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Nanoarchitectonics has emerged as a post-nanotechnology concept. As one of the applications of nanoarchitectonics, this review paper discusses the control of stem cell fate and function as an important issue. For hybrid nanoarchitectonics involving living cells, it is crucial to understand how biomaterials and their nanoarchitected structures regulate behaviours and fates of stem cells. In this review, biomaterials for the regulation of stem cell fate are firstly discussed. Besides multipotent differentiation, immunomodulation is an important biological function of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs can modulate immune cells to treat multiple immune- and inflammation-mediated diseases. The following sections summarize the recent advances of the regulation of the immunomodulatory functions of MSCs by biophysical signals. In the third part, we discussed how biomaterials direct the self-organization of pluripotent stem cells for organoid. Bioactive materials are constructed which mimic the biophysical cues of in vivo microenvironment such as elasticity, viscoelasticity, biodegradation, fluidity, topography, cell geometry, and etc. Stem cells interpret these biophysical cues by different cytoskeletal forces. The different cytoskeletal forces lead to substantial transcription and protein expression, which affect stem cell fate and function. Regulations of stem cells could not be utilized only for tissue repair and regenerative medicine but also potentially for production of advanced materials systems. Materials nanoarchitectonics with integration of stem cells and related biological substances would have high impacts in science and technology of advanced materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The journal Blood Cells was initiated in 1975 by Marcel Bessis, a French hematologist and cell biologist, as a vehicle for the publication of papers and discussions presented at an international blood club meeting he convened at L' Institut de Pathologie Cellulaire on the campus of Hôpital Bicétre in Kremlin Bicétre, France, a commune on the southern border of Paris. The group met at the Institute for the first time in October 1972. After the first meeting, Bessis published the articles describing the presentations in the Nouvelle Revue d'Hématologie Française , France's principal journal for articles on the science and practice of hematology of which he was the editor. The refusal of the Nouvelle Revue d'Hématologie Française to continue publishing the papers from the meeting of the blood club in English prompted Bessis to start a new journal, Blood Cells , in 1975. Blood Cells , also, began to accept individual submitted papers unrelated to the blood club meeting and, thus, it evolved into a standard journal. A decade later, when Bessis became ill, he asked Brian Bull, a hematopathologist and professor at Loma Linda University School of Medicine in California to assume the position as the second editor-in-chief. He and Bessis had become scientific collaborators and good friends in the preceding years. In 1995, Ernest Beutler, Chair of Molecular and Experimental Medicine at Scripps Research Institute, assumed the editor-in-chief position and transformed the Journal by making three consequential changes. He expanded its title to Blood Cells, Molecules and Diseases , converted its editorial board to past presidents of the American Society of Hematology plus a few additional experimental hematologists of note, a few from abroad, and he converted the Journal to a digital format, hosted on the Scripps Research Institute server. The Journal was the first published solely in a digital format. It, subsequently, was bought by Academic Press, then Harcourt and, then, by Elsevier. The next three editors-in-chief were (i) Marshall A. Lichtman, then Professor of Medicine (Hematology) and of Biochemistry and Biophysics and former Dean of the School of Medicine and Dentistry at the University of Rochester Medical Center, editor from 2000 to 2013, (ii) Mohandas Narla, then Vice President for Research and Director of The Laboratory of Red Cell Physiology at the New York Blood Center, editor from 2014 to 2021 and (iii) Lionel Blanc, Professor of Molecular Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Autoimmune, Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research and the Les Nelkin Professor of Pediatric Oncology Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra-Northwell from 2022 to the present. Although the Journal publishes papers on any aspect of hematology, it has developed a focus on disorders of red cells, erythropoiesis and hematopoiesis. In October 2024, it celebrates its 50th anniversary as a vehicle for the publication of papers in the discipline of hematology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endo-ß-1,4-glucanase AkEG21 belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 45 (GHF45) is the most abundant cellulase in the digestive fluid of sea hare (Aplysia kurodai). The specific activity of this 21-kDa enzyme is considerably lower than those of other endo ß-1,4-glucanases in the digestive fluid of A. kurodai, therefore its role in whole cellulose hydrolysis by sea hare is still uncertain. Although AkEG21 has a catalytic domain without a cellulose binding domain, it demonstrated stable binding to cellulose fibers, similar to that of fungal cellobiohydrolase (CBH) 1 and CBH 2, which is strongly inhibited by cellohexaose, suggesting the involvement of the catalytic site in cellulose binding. Cellulose-bound AkEG21 hydrolyzed cellulose to cellobiose, cellotriose and cellotetraose, but could not digest an external substrate, azo-carboxymethyl cellulose. Cellulose hydrolysis was considerably stimulated by the synergistic action of cellulose-bound AkEG21 and AkEG45, another ß-1,4-endoglucanase present in the digestive fluid of sea hare; however no synergy in carboxymethylcellulose hydrolysis was observed. When AkEG21 was removed from the digestive fluid by immunoprecipitation, the cellulose hydrolyzing activity of the fluid was significantly reduced, indicating a critical role of AkEG21 in cellulose hydrolysis by A. kurodai. These findings suggest that AkEG21 is a processive endoglucanase functionally equivalent to the CBH, which provides a CBH-independent mechanism for the mollusk to digest seaweed cellulose to glucose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pausing event in RNA molecule folding that occurs during the cotranscription process plays a critical role in cellular RNA function. Based on Conformational Resampling through Kinetic Relaxation (CRKR), this paper investigates a method to reveal the specifics of pausing for RNA cotranscriptional folding of 117-nucleotide E. coli SRP RNA and 73-nucleotide HIV-1 TAR RNA. It can be inferred from the results that pausing events generate valid cotranscriptional conformational rearrangement to protect the function structures and influence the folding pathway, which is remarkably consistent with the experimental results. Additionally, different transcription speeds result in different levels of protection capability. The folding pathway or conformational rearrangement can also be affected by a change in transcription speed after pausing site. These findings illuminate that RNAs with functional structures undergo complex rearrangement folding in pausing events, and different RNAs prefer different speeds for specific folding pathways. Moreover, pausing in particular circumstances can be employed to regulate the population of final functional structures. In conclusion, this paper offers fresh perspectives on the pausing event in the cotranscriptional folding of RNAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TP53-induced glycolysis and apoptosis regulator (TIGAR) mainly regulates pentose phosphate pathway by inhibiting glycolysis, so as to synthesize ribose required by DNA, promote DNA damage repair and cell