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Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is a Traditional Chinese Medicine used for the treatment of diseases related to the heart and liver. Owing to the abundance of salvianolic acids and tanshinones, S. miltiorrhiza exhibits various pharmacological activities, such as stimulating blood circulation, eliminating blood stasis, relieving menorrhea and pain, and improving polydipsia. Neocryptotanshinone (NCTS) is one of the tanshinones isolated from S. miltiorrhiza and exhibits anti‐inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and preventive effects against cardiovascular diseases; however, its pharmacokinetic properties have not been reported to date. Therefore, a simple and reliable LC–MS/MS method was developed to determine absorption, distribution, and excretion of NCTS in rat physiological samples. We demonstrated that NCTS had high oral absolute bioavailability of 85.96% ± 25.32%, and it was rapidly distributed in both the heart and brain, and the fecal excretion of NCTS was the highest. This study provides a theoretical basis for further development of NCTS as a potential clinical candidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lattice mismatch significantly influences microscopic transport in semiconducting devices, affecting interfacial charge behavior and device efficacy. This atomic‐level disordering, often overlooked in previous research, is crucial for device efficiency and lifetime. Recent studies have highlighted emerging challenges related to lattice mismatch in perovskite solar cells, especially at heterojunctions, revealing issues like severe tensile stress, increased ion migration, and reduced carrier mobility. This review systematically discusses the effects of lattice mismatch on strain, material stability, and carrier dynamics. It also includes detailed characterizations of these phenomena and summarizes current strategies including epitaxial growth and buffer layer, as well as explores future solutions to mitigate mismatch‐induced issues. We also provide the challenges and prospects for lattice mismatch, aiming to enhance the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells, and contribute to renewable energy technology advancements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We designed and synthesized a ureido‐linked zinc bisporphyrinate [Zn2(UBis)]. CD spectra show that this zinc bisporphyrinate has the ability to sense the chirality of chiral carboxylic acids without derivatization. Our studies suggest that the phenyl ring in the linker forms π‐π interactions with porphyrin planes and that the carboxylic acid is coordinated to the zinc in the host‐guest complex. DFT calculations show that the bisporphyrin adopts a "Z"‐shaped configuration, and that the ureido group forms hydrogen bonds with carboxylic acids. The combination of π‐π interactions, coordination interactions and hydrogen bonding interactions leads to the chirality sensing ability of [Zn2(UBis)]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current global climate models (GCMs), limited to grid‐scale land‐atmosphere coupling, cannot represent subgrid urban‐rural precipitation contrasts. This study develops an innovative two‐way subgrid land‐atmosphere coupling framework in the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) to explicitly resolve land‐atmosphere interaction over subgrid individual land units. Results show that urban heat island (UHI) leads to the urban rainfall effect (URE), which in turn alleviates overestimated UHI over China in CESM2. The URE manifests as a shift toward more heavy precipitation and less light precipitation in world urban areas than in surrounding rural counterparts. This feature is consistent with available observations. In heavy precipitation situations, the UHI promotes atmospheric instability and enhances atmospheric water vapor holding capacity, resulting in more heavy precipitation in urban areas. Conversely, in light precipitation situations, the UHI and decreased evaporation from urban impermeable surfaces diminish atmospheric relative humidity, suppressing light precipitation. Plain Language Summary: Given the grid‐scale land‐atmosphere coupling (operating at a scale of ∼100–200 km), all the current global climate models cannot represent precipitation over urban areas. This obstructs the explicit simulation and future projections of precipitation in world urban regions, where over half of the world's population resides and a substantial portion of economic activities occurs. To address this issue, this study develops a novel land‐atmosphere coupling framework that explicitly allows land‐atmosphere interaction over individual land units within the grid cell in global climate models. The modeling results show a greater daily average of precipitation intensities on precipitation days in urban areas than in rural areas due to urban warming, with a shift toward more heavy precipitation and less light precipitation. These findings indicate an escalation in the risk of extreme precipitation and flooding in urban regions around the globe, as urban land continues to expand. Key Points: A novel framework of two‐way subgrid land‐atmosphere coupling for GCMs is developed and implemented in CESM2Overestimated urban heat island over China in CESM2 is significantly alleviated by explicitly representing urban rainfall effectsWorld urban regions feature more heavy precipitation and less light precipitation than the surrounding rural areas [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is important to tune the coordination configuration of dual‐atom catalyst (DAC), especially in the first coordination sphere, to render high intrinsic catalytic activities for oxygen reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER). Herein, a type of atomically dispersed and boron‐coordinated DAC structure, namely, FeN4B‐NiN4B dual sites, is reported. In this structure, the incorporation of boron into the first coordination sphere of FeN4/NiN4 atomic sites regulates its geometry and electronic structure by forming "Fe‐B‐N" and "Ni‐B‐N" bridges. The FeN4B‐NiN4B DAC exhibits much enhanced ORR and OER property compared to the FeN4‐NiN4 counterparts. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the boron‐induced charge transfer and asymmetric charge distributions of the central Fe/Ni atoms optimize the adsorption and desorption behavior of the ORR/OER intermediates and reduce the activation energy for the potential‐determining step. Zinc‐air batteries employing the FeN4B‐NiN4B cathode exhibit a high maximum power density (236.9 mW cm−2) and stable cyclability up to 1100 h. The result illustrates the pivotal role of the first‐coordination sphere of DACs in tuning the electrochemical energy conversion and storage activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forward‐looking radar imaging is a top priority due to a variety of applications. An airborne forward‐looking radar imaging approach via a modified propagator method (MPM) based on the planar phased array is proposed. It can obtain a better focusing effect without range migration correction. Through the MPM algorithm, the azimuth resolution can be enhanced greatly. Compared with the conventional synthetic aperture radar imaging algorithm, the left‐right ambiguity process can be avoided by generating two‐dimensional spatial spectra. Furthermore, the imaging results of different numbers of elements are given to provide an assessment of the imaging performance. Additionally, the authors proposed to apply the scanning planar phased array configuration to airborne forward‐looking two‐dimensional imaging for the first time. The validity of the method is proven by experiments. The image is more focused. Furthermore, the results of the experiments verify