Search

Using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with two planetary boundary layer schemes, ACM2 and MYNN, convection‐permitting model (CPM) regional climate simulations were conducted for a 6‐year period, including a one‐year spin‐up period, at a 15‐km grid spacing covering entire South America and a nested convection‐permitting 3‐km grid spacing covering the Peruvian central Andes region. These two CPM simulations along with a 4‐km simulation covering South America produced by National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), three gridded precipitation products, and rain gauge data in Peru and Brazil, are used to document the characteristics of precipitation and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in the Peruvian central Andes region. Results show that all km‐scale simulations generally capture the spatiotemporal patterns of precipitation and MCSs at both seasonal and diurnal scales, although biases exist in aspects such as precipitation intensity and MCS frequency, size, propagation speed, and associated precipitation intensity. The 3‐km simulation using MYNN scheme generally outperforms the other simulations in capturing seasonal and diurnal precipitation over the mountain, while both it and the 4‐km simulation demonstrate superior performance in the western Amazon Basin, based on the comparison to the gridded precipitation products and gauge data. Dynamic factors, primarily low‐level jet and terrain‐induced uplift, are the key drivers for precipitation and MCS genesis along the east slope of the Andes, while thermodynamic factors control the precipitation and MCS activity in the western Amazon Basin and over elevated mountainous regions. The study suggests model improvements and better model configurations for future regional climate projections. Plain Language Summary: We ran high‐resolution model simulations at a 3‐km grid spacing with ACM2 and MYNN planetary boundary layer schemes for a 6‐year period, including a 1‐year spin‐up, to investigate precipitation and storm patterns in the Peruvian central Andes region. Other data sets including a 4‐km simulation produced by National Center for Atmospheric Research, three gridded precipitation products, and rain gauge data in Peru and Brazil were collected for comparison and evaluation. We found that all km‐scale simulations capture overall patterns of precipitation and storms at both seasonal and sub‐daily time scales, although some discrepancies exist in precipitation intensity and storm details. Compared to the gridded precipitation products and gauge data, the 3‐km simulation using MYNN scheme generally outperforms the other simulations in capturing seasonal and diurnal precipitation over the mountain, while both it and the 4‐km simulation demonstrate superior performance in the western Amazon Basin. Low‐level wind and terrain‐induced uplift are the key drivers for precipitation and storm genesis along the Andes' eastern slopes, while factors associated with vertical structures of temperature and humidity control the precipitation and storm activity in the western Amazon Basin and mountain regions. The study suggests model improvements and better model configurations for future regional climate projections. Key Points: Characteristics of precipitation and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) in the Peruvian Central Andes are investigated based on convection‐permitting simulationsWRF3km_MYNN outperforms in simulating mountain precipitation; both it and WRF4km_SAAG show superior performance in western AmazonDynamic factors dominate precipitation and MCSs on the Andean east slope, while thermodynamic factors are dominant in western Amazon Basin [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years, microbiome research has achieved tremendous advancements driven by culture‐independent meta‐omics approaches. Despite extensive research, our understanding of the functional roles and causal effects of the microbiome on phenotypes remains limited. In this study, we focused on the rumen metaproteome, combining it with metatranscriptome and metabolome data to accurately identify the active functional distributions of rumen microorganisms and specific functional groups that influence feed efficiency. By integrating host genetics data, we established the potentially causal relationships between microbes‐proteins/metabolites‐phenotype, and identified specific patterns in which functional groups of rumen microorganisms influence host feed efficiency. We found a causal link between Selenomonas bovis and rumen carbohydrate metabolism, potentially mediated by bacterial chemotaxis and a two‐component regulatory system, impacting feed utilization efficiency of dairy cows. Our study on the nutrient utilization functional groups in the rumen of high‐feed‐efficiency dairy cows, along with the identification of key microbiota functional proteins and their potentially causal relationships, will help move from correlation to causation in rumen microbiome research. This will ultimately enable precise regulation of the rumen microbiota for optimized ruminant production. Highlights: We combined rumen metaproteome, metatranscriptome, and metabolome data to identify active functional distributions of rumen microorganisms influencing feed efficiency.By integrating host genetics data, we identified causal relationships between microbes, proteins/metabolites, and phenotypes.We found a causal link between Selenomonas bovis and rumen carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting its role in improving feed utilization efficiency in dairy cows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes novel sales forecasting approaches that merge deep learning methods in a hybrid model. Long short‐term memory (LSTM) is adopted for modeling the temporal characteristics of the data, whereas the convolutional neural network (CNN) focuses on identifying and extracting relevant exogenous information. We propose stacked (S‐CNN‐LSTM) and parallel (P‐CNN‐LSTM) hybrid architectures to understand complex time series data with varying seasonal patterns and multiple products correlations. The performance drivers of both architectures were empirically tested with a real‐world multivariate retail dataset and outperformed when compared with simple neural network architectures and standard autoregressive methods for short and long‐term forecasting horizons. When compared with traditional predictive approaches, the proposed hybrid models reduce the computational complexity while providing flexibility and robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaptation to hypoxia has attracted much public interest because of its clinical significance. However, hypoxic adaptation in the body is complicated and difficult to fully explore. To explore previously unknown conserved mechanisms and key proteins involved in hypoxic adaptation in different species, we first used a yeast model for mechanistic screening. Further multi‐omics analyses in multiple species including yeast, zebrafish and mice revealed that glycerophospholipid metabolism was significantly involved in hypoxic adaptation with up‐regulation of lysophospholipid acyltransferase (ALE1) in yeast, a key protein for the formation of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine [DPPC (16:0/16:0)], which is a saturated phosphatidylcholine. Importantly, a mammalian homolog of ALE1, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 1 (LPCAT1), enhanced DPPC levels at the cell membrane and exhibited the same protective effect in mammalian cells under hypoxic conditions. DPPC supplementation effectively attenuated growth restriction, maintained cell membrane integrity and increased the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor under hypoxic conditions, but unsaturated phosphatidylcholine did not. In agreement with these findings, DPPC treatment could also repair hypoxic injury of intestinal mucosa in mice. Taken together, ALE1/LPCAT1‐mediated DPPC formation, a key pathway of glycerophospholipid metabolism, is crucial for cell viability under hypoxic conditions. Moreover, we found that ALE1 was also involved in glycolysis to maintain sufficient survival conditions for yeast. The present study offers a novel approach to understanding lipid metabolism under hypoxia and provides new insights into treating hypoxia‐related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Understanding the impact of aortic regurgitation (AR) on hypertensive patients' hearts is important. Purpose: To assess left ventricular (LV) strain and structure in hypertensive patients and investigate the relationship with AR severity. Study Type: Retrospective. Population: 263 hypertensive patients (99 with AR) and 62 controls, with cardiac MRI data. Field Strength/Sequence: Balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) sequence at 3.0T. Assessment: AR was classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on echocardiographic findings. LV geometry was classified as normal, concentric remodeling, eccentric hypertrophy, or concentric hypertrophy based on MRI assessment of LV mass/volume ratio and LV Mass index (LVMI). LV global radial peak strain (GRPS), global circumferential peak strain (GCPS), and global longitudinal peak strain (GLPS) were obtained by post‐processing bSSFP cine datasets using commercial software. Statistical Tests: ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis test, Spearman's correlation coefficients (r), chi‐square test, and multivariable linear regression analysis. