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Introduction: Whether airway‐compromised airway–esophageal fistula (AEF) patients should undergo combined airway and esophageal stenting is controversial. This study was designed to evaluate the survival prognosis and poststent interventions in AEF patients with airways compromised by advanced malignancy with or without airway stents. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the medical records, survival times, and poststent interventions of 17 patients with or without airway stents was performed. Results: The causes of AEF were esophageal cancer (11/17, 64.7%), lung cancer (6/17, 29.4%), and thyroid cancer (1/17, 5.9%). All patients received a nasogastric tube (n = 12) or underwent gastrostomy (n = 5) to resume enteral nutrition. Thirteen patients underwent airway stent insertion (13/17, 76.5%), whereas four patients did not. Four patients with a high risk of stent migration received external stent fixation to the trachea. Three of the patients with stents suffered severe granulation tissue formation and needed repeated bronchoscopy interventions. In the stented group, none of the patients developed stent migration, and the overall median survival time was 9 months, compared with 1.25 months in the nonstented group (P = 0.04). Cox proportional hazards regression revealed that stent insertion, nasogastric tube insertion, and transcatheter bronchial artery chemoembolization were protective factors against death, whereas surgery‐related fistula, fistula larger than 2 cm, continued chemotherapy, and age were risk factors for poor survival (P < 0.05). Conclusion: In airway‐compromised AEF patients, airway stents and nasogastric tubes are probably the preferred treatments. Airway stenting is tolerable, and routine weekly poststent bronchoscopy is needed in the first month and depending on respiratory symptoms thereafter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stress intensity factor (SIF) is the foundation of fracture mechanics analysis. Accurate determination of SIFs is at the very heart of damage tolerance design and fatigue crack growth life prediction. The weight function method (WFM) is a powerful method for SIF‐determination involving complex load conditions. This article presents a review of the historical development over the past five decades and the current state‐of‐the‐art in three‐dimensional (3D) WFMs. The discussions are focused on the slice synthesis weight function method (SSWFM) and the point weight function method (PWFM). The powerfulness of the 3D WFMs is shown by a variety of examples with complex part‐through crack configurations under uni‐ and bi‐variant loadings. Solution accuracy is verified by comparisons of SIFs with various numerical methods. Use of the substitute geometry concept to expand the capability of 3D WFMs for solving real‐world engineering 3D crack problems is demonstrated. Some remaining challenges are briefly discussed. Highlights: This article presents a review of the historical development and the current state‐of‐the‐art in 3D WFMs.The 3D WFMs is powerful for complex part‐through crack configurations.The WFMs can solve real‐world 3D crack problems with substitute geometry concept.Some remaining challenges are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients frequently die from cardiac causes after radiotherapy for esophageal cancer. Early detection of cardiac death risk in these patients is crucial to improve clinical decision‐making and prognosis. Thus, we modeled the risk of cardiac death after irradiation for esophageal cancer. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 37,599 esophageal cancer cases treated with radiotherapy in the SEER database between 2000 and 2018 was performed. The selected cases were randomly assigned to the model development group (n = 26,320) and model validation group (n = 11,279) at a ratio of 7:3. We identified the risk factors most commonly associated with cardiac death by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis (LASSO). The endpoints for model development and validation were 5‐ and 10‐year survival rates. The net clinical benefit of the models was evaluated by decision curve analysis (DCA) and concordance index (C‐index). The performance of the models was further assessed by creating a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and calculating the area under the curve (AUC). Kaplan‐Meier (K‐M) survival analysis was performed on the probability of death. Patients were classified according to death probability thresholds. Five‐ and ten‐year survival rates for the two groups were shown using K‐M curves. Results: The major risk factors for cardiac death were age, surgery, year of diagnosis, sequence of surgery and radiotherapy, chemotherapy and a number of tumors, which were used to create the nomogram. The C‐indexes of the nomograms were 0.708 and 0.679 for the development and validation groups, respectively. DCA showed the good net clinical benefit of nomograms in predicting 5‐ and 10‐year risk of cardiac death. The model exhibited moderate predictive power for 5‐ and 10‐year cardiac mortality (AUC: 0.833 and 0.854, respectively), and for the development and validation cohorts (AUC: 0.76 and 0.813, respectively). Conclusions: Our nomogram may assist clinicians in making clinical decisions about patients undergoing radiotherapy for esophageal cancer based on early detection of cardiac death risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional protein engineering methods for modifying protein nanopores are typically limited to 20 natural amino acids, which restrict the diversity of the nanopores in structure and function. To enrich the chemical environment inside the nanopore, we employed the genetic code expansion (GCE) technique to site‐specifically incorporate the unnatural amino acid (UAA) into the sensing region of aerolysin nanopores. This approach leveraged the efficient pyrrolysine‐based aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetase‐tRNA pair for a high yield of pore‐forming protein. Both molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and single‐molecule sensing experiments demonstrated that the conformation of UAA residues provided a favorable geometric orientation for the interactions of target molecules and the pore. This rationally designed chemical environment enabled the direct discrimination of multiple peptides containing hydrophobic amino acids. Our work provides a new framework for endowing nanopores with unique sensing properties that are difficult to achieve using classical protein engineering approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional protein engineering methods for modifying protein nanopores are typically limited to 20 natural amino acids, which restrict the diversity of the nanopores in structure and function. To enrich the chemical environment inside the nanopore, we employed the genetic code expansion (GCE) technique to site‐specifically incorporate the unnatural amino acid (UAA) into the sensing region of aerolysin nanopores. This approach leveraged the efficient pyrrolysine‐based aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetase‐tRNA pair for a high yield of pore‐forming protein. Both molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and single‐molecule sensing experiments demonstrated that the conformation of UAA residues provided a favorable geometric orientation for the interactions of target molecules and the pore. This rationally designed chemical environment enabled the direct discrimination of multiple peptides