that the proposed method is fit for high‐speed situation and aircraft height variation condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The felsic volcanogenic tuff known as 'green bean rock' (GBR) and its carbonates are widely dispersed across the western Yangtze Block. This study investigates the origin, tectonic setting and genesis of GBR, as well as the environmental disruptions evident in carbonates from the western edge of the Yangtze Block. The analyses include mineralogy, whole‐rock geochemistry and the isotopic composition of zircon Hf, carbon and oxygen in GBR samples from the western edge of the Yangtze Block. The geochemical profile of GBR shows enriched LREE, Th and U content, depleted levels of Nb, Ta, Sr, Ba, K, Rb and Ti, and strong‐to‐moderate negative Eu anomalies (δEu = 0.15–0.18). Zircon Hf isotopes exhibit S‐type geochemical affinities with low negative εHf(t) values (−13.3 to −5.7) and TDM2 ages of 1684–2110 Ma. This suggests that the volcanic ashes originate from the magma of an intermediate to felsic composition. X‐ray directionality data show that the most prevalent clay minerals are illite and illite/smectite. Lithium fixed in these minerals is likely to have leached from brine. Early Triassic variances in δ13C profiles are reliable indicators of environmental disturbances, pointing to cycles of devastation and restoration in marine ecosystems, interspersed with extraneous events including volcanic activity. The study posits that volcano eruptions may have prolonged biotic recovery after the end‐Permian mass extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive Summary: Nineteen new cadinane‐involving sesquiterpenoid dimers, artemordins A—S (1—19), together with 13 known SDs (20—32) were isolated from Artemisia ordosica. Their structures and absolute configurations were established by comprehensive spectral analyses, X‐ray single crystal diffraction, theoretical ECD, and NMR calculations. Chemically, artemordins A—F (1—6) were the first examples of two cadinane units constructed by unprecedented C‐3−C‐15′ or C‐3−C‐13′ single bond with an oxido‐rearranged 6/5/6/6 fused ring system; artemordins G—K (7—11) were biogenetically connected by [4 + 2] cycloaddition reaction and artemordins G—J (7—10) possessed a novel 5/6/6/6/6/6/5‐heptacyclic fused ring system. Artemordins L—S (12—19) were formed by esterification, which involved three different types of sesquiterpenoids. Antihepatoma assay suggested that the most active compounds, artemordins B and H (2 and 8), exhibited inhibitory activities on three hepatoma cell lines with IC50 values of 26.9 and 25.1 μmol/L (HepG2), 29.5 and 18.3 μmol/L (Huh7), 19.7 and 15.7 μmol/L (SK‐Hep‐1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Pickering emulsions stabilized by multicomponent particles have attracted increasing attention. Research on characterizing the digestion and health benefit effects of these emulsions in the human gastrointestinal tract are quite limited. This work aims to reveal the digestive characteristics of media‐milled purple sweet potato particle‐stabilized Pickering emulsions (PSPP‐Es) during in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation. RESULTS: The media‐milling process improved the in vitro digestibility and fermentability of PSPP‐Es by reaching afree fatty acids release rate of 43.11 ± 4.61% after gastrointestinal digestion and total phenolic content release of 101.00 ± 1.44 μg gallic acid equivalents/mL after fermentation. In addition, PSPP‐Es exhibited good antioxidative activity (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays), α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity (half‐maximal inhibitory concentration: 6.70%, v/v), and prebiotic effects, reaching a total short‐chain fatty acids production of 9.90 ± 0.12 mol L−1, boosting the growth of Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium, and Blautia and inhibiting the growth of Escherichia–Shigella. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that the media‐milling process enhances the potential health benefits of purple sweet potato particle‐stabilized Pickering emulsions, which is beneficial for their application as a bioactive component delivery system in food and pharmaceutical products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and its crystal toxin or δ‐endotoxins (Cry) offer great potential for the efficient control of crop pests. A vast number of pests can potentially infect the same host plant, either simultaneously or sequentially. However, no effective Bt‐Cry protein has been reported to control both aphids and plant parasitic nematodes due to its highly specific activity. RESULTS: Our study indicated that the Cry5Ba2 protein was toxic to the green peach aphid Myzus persicae, which had a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 9.7 ng μL−1 and fiducial limits of 3.1–34.6 ng μL−1. Immunohistochemical localization of Cry5Ba2 revealed that it could bind to the apical tip of microvilli in midgut regions. Moreover, transgenic tobacco plants expressing Cry5Ba2 exhibited significant resistance to Myzus persicae, as evidenced by reduced insect survival and impaired fecundity, and also intoxicated the Meloidogyne incognita as indicated by a decrease in galls and progeny reproduction. CONCLUSION: In sum, we identified a new aphicidal Bt toxin resource that could simultaneously control both aboveground and belowground pests, thus extending the application range of Bt‐based strategy for crop protection. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycans are complex biomolecules that encode rich information and regulate various biological processes, such as fertilization, host‐pathogen binding, and immune recognition, through interactions with glycan‐binding proteins. A key driving force for glycan‐protein recognition is the interaction between the π electron density of aromatic amino acid side chains and polarized C─H groups of the pyranose (termed the CH–π interaction). However, the relatively weak binding affinity between glycans and proteins has hindered the application of glycan detection and imaging. Here, computational modeling and molecular dynamics simulations are employed to design a chemical strategy that enhances the CH–π interaction between glycans and proteins by genetically incorporating electron‐rich tryptophan derivatives into a lectin PhoSL, which specifically recognizes core fucosylated N‐linked glycans. This significantly enhances the binding affinity of PhoSL with the core fucose ligand and enables sensitive detection and imaging of core fucosylated glycans in vitro and in xenograft tumors in mice. Further, the study showed that this strategy is applicable to improve the binding affinity of GafD lectin for N‐acetylglucosamine‐containing glycans. The approach thus provides a general and effective way to manipulate glycan‐protein recognition for glycoscience applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CPL‐active flexible materials with high luminescence dissymmetry factor (glum) and luminescent quantum yield are indispensable for 3D displays, wearable devices and so on. Perovskite has drawn much attention due to its fascinating photoelectric properties as well as its abundant applications. However, the existing strategies are inefficient in acquiring perovskite NCs with high glum. In this work, thermoregulated CPL‐active flexible polymer/perovskite hybrid materials with high glum by the creation of chiral photonic bandgap in polymer film with cholesteric domains using toluene as the dielectric media is reported. Based on selective CPL reflection, a satisfied CPL with a maximum glum of 0.6 is achieved. Importantly, the chiral photonic bandgap center of the polymer film can be easily tuned by thermal annealing at different temperatures to adapt various perovskite