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Hypertensive patients with AR had significantly lower LV myocardial strain and higher LVMI than the group without AR (GRPS 26.25 ± 12.23 vs. 34.53 ± 9.85, GCPS −17.4 ± 5.84 vs. −20.57 ± 3.57, GLPS −9.86 ± 4.08 vs. −12.95 ± 2.94, LVMI 90.56 ± 38.56 vs.58.84 ± 17.55). Of the 99 patients with AR, 56 had mild AR, 26 had moderate AR and 17 had severe AR. The degree of AR was significantly negatively correlated to the absolute values of LV GRPS, GCPS and GLPS (r = −0.284 – −0.416). LV eccentric hypertrophy increased significantly with AR severity (no AR 21.3%, mild AR 42.9%, moderate AR 73.1%, severe AR 82.4%). In multivariable analysis, the degree of AR was an independent factor affecting LV global strain and LVMI even after considering confounding factors (β values for global myocardial strain were −0.431 to −0.484, for LVMI was 0.646). Data Conclusion: Increasing AR severity leads to decreased cardiac function and worse ventricular geometric phenotypes in hypertensive patients. Level of Evidence: 4 Technical Efficacy: Stage 3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) results in right ventricular (RV) dysfunction, subsequently leading to left ventricular (LV) impairment. The mechanism underlying ventricular interdependence is largely uninvestigated. Purpose: To explore the biventricular dysfunction and the ventricular interdependence in PH patients. Study Type: Retrospective. Population: One hundred and seven PH patients (mean pulmonary artery pressure >20 mmHg) and 72 age‐ and sex‐matched controls with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. Field Strength/Sequence: 3.0 T/balanced steady‐state free precession sequence. Assessment: LV and RV ejection fractions (EF) and RV and LV radial, circumferential, and longitudinal strains were assessed using commercial software. Strains were compared between controls, PH patients with preserved RVEF (RVEF ≥40%, N = 48), and PH patients with reduced RVEF (RVEF <40%, N = 59). Statistical Tests: Chi‐squared tests or Fisher's exact test, t tests or Mann–Whitney U test, one‐way ANOVA with Bonferroni's post hoc correction or Kruskal–Wallis test, Pearson or Spearman correlation, and multivariable linear regression analysis. A two‐tailed P < 0.05 was deemed statistically significant. Results: RV strain decreased sequentially from controls, through PH with preserved RVEF, to PH with reduced RVEF. PH patients with reduced RVEF had significantly lower LV strain, especially septal strain, and LV peak diastolic strain rate compared with both controls and PH patients with preserved RVEF. Multivariable analyses showed that RVEF was independently correlated with LV strain; furthermore, independent of RVEF, RV strain was significantly correlated with LV strain (LVGRS: β = 0.416; LVGCS: β = −0.371; LVGLS: β = 0.283). Data Conclusion: Subclinical impairment of RV function was found in PH with preserved RVEF. LV strain was impaired when RV was dysfunctional, which was associated with worsening RV strain. Therefore, while focusing on improving RV function, LV dysfunction in PH patients should also be monitored and treated early in order to slow the progression of the disease. Level of Evidence: 3 Technical Efficacy: Stage 3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water vapor transport associated with latent heat flux (LE) in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is critical for the atmospheric hydrological cycle, radiation balance, and cloud formation. The spatiotemporal variability of LE and water vapor mixing ratio (rv) are poorly understood due to the scale‐dependent and nonlinear atmospheric transport responses to land surface heterogeneity. Here, airborne in situ measurements with the wavelet technique are utilized to investigate scale‐dependent relationships among LE, vertical velocity (w) variance (σw2 ${\sigma }_{w}^{2}$), and rv variance (σH2O2 ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{H}2\mathrm{O}}^{2}$) over a heterogeneous surface during the Chequamegon Heterogeneous Ecosystem Energy‐balance Study Enabled by a High‐density Extensive Array of Detectors 2019 (CHEESEHEAD19) field campaign. Our findings reveal distinct scale distributions of LE, σw2 ${\sigma }_{w}^{2}$, and σH2O2 ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{H}2\mathrm{O}}^{2}$ at 100 m height, with a majority scale range of 120 m–4 km in LE, 32 m–2 km in σw2 ${\sigma }_{w}^{2}$, and 200 m–8 km in σH2O2 ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{H}2\mathrm{O}}^{2}$. The scales are classified into three scale ranges, the turbulent scale (8–200 m), large‐eddy scale (200 m–2 km), and mesoscale (2–8 km) to evaluate scale‐resolved LE contributed by σw2 ${\sigma }_{w}^{2}$ and σH2O2 ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{H}2\mathrm{O}}^{2}$. The large‐eddy scale in PBL contributes over 70% of the monthly mean total LE with equal parts (50%) of contributions from σw2 ${\sigma }_{w}^{2}$ and σH2O2 ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{H}2\mathrm{O}}^{2}$. The monthly temporal variations mainly come from the first two major contributing classified scales in LE, σw2 ${\sigma }_{w}^{2}$, and σH2O2 ${\sigma }_{\mathrm{H}2\mathrm{O}}^{2}$. These results confirm the dominant role of the large‐eddy scale in the PBL in the vertical moisture transport from the surface to the PBL, while the mesoscale is shown to contribute an additional ∼20%. This analysis complements published scale‐dependent LE variations, which lack detailed scale‐dependent vertical velocity and moisture information. Plain Language Summary: The vertical water vapor transport in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), and the associated latent heat flux (LE), are critical for the atmospheric hydrological cycle, radiation balance, and cloud formation. However, the vertical moisture transport varies nonlinearly at multiple scales due to the land surface heterogeneity across multiple properties. This study investigates the scale‐resolved impact of water vapor and vertical velocity on LE, using data collected aboard an atmospheric research aircraft flying low above the surface in summer over northern Wisconsin during the CHEESEHEAD19 campaign. This study finds that LE and water vapor variance is largest at the large‐eddy scale in PBL and at the mesoscale. In contrast, vertical velocity variance is primarily present in turbulent and large‐eddy scales in PBL. This study confirms the significant role of the large‐eddy scale in PBL in contributing to the majority of the vertical moisture transport from the surface to the PBL top. These findings provide better insight into the factors influencing LE at different scales. Key Points: The scale‐dependent distribution of latent heat flux, vertical velocity variance, and water vapor variance at 100 m over a heterogeneous surface is describedIn the large‐eddy scale, 70% of total latent heat flux is contributed by 50% of total vertical velocity variance and 50% of total water vapor varianceThe large‐eddy scale contributes most of the vertical moisture transport from the surface to the Planetary Boundary Layer [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To find an array of suitable materials for phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), in this paper, we design six blue‐green phosphorescent Ir (III) complexes that have low‐efficiency roll‐off properties. Density functional theory and time‐dependent density functional theory were used to study the properties of (2‐[4‐phenoxyphenyl]pyridine [oppy])2Ir(acetylacetonate [acac]), (oppy)2Ir(picolinate [pic]), (oppy)2Ir(tetraphenylimido‐diphosphinate [tpip]), (5‐fluoro‐2‐(4‐phenoxyphenyl)pyridine [F‐oppy])2Ir(acac), (F‐oppy)2Ir(pic), and (F‐oppy)2Ir(tpip). Here, the main ligands are oppy and F‐oppy, while the auxiliary ligands are acac, pic, and tpip. The advantages of these complexes were analyzed in terms of electronic structure, frontier molecular orbital properties, spectral properties, and OLED display effect. We hope that our research will contribute to the development of the OLED industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of adalimumab (ADA) combined with Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TwHF) in the treatment of methotrexate (MTX)‐inadequate response patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: In this multicenter, open‐label, randomized controlled clinical trial, 64 RA patients with inadequate response to MTX were 1:1 randomly assigned into treatment or control groups. The treatment group was treated with ADA in combination with TwHF, and the control group was treated with ADA in combination with MTX for 24 weeks. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients having low disease activity (2.6 ≤ DAS28‐ESR < 3.2) and remission rates (DAS28‐ESR < 2.6) at week 24. Results: In total, 53 of the 64 patients (82.8%) completed this 24‐week clinical trial. By intent‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis, a comparable outcome was observed between the two groups. The percentage of patients achieving low disease activity in the treatment group and control group were 43.8% and 46.9% (95% CI, 21.28 to 27.48, p =.802). Percentage of patients achieving low disease activity rates were respectively 28.1% and 31.3% in the treatment group and control group (95% CI, 19.18 to 25.58, p =.784). In per‐protocol (PP) analysis, the results were consistent with the ITT model. The incidence of adverse events was comparable between the two groups. Conclusions: There were no significant differences in efficacy and safety between ADA combined with TwHF versus ADA combined with MTX in the treatment of RA. TwHF might be an alternative treatment for RA patients who are intolerant to MTX. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During 6–7 May 2017, a record‐breaking nocturnal rainfall event occurred in Guangzhou, China, and it was a typical warm‐sector heavy rainfall event under weak synoptic forcing. A prior observational study by the authors revealed that warm‐rain microphysical processes were dominant and responsible for the record‐breaking precipitation. In this study, the double‐moment Morrison, Thompson and NSSL microphysics schemes in WRF are evaluated against polarimetric radar observations in their ability of reproducing observed microphysical characteristics. The Thompson scheme shows the greatest fidelity to the observed raindrop size distribution (RSD) median value, corresponding to the most amount of precipitation forecast. While the Morrison and NSSL simulations overestimate (underestimate) the raindrop size (number concentration), exhibiting continental‐type convective precipitation. The three experiments slightly overestimate differential reflectivity (ZDR), but significantly underestimate specific differential phase (KDP) and liquid water content by about 30%–50%, implying the undervaluation of number of medium‐sized raindrops. Examinations of the occurrence frequencies of ZDR, KDP, mass‐weighted diameter, and logarithmic normalized intercept parameter for rain suggest that all three schemes fail to reproduce the full variability of observed RSD for the extreme rainfall. The vertical variations of RSD parameters and the Kumjian‐Ryzhkov parameter space suggest that the collision–coalescence is the dominant warm‐rain microphysical process but the simulated process is too weak. This may be attributed to the misrepresented RSD near the melting layer, where the raindrops with lower number concentration and larger sizes cannot grow through the collision–coalescence process as actively. Plain Language Summary: Extreme rainfall is of great concern due to its potential to cause major disasters. Cloud microphysics has been considered one of the main sources of uncertainty in predicting