containing hydrophobic amino acids. Our work provides a new framework for endowing nanopores with unique sensing properties that are difficult to achieve using classical protein engineering approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Plant diseases worsen the threat of food shortage with the growing global population, and disease recognition is the basis for the effective prevention and control of plant diseases. Deep learning has made significant breakthroughs in the field of plant disease recognition. Compared with traditional deep learning, meta‐learning can still maintain more than 90% accuracy in disease recognition with small samples. However, there is no comprehensive review on the application of meta‐learning in plant disease recognition. Here, we mainly summarize the functions, advantages, and limitations of meta‐learning research methods and their applications for plant disease recognition with a few data scenarios. Finally, we outline several research avenues for utilizing current and future meta‐learning in plant science. This review may help plant science researchers obtain faster, more accurate, and more credible solutions through deep learning with fewer labeled samples. Significance Statement: This paper focuses on the research related to meta‐learning based plant disease recognition with few samples. With the significant progress in deep‐learning based plant disease detection, disease diagnose is gradually intelligent. However, traditional deep‐learning has limited the existing research development because of the great demand for samples, time and effort consumption, and the lack of migration between models. Furthermore, traditional deep‐learning faces the time‐consuming and labor‐intensive nature of the available samples and the lack of transferability between models. The emergence of meta‐learning methods has solved the problem of sample annotation arising from the huge sample size, and strong feature‐extracting ability, which may be an essential tool for future crop phenotype research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HLA‐C*07:1089 differs from HLA‐C*07:02:01:01 by one nucleotide in exon 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal phytochemicals, such as artemisinin and taxol, have impacted the world, and hypericin might do so if its availability issue could be addressed. Hypericin is the hallmark component of Saint John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.), an approved depression alleviator documented in the US, European, and British pharmacopoeias with its additional effectiveness against diverse cancers and viruses. However, the academia‐to‐industry transition of hypericin remain hampered by its low in planta abundance, unfeasible bulk chemical synthesis, and unclear biosynthetic mechanism. Here, we present a strategy consisting of the hypericin‐structure‐centered modification and reorganization of microbial biosynthetic steps in the repurposed cells that have been tamed to enable the designed consecutive reactions to afford hypericin (43.1 mg L−1), without acquiring its biosynthetic knowledge in native plants. The study provides a synthetic biology route to hypericin and establishes a platform for biosustainable access to medicinal phytochemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal phytochemicals, such as artemisinin and taxol, have impacted the world, and hypericin might do so if its availability issue could be addressed. Hypericin is the hallmark component of Saint John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.), an approved depression alleviator documented in the US, European, and British pharmacopoeias with its additional effectiveness against diverse cancers and viruses. However, the academia‐to‐industry transition of hypericin remain hampered by its low in planta abundance, unfeasible bulk chemical synthesis, and unclear biosynthetic mechanism. Here, we present a strategy consisting of the hypericin‐structure‐centered modification and reorganization of microbial biosynthetic steps in the repurposed cells that have been tamed to enable the designed consecutive reactions to afford hypericin (43.1 mg L−1), without acquiring its biosynthetic knowledge in native plants. The study provides a synthetic biology route to hypericin and establishes a platform for biosustainable access to medicinal phytochemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted simulations with a 4‐km resolution for Hurricane Joaquin in 2015 using the weather research and forecast (WRF) model. The model data are used to study stratospheric gravity waves (GWs) generated by the hurricane and how they correlate with hurricane intensity. The simulation results show spiral GWs propagating upward and anticlockwise away from the hurricane center. GWs with vertical wavelengths up to 14 km are generated. We find that GW activity is more frequent and intense during hurricane intensification than during weakening, particularly for the most intense GW activity. There are significant correlations between the change of stratospheric GW intensity and hurricane intensity. Therefore, the emergence of intensive stratospheric GW activity may be considered a useful proxy for identifying hurricane intensification. Plain Language Summary: Accurate predictions of changes in hurricane intensity are essential to provide sufficient lead time for warning and evacuation. As a hurricane intensifies, gravity waves (GWs) are emitted into the stratosphere to partially rebalance the sudden energy changes. If a correlation between hurricane intensification and GWs is verified, observing stratospheric GWs with satellite instruments could provide a possible predictor of hurricane intensification. This approach is advantageous when clouds obscure the direct view from above by visible and infrared instruments into the inner state of the hurricane. This study uses mesoscale model simulations to test and verify the correlation between hurricane intensification and GWs and finds that stratospheric GW activity increases prior to peaks in hurricane intensity. Key Points: High‐resolution weather research and forecast simulations for Hurricane Joaquin show spiral gravity waves (GWs) emanating into the stratosphereStratospheric GW activity is more frequent and intense before and during hurricane intensification than during weakeningThis study provides further evidence that stratospheric GW activity is a valid proxy for hurricane intensification [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kharasch–Sosnovsky reaction is one of the most powerful methods for allylic oxidation of alkenes. However, the inherent radical mechanism and use of peroxides as both oxidants and oxygen nucleophiles render dearth of universal catalytic systems for highly enantioselective variants and limited scope. Herein, an alternative to the asymmetric Kharasch–Sosnovsky reaction that utilized a chiral copper catalyst and purple‐LED irradiation to enable the three‐component coupling of 1,3‐dienes, oxime esters, and carboxylic acids is reported. This protocol features mild conditions, remarkable scope and functional group tolerance as evidenced by >80 examples and utility in the late‐stage modification of pharmaceuticals and natural products. Detailed mechanistic studies provide evidences for the radical‐based reaction pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kharasch–Sosnovsky reaction is one of the most powerful methods for allylic oxidation of alkenes. However, the inherent radical mechanism and use of peroxides as both oxidants and oxygen nucleophiles render