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A selective and sensitive ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of three triterpenoid saponins isolated from Astragalus membranaceus leaf extract. In this article, a method for simultaneous determination of Huangqiyenin A, Huangqiyenin E, and Huangqiyenin K was established for the first time. The method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of Astragalus membranaceus leaf extract after oral administration. Liquid–liquid extraction was applied to plasma sample preparation. Multiple reaction monitoring mode with an electrospray ion source in positive electrospray ionization was chosen to quantify the analytes. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Waters HSS T3 column, using gradient elution with a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and 5 mM ammonium acetate/water. The pharmacokinetic results showed that all three compounds had the characteristics of rapid absorption‐slow metabolism trend. The time of maximum plasma concentration of Huangqiyenin A is higher than Huangqiyenin E and Huangqiyenin K. And the maximum plasma concentration of Huangqiyenin A is higher as well. The pharmacokinetic results revealed the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the three analytes in rat plasma, which could provide a helpful reference for the further study of Astragalus membranaceus leaf extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multilevel encoding (MLE) scheme is an effective method for improving the anticounterfeiting encryption capabilities of physically unclonable functions (PUFs). However, owing to the correlation between encoding layers, the encoding capacity (EC) is difficult to improve by orders of magnitude. Herein, four noncorrelated structures in the diamond crystal structure (carbon–carbon single bond, defect luminescence structures, spin structures, and electron energy distribution structures) are considered for MLE. First, the microdiamonds containing nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) color centers are embedded into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to fabricate PUFs. Using an optical imaging system, four codable images of four noncorrelated structures are read. The noncorrelation of the four‐level encoding structure is verified by calculating the Hamming distance (0.496 ± 0.02). The results show that EC exponentially improves to 24×10 000/(100 pixels)2. Furthermore, the encoding method based on the energy level does not depend on physical structure parameters, such as the size and position of the spin structure. Thus, it is protected from structural modeling attacks, resulting in high security. Moreover, PUF labels based on PDMS flexible substrates can be employed for various flexible applications. In the proposed scheme, the information is encrypted by a four‐level two‐dimensional (2D) barcode and decoded by self‐developed PUF authentication software. The proposed scheme presents a way for developing next‐generation PUFs with super‐high EC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particle suspension is considered powerful and perspective in enhancing heat transfer, but the unclear nature of particle‐loaded flow limits further understanding of particle suspension. Therefore, in this paper, orthogonal experiments and the arbitrary Lagrangian‐Eulerian method were used to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of particle‐loaded flow. Results indicate that when the particle is at the inlet of the microchannel, the factors arranged in important order are the Reynolds number, blockage ratio, particle initial position, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity. When the particle is far from the microchannel inlet, the factors arranged in important order are the Reynolds number, blockage ratio, particle initial position, thermal conductivity, and specific heat capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed for simultaneous determination of berberine (I), jateorhizine (II), palmatine (III), tetrahydropalmatine (IV), phellodendrine (V), protopine (VI) and columbamine (VII) in rat plasma after oral administration of Phellodendri chinensis cortex extraction. The plasmas were extracted by liquid‐liquid extraction. The tandem mass spectrometric detection was performed in the multiple reaction monitoring mode in the positive ionization. The intra‐ and interday precisions and accuracies were in range from −12.18 to 13.21%. Mean absolute recoveries of all analytes and internal standard were between 78.6 and 98.9%. The seven alkaloids were proven to be stable during sample storage and analysis procedures. The established method was validated and successfully applied to pharmacokinetics study in rat plasma after oral administration of Phellodendri chinensis cortex extract. The t1/2 of palmatine, columbamine, pellodendrine, berberine, tetrahydropalmaine, jatrorrhizine, and protopine were 5.16, 5.96, 7.18, 19.84, 6.28, 7.08, 6.90 h, respectively. The seven compounds could be rapidly absorbed into blood (time for maximal concentration, 1.80–1.93 h). This study could establish a foundation for further research of Phellodendri chinensis cortex and might provide more useful information to guide the clinical usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A sensitive, specific, and accurate ultra high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of purpurin, munjistin, mollugin, and alizarin from Qianzhi capsules in rat plasma. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent Eclipse Plus C18 RRHD column with a mobile phase consisting of methanol and 5 mM ammonium acetate/water with gradient elution. The analytes were quantified on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, operating in the multiple reaction monitoring mode and switching the electrospray ion source polarity with positive electrospray ionization in a single run. Samples were pretreated by liquid–liquid extraction with cyclohexane. The intra‐ and interday precision and accuracy of the assay were within acceptable ranges. Matrix effects for all of the analytes were between 90.16 and 100.21%. The average recovery ranged from 75.38 to 88.96%. This method was successfully applied to study the pharmacokinetic parameters of the four compounds in rat plasma after oral administration of Qianzhi capsules. Four quinones could be rapidly absorbed into blood (tmax, 0.80–1.93 h) and eliminated relatively slowly (t1/2, 8.07–11.97 h). The results might be helpful for guiding the clinical application of Qianzhi capsules in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A specific, simple, and sensitive ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method utilizing the Triple Quad system has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination and pharmacokinetic study of four triterpenoid components of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus in rat plasma. The components are 22-α-hydroxychiisanogenin, chiisanogenin, (1R,11α)1,4-epoxy-11-hrdroxy-3,4-secolupane-20(30)-ene-3,28-dioic acid, and 22-α-hydroxychiisanoside. Sample