rainfall at cloud‐resolving resolutions. This study investigates the performances of three commonly used schemes representing cloud precipitation processes in an extreme rainfall case that occurred in the warm and moist environment of South China. The Thompson scheme is found to perform better in simulating raindrop sizes and surface precipitation. None of the three schemes reproduces the full variation of observed raindrops, and all of them underestimate raindrop size growth through collision processes. These results suggest areas needing improvement in microphysics schemes for predicting extreme precipitation in sub‐tropical regions. Key Points: Thompson scheme better reproduces raindrop median size and number concentration than two other schemes in a Guangzhou extreme rain eventNone of the three schemes examined adequately predicts the full variability of raindrop size distribution important for extreme rainfallLow raindrop concentration and excessively large sizes in simulations jointly cause the too weak collision–coalescence processes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Stomatal density (SD) is closely related to crop drought resistance. Understanding the genetic basis for natural variation in SD may facilitate efforts to improve water‐use efficiency. Here, we report a genome‐wide association study for SD in maize seedlings, which identified 18 genetic variants that could be resolved to seven candidate genes. A 3‐bp insertion variant (InDel1089) in the last exon of Zea mays (Zm) IRX15A (Irregular xylem 15A) had the most significant association with SD and modulated the translation of ZmIRX15A mRNA by affecting its secondary structure. Dysfunction of ZmIRX15A increased SD, leading to an increase in the transpiration rate and CO2 assimilation efficiency. ZmIRX15A encodes a xylan deposition enzyme and its disruption significantly decreased xylan abundance in secondary cell wall composition. Transcriptome analysis revealed a substantial alteration of the expression of genes involved in stomatal complex morphogenesis and drought response in the loss‐of‐function of ZmIRX15A mutant. Overall, our study provides important genetic insights into the natural variation of leaf SD in maize, and the identified loci or genes can serve as direct targets for enhancing drought resistance in molecular‐assisted maize breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geometric phase enabled by spin‐orbit coupling has attracted enormous interest in optics over the past few decades. However, it is only applicable to circularly‐polarized light and encounters substantial challenges when applied to wave fields lacking the intrinsic spin degree of freedom. Here, a new paradigm is presented for achieving geometric phase by elucidating the concept of topological complementary pair (TCP), which arises from the combination of two compact phase elements possessing opposite intrinsic topological charge. Twisting the TCP leads to the generation of a linearly‐varying geometric phase of arbitrary order, which is quantified by the intrinsic topological charge. Notably distinct from the conventional spin‐orbit coupling‐based theories, the proposed geometric phase is the direct result of the cyclic evolution of orbital‐angular‐momentum transformation in mode space, thereby exhibiting universality across classical wave systems. As a proof of concept, the existence of this geometric phase is experimentally demonstrated using scalar acoustic waves, showcasing the remarkable ability in the precise manipulation of acoustic waves at subwavelength scales. These findings engender a fresh understanding of wave‐matter interaction in compact structures and establish a promising platform for exploring geometric phase, offering significant opportunities for diverse applications in wave systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate thermal calculations of end‐winding temperature rises are the key issue in designing and developing cooling systems of permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs). Due to the complex connections of the end‐windings, it is challenging to precisely predict the heat dissipation capacities through a traditional wire‐insulation equivalent model. Numerical simulations and lumped parameter thermal networks (LPTN) are used by the authors to develop thermal models that illustrate the end‐winding properties of a 2.1‐kW PMSM. As multi‐strand end wires are bent and bound together by ribbons, they have thermal interrelations which can hardly be considered in LPTN models. An equivalent coefficient enhancing the axial heat conduction capacities of end‐windings is proposed for LPTN calculations to model the aforementioned thermal interrelations with circumferential symmetric structures. To correctly model the mutual thermal coupling between various strands of end‐windings, the thermal conductivity of the equivalent insulation sheets between the multi‐strand end‐windings is determined for exact numerical calculations. The external insulation sheet thickness is calculated based on the equivalent thermal conductivity. After developing heat conduction models for LPTN and numerical simulations, LPTN and FEA are used to determine the PMSM's temperature rise characteristics. To verify the approaches, the computation findings are contrasted with experimental ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on potential vorticity (PV) thinking, northeast China cold vortex (NCCV) corresponds to an upper‐level high PV anomaly from stratospheric PV downward intrusion. Within a vortex, latent heating from precipitation would produce a vertical dipole of PV anomalies that would affect structures and evolution of the vortex. In this paper, three‐dimensional structures and evolution of NCCV and, effects of latent heating from precipitation along bent‐back, cold and warm fronts on them are investigated based on convection‐allowing simulations for an intense NCCV case during 8–17 June 2012. Trajectory analysis shows that the negative upper‐level diabatic PV anomaly from bent‐back frontal precipitation, near the vortex center, is the dominant contributor to erosion of high PV in the vortex core region as it is advected in, leading to the weakening of the vortex. The negative PV anomalies along the cold and warm fronts, at the east‐to‐southeast side of the vortex, are mostly advected downstream away from the NCCV. In the middle troposphere, positive PV anomalies are primarily generated along fronts and the accumulated positive PV anomalies filling the vortex region help to reinforce the low‐level cyclonic circulation. The lower‐level PV is affected by surface heating and cooling through their effects on static stability, but such effects are periodic and create mainly diurnal variations. The NCCV eventually decays as the upper‐level vortex weakens due to significant PV erosion. Plain Language Summary: Northeast China cold vortex (NCCV) is responsible for much of the warm season precipitation in northeast China. Based on convection‐allowing simulations of a characteristic case, the distribution and effects of latent heating release from precipitation in bent‐back, cold and warm frontal regions on the structures and evolution of potential vorticity (PV) within the NCCV are studied. Negative upper‐level PV anomalies generated at the bent‐back front are primarily responsible for the filamentation and erosion of high PV in the core of NCCV, leading to the weakening of the vortex. At middle‐to‐low levels, positive PV anomalies generated reinforce the low‐level circulations. However, the lower‐level PV exhibits a significant diurnal cycle, which is mainly affected by the surface heating and cooling through reducing static stability at daytime and increasing static stability during night. The overall system eventually decays as the upper‐level vortex weakens. Key Points: Precipitation in northeast China cold vortex produces negative upper‐level potential vorticity (PV) anomaly that weakens the upper level cold vortexNegative PV anomaly produced at the bent‐back front is the dominant contributor to the erosion of upper‐level high PV in the vortex centerLower‐level vortex is enhanced by positive PV anomaly from precipitation, and the PV has diurnal variations due to surface heating/cooling [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes parameterize unresolved turbulent mixing within the PBL and free troposphere (FT). Previous studies reported that precipitation simulation over the Amazon in South America is quite sensitive to PBL schemes and the exact relationship between the turbulent mixing and precipitation processes is, however, not disentangled. In this study, regional climate simulations over the Amazon in January–February 2019 are examined at process level to understand the precipitation sensitivity to PBL scheme. The focus is on two PBL schemes, the Yonsei University (YSU) scheme, and the asymmetric convective model v2 (ACM2) scheme, which show the largest difference in the simulated precipitation. During daytime, while the FT clouds simulated by YSU dissipate, clouds simulated by ACM2 maintain because of enhanced moisture supply due to the enhanced vertical moisture relay transport process: (a) vertical mixing within PBL transports surface moisture to the PBL top, and (b) FT mixing feeds the moisture into the FT cloud deck. Due to the thick cloud deck over Amazon simulated by ACM2, surface radiative heating is reduced and consequently the convective available potential energy is reduced. As a result, precipitation is weaker from ACM2. Two key parameters dictating the vertical mixing are identified, p, an exponent determining boundary layer mixing and λ, a scale dictating FT mixing. Sensitivity simulations with altered p, λ, and other treatments within YSU and ACM2 confirm the precipitation sensitivity. The FT mixing in the presence of clouds appears most critical to explain the sensitivity between YSU and ACM2. Plain Language Summary: Predictions of weather and climate in terms of clouds and precipitation over the Amazon in South America are quite uncertain. This uncertainty has been largely attributed to errors in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) scheme, which represents turbulent mixing. A lack of understanding of the relationship between turbulence, clouds, and precipitation processes prevents us from improving PBL representation in models to achieve better weather and climate simulations. This study disentangles the turbulence/clouds/precipitation relationship, and identifies the root cause of model errors in PBL schemes using regional climate simulations over the Amazon. Two PBL schemes, the Yonsei University (YSU) scheme, and