NCs with full‐spectral emission. The handedness of CPL of hybrid materials can be regulated with and without dielectric media. The presence of the flexible polymer makes hybrid materials a candidate to achieve patterned display applications. Additionally, the polymer/perovskite hybrid materials show excellent stability thanks to the encapsulation effect from polymers. This work provides a facile and general approach to induce adjustable CPL in the whole visible spectrum with high glum and photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To date, carbohydrate antigen 19‐9 (CA19‐9) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) have been widely used for the screening, diagnosis and prediction of biliary tract cancer (BTC) patients. However, few studies with large sample sizes of carbohydrate antigen 50 (CA50) were reported in BTC patients. Methods: A total of 1121 patients from the Liver Cancer Clin‐Bio Databank of Anhui Hepatobiliary Surgery Union between January 2017 and December 2022 were included in this study (673 in the training cohort and 448 in the validation cohort): among them, 458 with BTC, 178 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 23 with combined hepatocellular‐cholangiocarcinoma, and 462 with nontumor patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy and clinical usefulness. Results: ROC curves obtained by combining CA50, CA19‐9, and AFP showed that the AUC value of the diagnostic MODEL 1 was 0.885 (95% CI 0.856–0.885, specificity 70.3%, and sensitivity 84.0%) in the training cohort and 0.879 (0.841–0.917, 76.7%, and 84.3%) in the validation cohort. In addition, comparing iCCA and HCC (235 in the training cohort, 157 in the validation cohort), the AUC values of the diagnostic MODEL 2 were 0.893 (95% CI 0.853–0.933, specificity 96%, and sensitivity 68.6%) in the training cohort and 0.872 (95% CI 0.818–0.927, 94.2%, and 64.6%) in the validation cohort. Conclusion: The model combining CA50, CA19‐9, and AFP not only has good diagnostic value for BTC but also has good diagnostic value for distinguishing iCCA and HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite single crystals have attracted tremendous attention owing to their excellent optoelectronic properties and stability compared to typical multicrystal structures. However, the growth of high‐quality perovskite single crystals (PSCs) generally relies on temperature gradients or the introduction of additives to promote crystal growth. In this study, a vacuum evaporation crystallization technique is developed that allows PSCs to be grown under extremely stable conditions at constant temperature and without requiring additives to promote crystal growth. The new method enables the growth of PSCs of unprecedented quality, that is, MAPbBr3 single crystals that exhibit an ultranarrow full width at half maximum of 0.00701°, which surpasses that of all previously reported values. In addition, the MAPbBr3 single crystals deliver exceptional optoelectronic performance, including a long carrier lifetime of 1006 ns, an ultralow trap‐state density of 3.67 × 109 cm−3, and an ultrahigh carrier mobility of 185.86 cm2 V−1 s−1. This method is applicable to various types of PSCs, including organic–inorganic hybrids, fully inorganic structures, and low‐dimensional structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The finite periodic arrangement of functional nanomaterials on the two‐dimensional scale enables the integration and enhancement of individual properties, making them an important research topic in the field of tuneable nanodevices. Although layer‐controllable lattices such as graphene have been successfully synthesized, achieving similar control over colloidal nanoparticles remains a challenge. DNA origami technology has achieved remarkable breakthroughs in programmed nanoparticle assembly. Based on this technology, we proposed a hierarchical assembly strategy to construct a universal DNA origami platform with customized layer properties, which we called 2.5‐dimensional (2.5D) DNA origami crystals. Methodologically, this strategy divides the assembly procedure into two steps: 1) array synthesis, and 2) lattice synthesis, which means that the layer properties, including layer number, interlayer distance, and surface morphology, can be flexibly customized based on the independent designs in each step. In practice, these synthesized 2.5D crystals not only pioneer the expansion of the DNA origami crystal library to a wider range of dimensions, but also highlight the technological potential for templating 2.5D colloidal nanomaterial lattices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalytic urea synthesis, utilizing N2 and CO2 as feedstock and sustainable solar energy, represents an environmentally friendly and promising alternative strategy. However, the conventional unidirectional gas phase co‐reduction techniques typically employes pose stringent demands for the design of key catalysts, reaction control, mass transfer, and other aspects, due to the disparity in physical properties, structure, and catalytic kinetics between N2 and CO2. Herein, Ru‐TiO2 is synthesized and employed as an effective catalyst for urea photo‐synthesis through a nitric acid‐mediated pathway combining nitrogen oxidation and subsequent kinetically advantageous nitrate and CO2 co‐reduction. A urea yield of 24.95 µmol h−1 g−1cat. is obtained through an innovative intermittent illumination method, AQE values of 4.7% and 6.3% at 380 and 420 nm, respectively. The remarkable photo‐activity is attributed to its unique oxygen vacancy‐anchored Ru nanostructure (Ru‐O4Ti1), which effectively activates inert N2 molecules to minish the disparity of orbital energy levels, facilitates the formation of crucial *NN(OH) intermediates, and serves as an "electronic pump" to avoid electronegativity effect for facilitating electron transfer from nitrogen to TiO2 support for urea photosynthesis. This study presents groundbreaking insights for nitrogen oxidation activation and provides brand‐new ideas for the direct resource utilization of nitrogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mammalian cytochrome P450 drug‐metabolizing enzymes rarely cleave carbon–carbon (C−C) bonds and the mechanisms of such cleavages are largely unknown. We identified two unusual cleavages of non‐polar, unstrained C(sp2)−C(sp3) bonds in the FDA‐approved tyrosine kinase inhibitor pexidartinib that are mediated by CYP3A4/5, the major human phase I drug metabolizing enzymes. Using a synthetic ketone, we rule out the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation mechanism that is commonly invoked to address P450‐mediated C−C bond cleavages. Our studies in 18O2 and H218O enriched systems reveal two unusual distinct mechanisms of C−C bond cleavage: one bond is cleaved by CYP3A‐mediated ipso‐addition of oxygen to a C(sp2) site of N‐protected pyridin‐2‐amines, and the other occurs by a pseudo‐retro‐aldol reaction after hydroxylation of a C(sp3) site. This is the first report of CYP3A‐mediated C−C bond cleavage in drug metabolism via ipso‐addition of oxygen mediated mechanism. CYP3A‐mediated ipso‐addition is also implicated in the regioselective C−C cleavages of several pexidartinib analogs. The regiospecificity of CYP3A‐catalyzed oxygen ipso‐addition under environmentally friendly conditions may be attractive and inspire biomimetic or P450‐engineering methods to address the challenging task of C−C bond cleavages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Chronological age (CAge), biological age (BAge), and accelerated age (AAge) are all important for aging‐related diseases. CAge is a known risk factor for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); However, the evidence of association of BAge and AAge with BPH is limited. This study aimed to evaluate