proliferation, maintain cell homeostasis and avoid body injury. Its physiological functions include anti-oxidative stress, reducing inflammation, maintaining mitochondrial function, inhibiting apoptosis, reducing autophagy etc. This paper reviews the research of TIGAR in neurological diseases, including stroke, Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), seizures and brain tumors, aiming to provide reference for the development of new therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a rare disease with a prevalence of 1 in 25,000 births. LHON usually presents in young males, with painless loss of visual acuity in one or both eyes. Recently an autosomal recessive form of the disease (arLHON or LHONAR) has been described, which is caused by a biallelic mutation in the DNAJC30 gene (usually a missense mutation c.152A>G). The phenotypic and clinical characteristics of patients with arLHON are similar to those of mtLHON, but some differences have been described. Therapy is problematic and challenging. This paper describes clinical and electrophysiological findings in one family (three children and two parents) with arLHON and emphasizes the role of Photopic Negative Response Electroretinography, which provides objective measurement of retinal ganglion cells function. In Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, abnormal retinal ganglion cells function can be found in both eyes, even if visual acuity loss only occurs in one eye. Early clinical diagnosis, confirmed by genetic analysis, may be the key to sight-preserving treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cancer in the head and neck region (HNSCC) is exponentially increasing due to human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. This paper helps us to understand the complexity of the inflammatory networks and the mechanisms of immune evasion in HPV+ HNSCC to open up new avenues and drive the discovery of useful tools to be translated clinically in the screening and treatment of these cases, especially to overcome resistance and improve patients' quality of life. Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are a heterogeneous group of malignancies which have shown exponential incidence in the last two decades especially due to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The HPV family comprises more than 100 types of viruses with HPV16 and HPV18 being the most prevalent strains in HNSCC. Literature data reveal that the mutation profile as well as the response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy are distinct among HPV+ versus HPV-negative tumors. Furthermore, the presence of the virus induces activation of an immune response, in particular the recruitment of specific antiviral T lymphocytes to tumor sites. These T cells when activated produce soluble factors including cytokines and chemokines capable of modifying the local immune tumor microenvironment and impact on tumor response to the treatment. In this comprehensive review we investigated current knowledge on how the presence of an HPV can modify the inflammatory response systemically and within the tumor microenvironment's immunological responses, thereby impacting on disease prognosis and survival. We highlighted the research gaps and emerging approaches necessary to discover novel immunotherapeutic targets for HPV-associated HNSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pectin is an important component of cell wall polysaccharides and is important for normal plant growth and development. As a major component of pectin in the primary cell wall, homogalacturonan (HG) is a long-chain macromolecular polysaccharide composed of repeated α-1,4-D-GalA sugar units. At the same time, HG is synthesized in the Golgi apparatus in the form of methyl esterification and acetylation. It is then secreted into the plasmodesmata, where it is usually demethylated by pectin methyl esterase (PME) and deacetylated by pectin acetylase (PAE). The synthesis and modification of HG are involved in polysaccharide metabolism in the cell wall, which affects the structure and function of the cell wall and plays an important role in plant growth and development. This paper mainly summarizes the recent research on the biosynthesis, modification and the roles of HG in plant cell wall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of papers that have investigated the interaction between microglia and pericytes is still relatively low, but recent evidence has demonstrated the importance of the association of pericytes with microglia [[83]]. Keywords: blood-brain barrier; blood vessel; brain development; cortex; endothelial cell; microglia; neurovascular unit; pericyte; vascular structure EN blood-brain barrier blood vessel brain development cortex endothelial cell microglia neurovascular unit pericyte vascular structure 1835 14 11/17/22 20221101 NES 221101 1. Glp1r SP + sp mural cells are largely SMCs, while the majority of Gipr SP + sp mural cells are pericytes, indicating that Gipr may be a useful marker of pericytes [[14]]. A previous study reported that FACS-isolated cells expressing Tbx18, a transcription factor that is selectively expressed in pericytes and vascular SMCs in multiple organs of adult mice, behaved similarly to mesenchymal stem cells in vitro, but lineage tracing experiments using an inducible Tbx18-CreERT2 line revealed that pericytes and vascular SMCs maintained their identity with age and in diverse pathological settings, suggesting that these cell types did not significantly contribute to other cell lineages [[104]]. An in vitro cell culture experiment of microglia and pericytes, which were isolated as NG2 SP + sp PDGFR SP - sp cells, demonstrated that the density of microglia was increased in microglia cultured together with pericytes as compared to microglia cultured alone, suggesting that pericytes promote microglial proliferation. [Extracted from the article]

Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a tissue remodeling process based on orthodontic force loading. Compressed periodontal tissues have a complicated aseptic inflammatory cascade, which are considered the initial factor of alveolar bone remodeling. Since skeletal and immune systems shared a wide variety of molecules, osteoimmunology has been generally accepted as an interdisciplinary field to investigate their interactions. Unsurprisingly, OTM is considered a good mirror of osteoimmunology since it involves immune reaction and bone remolding. In fact, besides bone remodeling, OTM involves cementum resorption, soft tissue remodeling, orthodontic pain, and relapse, all correlated with immune cells and/or immunologically active substance. The aim of this paper is to review the interaction of immune system with orthodontic tooth movement, which helps gain insights into mechanisms of OTM and search novel method to short treatment period and control complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles with a diameter of 50–100 nm secreted by various cells. They are generated through complex intracellular production mechanisms before being secreted to the extracellular environment. Due to their inclusion of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, exosomes play an important role in intercellular communication. Pancreatic β-cells play an irreplaceable role in the body's glucose metabolism. Their dysfunction is one of the causes of diabetes. Exosomes of various cells regulate the function of β-cells by regulating autoimmunity, delivering non-coding RNAs, or directly regulating intracellular signal pathways. This communication between β-cells and other cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis and development of diabetes, and has potential for clinical application. This paper reviews the biological sources and functions of exosomes, as well as intercellular crosstalk between β-cells and other cells that is involved in β-cell failure and regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Lymphatic