preparation involved a liquid-liquid extraction of the analytes with ethyl acetate. Chromatographic separation was accomplished using an Agilent SB-C18 column (1.8 μm, 2.1 mm × 50 mm) with 2.0 min isocratic elution. The compounds were detected with a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring mode and an ESI source in negative mode. The method was linear for all analytes over the investigated range, with all determined correlation coefficients exceeding 0.9906. The limit of quantification of each analyte was lower than 1 ng/mL. The intraday and interday precisions were less than 14.9%, and the accuracy ranged from -10.2 to 11.8%. The mean recoveries of the analytes were higher than 80.0%, and the matrix effects were between 100.4 and 107.1%. These results may contribute to determining the mechanism of action and guiding the clinical application of Acanthopanax sessiliflorus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The data‐driven approaches for medium‐range weather forecasting are recently shown to be extraordinarily promising for ensemble forecasting due to their fast inference speed compared to the traditional numerical weather prediction models. However, their forecast accuracy can hardly match the state‐of‐the‐art operational ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) model. Previous data‐driven approaches perform ensemble forecasting using some simple perturbation methods, like the initial condition perturbation and the Monte Carlo dropout. However, their ensemble performance is often limited arguably by the sub‐optimal ways of applying perturbation. We propose a Swin Transformer‐based Variational Recurrent Neural Network (SwinVRNN), which is a stochastic weather forecasting model combining a SwinRNN predictor with a perturbation module. SwinRNN is designed as a Swin Transformer‐based recurrent neural network, which predicts the future states deterministically. Furthermore, to model the stochasticity in the prediction, we design a perturbation module following the Variational Auto‐Encoder paradigm to learn the multivariate Gaussian distributions of a time‐variant stochastic latent variable from the data. Ensemble forecasting can be easily performed by perturbing the model features leveraging the noise sampled from the learned distribution. We also compare four categories of perturbation methods for ensemble forecasting, that is, fixed distribution perturbation, learned distribution perturbation, MC dropout, and multi model ensemble. Comparisons on the WeatherBench data set show that the learned distribution perturbation method using our SwinVRNN model achieves remarkably improved forecasting accuracy and reasonable ensemble spread due to the joint optimization of the two targets. More notably, SwinVRNN surpasses operational IFS on the surface variables of the 2‐m temperature and the 6‐hourly total precipitation at all lead times up to 5 days (Code is available at https://github.com/tpys/wwprediction). Plain Language Summary: Ensemble forecasting plays a crucial role in numerical weather prediction (NWP), since a single deterministic model is hard to forecast the chaotic atmosphere conditions. Recent works have begun to explore the data‐driven based ensemble methods due to their rapid prediction speed over traditional NWP. We develop an efficient and effective deep learning model capable of generating large ensemble forecasts with high prediction accuracy and low prediction time cost. The predicted ensemble members have much greater and more reasonable ensemble spread, and better coverage of the ground truth, compared to the prior data‐driven methods. Moreover, our model surpasses the state‐of‐the‐art operational NWP model on the surface atmospheric variables of the 2‐m temperature and the 6‐hourly total precipitation, offering an impressive probability weather prediction baseline. Key Points: A transformer‐based variational model called SwinVRNN is developed for medium‐range weather predictionThe proposed SwinVRNN can effectively generate large ensemble forecasts with great prediction accuracy and reasonable ensemble spreadThe model sets a new state‐of‐the‐art among data‐driven models and surpasses the Integrated Forecast System on key atmospheric variables [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By applying digital beam‐forming (DBF) technique, the along‐track multi‐channel synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system can simultaneously achieve high‐resolution and wide‐swath (HRWS) imaging. However, the presence of unavoidable phase biases tends to degrade the DBF performance. To address this issue, a novel phase bias estimation algorithm based on Doppler spectrum optimisation is proposed. By exploiting the fact that phase bias would cause Doppler spectrum broadened, the phase biases can be successfully estimated by maximising a sharpness optimisation of the Doppler spectrum. The effectiveness of the algorithm is validated by experimental result carried out on the SAR data collected by an air‐borne multi‐channel system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For metal halide perovskite (MHP)‐based light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs), effective radiative recombination of the injected holes and electrons within the MHP layer and minimized injection energy barriers at the interfaces between MHP emission layer and charge injection layers are prerequisites for high‐performance and stable PeLEDs. Herein, for the first time, novel p‐type carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are introduced as a hole injection layer in PeLEDs to replace acidic poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly styrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) layer. The CQDs demonstrate high hole transport mobility and desirable hole injection energy level. Moreover, the carboxyl, amine, and hydroxyl groups on CQDs not only offer a hydrophilic surface for high‐quality perovskite layer growth, but also passivate the perovskite surface defects to suppress the interfacial exciton quenching. Based on the multifunctional p‐type CQDs, high‐performance green CsPbBr3 PeLEDs with a low turn‐on voltage of only 2.8 V, maximum luminance of 25 770 cd m−2, and maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 13.8% are achieved. The PeLEDs also show good operational stability and long‐term environmental stability. The first application of CQDs as a hole injection layer in PeLEDs breaks through the traditional cognition of carbon materials and opens up new pathways for the developments of carbon nanomaterials in optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Lacking translational symmetry in particular directions, quasicrystals (QC) are a new class of materials besides crystals and amorphous solids, where 1D means the atomic arrangement is quasiperiodic in one direction. Since the very first discovery in 1982, QCs have been implemented in many fields due to their peculiar properties. This work adopts the generalized linear elastic framework of fracture theory in quasicrystals and develops numerical tools to compute fracture quantities and crack growth paths. Under the intrinsic mixed‐mode loading, crack growth in several specimens is simulated and the influences of the phonon‐phason coupling effect as well as the electric field are investigated. (© 2017 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim.) Maxim. fruits (ESF), as a natural edible fruit, has long been popularized. However, few studies have conducted comprehensive chemical analyses of it. This study aimed to assess nonvolatile, volatile, and fatty oil components of ESF and to preliminarily explore the antioxidant activities. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of volatile and fatty oil components of ESF from 15 different regions were performed by the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Totally, 37 and 28 compounds were identified from volatile oil and fatty oil, respectively. The ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC–QTOF–MS/MS) was used to accurately detect 43 compounds of nonvolatile components. The volatile and fatty oil components and nonvolatile components of ESF were used as samples to determine the antioxidant activity of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in vitro. The components of ESF had antioxidant activity, and the nonvolatile components had stronger antioxidant activity. The results revealed that the proposed method, which is of great significance for the screening of new active ingredients, is valuable for the identification of pharmaceutical component and further development of food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sanguisorba officinalis L. possesses detoxifying, analgesic, and hemostatic properties. After charred processing, S. officinalis exhibits significantly enhanced medicinal effects. Currently, most pharmacokinetic studies focus on the chemical constituents of unprocessed S. officinalis. There is limited research on the comparison of chemical constituents before and after processing. This study established a pharmacokinetic method using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectroscopy (UHPLC‐MS/MS) to simultaneously determine the levels of four tannin compounds in rat plasma. In negative ion mode, MS/MS detection was performed using an electrospray ionization source. Chromatographic separation was performed using WATERS ACQUITY HSS T3 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.8 µm) with a gradient elution of water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The pharmacokinetic results indicate that all four compounds reached peak concentrations within 2 h, demonstrating rapid absorption into the bloodstream within the gastrointestinal tract. Notably, the absorption was generally faster in the charred compound of S. officinalis after processing. These four compounds exhibited slower elimination in rat plasma, while in S. officinalis charcoal, the compounds were eliminated more rapidly. The pharmacokinetic results have revealed the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the four analytes in rat plasma which provides valuable reference information for further investigating the in vivo absorption process of S. officinalis after processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of efficient red bandgap emission carbon quantum dots (CQDs) for realizing high‐performance electroluminescent warm white light‐emitting diodes (warm‐WLEDs) represents a grand challenge. Here, the synthesis of three red‐emissive electron‐donating group passivated CQDs (R‐EGP‐CQDs): R‐EGP‐CQDs‐NMe2, ‐NEt2, and ‐NPr2 is reported. The R‐EGP‐CQDs, well soluble in common organic solvents, display bright red bandgap emission at 637, 642, and 645 nm, respectively, reaching the highest photoluminescence quantum yield (QY) up to 86.0% in ethanol. Theoretical investigations reveal that the red bandgap emission originates from the rigid π‐conjugated skeleton structure, and the ‐NMe2, ‐NEt2, and ‐NPr2 passivation plays a key role in inducing charge transfer excited state in the π‐conjugated structure to afford the high QY. Solution‐processed electroluminescent warm‐WLEDs based on the R‐EGP‐CQDs‐NMe2, ‐NEt2, and ‐NPr2 display voltage‐stable warm white spectra with a maximum luminance of 5248–5909 cd m−2 and a current efficiency of 3.65–3.85 cd A−1. The warm‐WLEDs also show good long‐term operational stability (L/L0 > 80% after 50 h operation, L0: 1000 cd m−2). The electron‐donating group passivation strategy opens a new avenue to realizing efficient red bandgap emission CQDs and developing high‐performance electroluminescent warm‐WLEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quasi‐two‐dimensional (quasi‐2D) perovskites are attracting much attention due to their impressive luminescence properties. However, the introduction of insulating bulky cations reduces the charge transport property of mixed‐dimensional perovskites and leads to lowered brightness and increased turn‐on voltage. The trade‐off between high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and electrical conductivity should be well manipulated to obtain high‐performance perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs). Herein, quasi‐2D perovskite BA2(CsPbBr3)n‐1PbBr4‐PEO with high PLQY and excellent carrier injection efficiency is demonstrated by incorporating bulky n‐butylammonium bromide (BABr), CsPbBr3, and polyethylene oxide (PEO). BA can intercalate into the three‐dimensional perovskite framework to form a layered (quasi‐2D) perovskite structure. The ion conductive polymer PEO is used to protect quasi‐2D perovskite crystals. Additional BABr is removed by using anhydrous isopropyl alcohol as a washing agent due to its selective dissolubility. By carefully modulating the optical and electrical properties of quasi‐2D perovskite films, the maximum luminance of PeLEDs is dramatically enhanced from 191 to 33533 cd m−2, which is the brightest green quasi‐2D PeLED reported thus far, leading to an increase in external quantum efficiency from 1.81% to 8.42%. This work provides a promising route to control the optical and electrical properties of quasi‐2D perovskite films for high‐performance optoelectronic devices. A quasi‐2D perovskite with high photoluminescence quantum yield and excellent carrier injection efficiency is demonstrated by incorporating n‐butylammonium bromide, CsPbBr3 and polyethylene oxide. By modulating the optical and electrical properties of quasi‐2D perovskite films, the maximum luminance of PeLEDs is dramatically enhanced from 191 to 33 533 cd m−2, which is the brightest value yet observed for green quasi‐2D PeLEDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High‐resolution and accurate prediction of near‐surface weather parameters based on numerical weather prediction (NWP) models is essential for many downstream and real‐world applications. Traditional dynamical or statistical downscaling methods are insufficient to derive high‐resolution data from operational NWP forecasts, making it essential to devise new approaches. In recent years, an increasing number of researchers have explored the implementations of deep learning (DL) based models for spatial