the association of CAge, Bage, and AAge with BPH in a large prospective cohort. Method: A total of 135,933 males without BPH at enrolment were extracted from the UK biobank. We calculated three BAge measures (Klemera–Doubal method, KDM; PhenoAge; homeostatic dysregulation, HD) based on 16 biomarkers. Additionally, we calculated KDM‐BAge and PhenoAge‐BAge measures based on the Levine method. The KDM‐AAge and PhenoAge‐AAge were assessed by the difference between CAge and BAge and were standardized (mean = 0 and standard deviation [SD] = 1). Cox proportional hazard models were applied to assess the associations of CAge, Bage, and AAge with incident BPH risk. Results: During a median follow‐up of 13.150 years, 11,811 (8.690%) incident BPH were identified. Advanced CAge and BAge measures were associated with an increased risk of BPH, showing threshold effects at a later age (all P for nonlinearity <0.001). Nonlinear relationships between AAge measures and risk of BPH were also found for KDM‐AAge (P = 0.041) and PhenoAge‐AAge (P = 0.020). Compared to the balance comparison group (−1 SD < AAge < 1 SD), the accelerated aging group (AAge > 2 SD) had a significantly elevated BPH risk with hazard ratio (HR) of 1.115 (95% CI, 1.000–1.223) for KDM‐AAge and 1.180 (95% CI, 1.068–1.303) for PhenoAge‐AAge, respectively. For PhenoAge‐AAge, subgroup analysis of the accelerated aging group showed an increased HR of 1.904 (95% CI, 1.374–2.639) in males with CAge <50 years and 1.233 (95% CI, 1.088–1.397) in those having testosterone levels <12 nmol/L. Moreover, AAge‐associated risk of BPH was independent of and additive to genetic risk. Conclusions: Biological aging is an independent and modifiable risk factor for BPH. We suggest performing active health interventions to slow biological aging, which will help mitigate the progression of prostate aging and further reduce the burden of BPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The space hurricane is a large‐scale three‐dimensional magnetic vortex structure that can cause massive local energy injections in the polar cap. By analyzing Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F16–F19 satellite observations from 2005 to 2016, we found that the Southern Hemisphere space hurricane mainly occurs in summer under negative By dominated northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions. In particular, the space hurricanes are more likely to occur in the dayside polar cap at magnetic latitude greater than 80°. The characteristics for the Southern Hemisphere are basically consistent with the characteristics of space hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere. The different dependences of By component in different hemispheres supports the high‐latitude lobe reconnection as the formation mechanism. Plasma data from DMSP satellites in both hemispheres show that the appearance of the space hurricane greatly enhances the convection in the polar cap and the electron density on its dawn side. Within the space hurricane, electron temperatures typically increase significantly, accompanied by strong upward field‐aligned currents and electron precipitation. These results give us a better understanding of the solar wind‐magnetosphere‐polar ionosphere coupling process under northward IMF conditions. Plain Language Summary: The space hurricane is defined as a large three‐dimensional magnetic vortex structure that spans the polar ionosphere and magnetosphere. Previous research has pointed out that it often appears as an aurora spot near the north magnetic pole, which can greatly enhance the convection patterns and current systems in the polar ionosphere. To clarify its occurrence rate and characteristics in the Southern Hemisphere, we identified the 259 space hurricane events from the long‐term DMSP satellite observations in the Southern Hemisphere. The statistical results indicated that the Southern Hemisphere space hurricanes mainly occur in summer and dayside polar cap under negative By dominated and northward IMF conditions. In addition, we found that the electron temperatures within the space hurricane increased significantly and accompanied by strong upward field‐aligned field currents and electron precipitation. The appearance of the space hurricane greatly enhances the plasma velocity and the electron density on its dawn side. The characteristics in the Southern Hemisphere are basically consistent with the characteristics of space hurricanes in the Northern Hemisphere, and support high‐latitude lobe reconnection as the formation mechanism. This work helps us understand the spatial and temporal characteristics of the space hurricane and their impact on plasma parameters. Key Points: Space hurricanes in the Southern Hemisphere mainly occur in summer and afternoon sector with negative By dominated northward IMFPlasma data from DMSP satellites indicate that the space hurricane has enhanced Te, horizontal convection and Ne on its dawn sideStatistical properties of space hurricanes in the Southern Hemisphere are consistent with high‐latitude lobe reconnection [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the formation and segmentation of the tongue of ionization into two consecutive polar cap patches using multi‐instrument observations from 27 February 2014. We provide insights into how the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) variations influence the formation and segmentation of these patches. Our findings reveal that the entry of dayside dense plasma into the polar cap is predominantly driven by the modified convection near the cusp region, which is controlled by the transition of IMF By or the sudden drop of IMF Bz. Furthermore, we observe a rapid north‐westward plasma flow within the patch segmentation region, accompanied by equatorward‐expanded and enhanced convection near the cusp region. This fast‐moving flow, approximately 1.5 km/s, is characterized by low density and high electron temperature and shows a signature of a Subauroral Polarization Stream. This suggests that the fast‐westward flow, in conjunction with the expansion and contraction of ionospheric convection, plays a crucial role in the segmentation of polar cap patches from the dayside plasma reservoir. This study provides a comprehensive observation of the evolution of polar cap patches, thereby advancing our understanding of the dynamic mechanisms governing patch formation and segmentation. Plain Language Summary: Polar cap patches are highly dense structures in the polar cap region, typically forming in the cusp region and moving toward the nightside due to ionospheric convections. To better understand the factors that govern the formation and segmentation of these patches, a combination of satellite and ground‐based observations is used to investigate two consecutive polar cap patches on 27 February 2014. We found that the configuration of IMF By and Bz significantly influences cusp region convection, causing dayside sunlit dense plasma to enter the polar cap when cusp convection expands equatorward and the flow shifts northward, a process that leads to patch formation. Additionally, we observe strong north‐westward flows of low‐density, high‐electron‐temperature plasma in the subauroral region during periods of geomagnetic disturbance, displaying characteristics of Subauroral Polarization Streams (SAPS). This flow is observed in the patch segmentation region along with the equatorward‐expanding, enhanced cusp convection. These observations indicate that SAPS, along with the expansion and contraction of ionospheric convection, play a key role in the segmentation of polar cap patches from their equatorward plasma reservoir. This study significantly advances our understanding of the dynamic mechanisms governing the formation and segmentation of polar cap patches. Key Points: The