metastasis of pancreatic cancer is an important factor leading to poor prognosis of patients. In order to explore the relevant mechanism, we designed research and found that pancreatic cancer cell-derived exosomes promote lymphangiogenesis by downregulating the ABHD11-AS1 expression. This finding provides a new therapeutic strategy for inhibiting lymphatic metastasis metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Research on pancreatic cancer microbiomes has attracted attention in recent years. The current view is that enriched microbial communities in pancreatic cancer tissues may affect pancreatic cancer metastasis, including lymph node (LN) metastasis. Similar to carriers of genetic information between cells, such as DNA, mRNA, protein, and non-coding RNA, exosomes are of great importance in early LN metastasis in tumors, including pancreatic cancer. Our previous study showed that the long non-coding RNA ABHD11-AS1 was highly expressed in tissues of patients with pancreatic cancer, and was correlated with patient survival time. However, the role of ABHD11-AS1 in pancreatic cancer LN metastasis has rarely been studied. Hence, in this paper we confirmed that exosomes derived from pancreatic cancer cells could promote lymphangiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, and that the mechanism was related to the downregulation of ABHD11-AS1 expression in lymphatic endothelial cells, and to the enhancement of their ability to proliferate, migrate, and form tubes. These findings preliminarily show a new mechanism by which pancreatic cancer cells regulate peripheral lymphangiogenesis, providing a new therapeutic strategy for inhibiting LN metastasis in pancreatic cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food allergy is a serious public health problem because of its high incidence and risk. Probiotics can induce immune regulation in patients with allergic diseases, but its mechanism is not fully clear. In this paper, b-lactoglobulin (bLG)-sensitized mice were used as models to explore the mechanism of Bifidobacterium animalis KV9 (KV9) and Lactobacillus vaginalis FN3 (FN3) on reducing allergic reactions and regulating immune cell function. The results showed that oral administration of KV9 and FN3 significantly reduced the scores of allergic symptoms, hypothermia symptoms, and serum levels of bLG-specific immunoglobulins E (b-LG-sIgE), histamine, and mast cell protease in allergic mice. Flow cytometry analysis of intestinal dendritic cells (DCs) showed that the proportion of CD11c+major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-II+DCs, CD11c+CD80+DCs, and CD11c+ CD86+DCs increased after KV9 and FN3 intervention, indicating that the strains induced immature DCs and decreased the antigen-presenting capacity of DCs. Meanwhile, the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-NF-kB signaling pathway was activated in DCs. The secretion of interleukin-12 (IL-12) was significantly increased, while interleukin-4 (IL-4) was decreased by DCs after KV9 and FN3 intervention, indicating that DCs have the potential to promote T-cell differentiation into T helper type 1 (Th1) cells. Furthermore, the proportion of CD3+CD8−IFN-g+ T cells in the spleen increased, while CD3+CD8−IL-4+T cells decreased after oral administration of KV9 and FN3, correcting the T helper type 2 (Th2)-skewed immune responses. These results indicate that KV9 and FN3 reduce b-LGinduced allergic symptoms in mice, and suggest that the two potential probiotics might be used as an alternative therapeutic agent for mitigating food allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the human body, maintaining the core body temperature (CBT) is vital to ensure proper cellular and body functions. The temperature of 37°C (98°F) is the well-established baseline for CBT, but significant deviations to under 35°C (95°F) or over 40°C (104°F) can result in several health complications. If unnoticed in spaceflight, astronauts CBT could reach dangerously high levels when doing physically challenging tasks such as spacewalking or exercise. Therefore, a real-time multi-physiological parameter sensing system is needed to noninvasively monitor the status of crew members in space. The purpose of this paper is to test a novel temperature sensor developed by integrating thin sheets of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), a temperature dependent dielectric material, into the sensor system designed as a substrate. This substrate interacts with the electromagnetic field created by the spiral sensor to result in a quantitative temperature monitoring sensor with a resolution of 1°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages is closely linked to the malignant development of human cancers. This research studies the function of C-C motif chemokine ligand 7 (CCL7) in the macrophage accumulation in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and the underpinning mechanism.Methods: The expression profile of CCL7 in LUAD and its correlations with patient's prognosis and macrophage infiltration were predicted via bioinformatics systems. Artificial up- or downregulation of CCL7 was induced in LUAD cells to explore its function in the mobility, EMT of cancer cells, and migration of M2 macrophages. Cancer cells were implanted in NOD/SCID mice to induce xenograft tumors. The CCL7-related transcription factors or factors were predicted by bioinformatic tools, and the molecular interactions were confirmed by immunoprecipitation or luciferase assays.Results: CCL7 was highly expressed in LUAD and linked to increased TAM infiltration. Knockdown of CCL7 suppressed the chemotaxis and M2 skewing of macrophages, and it blocked the EMT and mobility of LUAD cells. CCL7 downregulation also suppressed macrophage infiltration in xenograft tumors in mice. Spi-1 proto-oncogene (SPI1) was confirmed as an upstream factor activating CCL7 transcription, and LINC01094 was found to bind to SPI1 to promote its nuclear translocation. Upregulation of SPI1 restored the chemotactic migration and M2 polarization of macrophages in LUAD cells.Conclusion: This paper reveals that LINC01094 binds to SPI1 to promote its nuclear translocation, which further activates CCL7 transcription by binding to its promoter, leading to M2 macrophage accumulation and dissemination of tumor cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research / Zhongguo Zuzhi Gongcheng Yanjiu is the property of Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: Thyroid cancer is the most common solid tumor of the endocrine glands. The cancer cell contribution to thyroid cancer development and progression has been studied extensively, whereas the involvement of the tumor microenvironment, particularly of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), in thyroid cancer growth still must be largely analyzed. The tumor microenvironment, comprising molecules, blood and lymphatic tumor vessels and several non cancer stromal cells, such as CAFs, dramatically influences solid tumor growth and therapy resistance. In particular, investigations on CAF contribution to solid tumor growth and therapeutic resistance represent an important area of oncological research. Moreover, studies focused on the role of CAFs in thyroid cancer could lead to a better comprehension of mechanisms regulating cancer growth and to the development of new therapeutic strategies. Therefore, in this paper, we review the hallmarks of CAFs and their role on thyroid cancer. Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine cancer, and its prevalence continue to rise. Non-metastatic thyroid cancer patients are successfully treated. However, looking for new therapeutic strategies is of great importance for metastatic thyroid cancers that still lead to death. With respect to this, the tumor microenvironment (TME), which plays a key role in tumor progression, should be considered as a new promising therapeutic target to hamper thyroid cancer progression. Indeed, thyroid tumors consist of cancer cells and a heterogeneous and ever-changing niche, represented by the TME, which contributes to establishing most of the features of cancer cells. The TME consists of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, soluble factors, metabolites, blood and lymphatic tumor vessels and several stromal cell types that, by interacting with each other and with tumor cells, affect TME remodeling, cancer growth and progression. Among the thyroid TME components, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have gained more attention in the last years. Indeed, recent important evidence showed that thyroid CAFs strongly sustain thyroid cancer growth and progression by producing soluble factors and ECM proteins, which, in turn, deeply affect thyroid cancer cell behavior and aggressiveness. Hence, in this article, we describe the thyroid TME, focusing on the desmoplastic stromal reaction, which is a powerful indicator of thyroid cancer progression and an invasive growth pattern. In addition, we discuss the origins and features of the thyroid CAFs, their influence on thyroid cancer growth and progression, their role in remodeling the ECM and their immune-modulating functions. We finally debate therapeutic perspectives targeting CAFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews provenance, processing and properties of rooibos (Aspalathus linearis, Brum.f) and its numerous biologically active constituents, as well as the currently available knowledge concerning their physiological and medicinal effects and their possible extra‐ and intracellular mechanisms of action. Search for literature was performed in agreement with the preferred reporting items for systematic review criteria in Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science and SCOPUS databases between the years 2000 and 2021. The limited number of in vitro studies suggests an influence of rooibos on basic ovarian cell functions, as well as its potential applicability to control female reproduction and prevent the effect of environmental contaminants on ovarian functions. Nevertheless, further studies are required for better understanding of the character and mechanisms of action, as well as of rooibos' application in reproductive biology and medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some descriptions of the lipids in our paper were careless as pointed out in their commentary. We anticipate their works of the role of amphiphilic lipids in regulation of water flow at intervascular pit membranes to advance more and more. We sincerely thank Dr. Jansen and Dr. Schenk for their commentary on our paper. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The endocannabinoid system (ECS) consists of the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, the main endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and their metabolic enzymes N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D, fatty acid amide hydrolase, diacylglycerol lipase and monoacylglycerol lipase. This system is involved in the modulation of essential physiological processes. Its role in the reproductive system has become significantly important in recent years, given its major role in events such as gametogenesis, decidualisation, implantation and placentation.Objective and Rationale: In this paper, we review the literature and summarize the role of the ECS elements in reproduction and their potential as early markers for diagnosis of reproductive disorders or as pharmacological targets for treatment.Search Methods: Original research and review papers published from 1964 to June 2019 were selected in terms of relevance, reliability and quality by searching PubMed, MEDLINE and Web of Science, using the following search terms: endocannabinoid system and endometriosis; endocannabinoid system and ectopic pregnancy; endocannabinoid system and miscarriage; endocannabinoid system and pre-eclampsia; endocannabinoid system and endometrial cancer; endocannabinoid system and reproduction; endocannabinoid, endometrium; placenta; N-acylethanolamines; anandamide; 2-arachidonoylglycerol; and cannabinoids.Outcomes: This review demonstrates relevant information concerning ECS alterations in endometriosis, ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage, pre-eclampsia and endometrial cancer. We highlight the importance of the endocannabinoids in endometrial and placental physiology and pathophysiology, from studies in vitro and in vivo and in clinical observations. The most studied of the endogenous cannabinoids is AEA. The levels of AEA were increased in plasma of patients with endometriosis and miscarriage, as well as in the fallopian tube of women with ectopic pregnancy and in endometrial biopsies of endometrial cancer. Changes in the pattern of expression of the cannabinoid receptor CB1 were also observed in endometrial biopsies of endometriosis, fallopian tube and decidua of patients with ectopic pregnancy and pre-eclamptic placenta. Moreover, alterations in CB2 expression have been reported in association with endometrial cancer. In general, studies on the cannabinoid signalling through CB2 and on the biological activities of the other major endocannabinoid, namely 2-AG, as well as its metabolic enzymes are scarce and avidly required.Wider Implications: The pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the described endometrial and placental pathologies are still unclear and lack the means for an early diagnosis. Based on current evidence, though alterations in ECS are demonstrated at tissue level, it is difficult to associate plasmatic changes in AEA with specific endometrial and placental diseases. Thus, pairing alterations in AEA levels with 2-AG and/or other endocannabinoid-like molecules may provide more accurate and early diagnoses. In addition, patients may benefit from new therapies that target the ECS and endocannabinoid signalling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane computing is a new computability model, called P system introduced by Păun [5] inspired by the functions of living cells. Tile Pasting System is a parallel generating model proposed to generate colorful two dimensional geometrical patterns [6]. Ceterachi et al. [1] linked the two areas of membrane computing and picture grammar and proposed array rewriting grammars. In this paper we propose Tetrahedral Tile Pasting system and Tetrahedral Tile pasting P system for generating three dimensional geometrical patterns by gluing edges along the base of the tetrahedral tiles and study some of its properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a high-voltage driver with a switch-capacitor cell and a current-sensing resistor for implementing the functions of zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and overcurrent protection is proposed. It has the following advantages: (1) By using a switch-capacitor cell for implementing the function of ZVS, we can reduce the switching losses of active switches. (2) By using a voltage-doubler circuit, we can easily obtain a high voltage (8 kV). (3) By incorporating a sensing resistor and a logic circuit, we can sense overcurrent conditions to achieve the function of protection. Therefore, the proposed high-voltage driver can increase efficiency and safety. To verify its performance, a prototype of the proposed high-voltage driver is built. The experimental results have confirmed that the proposed high-voltage driver with a switch-capacitor cell and a current-sensing resistor for implementing the functions of ZVS and overcurrent protection is suitable for application to air cleaners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an abstract of the paper entitled `Immunofluorescent Localization of a Reptilian NHE-1 Homologue,' by Samantha P. Harris, et al, presented at the 1994 meeting of the Society of General Physiologists at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Isolation of reptilian NHE-1 cell analogue.