the asymmetric convective model v2 (ACM2) scheme, are examined, which show the largest difference in the simulated precipitation. The main difference between the two PBL schemes is the dissipation (YSU) or maintenance (ACM2) of clouds during daytime above the boundary layer, which modulates surface heating and consequently precipitation. The maintenance of a thick cloud deck over the Amazon in ACM2, is caused by enhanced vertical transport of moisture from the surface to above the boundary layer. Such an improved understanding of the turbulence/clouds/precipitation relationship allow us to propose potential solutions to improve PBL schemes in weather and climate models. Key Points: Disentangle turbulence/cloud/precipitation processes over Amazon and reveal root cause for sensitivity to planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes using the Weather Research and Forecasting modelFree troposphere (FT) mixing becomes prominent in the presence of clouds, which in turn supports maintenance of the FT clouds that would otherwise dissipateStronger vertical moisture relay transport in asymmetric convective model v2 (ACM2) PBL scheme supports thicker FT clouds, leading to reduced heating and precipitation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capabilities to directly assimilate radar data are implemented within the local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) and the gain‐form LETKF (LGETKF) algorithms of the Joint Effort for Data assimilation Integration (JEDI) system. The capabilities are evaluated for the analysis and forecast of a severe convection case of 20 May 2019 in the Southern Great Plains using the limited area model version of the FV3 dynamical core (FV3‐LAM) from a recent release for Short‐Range Weather Application (SRW App). The LETKF and LGETKF implementations are shown to produce analyses and short‐range forecasts comparable to those using the ensemble square‐root Kalman Filter (EnSRF) within the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) framework used by current NCEP operational models. In addition, LGETKF retaining only 60% variances for model‐space vertical localization performs similarly to LGETKF retaining 99% of variance and LETKF using observation error‐based vertical localization. JEDI LETKF shows better parallel scalability than LGETKF and GSI EnSRF. Plain Language Summary: The JEDI data assimilation (DA) framework under development will be used by all operational forecasting systems of the U.S. National Weather Service, including the Rapid Refresh Forecast System based on FV3, a dynamic core chosen for next‐generation NWS forecasting systems. In this study, we implemented radar DA capabilities into the JEDI with two local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) algorithms coupled with limited‐area FV3. Analyses and forecasts with radar DA better match radar reflectivity and radial velocity observations than forecasts without radar DA during the assimilation period. Three‐hour forecasts of precipitation, reflectivity, and updraft rotation show skills comparable to a DA experiment using the ensemble square‐root Kalman filter within the more mature GSI DA system. In addition, the new gain‐form LETKF, which has not been applied to radar DA before, performs quite well, although it is computationally more expensive than the regular LETKF. This work paves the way for using JEDI to assimilate radar data in operational forecasting systems. Key Points: Radar data assimilation capabilities are implemented and tested in Joint Effort for Data assimilation Integration (JEDI), a future data assimilation infrastructure for Unified Forecast System applicationsLocal ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) algorithm with gain‐form vertical localization is tested for radar data assimilation and is found to perform similarly as LETKFThe enhanced gain‐form LETKF and LETKF in JEDI perform similarly as ensemble square‐root Kalman Filter within Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation for radar data assimilation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notably, the treatment of psoriasis has changed substantially over the past few decades from conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (cDMARDs) to biological DMARDs (bDMARDs), such as tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) and interleukin (IL)-17, Il-23 inhibitors, and small molecules.[12] However, new-onset psoriasis or deterioration of the skin involvement in patients with AS, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or psoriatic arthritis (PsA) have been reported after TNFi treatment.[[12]] This new or flared form of psoriasis is a rare complication of TNFi therapy known as TNFi-associated psoriasis. Notably, biologics reduced the severity of symptoms in some patients and affected RA activity; however, determining which biologics resulted in less severe disease was difficult. BSRBR rates of new-onset psoriasis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha therapy: results from the British Society for Rheumatology biologics register. They found that 22 out of 327 patients with plaque psoriasis developed PsA during treatment with biologic drugs. [Extracted from the article]

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are proposed as promising candidates for engineering advanced molecular sieving membranes due to their precise pore sizes, modifiable pore environment, and superior stability. However, COFs are insoluble in common solvents and do not melt at high temperatures, which presents a great challenge for the fabrication of COF‐based membranes (COFMs). Herein, for the first time, a new synthetic strategy is reported to prepare continuous and intact self‐standing COFMs, including 2D N‐COF membrane and 3D COF‐300 membrane. Both COFMs show excellent selectivity of H2/CO2 mixed gas (13.8 for N‐COF membrane and 11 for COF‐300 membrane), and especially ultrahigh H2 permeance (4319 GPU for N‐COF membrane and 5160 GPU for COF‐300 membrane), which is superior to those of COFMs reported so far. It should be noted that the overall separation performance of self‐standing COFMs exceeds the Robeson upper bound. Furthermore, a theoretical study based on Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation is performed to explain the excellent separation of H2/CO2 through COFMs. Thus, this facile preparation method will provide a broad prospect for the development of self‐standing COFMs with highly efficient H2 purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of 4‐km Weather Research and Forecasting model in predicting reflectivity structure in China over three summer months is investigated using three‐dimensional (3D) reflectivity observations. Three verification domains, namely Southern China (SC), Central and Eastern China , and North China, that correspond to the three major rainfall centers of mainland China are selected. Results show that the forecasts reproduce the distribution and diurnal variation of precipitation well, but significant differences exist in the vertical distributions of the predicted and observed reflectivities. In observations, the highest frequency (of reflectivity ≥35 dBZ) occurs between 3 and 6 km, whereas it is at the surface in the forecast. The forecasts tend to over‐predict reflectivity intensity at the lower levels, especially in SC. Further evaluation using object‐based verification methods show that the forecasts greatly underestimate the afternoon peak frequency of precipitation clouds with reflectivity >30 dBZ. The forecasts fail to reproduce the diurnal variation of 35 dBZ mean and maximum height of the objects, producing less variation than observations. Analyses show that the failure in properly reproducing small‐scale reflectivity objects (with diameter <100 km) is primarily responsible for the underestimation of the mean and maximum object heights. Evaluation using additional 3D information show that the forecasts tend to produce a greater proportion of faster‐moving small‐scale objects. This study reveals that the simulation of the 3D structure of precipitation clouds in terms of reflectivity remains a great challenge, especially for smaller convective cells. Plain Language Summary: The simulation of precipitation clouds is associated carries the largest uncertainty in numerical weather prediction and climate models. With continued advancement in observations and numerical models, forecasts of horizontal distribution, intensity, diurnal variation and propagation of precipitation have been greatly improved. However, faithful representation of three‐dimensional (3D) cloud structure remains a great challenge, with the lack of systematic evaluations being one of the key causes. In this study, 3D gridded radar reflectivity observations are used to evaluate the precipitation clouds structure (with reflectivity ≥30 dBZ) predicted at a convection‐permitting‐resolution (CPR) over three summer months of 2016 in China. The evaluation reveals differences between the simulated and observed reflectivity structures, including the reflectivity intensity profile, the 35 dBZ mean and maximum height, the fraction of fast‐moving objects. CPR models still have difficulties in simulating 3D reflectivity structures especially for relatively small‐scale objects (with diameter <100 km). Key Points: Reflectivity structure predicted by the 4‐km Weather Research and Forecasting model are evaluated using 3D radar observationsThe model overpredicts the intensity of reflectivity at lower levels and fails to reproduce the diurnal variation of object heightThe failure to correctly reproduce the structure of smaller reflectivity objects is primarily responsible for the deviations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a class of transcripts exceeding 200 nucleotides and lacking protein coding potential, have been proven to play important roles in viral infection and host immunity. Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is an important pathogen, which causes the silkworm disease and leads to a huge challenge to the sericultural industry. At present, research on the roles of insect lncRNAs in host‐virus interaction are relatively few. In this study, we explored the function of lincRNA_XR209691.3 that was significantly up‐regulated in the silkworm fat body upon BmNPV infection. Firstly, the subcellular localization experiment confirmed that lincRNA_XR209691.3 was present in both the nucleus and cytoplasm. Enhancing the expression of lincRNA_XR209691.3 in BmN cells could promote the proliferation of BmNPV, while inhibition of lincRNA_XR209691.3 by RNA interference suppresses the proliferation of BmNPV. Combining RNA pull‐down and mass spectrometry, we identified the host and BmNPV proteins that could interact with lincRNA_XR209691.3. Next, by using truncation experiment and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay, it was found that lincRNA_XR209691.3 could bind to the Actin domain of BmHSP70. Subsequently, overexpression of lncRNA_XR209691.3 in BmN cells promoted the expression of BmHSP70, while knockdown of BmHsp70 suppressed the replication of BmNPV. Based on the above results, it is speculated that lincRNA_XR209691.3 could promote the proliferation of BmNPV through interaction with BmHSP70, possibly by improving the stability of BmHSP70 and thereby enhancing the expression of BmHSP70. Our results shed light on the lncRNA function in insect‐pathogen interactions and provide a new clue to elucidate the molecular mechanism of BmNPV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Host plant–microbe associations mediate interspecific interactions amongst herbivorous insects. However, this theory has rarely been ecologically verified in tephritid fruit flies. Research on this subject can not only help predict tephritid species invasion and occurrence patterns, but also develop potential novel lures for the control of the tephritid fruit fly pests. Recently, we observed mixed infestation of Bactrocera minax and Bactrocera dorsalis larvae in citrus orchards, which prompted us to explore the underlying mechanism. Results: Following oviposition by B. minax, the yeast Pichia kluyveri translocated to and proliferated inside the citrus fruit. The level of d‐limonene released from citrus fruits containing P. kluyveri was 27 times higher than that released from healthy fruits. Mature B. dorsalis females were attracted to d‐limonene and oviposited into fruits previously infested by B. minax. Furthermore, the interspecific interaction between B. dorsalis and B. minax within the same fruit significantly decreased the number of surviving larvae and pupal weight in B. dorsalis, but its effect on B. minax was weaker. Conclusion: In the studied interspecific interaction, B. minax occupies the dominant position, implying ecological significance for this species in terms of consolidating its own niche and inhibiting the invasion of exotic species. To our best knowledge, this is the first report from both ecological and physiological perspectives on a symbiotic yeast mediating the interaction between B. minax and B. dorsalis through altering fruit volatiles. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In June after the onset of the East Asian summer monsoon season, rainfall on the south side of Hainan Island (HNI) of China exhibits a trimodal pattern with an unusual peak near noon. A typical case of 20 June 2017 is chosen to analyze the mechanisms through a convection‐permitting simulation together with rainfall observations. Clockwise rotation in low‐level winds is found at and off the coast of south HNI, leading to maximum onshore southwesterly winds in the late morning that is closely linked to the diurnal variation of rainfall. The offshore diurnal variations of low‐level winds are tracked upstream and attributed to boundary layer inertial oscillations over the inland plain of Indochina Peninsula. In addition, a short wide gap comprised mostly of hills lower than 700 m is located across the higher Annamite Range along the east coast of the Peninsula, right upstream of HNI. Nocturnal boundary layer low‐level jet (LLJ) forming over the plain passes through the gap with significant acceleration due to gap channeling and downslope flow effects, reaching peak intensity off the Peninsula coast at around 09 local standard time (LST). The enhanced LLJ propagates downstream towards HNI and impinges on the mountains at around 12 LST when rainfall reaches peak there. As the inertial‐oscillation‐indued perturbation winds approaching the Island weaken and eventually reverse direction, lifting weakens and low‐level stability increases as descending motion develops offshore. Rainfall on the southern Island therefore dissipates in late afternoon. Plain Language Summary: In June after the onset of East Asian summer monsoon, rainfall on southern Hainan Island (HNI) of China has an unusual peak near noon. A representative case is numerically simulated at 2 km horizontal grid spacing and analyzed. It is found that the diurnal variation of rainfall is closely linked to diurnal variation of low‐level onshore winds which reach peak intensity around noon, and the source of such variations can be tracked upstream to the inland plain of Indochina Peninsula (ICP). Over the plain, afternoon boundary layer mixing causes low‐level wind speed minimum while boundary layer low‐level jet reaches peak speed in early morning due to inertial oscillation after the boundary layer flow becomes freed of the surface friction when mixing is shut off. The peak perturbation wind is advected toward HNI, and reaches the Island around noon. The lifting by mountains on southern HNI of the intensified low‐level winds causes peak rainfall there around noon. In the afternoon, the perturbation winds weaken and eventually reverse direction, causing dissipation of rainfall. In addition, the low‐level flow is accelerated when it passes through a gap in the coastal Annamite Range of ICP, amplifying the effect of inertial oscillations. Key Points: Diurnal clockwise rotation in the low‐level winds is found to be linked to an around‐noon rainfall peak on southern Hainan Island (HNI) in JuneDownwind advection of the upstream boundary layer inertial oscillations is responsible for the around‐noon rainfall peak over HNIA gap across Annamite Range of Indochina Peninsula amplifies and transports boundary layer inertial oscillation signals downstream [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high summer temperature is a key barrier to Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae), a devastating soil pest in China. The 4th instar larvae possess the strongest thermal tolerance to high temperatures. To determine whether B. odoriphaga 4th instar larvae possessed other adaptations to summer mild heat stress than thermal plasticity, we evaluated the biological performance of 4th instar larvae under constant long‐term mild heat stress. The physiological responses were studied including energy storage, hormone level and related gene expression. Bioassay results indicated that 4th instar larvae survived, without pupation, for more than 40 days under long‐term mild heat stress (34°C). Long‐term mild heat stress pretreatment delayed larval development, reduced longevity and fecundity. A summer diapause‐like phenomenon was observed, including larval development stasis under mild heat exposure and prolonged recovery time after mild heat. Protective physiological responses were involved in regulating the larval stage, including fat and glycogen accumulation, a high level of juvenile hormone and a low level of moulting hormone. In addition, high expression levels of hsp70 and hsp90 were detected. The delayed development of 4th instar larvae appears to be a special adaptation strategy to withstand mild heat stress in summer that regulated by complex physiological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extreme rainfall case occurred on 20 July 2016 in northern China, producing over 600 mm of maximum 24 hr accumulated rainfall. The case is characterized by low‐echo centroid (LEC) based on radar observations. It is simulated by Weather Research and Forecasting model at 4 km grid spacing using the Morrison two‐moment microphysics scheme. Infrared brightness temperature (BT) simulated using a radiative transfer model together with simulated reflectivity are used to evaluate the simulated cloud structures. In general, the model predicts the rainfall amount, location, and propagation well. However, it fails to accurately predict the three‐dimensional cloud structures. The predicted convective cores (>35 dBZ) are higher than the freezing level, suggesting the presence of active cold‐cloud processes while the observed LEC suggests that warm‐cloud processes dominate. The simulation also produces too many upper level clouds and over‐predicts the fractions of overshooting clouds, resulting great over‐prediction of cloud top height (CTH). Additionally, the sensitivity of simulated BT to predicted cloud properties including CTH, cloud species and hydrometeor effective radii are examined to better understand the sources of error in simulated BT. Among those factors, CTH is found to be most critical to BT simulation. For every kilometer of CTH over‐prediction, there is about 6.431 K of negative BT bias owing to the lapse rate and the absorption and scattering effects of cloud particles. For most cloudy regions, cloud ice dominates the effect on simulated BT. Using diagnosed effective radii of simulated hydrometeors within the radiative transfer model results in small improvement to the BT simulation. Key Points: The 3D cloud structure of a severe low‐echo centroid (LEC) convection case is poorly simulated with three popular two‐moment microphysics schemesOver‐prediction of convective core heights and upper‐level cloud fraction suggest deficiencies in the microphysics schemes in simulating LECSimulated brightness temperature is most sensitive to cloud top height and vertical distribution of ice particles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rhodium(I)‐catalyzed decarboxylative hydroacylation of readily available vinylethylene carbonates with salicylaldehydes for regioselective preparation of esters was developed. Reaction optimization revealed that methacrylamide might promote the hydroacylation by bidentate chelation assistance to the cationic rhodium. Mechanistic findings suggested that this one‐pot coupling reaction proceeds via Markovnikov hydrorhodation‐initiated site‐selective β‐C−O bond cleavage with concurrent release of CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The development and pathogenicity of the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of destructive rice blast disease, require it to perceive external environmental signals. Opy2, an overproduction‐induced pheromone‐resistant protein 2, is a crucial protein for sensing external signals in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, the biological functions of the homologue of Opy2 in M. oryzae are unclear. In this study, we identified that MoOPY2 is involved in fungal development, pathogenicity, and autophagy in M. oryzae. Deletion of MoOPY2 resulted in pleiotropic defects in hyphal growth, conidiation, germ tube extension, appressorium formation, appressorium turgor generation, and invasive