dearth of universal catalytic systems for highly enantioselective variants and limited scope. Herein, an alternative to the asymmetric Kharasch–Sosnovsky reaction that utilized a chiral copper catalyst and purple‐LED irradiation to enable the three‐component coupling of 1,3‐dienes, oxime esters, and carboxylic acids is reported. This protocol features mild conditions, remarkable scope and functional group tolerance as evidenced by >80 examples and utility in the late‐stage modification of pharmaceuticals and natural products. Detailed mechanistic studies provide evidences for the radical‐based reaction pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tau phosphorylation shows direct clinical importance as the hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of tau exists in a range of tauopathies. However, it is still challenging to study tau phosphorylation owing to its multiple and adjacent phosphorylation sites in the tau sequence. To address this challenge, here, a designed T232K/K238Q mutant aerolysin nanopore is introduced which synergistically incorporates the enhanced electrostatic interaction at T232K site and the high repelling barrier at K238Q site. The distinct current blockages produced by a T232K/K238Q aerolysin sensor achieve nearly 100% identification accuracy for the characteristic distribution of unphosphorylated tau peptide, pS262‐, pT263‐tau peptide, and pS262/pT263‐tau peptide. The excellent sensing ability of the T232K/K238Q nanopore originates from the extremely slow translocation speed which prolongs the duration up to tens or hundreds milliseconds for a nine‐amino‐acid peptide. It is envisioned that the design ideas of the T232K/K238Q aerolysin nanopore can be further applied to analyze other protein/peptide post‐translational modification as it provides the exquisite sensitivity for identifying the modification of single amino acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lug is one of the most important lap joints in many engineering structures, especially airframes. Through‐thickness and part‐through cracks emanating from pin‐loaded lug hole are frequently encountered due to stress concentration. Stress intensity factors for various crack geometries are the prerequisite for damage tolerance design of attachment lug. In this paper, analytical 2D weight functions for through‐thickness crack in lug are derived considering the contact condition between the pin and lug. With the derived 2D weight function, a highly efficient 3D slice synthesis weight function method (SSWFM) is then developed to determine 3D SIFs of hole‐edge corner/surface crack in straight and tapered lugs under various pin loadings. The resulting 3D SIFs are verified by comparisons with the numerical FEM/Franc3D solutions and literature data. The SSWFM is about 1800 times faster than the numerical FEM/Franc3D and therefore will significantly enhance damage tolerance analysis capability for attachment lugs. Highlights: Accurate and wide‐range weight functions of pin‐loaded cracked lug are derived considering the contact constraint.A 3D weight function method for corner and surface cracks of lug is established.It is accurate and much faster than FEM for SIF calculation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuregulin‐1 (NRG‐1)/erythroblastic leukaemia viral oncogene homologues (ErbB) pathway activation plays a crucial role in regulating the adaptation of the adult heart to physiological and pathological stress. In the present study, we investigate the effect of recombined human NRG‐1 (rhNRG‐1) on mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial function, and cell survival in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes (NRCMs) exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). The results of this study showed that, in the H/R‐exposed NRCMs, mitochondrial biogenesis was impaired, as manifested by the decrease of the expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma coactivator‐1 alpha (PGC‐1α) and mitochondrial membrane proteins, the inner membrane (Tim23), mitofusin 1 (Mfn1), and mitofusin 2 (Mfn2). RhNRG‐1 pretreatment effectively restored the expression of PGC‐1α and these membrane proteins, upregulated the expression of the anti‐apoptosis proteins Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xL, preserved the mitochondrial membrane potential, and attenuated H/R‐induced cell apoptosis. Blocking PGC‐1 expression with siRNA abolished the beneficial role of rhNRG‐1 on mitochondrial function and cell survival. The results of the present study strongly suggest that NRG‐1/ErbB activation enhances the adaption of cardiomyocytes to H/R injury via promoted mitochondrial biogenesis and improved mitochondrial homeostasis. Significance of the Study: The results of this research revealed for the first time the relationship between neuregulin‐1 (NRG‐1)/erythroblastic leukaemia viral oncogene homologues (ErbB) activation and mitochondrial biogenesis in neonatal cardiomyocytes and verified the significance of this promoted mitochondrial biogenesis in attenuating hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. This finding may open a new field to further understand the biological role of NRG‐1/ErbB signalling pathway in cardiomyocyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To automatically and precisely detect a large quantity of landmark pairs between two lung computed tomography (CT) images to support evaluation of deformable image registration (DIR). We expect that the generated landmark pairs will significantly augment the current lung CT benchmark datasets in both quantity and positional accuracy. Methods: A large number of landmark pairs were detected within the lung between the end‐exhalation (EE) and end‐inhalation (EI) phases of the lung four‐dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) datasets. Thousands of landmarks were detected by applying the Harris‐Stephens corner detection algorithm on the probability maps of the lung vasculature tree. A parametric image registration method (pTVreg) was used to establish initial landmark correspondence by registering the images at EE and EI phases. A multi‐stream pseudo‐siamese (MSPS) network was then developed to further improve the landmark pair positional accuracy by directly predicting three‐dimensional (3D) shifts to optimally align the landmarks in EE to their counterparts in EI. Positional accuracies of the detected landmark pairs were evaluated using both digital phantoms and publicly available landmark pairs. Results: Dense sets of landmark pairs were detected for 10 4DCT lung datasets, with an average of 1886 landmark pairs per case. The mean and standard deviation of target registration error (TRE) were 0.47 ± 0.45 mm with 98% of landmark pairs having a TRE smaller than 2 mm for 10 digital phantom cases. Tests using 300 manually labeled landmark pairs in 10 lung 4DCT benchmark datasets (DIRLAB) produced TRE results of 0.73 ± 0.53 mm with 97% of landmark pairs having a TRE smaller than 2 mm. Conclusion: A new method was developed to automatically and precisely detect a large quantity of landmark pairs between lung CT image pairs. The detected landmark pairs could be used as benchmark datasets for more accurate and informative quantitative evaluation of DIR algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The weight function method is a powerful method for the determination of key parameters of stress intensity factors and crack opening displacements that are fundamental for crack analyses in fracture mechanics. The method has a remarkable computational