Presents an abstract of the paper entitled `Epithelial Expression of Reptilian Na/H Exchanger Homologous to NHE-1,' by Samantha P. Harris, Theresa V. Strong, Steven E. Merritt and David C. Dawson presented at the 1993 meeting of the Society of General Physiologists held at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Cloning of reptilian sodium-hydrogen exchanger.

A cell chip is a microfluidic cell culture device fabricated using microchip manufacturing methods for culturing living cells in a micrometer-sized chamber to model the physiological functions of tissues and organs. It has been extensively investigated in the domain of drug transport and toxicity research. Herein, we developed a cell chip for real-time monitoring of drug release from drug carriers. The proposed system integrates three core functions: cell culture, real-time analysis, and drug delivery tests. This device was designed to be loaded with microparticles for drug release and to enable real-time drug measurement. The efficacy of the developed system was evaluated by measuring the concentration of drugs released from the microparticles prepared with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA). Doxorubicin, an anticancer drug, was used as a model drug and A549 cells, a type of lung cancer cell, were simultaneously cultured to compare the drug release concentrations in the presence of cells. Furthermore, variations in cell viability with respect to the presence of drug-loaded microparticles were observed and analyzed. Notably, as the proposed system requires an extremely small number of microparticles, it affords simple implementation in a single device, thereby eliminating the need for complex accessories and instruments for analysis. Thus, the analysis process becomes more convenient and cost-efficient. Thus, the proposed method offers an easy analysis of the release behavior of various cells and drugs. The simplicity and low cost of this innovative system without sacrificing analytical precision demonstrate its potential for applications across various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease mediated by anti-acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies and dependent on CD4 positive T lymphocytes (CD4+T) cells. MicroRNA (miRNA) is an endogenous small single-stranded non-coding RNA that involved in post-transcriptional regulation and plays an important role in differentiation and function of CD4+T cells. Increasing evidences have shown that changes of miRNAs happened in MG patients, which may participate in the occurrence and development of MG by regulating CD4+T cells, and miRNA may be a potential therapeutic target for MG. In this paper, relationship between miRNA and MG was reviewed in order to provide new ideas for further research on the pathogenesis and clinical diagnosis and treatment of MG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current organ-on-a-chip (OOC) systems cannot mimic in vivo tissue barriers that feature curved geometries and rhythmic movement. This is due to the lack of a relevant membrane that can reproduce the natural biochemical and physical properties of a basement membrane, especially the characteristic sac-like structure possessed by multiple tissue barriers. To address this challenge, a sac-like hydrogel membrane is fabricated here using a one-step simple methodology inspired by soap bubble formation. Di-acrylated Pluronic® F127 (F127-DA) is a hydrogel that exhibits excellent mechanical properties, stably withstanding rhythmic mechanical stretching and fluid flow for at least 24 h. Using this hydrogel to make a membrane, a complex lung-on-a-chip device is successfully constructed, effectively replicating the alveolar-capillary barrier and demonstrating cellular function under physiological respiratory conditions. This membrane offers a crucial platform for replicating sac-like tissue barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Endometriosis is a chronic disease of reproductive age, associated with pelvic pain and infertility. Endometriotic cells adapt to changing environments such as oxidative stress and hypoxia in order to survive. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the pathogenesis of endometriosis, focusing primarily on the molecular basis of energy metabolism, redox homeostasis, and mitochondrial function, and discuss perspectives on future research directions. Methods: Papers published up to March 31, 2023 in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases were included in this narrative literature review. Results: Mitochondria serve as a central hub sensing a multitude of physiological processes, including energy production and cellular redox homeostasis. Under hypoxia, endometriotic cells favor glycolysis and actively produce pyruvate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), and other metabolites for cell proliferation. Mitochondrial fission and fusion dynamics may regulate the phenotypic plasticity of cellular energy metabolism, that is, aerobic glycolysis or OXPHOS. Endometriotic cells have been reported to have reduced mitochondrial numbers, increased lamellar cristae, improved energy efficiency, and enhanced cell proliferation and survival. Increased mitochondrial fission and fusion turnover by hypoxic and normoxic conditions suggests an activation of mitochondrial quality control mechanisms. Recently, candidate molecules that influence mitochondrial dynamics have begun to be identified. Conclusion: This review suggests that unique energy metabolism and redox homeostasis driven by mitochondrial dynamics may be linked to the pathophysiology of endometriosis. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics in endometriosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a summary of a special issue celebrating the creation of the Charles E. Helmstetter Prize for Groundbreaking Research in Bacterial Cell Cycle Physiology. The prize was inaugurated at a workshop in Israel and aims to advance our understanding of the bacterial cell cycle, which is fundamental to various fields such as clinical microbiology, industrial biotechnology, and immunology. The document highlights the contributions of Charles Helmstetter to the study of the bacterial cell cycle and describes his invention of the "Baby Machine," a device that produces newborn bacterial cells for studying the cell cycle. It also mentions the work of other researchers in the field and their contributions to our understanding of DNA replication, cell division, and chromosome segregation in bacteria. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of studying the bacterial cell cycle for human health and genetic stability. [Extracted from the article]