growth, therefore leading to attenuated pathogenicity. Furthermore, MoOpy2 participates in the Osm1 MAPK pathway and the Mps1 MAPK pathway by interacting with the adaptor protein Mst50. The interaction sites of Mst50 and MoOpy2 colocalized with the autophagic marker protein MoAtg8 in the preautophagosomal structure sites (PAS). Notably, the ΔMoopy2 mutant caused cumulative MoAtg8 lipidation and rapid GFP‐MoAtg8 degradation in response to nitrogen starvation, showing that MoOpy2 is involved in the negative regulation of autophagy activity. Taken together, our study revealed that MoOpy2 of M. oryzae plays an essential role in the orchestration of fungal development, appressorium penetration, autophagy and pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Magnaporthe oryzae is an important plant pathogen that causes rice blast. Hse1 and Vps27 are components of ESCRT‐0 involved in the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway and biogenesis. To date, the biological functions of ESCRT‐0 in M. oryzae have not been determined. In this study, we identified and characterized Hse1 and Vps27 in M. oryzae. Disruption of MoHse1 and MoVps27 caused pleiotropic defects in growth, conidiation, sexual development and pathogenicity, thereby resulting in loss of virulence in rice and barley leaves. Disruption of MoHse1 and MoVps27 triggered increased lipidation of MoAtg8 and degradation of GFP‐MoAtg8, indicating that ESCRT‐0 is involved in the regulation of autophagy. ESCRT‐0 was determined to interact with coat protein complex II (COPII), a regulator functioning in homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER homeostasis), and disruption of MoHse1 and MoVps27 also blocked activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and autophagy of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER‐phagy). Overall, our results indicate that ESCRT‐0 plays critical roles in regulating fungal development, virulence, autophagy and ER‐phagy in M. oryzae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal phytochemicals, such as artemisinin and taxol, have impacted the world, and hypericin might do so if its availability issue could be addressed. Hypericin is the hallmark component of Saint John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.), an approved depression alleviator documented in the US, European, and British pharmacopoeias with its additional effectiveness against diverse cancers and viruses. However, the academia‐to‐industry transition of hypericin remain hampered by its low in planta abundance, unfeasible bulk chemical synthesis, and unclear biosynthetic mechanism. Here, we present a strategy consisting of the hypericin‐structure‐centered modification and reorganization of microbial biosynthetic steps in the repurposed cells that have been tamed to enable the designed consecutive reactions to afford hypericin (43.1 mg L−1), without acquiring its biosynthetic knowledge in native plants. The study provides a synthetic biology route to hypericin and establishes a platform for biosustainable access to medicinal phytochemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a refined full‐domain model for the fluidic‐thermal coupled analyses of a 15‐kW 30,000‐rpm high‐speed permanent magnet synchronous machine (HS‐PMSM) considering the heat generation and dissipation of the bearing components. In order to analyse the heat dissipation capacities of the bearing components, firstly, the fluid flow conditions inside the bearings with different revolution and rotation ratios are researched, and the most serious case is taken in the full‐domain calculations. Secondly, the three‐dimensional (3D) full‐domain model is established, and the fluidic‐thermal analyses are conducted based on the basic principles of numerical heat transfer and CFD. During calculations, in order to obtain the temperature rise precisely, the angular contact ball bearings are well modelled with all the internal components including the oil films, and the frictional loss in the bearings are computed by the Palmgren model. A 15‐kW 30,000‐rpm HS‐PMSM prototype is established and tested to verify the full domain thermal modelling methodologies and indirectly validate the bearing performance calculations. Finally, a self‐ventilated structure is employed to prevent the bearing temperature rise, and the cooling effectiveness is validated by numerical calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental temperature is an important factor restricting insect population dynamics. Due to the ongoing global warming, interest in the impact of heat stress on insects has grown. High temperature in summer is a key barrier for Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae), a devastating vegetable pest o in China. It is well known that moderate thermal hardening can enhance the thermotolerance of many insects, which is beneficial for adaptation to environmental thermal stress. In order to determine whether heat hardening was beneficial for B. odoriphaga to adapt to high summer temperatures, we studied the biological performance, antioxidant responses and hsp70 and hsp90 expression of B. odoriphaga 4th instar larvae and adults after pre‐exposure to mild heat hardening temperatures (30–36°C). Mild heat hardening (32–36°C) enhanced the larval thermal tolerance to extreme heat stress. However, life parameters were significantly inhibited, development was delayed, longevity was shortened, and fecundity was decreased. Mild heat hardening (30–34°C) caused serious adverse effects on life parameters and less enhancement of heat resistance for 4th instar larvae. Mild heat hardening at 36°C weakened the heat tolerance of adults. The activity of four antioxidant enzymes in B. odoriphaga changed dramatically after heat hardening at 32–36°C. During recovery at 25°C, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) in tested larvae maintained successive higher activities after heat hardening. Simultaneously, the expression levels of hsp70 and hsp90 increased significantly after thermal hardening. Higher expression levels were also detected in larvae, pupae and adults after 48 hr recovery at 25°C. Overall, mild heat hardening played an important role in heat tolerance plasticity of B. odoriphaga larvae, and the antioxidant system and hsp70 and hsp90 genes were extremely relevant to this adaptation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent study, we evaluated the performance of real‐time convection‐permitting WRF model forecasting over China. Although the overall rainfall distribution and diurnal cycle are well simulated, the model greatly overestimates the rainfall intensity in southern China and the predicted rainfall shows a southeast location bias. In this study, possible factors contributing to the precipitation forecast bias are discussed. The precipitation over southern China is found to be greatly influenced by land‐sea circulations. While the model captures diurnal variations of winds well, the predicted amplitude and onset timing of the land/sea breezes differ from observations. Cold bias of land‐surface temperature is shown to partially cause wind bias. In the afternoon, the cold bias results in a weakened inland penetration of sea breeze, which in turn leads to more rain on the eastern south‐China coastline. During nighttime, excessive cooling over land results in a stronger land breeze, leading to location bias of early morning precipitation. While the observed coastal rain belt is mostly located over land during early morning, the predicted coastal rain belt is mostly located over ocean. In addition, the model overestimates moisture at low levels, especially over the southern slope of the coastal mountains and over ocean, which explains the excessive rainfall over southern China. This study emphasizes the importance of accurately simulating land‐surface‐related variables for precipitation forecast in coastal regions where land‐sea contrast plays an important role. Key Points: The initiation and propagation of convection over southern China are greatly influenced by land‐sea circulationsCold bias over land results in a weaker sea breeze during the afternoon and a stronger land breeze at night, causing rainfall location biasOverprediction of moisture along the coastal mountains and over the ocean is the primary cause of excessive rainfall [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective analysis of nonlinear electromagnetic fields is essential for the accurate modeling of electromagnetic devices, such as transformers, generators, and motors. This paper proposes a novel approach of coupled neural network (NN) and cell method (CM) or NNCM for solving nonlinear electromagnetic problems with ferromagnetic domains. While the topologically linear relations of the cell complexes are mathematically assembled through a transformation in the Tonti diagram by the CM, and the constitutive nonlinear magnetic relations are dealt with by partially connected NN for the fast prediction of the permeability distribution inside the ferromagnetic domain. Since the construction of NN is directly related to the grid connections, a partially connected NN structure with a small number of neurons can reduce the computational cost of the training process. By using a compact NN, the proposed NNCM can effectively eliminate the time consuming iterations for determining the nonlinear permeability distribution, and improve the computational efficiency significantly. The NNCM is employed to analyze the transient electromagnetic field distribution inside a cylindrical ferromagnetic core. The results are compared with those obtained by the traditional iterative CM, which determines the nonlinear permeability distribution by lengthy numerical iterations, to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed NNCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Engineering Electromagnetics" is the "most familiar stranger" of college students who major in electrical engineering (EE). Through years of physics learning, the students have had a certain understanding of the basic theories of electromagnetic fields. However, during studying the course, especially the numerical modeling chapter, large‐scale mathematical derivations need to be conducted, which significantly enhance the difficulty for students. The cell method (CM) is a newly established numerical method based on the direct derivation of physical laws in cell‐complexes, and the physical meanings of the equations are clear and definite. By establishing and applying the education platform based on CM, the students' cognition and mastery of electromagnetic theories and numerical techniques can be deepened substantially. In