transient change of IMF By and Bz leads to the formation of the tongue of ionization and segmentation of polar cap patchesA tongue of ionization is segmented into two polar cap patches by low electron density, high electron temperature, fast westward flowsThe expansion/contraction of the ionospheric convection also plays a crucial role in the segmentation of dayside dense plasma [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves based on observations from the ionosphere, magnetosphere, and ground during a geomagnetic storm recovery phase on 28 August 2018. In this case, multiple ducting EMIC waves in the ionosphere show higher frequencies in the post‐midnight than those in the pre‐midnight. Ionospheric EMIC wave frequency differences in magnetic local time (MLT) are consistent with MLT frequency differences in the equatorial magnetosphere, which are mainly caused by different background magnetic field at different L‐shells. Moreover, we report the first observation of frequency range selections in ionospheric ducting EMIC waves and find that frequency selections depend on the magnetic field intensity in the main part of the ionospheric waveguide, with higher frequency corresponding to larger magnetic field. This study reveals the important role of background magnetic field in regulating ducting EMIC wave frequencies in the ionosphere. Plain Language Summary: Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are in the frequency range of 0.2–5 Hz, and they may occur in three different bands, which are named as H+, He+, and O+ bands from high to low frequencies. In this paper, He+ band EMIC waves in the nightside during a geomagnetic storm are observed by satellites in the ionosphere, and their frequencies are different, that is, frequencies are higher in the post‐midnight than those in the pre‐midnight. Ionospheric EMIC wave frequency differences in local time have been noticed before but have not yet been explained. We discover that ionospheric EMIC wave frequency differences in local time agree well with frequency differences in the magnetosphere. Besides frequency discrepancies in local time, in the post‐midnight, ionospheric EMIC waves tend to select higher or lower frequency range relative to frequencies in the magnetosphere. We find that these frequency selections mainly depend on the magnetic field intensity in the ionosphere. The frequency selections in ionospheric EMIC waves have not been identified before, and it is important to understand variations of EMIC waves in the ionosphere. Key Points: Ionospheric EMIC wave frequency differences in magnetic local time (MLT) are consistent with MLT frequency differences in the equatorial magnetosphereHigher/lower wave frequencies in the equatorial magnetosphere are at lower/higher L‐shells with larger/smaller background magnetic fieldFrequency selections of ducting EMIC waves depend on local magnetic field, and frequency is higher when the magnetic field is larger [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camptothecin is a complex monoterpenoid indole alkaloid with remarkable antitumor activity. Given that two C‐10 modified camptothecin derivatives, topotecan and irinotecan, have been approved as potent anticancer agents, there is a critical need for methods to access other aromatic ring‐functionalized congeners (e.g., C‐9, C‐10, etc.). However, contemporary methods for chemical oxidation are generally harsh and low‐yielding when applied to the camptothecin scaffold, thereby limiting the development of modified derivatives. Reported herein, we have identified four tailoring enzymes responsible for C‐9 modifications of camptothecin from Nothapodytes tomentosa, via metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis. These consist of a cytochrome P450 (NtCPT9H) which catalyzes the regioselective oxidation of camptothecin to 9‐hydroxycamptothecin, as well as two methyltransferases (NtOMT1/2, converting 9‐hydroxycamptothecin to 9‐methoxycamptothecin), and a uridine diphosphate‐glycosyltransferase (NtUGT5, decorating 9‐hydroxycamptothecin to 9‐β‐D‐glucosyloxycamptothecin). Importantly, the critical residues that contribute to the specific catalytic activity of NtCPT9H have been elucidated through molecular docking and mutagenesis experiments. This work provides a genetic basis for producing camptothecin derivatives through metabolic engineering. This will hasten the discovery of novel C‐9 modified camptothecin derivatives, with profound implications for pharmaceutical manufacture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Lignin is an important component of plant cell walls and plays crucial roles in the essential agronomic traits of tea quality and tenderness. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of lignin biosynthesis in tea plants remain unclear. CsWRKY13 acts as a negative regulator of lignin biosynthesis in tea plants. In this study, we identified a GRAS transcription factor, phytochrome A signal transduction 1 (CsPAT1), that interacts with CsWRKY13. Silencing CsPAT1 expression in tea plants and heterologous overexpression in Arabidopsis demonstrated that CsPAT1 positively regulates lignin accumulation. Further investigation revealed that CsWRKY13 directly binds to the promoters of CsPAL and CsC4H and suppresses transcription of CsPAL and CsC4H. CsPAT1 indirectly affects the promoter activities of CsPAL and CsC4H by interacting with CsWRKY13, thereby facilitating lignin biosynthesis in tea plants. Compared with the expression of CsWRKY13 alone, the co‐expression of CsPAT1 and CsWRKY13 in Oryza sativa significantly increased lignin biosynthesis. Conversely, compared with the expression of CsPAT1 alone, the co‐expression of CsPAT1 and CsWRKY13 in O. sativa significantly reduced lignin accumulation. These results demonstrated the antagonistic regulation of the lignin biosynthesis pathway by CsPAT1 and CsWRKY13. These findings improve our understanding of lignin biosynthesis mechanisms in tea plants and provide insights into the role of the GRAS transcription factor family in lignin accumulation. Significance Statement: Silencing of CsPAT1 expression in tea plants and heterologous overexpression in Arabidopsis and Oryza sativa demonstrated that CsPAT1 positively regulates lignin accumulation. CsPAT1 indirectly regulates the promoter activity of CsPAL and CsC4H through its interaction with CsWRKY13, facilitating lignin biosynthesis in tea plants. Our findings provide new insights into the role of the GRAS transcription factor family in the regulation of lignin accumulation in tea plants and other plant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layered two‐dimensional (2D) materials have garnered marvelous attention in diverse fields, including sensors, capacitors, nanocomposites and transistors, owing to their distinctive structural morphologies and superior physicochemical properties. Recently, layered quasi‐2D materials, especially layered bismuth oxyselenide (Bi2O2Se), are of particular interest, because of their different interlayer interactions from other layered 2D materials. On this basis, this material offers richer and more intriguing physics, including high electron mobility, sizeable bandgap, and remarkable thermal and chemical durability, rendering it an utterly prospective contender for use in advanced electronic and optoelectronic applications. Herein, this article reviews the recent advances related with Bi2O2Se. Initially, its structural characterization, band structure, and basic properties are briefly introduced. Further, the synthetic strategies for the preparation of Bi2O2Se are presented. Furthermore, the diverse applications of Bi2O2Se in the field of electronics and optoelectronics, photocatalytic, solar cells and sensing were summarized in detail. Ultimately, the challenges and future perspectives of Bi2O2Se