efficiency without compromising solution accuracy and is especially suited for cracks in real‐world components with complex stress gradients. A critical issue for successful development and reliable application of the weight function method is how to achieve verifiable and high solution accuracy. This paper provides several reflections on the current state of the art in weight function methods, including a brief historical perspective and description of several analytical and numerical weight methods, with main focus on the two‐dimensional (2D) analytical approaches. A variety of typical application examples are presented. A platform for point‐by‐point accuracy assessment by using the Green's functions is established on a completely independent numerical approach with validated accuracy. Rigorous and systematic verification of the accuracy levels of different 2D analytical weight function approaches are conducted using several benchmark crack geometries. The sources of inaccuracy of different analytical weight function methods are analysed. A brief account on weight function methods for analysing three‐dimensional (3D) crack problems with arbitrary univariant and bivariant stress distributions is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fluorophilic fluorescent probe based on a perfluoroalkyl‐substituted bis(binaphthyl) compound was designed and synthesized. It displayed a highly enantioselective fluorescence response toward structurally diverse amino acids in a biphasic fluorous/aqueous system with enantiomeric fluorescent enhancement ratio (ef; ΔID/ΔIL) values up to 45.2 (histidine). It can be used to determine the enantiomeric compositions of amino acids and also allows the amino acid enantiomers to be visually discriminated. NMR and mass‐spectroscopic investigations provided insights into the observed high enantioselectivity. This biphasic fluorescent recognition was used to determine the enantiomeric composition of the crude phenylalanine products generated by an enzyme‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrolysis under various reaction conditions. The fluorous‐phase‐based fluorescence measurement under the biphasic conditions was able to minimize the interference of other reaction components and thus has potential in asymmetric reaction screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tetrapanax papyrifer, the rice‐paper plant, is an evergreen shrub and is traditionally used as a herbal medicine in China. In October 2021, a serious leaf spot disease was extensively observed on T. papyrifer in Guizhou, China. Given the limited information available about the aetiology of this disease, isolations were performed, the morphological characteristics and multi‐locus phylogenetic analysis of the fungus associated with the disease were described, and the pathogenicity tests and Koch's postulates were completed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot on T. papyrifer caused by Alternaria tenuissima in China. Among 11 fungicides tested, 10% difenoconazole WDG had the best inhibition effect in vitro with EC50 values at 0.1 μg mL−1. This study provides new information for the identification and chemical control of Alternaria leaf spot of T. papyrifer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doped clusters by Si16 cage encapsulating group‐IV metal atoms (M@Si16, M = Ti, Zr and Hf) are computationally investigated by both density functional theory (DFT) and high‐level CCSD(T) method. Their low‐energy structures are globally searched using a genetic algorithm based on DFT. The ground state structures of neutral and anionic M@Si16 are determined by calculating the vertical and adiabatic detachment energies and comparing them with the experimental data. For neutral Ti@Si16, the Frank‐Kasper (FK) deltahedron with Td symmetry and distorted FK isomer with C3v symmetry are nearly degenerate as the ground state and may coexist in laboratory, while the distorted FK isomer is the most probable structure for Ti@Si16− anion. For neutral and anionic Zr@Si16 and Hf@Si16 clusters, the ground states at finite temperatures up to 300 K are the fullerene‐like D4d bitruncated square trapezohedron. These theoretical results establish a more complete picture for the most stable structures of M@Si16 clusters, which possess large gaps and may serve as building blocks for electronic and optoelectronic applications. By comparing the simulated photoelectron spectra with the experimental data, the ground states of the M@Si16 (M = Ti, Zr, and Hf) clusters were identified. The FK1 isomer is the most probable ground state for the Ti@Si16− anion, and the f isomer is always the lowest‐energy state at temperatures up to 300 K for Zr@Si16 and Hf@Si16 clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Forecasting the intensity of tropical cyclones is a challenging problem. Rapid intensification is often preceded by the formation of “hot towers” near the eyewall. Driven by strong release of latent heat, hot towers are high‐reaching tropical cumulonimbus clouds that penetrate the tropopause. Hot towers are a potentially important source of stratospheric gravity waves. Using 13.5 years (2002–2016) of Atmospheric Infrared Sounder observations of stratospheric gravity waves and tropical cyclone data from the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship, we found empirical evidence that stratospheric gravity wave activity is associated with the intensification of tropical cyclones. The Atmospheric Infrared Sounder and International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship data showed that strong gravity wave events occurred about twice as often for tropical cyclone intensification compared to storm weakening. Observations of stratospheric gravity waves, which are not affected by obscuring tropospheric clouds, may become an important future indicator of storm intensification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading causes of cancer mortality, and the early-stage detection could significantly enhance survival rates. Cancer influences the important metabolic pathways and the changes in metabolite levels had been used in many studies as the potential biomarkers. This study is aimed at screening metabolite biomarkers with CRC diagnosis potentials. The direct infusion mass spectrometry (MS) metabolomic analysis based on dried blood spot was used to distinguish CRC from polyp. The target metabolites were composed of 23 amino acids and 26 acylcarnitines. The 21 metabolites in blood were selected via multivariate analysis. A regression model was established based on parameters C16, Arg, C4/C8, C5/C3, Val, Phe/Tyr, Ala, C4/C3. Tenfold cross validation (CV) method was used to test this model and showed sensitivity of 81.18% and specificity of 83.95%. The metabolomic analysis is a practicable method for CRC detection. The use of direct MS analysis in metabolite screening could be finished in several minutes and served as a higher-throughput method to distinguish CRC and polyps. © 2017 IUBMB Life, 69(5):347-354, 2017 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) into membrane-shaped architectures is of great importance for practical applications. The currently synthesized MOF-based membranes show many disadvantages, such as poor compatibility, low dispersity, and instability, which severely limit their utility. Herein, we present a general, facile, and robust approach for the synthesis of MOF-based composite membranes through the in situ growth of MOF plates in the channels of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes. After being