downscaling, motivated by the similarity between the super‐resolution (SR) problem in computer vision (CV) and downscaling. Furthermore, while transformer‐based models have become state‐of‐the‐art models for many SR tasks, they are rarely applied for downscaling of weather forecasts or climate projections. This study adapted transformer‐based models such as SwinIR and Uformer to downscale the temperature at 2 m (T2m$$ {T}_{2\mathrm{m}} $$) and wind speed at 10 m (WS10m$$ W{S}_{10\mathrm{m}} $$) over Eastern Inner Mongolia, encompassing the area from 39.6–46°N latitude and 111.6–118°E longitude. We used high‐resolution forecast (HRES) data from the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) with a spatial resolution of 0.1° as the input and gridded observation data from the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) Land Data Assimilation System (CLDAS) at a spatial resolution of 0.01° as the target. Given that the models use observation data rather than a coarse‐grained version of forecast data as the target, they accomplish both bias correction and spatial downscaling. The results demonstrate that the performance of SwinIR and Uformer is superior to that of two convolutional neural network (CNN) based models (UNet and RCAN). Additionally, we introduced a novel module to extract features of varying resolution from the high‐resolution topography data and applied a multiscale feature fusion module to merge features of different scales, contributing to further enhancement of Uformer's performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the first discovery of quasicrystals in a man made Al-Mn alloy about thirty years ago, people made great effort to investigate this kind of outstanding material. The materials scientists are constantly trying to produce stable quasicrystalline particles or even a complete single quasicrystalline specimen. On the other hand, the fracture behaviour of quasicrystals is started to be investigated because the coupling effect between phonon and phason fields can rebuild the conventional fracture criteria. This work develops a numerical tool for simulating in-plane problems of 1D QC and extends the fracture quantities i.e. stress intensity factors (SIF) and strain energy release rate to phason fields. Finally, numerical results are given to reveal what difference the phason field can bring into conventional fracture quantities. (© 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is restricted to linear material behavior, i.e. the structure is considered to be in a perfectly poled state. Different numerical homogenization methods are investigated and used to calculate effective properties of a 0-2 composite modelled in reprensentative volume elements. Bariumtitanate (BT) and cobaltferrite (CFO) are employed in the Finite Element model, where the roles of matrix and inclusion are mutable in principle. Mixed magnetoelectromechanical boundary conditions based on different homogenization theories are applied to the model. The calculated macroscopic behaviors described by the different approaches are compared and presented in the paper. The special focus is on the prediction of coefficients of magnetoelectric coupling with respect to an optimization of the structural arrangement of the composite. (© 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The extensive functional and structural remodeling that occurs in the brain after amputation often results in phantom limb pain (PLP). These closely related phenomena are still not fully understood. Methods: Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and graph theoretical analysis (GTA), we explored how alterations in brain cortical thickness (CTh) and structural covariance networks (SCNs) in upper limb amputees (ULAs) relate to PLP. In all, 45 ULAs and 45 healthy controls (HCs) underwent structural MRI. Regional network properties, including nodal degree, betweenness centrality (BC), and node efficiency, were analyzed with GTA. Similarly, global network properties, including global efficiency (Eglob), local efficiency (Eloc), clustering coefficient (Cp), characteristic path length (Lp), and the small‐worldness index, were evaluated. Results: Compared with HCs, ULAs had reduced CThs in the postcentral and precentral gyri contralateral to the amputated limb; this decrease in CTh was negatively correlated with PLP intensity in ULAs. ULAs showed varying degrees of change in node efficiency in regional network properties compared to HCs (p < 0.005). There were no group differences in Eglob, Eloc, Cp, and Lp properties (all p > 0.05). The real‐worldness SCN of ULAs showed a small‐world topology ranging from 2% to 34%, and the area under the curve of the small‐worldness index in ULAs was significantly different compared to HCs (p < 0.001). Conclusion: These results suggest that the topological organization of human CNS functional networks is altered after amputation of the upper limb, providing further support for the cortical remapping theory of PLP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Direct revascularization remains an important tool in the treatment of patients with Moyamoya disease (MMD). The superficial temporal artery (STA) is the most commonly used donor vessel for direct bypass, and an STA graft has traditionally been considered a low‐flow graft for flow augmentation. This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the blood flow of the STA after direct revascularization. Methods: All direct revascularization procedures performed between 2018 and 2021 by one experienced neurosurgeon were screened. Quantitative ultrasound was used to measure the flow data of the patient's bilateral parietal branch of the STA(STA‐PB), the bilateral frontal branch of the STA(STA‐FB), and the left radial artery. Data on the patients' basic information, Suzuki grade, Matsushima type, anastomosis type, and blood biochemical parameters were collected and analyzed using univariate and multivariate models. An MBC Scale scoring system was proposed to evaluate the recipient artery network of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) tree. The relationship between MBC Scale score and STA graft flow was statistically analyzed. Results: In total, 81 patients (43 males and 38 females) successfully underwent STA‐MCA bypass and were included in this study. The mean flow rates in the STA‐PB graft on 1 day preoperatively, 1 day postoperatively, 7 days postoperatively, and >6 months postoperatively (long‐term) were 10.81, 116.74, 118.44, and 56.20 mL/min respectively. Intraoperative graft patency was confirmed in all patients. Comparing the preoperative and all postoperative time points, the STA‐PB flow rates were statistically significant (p < 0.001). The MCA‐C score was significantly associated with postoperative flow rate on day 1 (p = 0.007). Conclusion: The STA is a useful donor artery for direct revascularization inpatients with MMD and can provide sufficient blood supply to the ischemic cerebral territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been shown to be elevated in individuals with epilepsy. Traditional observational studies have led to a limited understanding of the effects of GERD and BE on epilepsy due to the interference of reverse causation and potential confounders. Methods: We conducted a bidirectional two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to determine whether GERD and BE can increase the risk of epilepsy. Genome‐wide association study data on epilepsy and its subgroups were obtained from the International League Against Epilepsy consortium for primary analysis using three MR approaches and the FinnGen consortium for replication and meta‑analysis. We calculated causal estimates between the two esophageal diseases and epilepsy using the inverse‐variance weighted method. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to detect heterogeneity and pleiotropy. Results: We found a potential effect of genetically predicted GERD on the risk of epilepsy (odds ratio [OR] = 1.078; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.014–1.146, p =.016). Specifically, GERD showed an effect on the risk of generalized epilepsy (OR = 1.163; 95% CI, 1.048–1.290, p =.004) but not focal epilepsy (OR = 1.059, 95% CI, 0.992–1.131, p =.084). Notably, BE did not show a significant causal relationship with the risks of generalized and focal epilepsy. Conclusions: Under MR assumptions, our findings suggest a potential risk‐increasing effect of GERD on epilepsy, especially generalized epilepsy. Considering the exploratory nature of our study, the association between GERD and epilepsy needs to be confirmed by future prospective studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saiga antelope horn and Rhinoceros horn have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for thousands of years. However, due to the protection of wildlife, the application of these rare animal horns has been restricted or prohibited. Therefore, water buffalo horn, goat horn, and yak horn have been applied as alternatives to Rhinoceros horn or Saiga antelope horn in a clinic. It is extremely difficult to distinguish normal animal horns in powdered or decocted form, especially identifying related species such as water buffalo horn, yak horn, and cattle horn. In this work, mathematics set and label‐free proteomics analysis were combined for discovering keratin‐derived specific peptide biomarkers. By using mathematics set analysis after nano liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry‐based proteomics, the selected species‐specific peptides could be used to identify the authenticity of the Saiga antelope horn and goat horn. Furthermore, peptide biomarkers were selected to distinguish related species‐derived horns, water buffalo horn, yak horn, and cattle horn. In total, eight peptide biomarkers were selected and applied for simultaneously distinguishing different horn samples. The present strategy provides a method for peptide biomarkers discovery and also has positive significance for ensuring the quality and efficacy of animal horn‐derived traditional Chinese medicines and their products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The atmospheric radiative transfer calculations are among the most time‐consuming components of the numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Deep learning (DL) models have recently been increasingly applied to accelerate radiative transfer modeling. Besides, a physical relationship exists between the output variables, including fluxes and heating rate profiles. Integration of such physical laws in DL models is crucial for the consistency and credibility of the DL‐based parameterizations. Therefore, we propose a physics‐incorporated framework for the radiative transfer DL model, in which the physical relationship between fluxes and heating rates is encoded as a layer of the network so that the energy conservation can be satisfied. It is also found that the prediction accuracy was improved with the physic‐incorporated layer. In addition, we trained and compared various types of DL model architectures, including fully connected (FC) neural networks (NNs), convolutional‐based NNs (CNNs), bidirectional recurrent‐based NNs (RNNs), transformer‐based NNs, and neural operator networks, respectively. The offline evaluation demonstrates that bidirectional RNNs, transformer‐based NNs, and neural operator networks significantly outperform the FC NNs and CNNs due to their capability of global perception. A global perspective of an entire atmospheric column is essential and suitable for radiative transfer modeling as the changes in atmospheric components of one layer/level have both local and global impacts on radiation along the entire vertical column. Furthermore, the bidirectional RNNs achieve the best performance as they can extract information from both upward and downward directions, similar to the radiative transfer processes in the atmosphere. Plain Language Summary: Numerical weather prediction models require a lot of computational resources and time to run. Calculating the atmospheric radiative transfer processes is one of the most computationally expensive parts of the NWP model. One alternative is to model the radiative transfer using deep learning (DL) models, but the DL models do not involve physical laws and may have physically inconsistent outputs. This paper proposes a DL model framework to ensure the thermal equilibrium between fluxes and heating rates, which are outputs of radiative transfer models. Also, the accuracy of DL‐based radiative transfer prediction is improved when using the framework. Various DL models have been trained and compared. The results demonstrate that model structures with global receptive fields work best for emulating radiative transfer calculations. Key Points: A physics‐incorporated deep learning (DL) framework for parameterization of atmospheric radiative transfer is proposedThe DL model structures with global receptive fields are more suitable for the radiative transfer problem [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To develop a personalized nomogram and risk score to predict the 5‐year risk of diabetes among Chinese adults with prediabetes. Methods: There were 26 018 participants with prediabetes at baseline in this retrospective cohort study. We randomly stratified participants into two cohorts for training (n = 12 947) and validation (n = 13 071). The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) model was applied to select the most significant variables among candidate variables. And we further established a stepwise Cox proportional hazards model to screen out the risk factors based on the predictors chosen by the LASSO model. We presented the model with a nomogram. The model's discrimination, clinical use and calibration were assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, decision curve and calibration analysis. The associated risk factors were also categorized according to clinical cut‐points or tertials to create the diabetes risk score model. Based on the total score, we divided it into four risk categories: low, middle, high and extremely high. We also evaluated our diabetes risk score model's performance. Results: We developed a