are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanodrugs capable of aggregating in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have demonstrated great efficiency in improving the therapeutic outcome. Among various approaches, the strategy utilizing electrostatic interaction as a driving force to achieve intratumor aggregation of nanodrugs has attracted great attention. However, the great difference between the two nanodrugs with varied physicochemical properties makes their synchronous transport in blood circulation and equal‐opportunity tumor uptake impossible, which significantly detracts from the beneficial effects of nanodrug aggregation inside tumors. We herein propose a new strategy to construct a pair of extremely similar nanodrugs, referred to as "twins‐like nanodrugs (TLNs)", which have identical physicochemical properties including the same morphology, size, and electroneutrality to render them the same blood circulation time and tumor entrance. The 1:1 mixture of TLNs (TLNs‐Mix) intravenously injected into a mouse model efficiently accumulates in tumor sites and then transfers to oppositely charged nanodrugs for electrostatic interaction‐driven coalescence via responding to matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) enriched in tumor. In addition to enhanced tumor retention, the thus‐formed micron‐sized aggregates show high echo intensity essential for ultrasound imaging as well as ultrasound‐triggered penetrative drug delivery. Owing to their distinctive features, the TLNs‐Mix carrying sonosensitizer, immune adjuvant, and ultrasound contrast agent exert potent sonodynamic immunotherapy against hypovascular hepatoma, demonstrating their great potential in treating solid malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are concerned with a global existence theory for finite‐energy solutions of the multidimensional Euler‐Poisson equations for both compressible gaseous stars and plasmas with large initial data of spherical symmetry. One of the main challenges is the strengthening of waves as they move radially inward towards the origin, especially under the self‐consistent gravitational field for gaseous stars. A fundamental unsolved problem is whether the density of the global solution forms a delta measure (i.e., concentration) at the origin. To solve this problem, we develop a new approach for the construction of approximate solutions as the solutions of an appropriately formulated free boundary problem for the compressible Navier‐Stokes‐Poisson equations with a carefully adapted class of degenerate density‐dependent viscosity terms, so that a rigorous convergence proof of the approximate solutions to the corresponding global solution of the compressible Euler‐Poisson equations with large initial data of spherical symmetry can be obtained. Even though the density may blow up near the origin at a certain time, it is proved that no delta measure (i.e., concentration) in space‐time is formed in the vanishing viscosity limit for the finite‐energy solutions of the compressible Euler‐Poisson equations for both gaseous stars and plasmas in the physical regimes under consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We developed a novel method for thyroidectomy using a single‐incision oral vestibular approach. To assess its advantages and disadvantages, we compared the perioperative parameters of this approach with those of transoral three‐incision thyroidectomy and trans‐areolar thyroidectomy. Methods: In a study of 136 papillary thyroid carcinoma patients (2016–2018), precise thyroidectomy and neck dissection were conducted. Among them, 52 chose single‐incision oral vestibular approach, 33 chose three‐incision variant, and 51 underwent trans‐areolar thyroidectomy. Perioperative aspects of the transoral single‐incision group were compared with those of transoral three‐incision group, and transthoracic group. Results: In the cohort, meticulous tumor level VI lymph node dissection was performed, achieving intended resection extent with one case requiring a switch from transoral to transthoracic approach. No nerve palsy occurred in the transoral group. Thyroidectomy duration varied significantly across groups. Transoral single‐incision had a shorter duration than transoral three‐incision and longer than transthoracic. Minor differences were observed in blood loss and drainage. Perioperative factors like hematoma, infection, hypocalcemia, et al., remained consistent. Notably, no tumor recurrence was observed in this study. Conclusions: This new transoral video‐assisted neck surgery (TOVANS) method for thyroidectomy without gas insufflation approach did not increase the surgical complexity compared with the transoral vestibular three‐incision thyroidectomy and the trans‐areolar thyroidectomy. Level of Evidence: 3 Laryngoscope, 134:2976–2984, 2024 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diameter of a dispersed‐phase droplet determines the interfacial area in liquid–liquid solvent extraction. Capturing the polydispersity of a liquid–liquid flow is crucial in computational fluid dynamics. In this study, a droplet size probability (DSP) model applied to the Eulerian–Eulerian (E–E) framework is proposed to characterize the droplet size distribution (DSD) at mesoscale. The physical characteristic of the DSP model demonstrates size similarity between the computational cells and droplets. Following the single‐droplet hypothesis, two sub‐models are investigated. The first model is the distribution function of the droplet size, and the second model is Monte Carlo simulation in the computational domain. By sampling randomly from the probability density function of the DSD, the loss of physical information caused by the averaging procedure is avoided. Simulation results of the pulsed disc and doughnut column (PDDC) showed that the CFD‐DSP coupled model accurately predicted the dispersed‐phase holdup and DSD under various conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epigenetic modifiers that accumulate in oocytes, play a crucial role in steering the developmental program of cleavage embryos and initiating life. However, the identification of key maternal epigenetic regulators remains elusive. In the findings, the essential role of maternal Ep400, a chaperone for H3.3, in oocyte quality and early embryo development in mice is highlighted. Depletion of Ep400 in oocytes resulted in a decline in oocyte quality and abnormalities in fertilization. Preimplantation embryos lacking maternal Ep400 exhibited reduced major zygotic genome activation (ZGA) and experienced developmental arrest at the 2‐to‐4‐cell stage. The study shows that EP400 forms protein complex with NFYA, occupies promoters of major ZGA genes, modulates H3.3 distribution between euchromatin and heterochromatin, promotes transcription elongation, activates the expression of genes regulating mitochondrial functions, and facilitates the expression of rate‐limiting enzymes of the TCA cycle. This intricate process driven by Ep400 ensures the proper execution of the developmental program, emphasizing its critical role in maternal‐to‐embryonic transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) show a great potential for next‐generation energy storage due to their high safety and high energy density. However, the severe side reactions of zinc negative electrode largely hinder the further application of AZIBs. Herein, trace tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) additive with rich lone‐pair‐electrons and zincophilic sites is firstly introduced to achieve long‐term and highly reversible Zn plating/stripping. Specifically, Tris not only regulates the solvation structure of Zn2+, but is also adsorbed vertically on the Zn anode surface with a changed coordination intensity during the plating/stripping