Biological cell force is important for proper cell and tissue function and can be an indicator of disease. Therefore, measuring cell force has potential in disease diagnosis and treatment. However, biological cell force measurement approaches are limited and typically slow due to the analysis of optical images before and after cell application or other methods that have low throughput. This work seeks to overcome this bottleneck by the use of nanoscale strain gauges which can measure cell forces as an electrical signal in real time, as well as being able to be scaled to measure tens of thousands of cells, simultaneously. This paper presents the design, COMSOL simulation, fabrication, as well as electrical and mechanical testing of gold nanometer scale strain gauges embedded in soft polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using a sacrificial aluminum layer method. A process flow using an aluminum sacrificial layer is presented, which successfully fabricated gold strain gauges with 100 nm dimensions in soft PDMS polymer and have been used to measure strain applied to the PDMS surface. Compressive strains ranging from 0.4% to 1.7% in the PDMS surface, corresponding to forces of 718 nN to 2.0 μN have been detected with resistance changes of 1%–8%. To the best of our knowledge, these are the smallest metal strain gauges to be made on soft polymers and is a promising new approach for biological cell force measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Morinda citrifolia (Noni) is a plant that has long been used in various products such as foods and cosmetics. Although noni has been known to have immunostimulatory activity, detailed mechanism at the cellular level has not been fully elucidated yet. In this study, we focused on understanding as to how noni fruit can positively stimulate body's immune responses. Methods: To do this, an ethanol extract of noni fruit (Mc-fEE) was prepared and administered for 30 days to male C57BL/6 mice for in vivo experiment. NK cell activity and cytokine production level from Mc-fEE-treated mice were analyzed by flowcytometry, real-time PCR, and ELISA. Mc-fEE-triggered molecular events were detected from RAW264.7 cells and splenocytes using Western blotting and real-time PCR analyses. Results: The mRNA expression levels of cytokines such as interleukin families, interferon (IFN)-β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α were increased by Mc-fEE treatment in vitro and in vivo. Western blotting analysis showed that the phosphorylation levels of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein (AP)-1 subunits these were enhanced in Mc-fEE-treated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, according to in vivo experiments, it was considered that Mc-fEE can increase the population of splenic NK cells and subsequent upregulation of their cytotoxic activity against YAC-1 cells, a T- cell lymphoma. Conclusion: In this paper, we could confirm that Mc-fEE has remarkable immunostimulatory effects by activation and increase of the NK cell population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is an aromatic plant cell wall polymer that facilitates water transport through the vasculature of plants and is generated in large quantities as an inexpensive by-product of pulp and paper manufacturing and biorefineries. Although lignin's ability to reduce bacterial growth has been reported previously, its hydrophobicity complicates the ability to examine its biological effects on living cells in aqueous growth media. We recently described the ability to solvate lignin in Good's buffers with neutral pH, a breakthrough that allowed examination of lignin's antimicrobial effects against the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. These analyses showed that lignin damages the S. aureus cell membrane, causes increased cell clustering, and inhibits growth synergistically with tunicamycin, a teichoic acid synthesis inhibitor. In the present study, we examined the physiological and transcriptomic responses of S. aureus to lignin. Intriguingly, lignin restored the susceptibility of genetically resistant S. aureus isolates to penicillin and oxacillin, decreased intracellular pH, impaired normal cell division, and rendered cells more resistant to detergent-induced lysis. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) differential expression (DE) analysis of lignin-treated cultures revealed significant gene expression changes (P, 0.05 with 5% false discovery rate [FDR]) related to the cell envelope, cell wall physiology, fatty acid metabolism, and stress resistance. Moreover, a pattern of concurrent up- and downregulation of genes within biochemical pathways involved in transmembrane transport and cell wall physiology was observed, which likely reflects an attempt to tolerate or compensate for lignin-induced damage. Together, these results represent the first comprehensive analysis of lignin's antibacterial activity against S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The tumor microenvironment represents the essential basis for characterizing oncological cells and supporting their growth. Along with genomic sequencing, the study of the tumor microenvironment represents a big step forward in oncological research and in the customization of treatments. Compared to gliomas, for which research has discovered greater results, the correlation between the microenvironment and tumor phenotype, and consequent prognostic implications, are still incompletely understood for intracranial meningioma. Recently, studies about the immunogenetic landscape of meningiomas have been promoted, and it is now clear that understanding the multifactorial pathogenesis of meningioma and its correlation with other specific signs (i.e., PTBE) could lead to the development of new targeted therapies, and significantly affect meningioma patients' prognosis. The role of immunotherapy is gaining ever-increasing interest in the neuro-oncological field, and this is also expanding to the management of intracranial meningioma. Meningiomas are still the most common primary adult tumor of the CNS, and even though surgery and/or radiotherapy still represent cornerstones of their treatment, recent findings strongly support the potential role of specific immune infiltrate cells, their features and genomics, for the application of personalized treatments and prognostic implications. According to the PRISMA guidelines, systematic research in the most updated platform was performed in order to provide a descriptive and complete overview about the characteristics, role and potential implications of immunology in meningioma tumors. Seventy articles were included and analyzed in the present paper. The meningioma microenvironment reveals complex immune tumor-immune cells interactions that may definitely influence tumor progression, as well as offering unexpected opportunities for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is a main life-threatening disease worldwide. Due to the adverse effects of conventional chemotherapies and radiotherapies, immunotherapy has emerged as a potent strategy to treat cancer. In cancer immunotherapy, cancer immune surveillance plays a crucial role in the cancer process, which contains various effector cells from innate and adaptive immunity. This review summarized the functions of innate and adaptive immune cells in cancer immunosurveillance and their main reported targets. Moreover, the potential targets about the modulatory effects of cancer immunosurveillance were predicted using network-based target analysis, with total predicted pathways not only reporting previously reported pathways, but also putative signaling pathways pending for investigation. In addition, the potential use of herbal medicines and their phytochemicals in the modulation of cancer immunosurveillance were also discussed. Taken together, this review paper aims to provide scientific insight into further drug development, particularly herbs, phytochemicals, and TCM formulae, in the modulatory effects of cancer immunosurveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon nanomaterials are an inventive class of materials with wide applications in state-of-the-art bioimaging and therapeutics. They allow