simple nomogram and risk score that predicts the risk of prediabetes by using the variables age, triglyceride, fasting blood glucose, body mass index, alanine aminotransferase, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and family history of diabetes. The area under the ROC curve of the nomogram was 0.8146 (95% CI 0.8035‐0.8258) and 0.8147 (95% CI 0.8035‐0.8259) for the training and validation cohort, respectively. The calibration curve showed a perfect fit between predicted and observed diabetes risks at 5 years. Decision curve analysis presented the clinical use of the nomogram, and there was a wide range of alternative threshold probability spectrums. A total risk score of 0 to 2.5, 3 to 4.5, 5 to 7.5 and 8 to 13.5 is associated with low, middle, high and extremely high diabetes risk status, respectively. Conclusions: We developed and validated a personalized prediction nomogram and risk score for 5‐year diabetes risk among Chinese adults with prediabetes, identifying individuals at a high risk of developing diabetes. Doctors and other healthcare professionals can easily and quickly use our diabetes score model to assess the diabetes risk status in patients with prediabetes. In addition, the nomogram model and risk score we developed need to be validated in a prospective cohort study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: A sensitive and rapid ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) method was successfully applied to the determination of 10 alkaloids in beagle dog plasma following a single oral dose of Xiatianwu capsules and enteric‐coated capsules, with theophylline serving as the internal standard (IS). Methods: Plasma samples were preprocessed using liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) with ethyl acetate ahead to separation using a gradient elution procedure on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column (1.8 μm, 100 × 2.1 mm). The mobile phase was composed of 0.1% formic acid solution and acetonitrile at the flow rate of 0.3 ml/min. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to determine the analytes in the positive ion mode. Results: The calibration curves for 10 analytes demonstrated a high degree of linearity (r ≥ 0.9920). The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) values for 10 alkaloids were all more than 1.074 ng/ml, and matrix effects varied from 94.25% to 106.15%. The mean extraction recovery of quality control samples at low (LQC), medium (MQC) and high (HQC) concentrations, as well as IS, was all more than 76.60%. The intra‐day and inter‐day precision (RSD) also satisfied the requirement. Simultaneously, the variation of assay accuracies (RE) was between 13.05% and 9.38%. Conclusion: The test was validated in accordance with regulatory bioanalytical guidelines and was found to be suitable for use in a pharmacokinetic investigation of these compounds in beagle dogs after oral administration of Xiatianwu general capsules and enteric‐coated capsules. The Cmax of 10 alkaloids ranged from 52.61 to 192.46 ng/ml after oral administration of Xiatianwu capsules, and from 67.50 to 247.36 ng/ml. The Tmax was between 0.59 and 1.33 h of Xiatianwu capsules, and between 1.08 and 2.00 h of enteric‐coated capsules. The t1/2 ranged from 3.18 to 7.47 h of general capsules, and from 6.01 to 11.36 h. AUC0‐t ranged from 181.06 to 722.74 ng·h/ml of Xiatianwu capsules, and from 275.03 to 884.17 ng·h/ml of enteric‐coated capsules. The Cmax of enteric‐coated capsules were significantly increased except for tetrahydropalmatine and berberine. Tmax of general capsules were less than 1 h, and of enteric‐coated capsules were less than 2 h. The t1/2 of dehydrocorydaline, palmatine, tetrahydrojatrorrhizine, jatrorrhizine and coptisine in enteric‐coated capsules was longer than that in ordinary capsule. The AUC0‐t and AUC0‐∞ of bicuculline, dehydrocorydaline, protopine, magnoflorine, tetrahydrojatrorrhizine, jatrorrhizine, berberine and coptisine were all significantly higher in enteric‐coated capsules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonic‐assisted extraction is a rapid and effective extraction method that uses ultrasound energy and solvents to extract target compounds from various plant matrices. In this study, the ultrasonic‐assisted extraction conditions of sour jujube were optimized. A five‐level central composite design (CCD) with four variables was used to evaluate ultrasonic treatment variables influencing the total saponin content (TSC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total phenolic content (TPC) extracted from sour jujube. The solvent concentration, extraction time, ultrasonic power, and solid‐to‐liquid (S/L) ratio were optimized using aqueous ethanol and methanol solutions as extraction solvents. A central composite design (CCD) was used for an in‐depth study, and then the optimal value that could produce the maximum TPC, TFC, TSC, and four in vitro antioxidant activities (scavenging activity of hydroxyl free radicals, ferric‐reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), phosphomolybdic acid reduction method, and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging activity) was determined. Hydrogen peroxide‐induced oxidative stress experiment confirmed that the Jujube extract could have an antioxidant role in vivo. The relationship between the contents of three compounds and the antioxidant activity in vitro and in vivo was further studied. The results showed that optimizing methanol and ethanol extraction process parameters could improve target components' extraction efficiency. Under the optimum conditions, the TFC and TPC yields of sour jujube by ethanol are better than methanol, while the yield of TSC by methanol is better than ethanol. In vivo data showed that Jujube extract protects against the adverse effects of oxidative stress and improves the life span of female and male Drosophila. This study provides a valuable reference for the full use of Ziziphus jujube, as well as a new direction in food development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elaborate engineering of emitting wavelength of green down‐converter in the spectral range of ≈525–535 nm with narrow full‐width at half‐maximum (fwhm < 25 nm) is an essential prerequisite for faithfully reproducing colors in the quantum dot (QD)‐based backlit display. Herein, different from the previous complex synthesis for green films, FAPbBr3 perovskite QDs films are fabricated by a dual‐additive assisted in situ growth strategy. Both C6H5CH2CH2NH3+ and 1,4,7,10,13,16‐hexaoxacyclooctadecane additives are introduced to synergistically tune green emitting (≈525–535 nm) with the narrowest fwhm down to 21 nm and the highest photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) up to 99%. Improved nanocomposite film with excellent long‐term stability is used to construct a prototype liquid crystal display (LCD) with a wide color gamut (118% National Television System Committee and 88% Recommendation BT 2020), a high saturation, and a remarkable color rendition. The performance is superior to that of the commercial white‐LED‐based