process of Zn to generate an in situ dynamic adsorption layer for the first time. The dynamic adsorption layer could successively attract the solvated Zn2+ and then promote the de‐solvation of the solvated Zn2+ owing to the orientation polarization with regularly‐changed applied electric field, the volume rejection effect, and strong intermolecular force towards H2O of the vertically‐adsorbed Tris. Therefore, an improved Zn2+‐transport kinetics as well as the inhibition of side reactions of Zn anode are successfully realized. Accordingly, the Zn||Zn symmetric cell provides an ultra‐long cycle life of 2600 h. Furthermore, the Zn||MnO2 full cell with Tris could demonstrate a high capacity and structural stability for practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Battery materials research is of crucial importance to the development of next‐generation batteries. However, the transition from lab‐scale studies, typically in gram quantities, to industrially relevant ones (i.e., kilogram scale) has been holding back by challenges in scale‐up synthesis and a lack of reliable approaches to verify the electrochemical performance of the lab‐made materials. Here the design and assembly procedures of sub‐Ah‐scale pouch cells that provide validations of several lab‐made Li‐ion and Na‐ion cathode materials available in a limited quantity (<5 g) are reported. These lab‐made pouch cells show superior cycle stability and consistency over the widely used coin cells, exemplified by multiple Ni‐rich layered oxide‐graphite full batteries retaining 84.29 ± 0.16% of the initial capacities over 1000 cycles. A four‐electrode pouch cell with a reparable reference electrode is further designed to monitor impedance growth and Li plating during long‐term electrochemical tests. It can be further integrated with in situ ultrasonic imaging to enable multi‐modal studies. This work provides a powerful platform to evaluate and boost the technology readiness levels of laboratory‐discovered battery materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) reflect a strategic move for scalable and sustainable energy storage. The focus on high‐entropy (HE) cathode materials, particularly layered oxides, has ignited scientific interest due to the unique characteristics and effects to tackle their shortcomings, such as inferior structural stability, sluggish reaction kinetics, severe Jahn‐Teller effects induced lattice distortion, and poor oxygen reversibility at high voltage. This review focuses on high‐entropy oxide materials, highlighting their fundamentals, design principles, and application in layered oxide cathodes for SIBs. It delves into the growth mechanism, composition‐properties correlations, and the functional roles of high‐entropy design in enhancing the performance of layered oxide cathodes. Furthermore, it furnishes a comprehensive survey of recent advancements and persisting challenges within the domain of layered high‐entropy cathode materials, as well as offers insights into potential future research directions in line with the current state of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphology and motion of auroras have been widely studied due to their indications on magnetospheric processes. Here, we report a new kind of "auroral curls," which have wavelengths in the mesoscale (∼100 km) and propagate azimuthally. Utilizing data from the Chinese Antarctic Zhongshan Station (the all‐sky imager and the high‐frequency radar), the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment and the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, we analyze an event occurred on 23 April 2019. We find these curls are fine structures in the poleward boundary of multiple arcs. Corresponding field‐aligned currents manifest as a series of longitudinally arranged pairs, while ionospheric flow velocities nearby oscillate with periods in the Pc 5 band. Observational evidence suggests these curls are connected with ultra‐low frequency (ULF) waves, which opens the possibility of using auroras to globally image ULF waves. Plain Language Summary: Auroras caused by precipitation of magnetospheric particles contain information about physical processes happened in the magnetosphere. In this letter, we report a new kind of auroral dynamic forms observed in Antarctica. These structures present both spatial and temporal periodic characteristics, which have similar scales with those of magnetospheric ultra‐low frequency (ULF) waves. We propose these auroral forms are connected with ULF waves, which provides a potential method to globally image ULF waves by analyzing properties of these auroras. Key Points: Azimuthally propagating "auroral curls" with mesoscale wavelengths were observed in AntarcticaThese curls are fine structures in the poleward boundary of multiple arcs formed by longitudinal‐arranged field‐aligned current pairsIonospheric flow velocities nearby oscillate with periods in the Pc 5 band, indicating connections with ultra‐low frequency waves [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microwave irradiation was postulated to reduce time and energy for deep eutectic solvent (DES) production which is in line with the principle of green chemistry. In this study, the choline chloride (ChCl)‐malic acid (MA) DES was prepared using microwave‐assisted (DES‐Mic) and conventional (DES‐Con) approaches. Microwave was a relatively greener approach as it was rapid (5 min) and consumed 92.8 % energy less than DES‐Con. Moreover, DES‐Mic and DES‐Con exhibited similar physicochemical profiles (pH, solubility, density) and rheological properties. Structural profiling through FTIR analysis suggested hydrogen bond formation between the functional groups of ChCl and MA. The FTIR spectra also did not show structural differences in the DES synthesized using different methods. DES‐Mic and DES‐Con exhibited superior 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (80.8±0.1 and 83.2±0.3 %, respectively) free radical scavenging activities than ChCl (15.6±0.8 %), MA (20.0±1.4 %) and ChCl:MA aqueous mixture without subjected to DES synthesis conditions (ChCl:MAaq; 23.3±0.8 %). Both DES were also proven as more efficient solvents for the extraction of polysaccharides from ramie leaf, as they recorded higher yields (21.4±1.9 and 22.2±1.0 %, respectively) than equimolar of MA (17.7±2.6 %) and ChCl (6.4±0.2 %). Overall, microwave was proven as a more sustainable approach for DES preparation compared to conventional method, which could be further improvised for industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitric oxide (NO)‐releasing coatings have promising potential for biomedical applications notably in implant safety and wound dressing by promoting healing and reducing bacterial growth. Yet, the production of NO‐films remains difficult through classic approaches. In this study, plasma polymerized NO‐coatings are produced using a helium‐isopentyl nitrite mixture under two power settings and deposited on aluminum samples. Analyses of the plasma phase by mass spectroscopy reveal the presence of nitrosoxy groups (O–N═O) in monomer and quasi‐monomer at low power, and a higher fragmentation rate at high power. Static and no‐static samples are made and analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy showing the presence of these group for both power conditions, with a better retention on the sample's center for the latest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The pathological features of immune‐mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) are dominated by the infiltration of macrophages. We aimed to perform a histopathologic semiquantitative analysis to investigate the relationship between macrophage markers and prognosis. Methods: Semiquantitative analysis of histologic features was performed in 62 samples of