this paper, the electromagnetic field is mathematically modeled based on CM, and the related transformations in the dual cell complexes are illustrated through the Tonti diagram in class. The simulation platform for electromagnetic fields based on CM is established by coding mathematical models. After teaching the methodologies, students are asked to numerically simulate two static field problems with simple geometric structures by using the methodologies, and the results show that they can better understand and perform in numerically related courses based on CM compared with the performances of former students taught with the finite element method. A questionnaire is utilized to survey the teaching effectiveness, and the students' satisfaction is validated by the questionnaire survey. Finally, the methodologies are employed to analyze the electric and magnetic field of two complex engineering cases, and the students can better understand the use of the numerical methods by analysis. Through the numerical simulations based on CM, the students' ability to apply numerical algorithms to solve complex engineering cases is cultivated, and teaching effectiveness of the numerical analysis chapter in Engineering Electromagnetics is enriched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrared brightness temperatures (BTs) from the Geostationary Observing Environmental Satellite‐16 Advanced Baseline Imager are used to examine the ability of several microphysics and planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes, as well as land surface models (LSM) and surface layers, to simulate upper‐level clouds. Six parameterization configurations were evaluated. Cloud objects are identified using the Method for Object‐Based Diagnostic Evaluation (MODE) and analyzed using the object‐based threat score, mean‐error distance, and pixel‐based metrics including the mean absolute error and mean bias error (MBE) for matched objects where the displacement between objects has been removed. Objects are identified using either a fixed BT threshold of 235 K or the 6.5th percentile of BTs for each model configuration. Analysis of the MODE‐identified cloud objects shows that, compared to a configuration with the Thompson microphysics scheme, Mellor‐Yamanda‐Nakanishi‐Niino (MYNN) PBL, Global Forecasting System (GFS) surface layer, and Noah LSM, the configuration employing the National Severe Storms Laboratory microphysics produced more cloud objects with higher BTs. Changing the PBL from MYNN to Shin‐Hong or Eddy‐Diffusivity Mass‐Flux also resulted in a slightly lower accuracy, though these changes result in configurations which more accurately reproduced the number of observation cloud objects and slightly reduced the high MBE. Changing the LSM from Noah to RUC reduces forecast accuracy by producing too many cloud objects with too low BTs. As the forecast hour increases, this accuracy reduction increases at a greater rate than occurred when changing the microphysics or PBL scheme and is further enhanced when using the MYNN surface layer rather than the GFS. Plain Language Summary: Weather prediction models consist of many different parameters, which impact the resulting forecast. In this paper, we compared cloud forecasts generated using different model parameters to represent cloud processes, the bottom layer of the atmosphere, and the model surface. These model parameters are being considered for inclusion in future operational versions. It was found, the changes to the microphysics scheme dictating cloud processes had the largest impact on the accuracy of cloud forecasts, with the Thompson scheme producing more accurate clouds than the National Severe Storms Laboratory scheme. Cloud forecasts were more accurate when the bottom layer of the atmosphere was defined using the Mellor‐Yamanda‐Nakanishi‐Niino (MYNN) scheme instead of Shin‐Hong or an Eddy‐Diffusivity Mass‐Flux scheme. Changing the land surface model from Noah to RUC also reduced cloud forecast accuracy. This reduction in accuracy increases as the forecast hour increases, at a greater rate than occurred when changing the microphysics scheme or the scheme defining the bottom layer of the atmosphere. This reduction is further enhanced when using the MYNN surface layer rather than the Global Forecasting System. Key Points: Thompson microphysics scheme has the most accurate upper‐level simulated clouds, with National Severe Storms Laboratory producing too fewChanging the planetary boundary layer scheme from Mellor‐Yamanda‐Nakanishi‐Niino (MYNN) to Shin‐Hong or Eddy‐Diffusivity Mass‐Flux resulted in slightly lower cloud accuracyRUC land surface model produces too many clouds compared to Noah, and is further enhanced when using the MYNN surface layer instead of Global Forecasting System [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germplasm cryopreservation and expansion of gonocytes/prospermatogonia or spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are important; however, it's difficult in cattle. Since inhibitors of Mek1/2 and Gsk3β (2i) can enhance pluripotency maintenance, effects of 2i‐based medium on the cultivation of bovine prospermatogonia from the cryopreserved tissues were examined. The testicular tissues of newborn bulls were well cryopreserved. High mRNA levels of prospermatogonium/SSC markers (PLZF, GFRα‐1) and pluripotency markers (Oct4/Pouf5, Sox2, Nanog) were detected and the PLZF+/GFRα‐1+ prospermatogonia were consistently identified immunohistochemically in the seminiferous cords. Using differential plating and Percoll‐based centrifugation, 41.59% prospermatogonia were enriched and they proliferated robustly in 2i medium. The 2i medium boosted mRNA abundances of Pouf5, Sox2, Nanog, GFRα‐1, PLZF, anti‐apoptosis gene Bcl2, LIF receptor gene LIFR and enhanced PLZF protein expression, but suppressed mRNA expressions of spermatogonial differentiation marker c‐kit and pro‐apoptotic gene Bax, in the cultured prospermatogonia. It also alleviated H2O2‐induced apoptosis of the enriched cells and decreased histone H3 lysine (K9) trimethylation (H3K9me3) and its methylase Suv39h1/2 mRNA level in the cultured seminiferous cords. Overall, 2i medium improves the cultivation of bovine prospermatogonia isolated from the cryopreserved testes, by inhibiting Suv39h1/2‐mediated H3K9me3 through Mek1/2 and Gsk3β signalling, evidencing successful cryopreservation and expansion of bovine germplasm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Left ventricular (LV) myocardial strain impairment has been demonstrated in hypertension despite normal LV ejection fraction (LVEF); however, limited data exist on any difference in results between genders. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of gender on LV deformation in patients with essential hypertension. This was a cross‐sectional study, in which 94 patients (47 men and 47 women) with essential hypertension and 62 age‐ and gender‐matched controls (31 men and 31 women) were enrolled. A 3.0 T/two‐dimensional balanced steady‐state free precession cine, late gadolinium enhancement was used. The LV endocardial and epicardial contours were drawn by radiologists, then LV volumes, mass, function, and myocardial strain, including peak global radial (GRS), circumferential (GCS), and longitudinal strain (GLS) were automatically calculated. Chi‐square test, Student's t‐test, general linear model analysis, univariate linear regression analysis, stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis, and intraclass correlation coefficient analysis were performed. Women had significantly higher magnitudes of LV GRS, GCS, and GLS than men in both patients and controls (all p < 0.05). In the overall patients, LV GLS was significantly reduced compared with controls (p < 0.05), while GRS and GCS were preserved (p = 0.092 and 0.27, respectively). Compared with their counterpart controls, LV GRS, GCS, and GLS (all p < 0.05) were significantly reduced in hypertensive men, while only GLS (p < 0.05) was reduced in hypertensive women. Male gender and its interaction with hypertension were associated with higher LV mass and volume, decreased LV GRS, GCS, and GLS compared with hypertensive women. Multivariate analyses revealed that gender and LVEF were independently associated with GRS, GCS, and GLS (all p < 0.001) in hypertension. LV deformation is significantly reduced in hypertension, and gender may influence the response of LV deformation to hypertension, with men suffering more pronounced subclinical myocardial dysfunction. Level of Evidence: 3 Technical Efficacy Stage: 3 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the limitations in pollutant measurements (e.g., coverage, observation errors) and air quality model uncertainties (e.g., with parameterizations and emissions), a multisensor and multimodel approach offers additional benefits compared to a single‐instrument and deterministic approach for monitoring, investigating, and predicting air pollution events. In this study, we use multisensors (including the spaceborne MODIS, OCO‐2, AIRS, and OMPS instruments as well as surface instruments) and multimodels (including WRF‐Chem and WRF‐CO2) to investigate a severe air pollution event on December 9, 2016 over eastern China. During this episode, a strong cold front moved southward. At the leading edge of the front, WRF‐CO2 simulates an enhanced XCO2 belt while WRF‐Chem simulates a belt of high PM2.5 concentration. The XCO2 and PM2.5 belts are generally colocated, due to coemission of CO2 and pollutants (or their precursors). Satellite observations including MODIS AOD, OCO‐2 XCO2, OMPS NO2, AIRS CO, and surface data confirm the simulated pollution and XCO2 belts. Later on, the front became distorted due to terrain blocking and mountain channel flows. Both observations and simulations show that the channel winds between Mountains Dabie and Huang transport the haze plume into Jiangxi province, enhancing pollution in the region. It is concluded that the multisensor (including space‐based and ground‐based instruments) and multimodel (e.g., WRF‐CO2, WRF‐Chem) approach can be used to collectively monitor and investigate air pollution events, given that emissions of the involved species have generally similar spatial distributions. Key Points: A severe haze pollution at the leading edge of a cold front in China on December 9, 2016 is examined using multisensors and multimodels, including WRF‐Chem and WRF‐CO2Satellite‐retrieved column‐averaged CO2 data can be used to monitor air pollution events collectively with other in‐situ and remote‐sensing instrumentsChannel winds between Mountains Dabie and Huang transport pollutants from the North China Plain and Yangtze