used as catalysis reactors, they exhibit high catalytic performance and stability in the Knoevenagel condensation reaction. The high catalytic performance might be attributed to the intrinsic structure of MOF-based composite membranes, which can remove the products from the reaction zone quickly, and prevent the aggregation and loss of catalysts during reaction and recycling process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incorporation of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) into membrane-shaped architectures is of great importance for practical applications. The currently synthesized MOF-based membranes show many disadvantages, such as poor compatibility, low dispersity, and instability, which severely limit their utility. Herein, we present a general, facile, and robust approach for the synthesis of MOF-based composite membranes through the in situ growth of MOF plates in the channels of anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes. After being used as catalysis reactors, they exhibit high catalytic performance and stability in the Knoevenagel condensation reaction. The high catalytic performance might be attributed to the intrinsic structure of MOF-based composite membranes, which can remove the products from the reaction zone quickly, and prevent the aggregation and loss of catalysts during reaction and recycling process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanopipette, which is fabricated by glasses and possesses a nanoscale pore in the tip, has been proven to be immensely useful in electrochemical analysis. Numerous nanopipette‐based sensors have emerged with improved sensitivity, selectivity, ease of use, and miniaturization. In this minireview, we provide an overview of the recent developments of nanopipette‐based electrochemical sensors based on different types of nanopipettes, including single‐nanopipettes, self‐referenced nanopipettes, dual‐nanopipettes, and double‐barrel nanopipettes. Several important modification materials for nanopipette functionalization are highlighted, such as conductive materials, macromolecular materials, and functional molecules. These materials can improve the sensing performance and targeting specificities of nanopipettes. We also discuss examples of related applications and the future development of nanopipette‐based strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thioredoxin-interacting protein ( TXNIP) is a multifunctional protein involved in diverse cellular processes such as cell proliferation and apoptosis. TXNIP stability is controlled by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, and the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch directly interacts with TXNIP via PPxY motifs of TXNIP. In a previously published study, we have shown that phosphorylation of the PPxY tyrosyl residue switches TXNIP selectivity between different binding partners. Here, we describe that tyrosine-phosphorylated PPxY motifs also bind to SH2 domains of Vav2 and Src with dissociation constants around 10 μ m and that phosphorylation is indispensable for these interactions as well. The crystal structure of the complex between a phosphorylated PPxY motif, and the SH2 domain of Vav2 reveals a conserved recognition mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploration of low-cost and earth-abundant photocatalysts for highly efficient solar photocatalytic water splitting is of great importance. Although transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) showed outstanding performance as co-catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), designing TMD-hybridized photocatalysts with abundant active sites for the HER still remains challenge. Here, a facile one-pot wet-chemical method is developed to prepare MS2-CdS ( M=W or Mo) nanohybrids. Surprisedly, in the obtained nanohybrids, single-layer MS2 nanosheets with lateral size of 4-10 nm selectively grow on the Cd-rich (0001) surface of wurtzite CdS nanocrystals. These MS2-CdS nanohybrids possess a large number of edge sites in the MS2 layers, which are active sites for the HER. The photocatalytic performances of WS2-CdS and MoS2-CdS nanohybrids towards the HER under visible light irradiation (>420 nm) are about 16 and 12 times that of pure CdS, respectively. Importantly, the MS2-CdS nanohybrids showed enhanced stability after a long-time test (16 h), and 70 % of catalytic activity still remained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploration of low-cost and earth-abundant photocatalysts for highly efficient solar photocatalytic water splitting is of great importance. Although transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) showed outstanding performance as co-catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), designing TMD-hybridized photocatalysts with abundant active sites for the HER still remains challenge. Here, a facile one-pot wet-chemical method is developed to prepare MS2-CdS ( M=W or Mo) nanohybrids. Surprisedly, in the obtained nanohybrids, single-layer MS2 nanosheets with lateral size of 4-10 nm selectively grow on the Cd-rich (0001) surface of wurtzite CdS nanocrystals. These MS2-CdS nanohybrids possess a large number of edge sites in the MS2 layers, which are active sites for the HER. The photocatalytic performances of WS2-CdS and MoS2-CdS nanohybrids towards the HER under visible light irradiation (>420 nm) are about 16 and 12 times that of pure CdS, respectively. Importantly, the MS2-CdS nanohybrids showed enhanced stability after a long-time test (16 h), and 70 % of catalytic activity still remained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) copper-based ternary and quaternary semiconductors are promising building blocks for the construction of efficient solution-processed photovoltaic devices at low cost. However, the facile synthesis of such 2D nanoplates with well-defined shape and uniform size remains a challenge. Reported herein is a universal template-mediated method for preparing copper-based ternary and quaternary chalcogenide nanoplates, that is, CuInS2, CuIn xGa1− xS2, and Cu2ZnSnS4, by using a pre-synthesized CuS nanoplate as the starting template. The various synthesized nanoplates are monophasic with uniform thickness and lateral size. As a proof of concept, the Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoplates were immobilized on a Mo/glass substrate and used as semiconductor photoelectrode, thus showing stable photoelectrochemical response. The method is general and provides future opportunities for fabrication of cost-effective photovoltaic devices based on 2D semiconductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) copper-based ternary and quaternary semiconductors are promising building blocks for the construction of efficient solution-processed photovoltaic devices at low cost. However, the facile synthesis of such 2D nanoplates with well-defined shape and uniform size remains a challenge. Reported herein is a universal template-mediated method for preparing copper-based ternary and quaternary chalcogenide nanoplates, that is, CuInS2, CuIn xGa1− xS2, and Cu2ZnSnS4, by using a pre-synthesized CuS nanoplate as the starting template. The various synthesized nanoplates are monophasic with uniform thickness and lateral size. As a proof of concept, the Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoplates were immobilized on a Mo/glass substrate and used as semiconductor photoelectrode, thus showing stable photoelectrochemical response. The method is general and provides future opportunities for fabrication of cost-effective