a broad range of tunable and integrated advantages of structural flexibility, chemical and thermal stability, upright electrical conductivity, and the option of scale-up and mass production. In the context of nanomedicine, carbon nanomaterials have been used extensively to mitigate the serious side effects of conventional chemotherapy and also to enable early cancer diagnostics, given their wide range of tunable properties. A class of carbon nanomaterials, called carbon dots (CDs) are small carbon-based nanoparticles and have been a valued discovery due to their photoluminescence, low photobleaching, and high surface area to mass ratio. The process of producing these CDs had so far been a high energy demanding process involving wet chemistry for purification. A one-step tunable production of luminescent CDs from fuel rich combustion reactors was recently presented by our group. In this paper, we explore the effects of these yellow luminescent combustion-generated CDs in MCF7 adenocarcinoma and MCF10a normal breast epithelial cells. We observed that these CDs, also at nontoxic doses, can affect basic cellular functions, such as cell cycle and proliferation; induce substantial changes on the physical parameters of the plasma membrane; and change the overall appearance of a cell in terms of morphology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antler is the secondary sexual characteristic of deer, which develops on the forehead at puberty. It is the only organ that can be regenerated entirely in mammals. Therefore, it is often used as a research model in the field of organ regeneration and wound repair. Many growth factors and proteins play an active role throughout the developmental process of antler regeneration. With the rapid development of sequencing technology, more and more noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been discovered, and the relationship between ncRNA and antler regeneration has gradually become clear. This paper focuses on the research progress of several ncRNAs (including miRNA and lncRNA) in deer antler tissues, which are helpful to reveal the molecular mechanism of deer antler regeneration at the molecular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an assessment of hormetic dose responses in epidermal stem cells (EpSCs) in animal models and humans, with emphasis on cell proliferation and differentiation and application to wound healing and aging processes. Hormetic dose responses were induced by several agents, including dietary supplements (eg, luteolin, quercetin), pharmaceuticals (eg, nitric oxide), endogenous agents (eg, growth/differentiation factor 5), and via diverse chemical means to sustain steaminess features to retard aging and disease onset. While hormetic dose responses have been extensively reported in a broad spectrum of stem cells, this area has only been explored to a limited extent in EpSCs, principally within the past 5 years. Nonetheless, these findings provide the first integrated assessment of hormesis and EpSC biology within the context of enhancing key functions such as cell proliferation and differentiation and resilience to inflammatory stresses. This paper assesses putative mechanisms of hormetic responses in EpSCs and potential therapeutic applications to prevent dermatological injury and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is aimed at demonstrating that some geometrical and topological transformations and operations serve not only as promoters of many specific genetic and cellular events in multicellular living organisms, but also as initiators of the organization and regulation of their functions. Thus, changes in the form and structure of macromolecular and cellular systems must be directly associated to their functions. There are specific classes of enzymes that manipulate the geometry and topology of complex DNA–protein structures, and thereby they perform many important cellular processes, including segregation of daughter chromosomes, gene regulation, and DNA repair. We argue that form has an organizing power, hence a causal action, in the sense that it enables to induce functional events during different biological processes, at the supramolecular, cellular, and organismal levels of organization. Clearly, topological forms must be matched with specific kinetic and dynamical parameters to have a functional effectiveness in living systems. This effectiveness is remarkably apparent, to give an example, in the regulation of the genome functions and in cell activity. In more general terms, we try to show that the conformational plasticity of biological systems depends on different kinds of topological manipulations performed by specific families of enzymes. In doing so, they catalyze all those spatial and dynamical changes of biological structures that are suitable for the functions to be acted by the organism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular therapy nowadays includes various products from haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) collected from bone marrow, peripheral blood, and umbilical cord blood to more complex adoptive immune therapy for the treatment of malignant diseases, and gene therapy for inherited immune deficiencies. Broader utilization of cellular therapy requires extensive quality testing of these products that should fulfil the same requirements regarding composition, purity, and potency nevertheless they are manufactured in various centres. Technical improvements of the flow cytometers accompanied by the increased number of available reagents and fluorochromes used to conjugate monoclonal antibodies, enable detailed and precise insight into the function of the immune system and other areas of cell biology, and allows cell evaluation based on size, shape, and morphology or assessment of cell surface markers, as well as cell purity and viability, which greatly contributes to the development and progress of the cell therapy. The aim of this paper is to give an overview of the current use and challenges of flow cytometry analysis in quality assessment of cellular therapy products, with regard to basic principles of determining HSC and leukocyte subpopulation, assessment of cells viability and quality of thawed cryopreserved HSC as well as the importance of validation and quality control of flow cytometry methods according to good laboratory practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac myocytes are the muscle cells that build up heart tissue and provide the mechanical action to pump blood by synchronously contracting at every heartbeat. Heart muscle contraction is regulated by intracellular calcium concentration which exhibits a complex spatio-temporal dynamical behavior at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels. Details of such dynamical patterns are closely related to the mechanisms responsible for cardiovascular diseases, the single largest cause of death in the developed countries. The emerging field of translational cardiology focuses on the study of how such mechanisms connect and influence each other across spatial and temporal scales, eventually yielding to a certain clinical condition. To study such calcium dynamics in cardiac myocytes, we benefit from the recent advances in the field of experimental cell physiology. Fluorescence microscopy allows us to observe the distribution of calcium in the cell with a spatial resolution below one micron and a frame rate around one millisecond, thus providing a