IMNM. Independent risk factors were identified through univariate and multivariate regression analysis. Cluster analysis was performed using the partitioning around the medoids (PAM) method. Decision tree modeling was utilized to efficiently determine cluster labels for IMNM patients. The validity of the developmental cohort was assessed by accuracy in comparison with the validation cohort. Results: The most enriched groups in patients with IMNM were macrophages expressing CD206 and CD163. In the multivariate logistic regression model, the high density of CD163+ macrophages in perimysial connective tissue increased the risk of unfavorable prognosis (p = 0.025, OR = 1.463, 95% CI: 1.049–2.041). In cluster analysis, patients in Cluster 1, with lower CD163+ macrophage density and inflammatory burden, had a more favorable prognosis. Conversely, patients in Cluster 3, which were enriched for CD163+ macrophages in the perimysial connective tissue, had the most severe clinical features and the worst prognosis. Correlations were found between the density of CD163+ macrophages in connective tissue and symptom duration (R2 = 0.166, p < 0.001), dysphagia (p = 0.004), cardiac involvement (p = 0.021), CK (R2 = 0.067, p = 0.042), CRP (R2 = 0.117, p < 0.001), and ESR (R2 = 0.171, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The density of CD163+ macrophages in perimysial connective tissue may serve as a potential marker for the prediction of IMNM prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temperature experienced by avian embryos during development has important impacts on their growth and post‐hatching phenotypes. Ambient temperature can directly affect avian nest temperature and indirectly affect it through its impact on parental incubation behaviours. Because the nests of uniparental incubators are usually left unattended more frequently than the nests of biparental incubators whose nests can be attended by another bird when one bird leaves the nest, we predict that the effect of ambient temperature on nest temperature and thus on embryonic development (specifically, incubation period length and hatching success) and post‐hatching phenotype (i.e. potential carry‐over effect on nestling body mass and condition) should be greater in uniparental incubators than in biparental incubators. To test this prediction, we studied two congeneric species, the biparental incubating black‐throated tits Aegithalos concinnus and the uniparental incubating silver‐throated tits A.glaucogularis. We found that although the embryos of the two species both developed faster (shorter incubation period length) when ambient temperature was higher, the slope was significantly greater for silver‐throated tits than for black‐throated tits, consistent with our prediction of a greater effect of ambient temperature on embryonic development in silver‐throated tits. However, the result was not due to a greater effect of ambient temperature on nest temperature, because nest temperatures of the two species had positive relationships with ambient temperature in a similar way. Therefore, it implies a greater response of silver‐throated tit embryos to temperature change. In addition, ambient temperature during the incubation stage did not affect either hatching success or nestling body mass and condition in both species. Although our predictions were not fully supported, our findings highlight the different responses of embryonic development to environmental changes between a uniparental incubator and a biparental incubator, and suggest further research to explore the mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Levofloxacin is a quinolone antibiotic with a broad antibacterial spectrum. It is frequently used in elderly patients with pneumonia. The pharmacokinetic profile of elderly patients changes with age, but data on the pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in these patients are limited. The aim of this study was to establish a population pharmacokinetic model of levofloxacin in elderly patients with pneumonia and to optimize individualized dosing regimens based on this newly developed model. Methods: This is a prospective, open‐label pharmacokinetic study in elderly patients with pneumonia. Blood samples were collected using an opportunistic approach. The plasma concentrations of levofloxacin were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. A population pharmacokinetic model was established using nonlinear mixed‐effect model software. Monte Carlo simulations were used for dose simulation and dose optimization. Results: Data from 51 elderly patients with pneumonia were used for the population pharmacokinetic analysis. A one‐compartment model with first‐order elimination was most suitable for describing the data, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate was the only covariate that had a significant impact on the model. The final model estimated that the mean clearance of levofloxacin in elderly patients with pneumonia was 5.26 L/h. Monte Carlo simulation results showed that the optimal dosing regimen for levofloxacin was 750 mg once a day in elderly patients with pneumonia, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2 mg/L. Conclusions: The population pharmacokinetic model of levofloxacin in elderly patients with pneumonia was established, and the dose optimization of levofloxacin was completed through Monte Carlo simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tunable bandgaps make halide perovskites promising candidates for developing tandem solar cells (TSCs), a strategy to break the radiative limit of 33.7% for single‐junction solar cells. Combining perovskites with market‐dominant crystalline silicon (c‐Si) is particularly attractive; simple estimates based on the bandgap matching indicate that the efficiency limit in such tandem device is as high as 46%. However, state‐of‐the‐art perovskite/c‐Si TSCs only achieve an efficiency of ~32.5%, implying significant challenges and also rich opportunities. In this review, we start with the operating mechanism and efficiency limit of TSCs, followed by systematical discussions on wide‐bandgap perovskite front cells, interface selective contacts, and electrical interconnection layer, as well as photon management for highly efficient perovskite/c‐Si TSCs. We highlight the challenges in this field and provide our understanding of future research directions toward highly efficient and stable large‐scale wide‐bandgap perovskite front cells for the commercialization of perovskite/c‐Si TSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free phytosterols (PS) and phytosterol esters (PSE) usually coexist in natural edible oils, which affect the crystallization behaviors of oil significantly. However, the phase behaviors of PS and PSE in oils and their roles on the crystallization behaviors of oil are still unclear. In this study, the isolation and dissolution behaviors of PS and PSE in medium chain triglyceride (MCT) were studied, and then their influences on the crystallization behaviors of MCT were clarified further. The results showed that when the mass ratio of PS:PSE was greater than 3:7 at the total amount of PS and PSE fixing 5 wt%, PS and PSE isolated to form a new crystal structure, which was different from PS spherical or PSE plate‐like crystal structure, in MCT. The new PS/PSE crystal structure had a larger surface area, and its melting point was between PS and PSE. It also showed the synergistic ability to promote the crystallization nucleation of MCT. When the total content of PS and PSE was 1 wt%, and the mass ratio of PS:PSE was 5:5, the crystallization peak temperature of PS/PSE/MCT was 12°C higher than that of virgin MCT, 2.5°C higher than that of PSE/MCT, and 10.3°C higher than that of PS/MCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]