to ferric reductase from Archaeoglobus fulgidus. As expected, flavoredoxin shared a common overall structure with A. fulgidus ferric reductase and displayed weak ferric reductase and flavin reductase activities; however, flavoredoxin contains two FMN molecules per dimer, unlike A. fulgidus ferric reductase, which has only one FMN molecule per dimer. Compared with A. fulgidus ferric reductase, flavoredoxin forms three additional hydrogen bonds and has a significantly smaller solvent-accessible surface area. These observations explain the higher affinity of flavoredoxin for FMN. Unexpectedly, an electron-density map indicated the presence of a Mes molecule on the re-side of the isoalloxazine ring of FMN, and that two zinc ions are bound to the two cysteine residues, Cys39 and Cys40, adjacent to FMN. These two cysteine residues are close to one of the putative ferric ion binding sites of ferric reductase. Based on their structural similarities, we conclude that the corresponding site of ferric reductase is the most plausible site for ferric ion binding. Comparing the structures with related flavin proteins revealed key structural features regarding the discrimination of function (ferric ion or flavin reduction) and a unique electron transport system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vascular dementia is the second largest cause of dementia in the elderly. There is no effective treatment for cerebral infarction, which is one of the common causes of vascular dementia. In rodent experimental models, gene therapies using growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, fibroblast growth factor-2, hepatocyte growth factor, glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor or vascular endothelial growth factor had beneficial effects on neuroprotection, neurogenesis and/or angiogenesis. Thus, gene therapies can be expected to be useful as new treatments for ischemic diseases, especially for vascular dementia. In clinical trials, gene therapy for vascular dementia still has some problems to be solved, such as the safety and effectiveness of vectors and delivery systems, the timing of treatment, and cell-specific targeting strategies. The most important thing might be the definition of the best combination of these subjects for every target disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We found a system of Na+-dependent uptake of fructose by rat renal brush-border membrane vesicles. It consisted of two saturable components, and was thought to involve at least two transporters. rNaGLT1, a novel glucose transporter in rat kidney, showed fructose uptake as well as α-methyl-D-glucopyranoside uptake by transfected HEK293 cells. The features of the lower affinity type of fructose transporter in the brush-border membranes, such as affinity and substrate recognition, were very comparable with those of rNaGLT1-transfected HEK293 cells. These results indicated that rNaGLT1 is a primary fructose transporter in rat renal brush-border membranes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Toward High-Performance Diamond Electronics: Control and Annihilation of Dislocation Propagation by Metal-Assisted Termination Metal-assisted termination (MAT), in which a propagation of dislocations is suppressed by in-situ metal doping, is proposed. A large reduction of dislocation density is successfully captured in 3D image by two-photon-excited photoluminescence. [Extracted from the article]

Functional organic crystals with elastic flexibility can be applied in high‐performance fluorescent waveguides and reversible mechanofluorosensors. In their Communication on page 17002 ff., S. Hayashi, K. Takagi et al. show that a slight modification of the terminal group results in a dramatic change of the optical functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article presents a case study of a 75-year-old man with dementia who was referred to Tsuruga Onsen Hospital. He experienced memory impairment followed by utilization behavior, stereotypy, pyramidal signs, gait disorders, and personality change. He received tiapride and risperidone for his irritability, and aggression wherein he developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). The patient was diagnosed with NMS with diffuse neurofibrillary tangles with calcification (DNTC).

Ein Nickel ‐ Zweikernkomplex mit neuartiger Doppeldeckerstruktur und seine katalytischen Eigenschaften werden in der Zuschrift auf S. 12768 ff. von D. Takeuchi, K. Osakada et al. beschrieben. Der Komplex vermittelt die Copolymerisation von Ethylen mit difunktionellen Monomeren wie terminalen Dienen und ungesättigten Carbonsäureestern. Die Nickelzentren werden durch den starren makrocyclischen Liganden nahe beieinander angeordnet, was die Koordination der difunktionellen Monomere erleichtert und das wachsende Polymerende stabilisiert. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dinuclear nickel complex with a new double‐decker structure, and its catalytic properties are described by D. Takeuchi, K. Osakada, et al. in their Communication on page 12536 ff. The complex promotes the copolymerization of ethylene with bifunctional monomers such as terminal dienes and unsaturated carboxylic esters. The close positioning of the nickel centers supported by the rigid macrocyclic ligand enhances the coordination of the bifunctional monomers and stabilize the growing polymer end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavoredoxin from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Miyazaki F has been overexpressed, purified and crystallized using the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method with 10%(w/v) PEG 8000, 0.2 M zinc acetate and 100 mM MES pH 6.0. The diffraction pattern of the crystal extended to 1.05 A resolution under cryogenic conditions. The space group was determined to be P3(1)21, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 53.35, c = 116.22 A. Phase determination was carried out by the SAD method using methylmercuric chloride.