River Delta Region to Jiangxi province [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhanced CO2 mole fraction bands were often observed immediately ahead of cold front during the Atmospheric Carbon and Transport (ACT)‐America mission and their formation mechanism is undetermined. Improved understanding and correct simulation of these CO2 bands are needed for unbiased inverse CO2 flux estimation. Such CO2 bands are hypothesized to be related to nighttime CO2 respiration and investigated in this study using WRF‐VPRM, a weather‐biosphere‐online‐coupled model, in which the biogenic fluxes are handled by the Vegetation Photosynthesis and Respiration Model (VPRM). While the default VPRM satisfactorily parameterizes gross ecosystem exchange, its treatment of terrestrial respiration as a linear function of temperature was inadequate as respiration is a nonlinear function of temperature and also depends on the amount of biomass and soil wetness. An improved ecosystem respiration parameterization including enhanced vegetation index, a water stress factor, and a quadratic temperature dependence is incorporated into WRF‐VPRM and evaluated in a year‐long simulation before applied to the investigation of the frontal CO2 band on August 4, 2016. The evaluation shows that the modified WRF‐VPRM increases ecosystem respiration during the growing season, and improves model skill in reproducing nighttime near‐surface CO2 peaks. A nested‐domain WRF‐VPRM simulation is able to capture the main characteristics of the August 4 CO2 band and informs its formation mechanism. Nighttime terrestrial respiration leads to accumulation of near‐surface CO2 in the region. As the cold front carrying low‐CO2 air moves southeastward, and strong photosynthesis depletes CO2 further southeast of the front, a CO2 band develops immediately ahead of the front. Key Points: A new terrestrial ecosystem respiration parameterization is implemented in WRF‐VPRM to improve the simulation of both respiration and GPPThe daytime bands of elevated CO2 mole fractions ahead of cold fronts form in part due to the accumulation of nighttime respirationCloud shading induced perturbation of photosynthesis cannot explain the CO2 band immediately ahead of the surface cold front on August 4, 2016 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flux‐modulated permanent magnet (FMPM) in‐wheel motor has provided a promising solution to drive electric vehicles (EVs) because of its salient features such as tight structure, high power (torque) density, and high transmission efficiency. But it easily causes excessive temperature rise and limits the torque output due to the poor heat dissipation capacity inside the in‐wheel cavity. In this regard, a 3D fluidic‐thermal coupled model integrating computational fluid dynamics and numerical heat transfer is proposed and validated by experimental results on a 2.1 kW, 1800 rpm PM motor prototype. The temperature rise distribution of a 22.6 kW, 600 rpm FMPM in‐wheel motor under an existing natural cooling structure is then numerically investigated. It is revealed that it is difficult to satisfy the thermal requirements of the motor using only natural cooling approach. Consequently, a self‐ventilated cooling system and a non‐contact lead‐in (NCLI) system are used to maintain the temperature rise. In addition, to further improve the heat dissipation capacity, the NCLI structure is modified with water cooling channels separated by orifice plates to limit the excessive motor temperature rise. The motor temperature rises under different cooling schemes are analyzed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed cooling structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Rates and outcomes of hospitalizations for peptic ulcer disease (PUD) are unknown in mainland China. We aimed to describe characteristics and treatments of PUD inpatients in secondary and tertiary care hospitals registered in the national Health Statistics and Information Reporting System in 2015 and to explore factors related to inpatient outcomes. Methods: We retrieved and validated PUD hospitalization data from 4441 hospitals reporting to Health Statistics and Information Reporting System in 2015. Sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the robustness of findings considering different reporting rates across provinces. Current analyses focused on ulcer sites, complications, therapies, and rates of in‐hospital death or unauthorized discharge. Results: Total admissions for PUD were 443 433 (mean age 55.14 years), constituting 0.59% of all‐cause hospitalizations of 2015 in 4441 hospitals. Duodenal ulcers were more common than gastric ulcers (44.69% vs 37.42%). About 61% of inpatients had complications (46.45% for bleeding and 14.66% for perforation). Over 96% of uncomplicated or bleeding inpatients were managed medically. Surgery was provided to 64.22% of perforated cases. Endoscopic hemostasis and transcatheter embolization were performed for 1.59% of the bleeding and 0.59% of the perforation cases. For all PUD cases, the average in‐hospital mortality was 0.35%. Six percent of inpatients left hospitals without authorization. Multinomial logistic regressions showed that inpatient death and unauthorized discharge were associated with older age, gastric ulcer, bleeding, perforation, and comorbidity after controlling for gender, insurance status, hospital type, area, and region. Conclusions: Currently, pharmacologic management is dominant, and endoscopic hemostasis is notably underutilized for PUD hospitalizations in mainland China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptocaryon irritans, a pathogen model for fish mucosal immunity, causes skin mucosal and systematic humoral immune response. Where and how MHC II antigen presentation occurs in fish infected with C. irritans remain unknown. In this study, the full‐length cDNA of the grouper cysteine protease CTSS was cloned. The expression distributions of six genes (CTSB, CTSL, CTSS, GILT, MHC IIA and MHC IIB) involved in MHC II antigen presentation pathway were tested. These genes were highly expressed in systematic immune tissues and skin and gill mucosal‐associated immune tissues. All six genes were upregulated in skin at most time points. Five genes expected CTSS was upregulated in spleen at most time points. CTSB, CTSL and MHC IIA were upregulated in the gill and head kidney at some time points. These results indicate that the presentation of MHC II antigen intensively occurred in local infected skin and gill. Spleen, not head kidney, had the most extensive systematic antigen presentation. In skin, six genes most likely peaked at day 2, earlier than in spleen (5–7 days), marking an earlier skin antibody peak than any recorded in serum previously. This significant and earlier mucosal antigen presentation indicates that specific immune response occurs in local mucosal tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of three‐dimensional (3D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with high chemical stability is of critical importance for their practical use. In this work, it is demonstrated that the stability of 3D COFs can be improved by periodic decoration of isopropyl groups on their backbones. Owing to the strong hydrophobicity of the alkyl groups, the resultant COFs show high crystallinity, permanent pores, and exceptional stability in harsh environments, such as strong acids (3 m HCl or 3 m H2SO4 for one week), a strong base (20 m NaOH for one week), and boiling water (100 °C for one month). Furthermore, these highly stable and hydrophobic COFs display excellent oil/water separation performance with >99 % separation efficiency over a wide pH range. This work demonstrates the use of alkyl decoration in 3D COFs to tune their chemical stability and expand their potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capabilities to directly assimilate radar radial velocity (Vr) and reflectivity (Z) data are implemented within the operational GSI data assimilation (DA) framework and coupled with the new stand‐alone regional (SAR) FV3 model. The effectiveness and performance of 3DVar, EnKF, and hybrid En3DVar methods are evaluated with a storm cluster over the U.S. Central Plains at 3‐km grid spacing. During the DA cycles, 3DVar analyses show better fit to Z observations but fastest error growth, while EnKF and pure En3DVar lead to smaller forecast errors. For Vr, EnKF outperforms other methods in both analysis and forecast. Good correspondence with tornado reports is obtained by most experiments for probabilistic forecast of updraft helicity (UH), except for 3DVar which shows insufficient confidence in certain regions. Overall, EnKF and hybrid En3DVar show best forecast skills in terms of composite reflectivity and UH. Tests with more cases are needed to draw more general conclusions, however. Plain Language Summary: The Finite‐Volume Cubed‐Sphere Dynamical Core (FV3) was chosen to serve as the single dynamical core for forecasts at all scale by the National Weather Service in late 2016. A stand‐alone regional (SAR) version of FV3 became available in early 2019 and is planned to replace the current operational 3‐km grid spacing High‐Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) system for convection‐allowing forecasting at NCEP. As a key component in convective‐scale numerical weather forecast (NWP) initialization, effective assimilation of radar data is crucial for desirable performances of the upcoming SAR FV3 model. In this paper, direct radar data assimilation (DA) capabilities implemented within the operational GSI DA framework by Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms (CAPS), distinguished from the indirect approach applied in current operational HRRR to assimilate reflectivity data and believed to be more beneficial in particular for hydrometeor analyses, are interfaced with SAR FV3 model and the performances of different DA methods implemented are examined through the case study of a Central Plains tornadic storm cluster. Overall, results show good improvement of the forecasts, in terms of evolution of storm structures and occurrences of storm‐related severe hazards, which greatly encourage acceleration of operational adoption of such capabilities. Key Points: Direct assimilation of radar data is implemented in operational GSI system and interfaced with the new stand‐alone regional FV3 modelThe capabilities with GSI 3DVar, EnKF, and hybrid and pure En3DVar are tested with a case of Central Plains tornadic storm clusterOverall, EnKF and hybrid En3DVar perform better than pure En3DVar, with 3DVar being significantly worse [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]