LCD, showing a great potential of the present green film for high‐definition display application in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A selective and sensitive ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination and pharmacokinetic study of (+)-8-hydroxypinoresinol-4'-O-β -D-glucopyranoside, prinsepiol-4- O-β-D-glucopyranoside, (+)-pinoresinol-4,4'-di- O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and (−)-massoniresinol 3α- O-β-D-glucopyranoside in rat plasma after the oral administration of a Valeriana amurensis extract. The analytes and ethyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (internal standard) were separated on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 chromatographic column. The detection was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring mode using an electrospray ionization source operating in negative ionization mode. The linear ranges (ng/mL) of the standard curves were 0.39-154.00, 0.62-244.70, 0.50-198.60, and 0.34-134.50 for (+)-8-hydroxypinoresinol-4'- O-β-D-glucopyranoside, prinsepiol-4- O-β-D-glucopyranoside, (+)-pinoresinol-4,4'-di- O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and (−)-massoniresinol 3α- O-β-D-glucopyranoside, respectively. The inter- and intra-day precisions were less than 11.0%, the accuracies were between −5.9 and 7.7%, and the extraction recoveries of the four analytes were > 81.2% from rat plasma. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of the four analytes after oral administration of a Valeriana amurensis extract to rats. The developed method has the potential for pharmacokinetic analysis and to provide additional information in the clinical application of Valeriana amurensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted on rats for protopine, corynoline, 7′-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)- N-[(4-methoxyphenyl)-ethyl]propenamide, acetylcorynoline, and 8-oxocorynoline, five main active components from Corydalis bungeana Turcz ( C. bungeana Turcz). An ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of these components in rat plasma. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an Agilent SB-C18 column (1.8 μm, 150 × 2.1 mm) using a gradient elution program with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water containing 0.1% acetic acid at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The analytes were detected in the multiple reaction monitoring mode with positive electrospray ionization. Lower limits of quantification were >0.680 ng/mL and matrix effects ranged from 91.26 to 100.38%. The mean extraction recoveries of quality control samples were less than 79.32%, and the precision and accuracy were within the acceptable limits. All analytes were proven to be stable during sample storage and analysis procedures. The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of five alkaloid components after oral administration of C. bungeana Turcz extract to rats. The obtained results may be helpful to reveal the mechanism of action and to guide the clinical application of C. bungeana Turcz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) have undergone tremendous growth over the past two decades. Indeed, they are already prevalent in the form of mobile displays, and are expected to be used in large-area flat panels recently. To become a viable technology for next generation solid-state light source however, PHOLEDs face the challenge of achieving concurrently a high color rendering index (CRI) and a high efficiency at high luminance. To improve the CRI of a standard three color white PHOLED, one can use a greenish-yellow emitter to replace the green emitter such that the gap in emission wavelength between standard green and red emitters is eliminated. However, there are relatively few studies on greenish-yellow emitters for PHOLEDs, and as a result, the performance of greenish-yellow PHOLEDs is significantly inferior to those emitting in the three primary colors, which are driven strongly by the display industry. Herein, a newly synthesized greenish-yellow emitter is synthesized and a novel device concept is introduced featuring interzone exciton transfer to considerably enhance the device efficiency. In particular, high external quantum efficiencies (current efficiencies) of 21.5% (77.4 cd/A) and 20.2% (72.8 cd/A) at a luminance of 1000 cd/m2 and 5000 cd/m2, respectively, have been achieved. These efficiencies are the highest reported to date for greenish-yellow emitting PHOLEDs. A model for this unique design is also proposed. This design could potentially be applied to enhance the efficiency of even longer wavelength yellow and red emitters, thereby paving the way for a new avenue of tandem white PHOLEDs for solid-state lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) are currently under intensive research and development worldwide as a new generation light source to replace problematic incandescent bulbs and fluorescent tubes. One of the major challenges facing WOLEDs has been to achieve high energy efficiency and high color rendering index simultaneously to make the technology competitive against other alternative technologies such as inorganic LEDs. Here, an all-phosphor, four-color WOLEDs is presented, employing a novel device design principle utilizing molecular energy transfer or, specifically, triplet exciton conversion within common organic layers in a cascaded emissive zone configuration to achieve exceptional performance: an 24.5% external quantum efficiency (EQE) at 1000 cd/m2 with a color rendering index (CRI) of 81, and an EQE at 5000 cd/m2 of 20.4% with a CRI of 85, using standard phosphors. The EQEs achieved are the highest reported to date among WOLEDs of single or multiple emitters possessing such high CRI, which represents a significant step towards the realization of WOLEDs in solid-state lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) have undergone remarkable development from both academia and industry in the past decade. Nevertheless, devices with higher efficiency remain highly desirable for energy-efficient general lighting as well as low power consumption LED backlight applications. In this respect, several groups have conducted complex device engineering designs such as doping of the transport layers to increase charge carrier mobility, incorporation of blocking layers to confine excitons/charge carriers, or use of multiple emissive layers to widen the emission zone, in order to achieve higher device performances. In this work, we report an alternative and relatively simple approach to improve the efficiency of red PHOLEDs by exciton management to attain a high external quantum efficiency (EQE) of >20%. (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