very accurate monitoring of calcium fluxes in the cell. The aim of the thesis summarized in this paper, was to develop image processing computational techniques for extracting quantitative data of physiological relevance from fluorescence confocal microscopy images at different scales. The two main subjects covered in the thesis were image segmentation and classification methods applied to fluorescence microscopy imaging of cardiac myocytes and calcium imaging. These methods were applied to a variety of problems involving different space and time scales, such as the localization of molecular receptors, the detection and characterization of spontaneous calcium-release events, and the propagation of calcium waves across a culture of cardiac cells. The following is a summary of the thesis as a consequence of having been awarded the 7th Justiniano Casas Award accessit by the Sociedad Española de Óptica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This review examines the possible role of mitochondria in maintaining calcium and phosphate ion homeostasis and participating in the mineralization of bone, cartilage and other vertebrate hard tissues. The paper builds on the known structural features of mitochondria and the documented observations in these tissues that the organelles contain calcium phosphate granules. Such deposits in mitochondria putatively form to buffer excessively high cytosolic calcium ion concentrations and prevent metabolic deficits and even cell death. While mitochondria protect cytosolic enzyme systems through this buffering capacity, the accumulation of calcium ions by mitochondria promotes the activity of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA/Krebs) cycle, increases oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis, and leads to changes in intramitochondrial pH. These pH alterations influence ion solubility and possibly the transitions and composition in the mineral phase structure of the granules. Based on these considerations, mitochondria are proposed to support the mineralization process by providing a mobile store of calcium and phosphate ions, in smaller cluster or larger granule form, while maintaining critical cellular activities. The rise in the mitochondrial calcium level also increases the generation of citrate and other TCA cycle intermediates that contribute to cell function and the development of extracellular mineral. This paper suggests that another key role of the mitochondrion, along with the effects just noted, is to supply phosphate ions, derived from the breakdown of ATP, to endolysosomes and autophagic vesicles originating in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi and at the plasma membrane. These many separate but interdependent mitochondrial functions emphasize the critical importance of this organelle in the cellular control of vertebrate mineralization. • Mitochondria play an important role in intracellular calcium ion homeostasis. • Calcium phosphate granules are comprised of amorphous calcium phosphate or other mineral phases. • Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation may provide phosphate ions for mineral formation. • Mitochondrial granule presence may be linked to the mineralization of vertebrate hard tissues. • Intracellular vesicles convey calcium and phosphate ions or mineral particles to the extracellular matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pan-vascular medicine is an emerging discipline focusing on atherosclerotic diseases, with the concept of multidisciplinary integration, emphasizing on exploring the mechanism of disease development from the whole of the organism′s structure and function. At present, the basic mechanism system of pan-vascular diseases has yet to be perfected. The pan-vascular concept is highly compatible with the idea of Chinese medicine that focuses on the overall view. Deficiency of all qi is the root cause of pan-vascular diseases, while phlegm, blood stasis, and water-dampness and other tangible evils stagnate in the veins and channels as the symptoms of the disease, therefore, the disease mechanism can be highly summarized as " stagnation due to qi deficiency". Deficiency leads to the stagnation, blocking the veins and channels, and the deficiency worsens due to the stagnation and then damages the veins and channels, thus, it develops into a disease. Based on the theory of " stagnation due to qi deficiency", this paper takes endothelial cell dysfunction as the entry point of pan-vascular diseases, and considers that low endothelial cell immunity is the initiating factor of pan-vascular diseases, and that the widespread persistence of microinflammatory state is the key pathology to pan-vascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondria play a pivotal role in energy generation and cellular physiological processes. These organelles are highly dynamic, constantly changing their morphology, cellular location, and distribution in response to cellular stress. In recent years, the phenomenon of mitochondrial transfer has attracted significant attention and interest from biologists and medical investigators. Intercellular mitochondrial transfer occurs in different ways, including tunnelling nanotubes (TNTs), extracellular vesicles (EVs), and gap junction channels (GJCs). According to research on intercellular mitochondrial transfer in physiological and pathological environments, mitochondrial transfer hold great potential for maintaining body homeostasis and regulating pathological processes. Multiple research groups have developed artificial mitochondrial transfer/transplantation (AMT/T) methods that transfer healthy mitochondria into damaged cells and recover cellular function. This paper reviews intercellular spontaneous mitochondrial transfer modes, mechanisms, and the latest methods of AMT/T. Furthermore, potential application value and mechanism of AMT/T in disease treatment are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondria play a crucial role in cell physiology and pathophysiology. In this context, mitochondrial dynamics and, subsequently, mitochondrial ultrastructure have increasingly become hot topics in modern research, with a focus on mitochondrial fission and fusion. Thus, the dynamics of mitochondria in several diseases have been intensively investigated, especially with a view to developing new promising treatment options. However, the majority of recent studies are performed in highly energy-dependent tissues, such as cardiac, hepatic, and neuronal tissues. In contrast, publications on mitochondrial dynamics from the orthopedic or trauma fields are quite rare, even if there are common cellular mechanisms in cardiovascular and bone tissue, especially regarding bone infection. The present report summarizes the spectrum of mitochondrial alterations in the cardiovascular system and compares it to the state of knowledge in the musculoskeletal system. The present paper summarizes recent knowledge regarding mitochondrial dynamics and gives a short, but not exhaustive, overview of its regulation via fission and fusion. Furthermore, the article highlights hypoxia and its accompanying increased mitochondrial fission as a possible link between cardiac ischemia and inflammatory diseases of the bone, such as osteomyelitis. This opens new innovative perspectives not only for the understanding of cellular pathomechanisms in osteomyelitis but also for potential new treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]