photovoltaic devices based on 2D semiconductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photosynthesis in 'green' seeds, such as rapeseed, soybean, and Arabidopsis, plays a substantial role in the improved efficiency of oil accumulation. However, the molecular mechanism underpinning the coordinated expression of fatty acid (FA) biosynthesis- and photosynthesis-related genes in such developing seeds remains to be elucidated. Here, we found that seed-specific overexpression of BnWRI1, a WRI1 homolog from rapeseed ( Brassica napus cv. ZGY2), results in enhanced chlorophyll content in developing seeds and increased oil content and seed mass in matured seeds. BnWRI1 was co-expressed with BnBCCP and BnCAB, two marker genes of FA biosynthesis and photosynthesis during seed development, respectively. Overexpression of BnWRI1 increased expression of both marker genes. Further, the nuclear-localized BnWRI1 protein was found to act as a transcription activator. It could bind to the GT1-element and/or GCC-box, which are widespread in the upstream regions of genes involved in FA biosynthesis and photosynthesis pathways. Accordingly, BnWRI1 could interact with promoters of BCCP2 and LHB1B2 in vivo. These results suggested that BnWRI1 may coordinate FA biosynthesis and photosynthesis pathways in developing seeds via directly stimulating expression of GT1-element and/or GCC-box containing genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semiconducting nanosheets with microscale lateral size are attractive building blocks for the fabrication of electronic and optoelectronic devices. The phase-controlled chemical synthesis of semiconducting nanosheets is of particular interest, because their intriguing properties are not only related to their size and shape, but also phase-dependent. Herein, a facile method for the synthesis of phase-pure, microsized, two-dimensional (2D) CuSe nanosheets with an average thickness of approximately 5 nm is demonstrated. These hexagonal-phased CuSe nanosheets were transformed into cubic-phased Cu2− xSe nanosheets with the same morphology simply by treatment with heat in the presence of CuI cations. The phase transformation, proposed to be a template-assisted process, can be extended to other systems, such as CuS and Cu1.97S nanoplates. Our study offers a new method for the phase-controlled preparation of 2D nanomaterials, which are not readily accessible by conventional wet-chemical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semiconducting nanosheets with microscale lateral size are attractive building blocks for the fabrication of electronic and optoelectronic devices. The phase-controlled chemical synthesis of semiconducting nanosheets is of particular interest, because their intriguing properties are not only related to their size and shape, but also phase-dependent. Herein, a facile method for the synthesis of phase-pure, microsized, two-dimensional (2D) CuSe nanosheets with an average thickness of approximately 5 nm is demonstrated. These hexagonal-phased CuSe nanosheets were transformed into cubic-phased Cu2− xSe nanosheets with the same morphology simply by treatment with heat in the presence of CuI cations. The phase transformation, proposed to be a template-assisted process, can be extended to other systems, such as CuS and Cu1.97S nanoplates. Our study offers a new method for the phase-controlled preparation of 2D nanomaterials, which are not readily accessible by conventional wet-chemical methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metabolism of triazole antifungal agents is highly competitive to conventional post-transplant immunosuppressants like cyclosporine A (CsA) via the cytochrome P450-dependent pathway. We present the first report on lethal complications that may arise due to this type of drug interaction. A retrospective survey identified 10 of 104 cases (9.62%) that suffered life-threatening complications associated with the interaction between CsA and itraconazole or voriconazole following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) at our center. According to the close drug monitoring, all 10 patients experienced supratherapeutic levels of CsA even with a preemptive CsA dosage reduction and prompt dose adjustment. Six patients developed grade I to III acute graft-versus-host disease ( aGVHD) and eventually died from either idiopathic pneumonia syndrome or diffuse alveolar hemorrhage; another four patients died from CSA-associated neurological complications. Impaired hepatic and renal function was noted in only one of these 10 cases. The high frequency as well as the unpredictability of severe complications lead us to suggest that triazole should always be replaced by another antifungal medication (e.g., amphotericin B or Echincandins) while patients receive CsA after HSCT, especially in the Chinese population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (10): 1079-1086 Abstract Objectives The goal of this study was designed to assess prognostic values of simultaneous measurement of adipocytokines in systolic heart failure (HF) patients. Methods Patients with HF manifestations and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 50% were selected in this study. Gender, age, medications and serum biochemical data were recorded upon admissions. Adipocytokines including adiponectin, leptin, resistin, visfatin and retinol binding protein-4 were measured. Results A total of 108 (83 males and 25 females) patients were enroled. The age was 62 ± 15 years and mean LVEF was 35%. Twenty patients died during 776 ± 323 days follow-up. In univariate analysis, mortality was found to be associated with the log-transformed values of serum resistin (β = 5·616, P = 0·04), log-transformed values of serum adiponectin (β = 4·377, P = 0·038), age (β = 1·071, P < 0·001), NTHA functional status (β = 3·752, P = 0·001) and body mass index (β = 0·858, P = 0·012). Patients with higher level of serum resistin were associated with higher mortality ( P = 0·012). In multivariate analysis, mortality is associated with log-transformed values of serum resistin (β = 3·666, P = 0·045), age (β = 1·044, P = 0·017) and NTHA functional status (β = 2·541, P = 0·025). Conclusions Serum resistin level was associated with higher mortality in systolic HF patients even after adjusting clinical parameters. Resistin may be an informative risk marker for systolic HF patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the relationship between antituberculosis (anti- TB) drug-induced hepatotoxicity and genetic polymorphisms of two important drug-metabolizing enzymes involved in the metabolism of isoniazid, namely N-acetyltransferase 2 ( NAT2) and cytochrome P450 2 E1 ( CYP2 E1)., A polymerase chain reaction direct sequencing approach was used to detect genetic polymorphisms of the NAT2 and CYP2E1 genes in tuberculosis ( TB) patients with ( n = 101) or without ( n = 107) anti- TB drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Associations between various genetic polymorphisms and anti-TB drug-induced hepatotoxicity were then determined., Patients with NAT2 ( 282 TT, 590 AA and 857 GA) alleles had an increased susceptibility to anti- TB drug-induced hepatotoxicity. The slow acetylator NAT2 genotypes (especially NAT2*6 A/7 B and NAT2*6 A/6 A) were risk factors for hepatotoxicity (odds ratio ( OR) 9.57 ( P < 0.001) for NAT2*6 A/7 B; OR 5.24 ( P = 0.02) for NAT2*6 A/6 A)., The CYP2E1 genotype per se was not significantly associated with the development of anti- TB drug-induced hepatotoxicity. However, the combination of the CYP2E1 C1/ C1 genotype