tsRNAs are small fragments of RNAs with specific lengths that are generated by particular ribonucleases, such as dicer and angiogenin (ANG), clipping on the rings of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) in specific cells and tissues under specific conditions. Depending on where the splicing site is, tsRNAs can be segmented into two main types, tRNA‐derived stress‐induced RNAs (tiRNAs) and tRNA‐derived fragments (tRFs). Many studies have shown that tsRNAs are functional molecules, not the random degradative products of tRNAs. Notably, due to their regulatory mechanism in regulating mRNA stability, transcription, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and RNA reverse transcription, tsRNAs are significantly involved in the cell function, such as cell proliferation, migration, cycle and apoptosis, as well as the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases. In addition, tsRNAs may represent a new generation of clinical biomarkers or therapeutic targets because of their stable structures, high conservation and widely distribution, particularly in the peripheral tissues, bodily fluids and exosomes. In this review, we describe the generation, function and mechanism of tsRNAs and illustrate the current research progress of tsRNAs in various diseases, highlight their potentials as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in clinical application. Although our understanding of tsRNAs is still in infancy, the application prospects shown in this field deserve further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to assess right ventricular (RV) diastolic dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) using velocity vector imaging (VVI) and to evaluate the application of VVI technology. Methods: According to the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI), 69 patients with OSAS were divided into three groups: mild, moderate, and severe. A total of 35 cases of healthy subjects were enrolled as the control group. Digital images of apex four‐chamber views were acquired to measure the peak early diastolic strain rate (RV‐SRe), late diastolic strain rate(RV‐SRa), and RV‐SRe/RV‐SRa using VVI. Results: RV‐SRe, RV‐Sra, and RV‐SRe/RV‐SRa were decreasing along with the disease severity. RV‐SRe, RV‐SRe/RV‐SRa in moderate and severe OSAS group showed lower than control and mild OSAS groups. RV‐SRa in severe OSAS group showed lower than control group. RV‐SRe had the best correlation with AHI than other parameters. Conclusions: Right ventricular diastolic dysfunction starts before the development of heart failure and pulmonary hypertension in patients with OSAS. RV‐SRe was the parameter that may reflect subclinical myocardial dysfunction and can better reflect RV diastolic dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel and efficient method for direct tosyloxylation at C5 position of 8‐aminoquinolines has been accomplished by nonmetal‐catalyzed C–H functionalization at mild conditions. It is shown, for the first time, that the radical RSO3· could be generated by the reaction of phenyliodine bistrifluoroacetate with substituted 1,2‐disulfonyl hydrazides. This reaction reveals excellent reactivity, good functional group tolerance, and moderate to good yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rapid, sensitive, and reliable analytical ultra performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the simultaneous determination of Aralia-saponin IV, 3- O-β- d-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β- d-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β- d-glucopyranosyl oleanolic acid 28- O-β- d-glucopyranoside, Aralia-saponin A and Aralia-saponin B after the oral administration of total saponin of Aralia elata leaves in rat plasma. Plasma samples were pretreated by protein precipitation with methanol. The analysis was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column. The detection was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer in multiple reaction monitoring mode using an electrospray ionization source with negative ionization mode. Under the experimental conditions, the calibration curves of four analytes had good linearity values ( r > 0.991). The intra- and inter-day precision values of the four analytes were ≤ 11.6%, and the accuracy was between -6.2 and 4.2%.The extraction recoveries of four triterpenoid saponins were in the range of 84.06-91.66% (RSD < 10.5%), and all values of the matrix effect were more than 90.30%. The developed analytical method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study on simultaneous determination of the four triterpenoid saponins in rat plasma after oral administration of total saponin of Aralia elata leaves, which helps guiding clinical usage of Aralia elata leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel all‐phosphor, four‐color, white organic lightemitting diode (WOLED) architecture is presented that utilizes molecular energy transfer or, specifically, triplet exciton down conversion within common organic layers in a cascaded emissive zone configuration. As reported by Yi‐Lu Chang, Gregory D. Scholes, Zhenghong Lu, and co‐workers on page 705, exceptional performance combinations of external quantum efficiency and color rendering index are achieved. This represents a significant step towards the realization of WOLEDs in solid‐state lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional near infrared (NIR) imaging is realized by a two dimensional InGaAs photodetector (PD) array integrated with a Si readout integrated circuit active matrix. The integration between the two different semiconductor arrays seriously restrains the device size-scalability and leads to high manufacture cost. One alternative approach is to up-convert infrared photons to a shorter wavelength (e.g., 1 µm or below) that can be effectively detected by a conventional Si detector. Herein, we report a highly simplified single-mesa (pixel-less) hybrid organic/inorganic up-conversion imaging device through the integration of a large area inorganic PD with an organic light emitting diode, which can up-convert a NIR scene to a visible-light image. By combining the fabricated device with a commercially available camera, we demonstrate the first time pixel-less up-conversion NIR imaging with a spatial resolution of better than 6 µm. This device has great potential for making low-cost, large-area and high resolution NIR cameras (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we present two subjects of our actual research in the field. The first deals with the boundary conditions at the crack faces. The well known model by Hao and Shen gives opportunity to take the finite dielectric permeability of the crack into account, without having to solve the two- or three-dimensional coupled boundary value problem of solid material and crack medium. This approach, however, is based on the assumption of the electric field being perpendicular to the crack faces. We investigate this problem for arbitrary poling and field directions based on a combined analytical-numerical approach. The second focus of the paper is on the effective properties of piezoelectrics with cracks. Here, homogenization procedures are applied and extended towards coupled field problems including e.g. Maxwell stresses at internal boundaries and interfaces. Effective elastic, dielectric and piezoelectric constants exhibit interesting effects. (© 2013 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]