with a slow acetylator NAT2 genotype increased the risk of anti- TB drug-induced hepatotoxicity ( OR 5.33; P = 0.003) compared with the combination of a rapid acetylator NAT2 genotype with either a C1/ C2 or C2/ C2 genotype., Thus, slow acetylators with the NAT2*6 A/7 B and NAT2*6 A/6 A genotypes combined with the C1/ C1 CYP2E1 genotype may be involved in the pathogenesis of anti- TB drug-induced hepatotoxicity., The present findings may be explained, in part, by changes in the metabolism of the anti- TB drug isoniazid induced via NAT2 and CYP2 E1, a metabolic process known to produce hepatotoxic intermediates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary Paenibacillus sp. F6-B70 was selected from several dozens of isolates with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus using a 16S rDNA-based screening method. F6-B70 contained polyketide synthase (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) clusters in its genome revealed by PCR amplification of conserved adenylation and ketosynthase (KS) domains. Phylogenetic data suggested that the strain hosts trans-AT PKSs and their product may be a branched molecule. An antibiotic was subsequently isolated from the methanol extract of F6-B70 cells. The molecular formula of the antibiotic was deduced to be C33H50NaO6 ([M + Na]+, m/z 565.3505) by analysis of electrospray ionization mass spectral data. Elucidation of the structure by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy revealed that the active compound, paenimacrolidin (PAM), was a novel 22-membered macrolide with side-chains. The new antibiotic, mainly as a bacteriostatic agent, inhibits a couple of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus sp. strains. The antibiotic capacity of PAM was compromised by its instability, which can be overcome significantly with addition of an anti-oxidant. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the isolation of an active macrolide from paenibacilli, which may be a promising source of novel antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lumbar posterior ring apophysis fracture (PRAF) is an uncommon cause of low back pain in the pediatric age group, and a detailed understanding of this disease is important for the orthopaedic surgeon because it is easily misdiagnosed. However, to date no comprehensive review of PRAF has been published. The majority of published reports are in the form of cases report generally targeted at either diagnosis or therapy, or both. In this essay, we comprehensively review the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of PRAF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: This scoping review was conducted to provide a comprehensive summary of how electroencephalogram (EEG) and event‐related potentials (ERPs) have been used in nursing research, with the goal of mapping the themes and methods of nursing research involving EEGs or ERPs as a measurement tool. Methods: The eligibility criteria were determined according to the Population, Concept, and Context principle. A systematic electronic search of articles in the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, APA PsycInfo, and Scopus databases was carried out for the period from database establishment to November 21, 2022. The included studies were analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. Results: The review process culminated in 45 articles, evidencing an increasing trend and dispersion characteristics of EEG in nursing research and reflecting five thematic domains of inquiry related to nursing. There was a deficiency of detailed reports of EEG recording and data analysis parameters in nursing research. The common EEG bands in nursing research were Delta, Theta, Alpha, Beta, Gamma. The ERP components used frequently were P3, P2, N1, N2, P1, N170, and feedback‐related negativity. Conclusions: The wide variety of EEG components used show broad potential for studying nursing questions. In the future, it will be necessary to increase the depth of the research content, the repeatability of the experiment and the standardization of the report. Nursing researchers should give full play to the characteristics of nursing and establish a systematic and complete EEG research system for nursing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed‐valence europium ions‐activated phosphors have distinct advantages in color modulation, dynamic anti‐counterfeiting, and optical sensors. Nevertheless, it is still a challenge to obtain mixed‐valence europium ions in single compounds by facile self‐reduction. Herein, the crystal structure of a 3D hexagonal network formed by SiO4/AlO4 tetrahedra is demonstrated to play a significant role in the spontaneous reduction of Eu3+ to Eu2+ based on SrAl2Si2O8, Sr2SiO4, SrAl2O4 hosts. The crystal field theory and Judd‐Ofelt theory provide a deeper understanding of Eu2+ and Eu3+ luminescence behavior, namely, the low energy spectra of Eu2+ are more easily observed in crystal structure with high polarizability and octahedral coordination, whereas the spectra properties of Eu3+ are affected by the symmetry of local environment and crystal rigidity. For SrAl2Si2O8: 0.02Eu2+/Eu3+, multi‐mode thermometry is explored in terms of the luminescence intensity ratio (LIR) of Eu2+/Eu3+, luminescence intensity (LI) and full‐width at half maximum (FWHM) of Eu2+ with maximal relative sensitivity reaching 3.83% K−1. This study presents the first exploration of optical manometry based on the LIR mode of Eu2+/Eu3+ with excellent sensitivity (Sr = 18.13% GPa−1). This work not only provides a novel strategy for the design of mixed‐valence ions‐activated materials but also constructs promising optical thermometry, and manometry candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing efficient multifunctional electrocatalysts for water and urea splitting to produce green hydrogen presents a significant yet worthwhile challenge. Herein, the morphology and electronic structure of cobalt metaphosphate (Co2P4O12) by vanadium (V) doping, resulting in improved electrocatalytic activity and stability for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and urea oxidation reaction (UOR) are simultaneously regulated. Theory calculations show that V‐doped Co2P4O12 (V‐Co2P4O12) can boost the kinetics of catalytic reactions by optimizing the d‐band center of Co atoms and the binding strength of intermediates, as well as enhancing the density of states. Moreover, the doping of V into Co2P4O12 crystalline structure benefits the formation of a thicker amorphous layer during the catalytic process, which could enhance its alkaline corrosion resistance and stability. Additionally, the multilevel nanostructures of V‐Co2P4O12 provide rich active sites for catalytic reactions. As a result, a two‐electrode electrolyzer assembled by V‐doped Co2P4O12 delivers low voltages for overall water and urea splitting. The superior performance suggests that the proposed V‐doping strategy is a promising way to regulate electrocatalytic activity for catering to green electrocatalytic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a three‐dimensional nitrogen‐doped graphene (3DNG)‐Fe3+/poly(acrylic acid‐co‐N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) (3DNG‐Fe3+/P(AA‐co‐DMA)) hydrogel with strong flexibility and excellent self‐healing property was prepared. The 3DNG‐Fe3+/P(AA‐co‐DMA) hydrogel was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM). The specific surface area and pore size distribution of the 3DNG‐Fe3+/P(AA‐co‐DMA) hydrogel were measured by using Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) method. The experimental results demonstrate that when 6 mol% FeCl3 was added, the breaking strain of Fe3+/P(AA‐co‐DMA) hydrogel reaches 1149 %, and the tensile strength reaches 689 kPa. Furthermore, the recovery degree of Fe3+/P(AA‐co‐DMA) hydrogel was almost 100 % after 24 h. The supercapacitors based on 3DNG‐Fe3+/P(AA‐co‐DMA) hydrogel have a specific capacitance value of 231.8 F g−1 at 1 A⋅g−1, and conductivity is 0.053 S⋅cm−1. When the power density is 5 kW kg−1, the energy density of the device is 38.7 Wh kg−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three novel mononuclear 4‐vinylpyridine‐based Fe(III) complexes [FeL(4‐VP)]BPh4 (4‐VP=4‐vinylpyridine; H2L=bis(salicylicdeneaminopropyl)amine, H2salten, 1; H2L=bis(salicylicdeneaminopropyl)methylamine, H2saltenMe, 2; H2L=bis(3‐methoxysalicylideneaminopropyl)methylamine, 3‐OMeH2saltenMe, 3) were synthesized and characterized. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses revealed that 1–3 both present the mononuclear structure based on 4‐VP coordinated with bis(salicylicdeneaminopropyl)amine and its derivatives, which give 2D architectures by various interactions among cations and counter‐ions. Magnetic studies showed that both 1 and 2 exhibit one‐step complete spin‐crossover (SCO) behaviours with critical transition temperatures (T1/2) of 178 and 87 K respectively, while 3 exhibits one‐step incomplete spin crossover behaviour (T1/2,3=93 K). The introduction of methyl groups on the amine nitrogen of the Schiff base ligands in 2 and 3 give the bigger repulsive effect, further decrease the cooperation of spin centres, resulting in their spin transition occurring at lower temperatures. In addition, the presence of C−H⋯O weak interactions in 1 and 3 with synergistic effect, led to their spin transition temperatures being higher than that of 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We design the tetraalkylammonium carboxylate‐initiated superfast polymerization on α‐amino acid N‐carboxyanhydrides (NCA) for efficient synthesis of polypeptides. Carboxylates, as a new class of initiator for NCA polymerization, can initiate the superfast NCA polymerization without the need of extra catalysts and the polymerization can be operated in open vessels at ambient condition without the use of glove box. Tetraalkylammonium carboxylate‐initiated polymerization on NCA easily affords block copolymers with at least 15 blocks. Moreover, this method avoids tedious purification steps and enables direct polymerization on crude NCAs in aqueous environments to prepare polypeptides and one‐pot synthesis of polypeptide nanoparticles. These advantages and the mild polymerization condition of tetraalkylammonium carboxylate‐initiated NCA polymerization imply its great potential in functional exploration and application of polypeptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We design the tetraalkylammonium carboxylate‐initiated superfast polymerization on α‐amino acid N‐carboxyanhydrides (NCA) for efficient synthesis of polypeptides. Carboxylates, as a new class of initiator for NCA polymerization, can initiate the superfast NCA polymerization without the need of extra catalysts and the polymerization can be operated in open vessels at ambient condition without the use of glove box. Tetraalkylammonium carboxylate‐initiated polymerization on NCA easily affords block copolymers with at least 15 blocks. Moreover, this method avoids tedious purification steps and enables direct polymerization on crude NCAs in aqueous environments to prepare polypeptides and one‐pot synthesis of polypeptide nanoparticles. These advantages and the mild polymerization condition of tetraalkylammonium carboxylate‐initiated NCA polymerization imply its great potential in functional exploration and application of polypeptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are expected to profoundly impact the photovoltaic society on account of its high‐efficiency and cost‐saving manufacture. As a key component in efficient PSCs, the hole transport layer (HTL) can selectively collect photogenerated carriers from perovskite absorbers and prevent the charge recombination at interfaces. However, the mainstream organic HTLs generally require multi‐step synthesis and hygroscopic dopants that significantly limit the practical application of PSCs. Here, a self‐organized percolative architecture composed of narrow bandgap oxides (e.g., Co3O4, NiO, CuO, Fe2O3, and MnO2) and wide bandgap SrCO3 oxysalt as efficient HTLs for PSCs is presented. The percolation of dual phases offers nanosized hole transport pathways and optimized interfacial band alignments, enabling significantly improved charge collection compared with the single phase HTLs. As a consequence, the power conversion efficiency boosted from 8.08% of SrCO3 based device and 15.47% of Co3O4 based device to 21.84% of Co3O4‐SrCO3 based one without notable hysteresis. The work offers a new direction by employing percolative materials for efficient charge transport and collection in PSCs, and would be applicable to a wide range of opto‐electronic thin film devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic gels (MOG) as new types of soft materials have shown promising applications in various fields such as chemosensors, environmental remediation, and gas adsorption/separation, owing to their high porosity, low density, and high surface area. However, the application of MOG materials in energy electrocatalysis and the active components made from them are rarely perceived. Herein, a new electrochemistry‐driven reconstruction strategy to synthesize the NiOOH/FeOOH heterostructure from MOG materials is reported. The reconstructed NiOOH/FeOOH exhibits superior oxygen evolution reaction activity and excellent stability, owing to the synergistic effect of bimetallic centers, the abundant interface between NiOOH and FeOOH, and the plentiful defects. Impressively, the activated Re–FeNi–MOG‐4 electrocatalyst displays remarkable catalytic activity with a low overpotential of 220 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 48 mV dec−1 in alkaline electrolyte, outperforming most recently reported electrocatalysts. Herein, a facile and effective electrochemical reconstruction engineering of pre‐catalysts is provided and the evolution of self‐reconstruction of MOG materials for accelerating the kinetics of the electrocatalytic process is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical multiplexing attracts considerable attention in the field of information encryption, optical probe, and time‐resolved bioimaging. However, the optical multiplexing based on rare‐earth nanoparticles suffers from heavy metal elements and relatively short lifetimes; sophisticated facilities are thus needed. Herein, time division duplexing based on eco‐friendly carbon nanodots (CNDs) with manipulative luminescence lifetimes is demonstrated. In a single green color emission channel, the luminescence lifetimes of the CNDs can be manipulated from nanosecond level to second level by introducing water, while the lifetime of the CNDs confined by a silica shell stays. Time division duplexing based on the CNDs and CNDs@silica with distinct lifetimes is realized and spatio‐temporal overlapping information is thus resolved. High‐level information encryption using the time division duplexing technology is realized. This work may promise the potential applications of CNDs in multi‐lifetime channels biological imaging, high‐density information storage, and anti‐counterfeiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]